Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv
highlights
- • Cov sij hawm ntau teev ntawm lub sij hawm tso tawm tau txuam nrog qhov poob qis thaum hnub nyoog 2 rau 17.
- • Cov neeg siab siv tau pom kev xav tsis zoo, tswj tus kheej, thiab kev ruaj siab.
- • Ob zaug zoo li cov neeg siab coob (tsis tshua muaj pes tsawg tus) ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus muaj kev ntxhov siab lossis kev nyuab siab.
- • Tsis yog cov neeg siv thiab cov neeg siv qis tsis txawv hauv kev noj qab haus huv.
- • Cov koom haum uas muaj kev noj qab nyob zoo rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tshaj rau cov me nyuam.
Abstract
Cov kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los ntawm cov koom haum ua ke ntawm kev sib tw thiab cov kev xav ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas tau tawm tsam, ua rau qee cov neeg tshawb xyuas los nug txog cov kev txwv ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam pom los ntawm kws kho mob cov koom haum. Peb tau kuaj xyuas ib tug loj (n = 40,337) piv txwv hauv tebchaws txog 2 txog 17-xyoo-menyuam yaus thiab tub ntxhais hluas hauv Asmeskas xyoo 2016 uas suav nrog kev ntsuas lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas (suav nrog xov tooj ntawm tes, khoos phis tawj, twj siv hluav taws xob, khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab TV) thiab ntau yam kev ntsuas lub siab lub ntsws. Tom qab 1 teev / hnub ntawm kev siv, ntau teev sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam txhua hnub tau cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis kev noj qab haus huv, suav nrog kev xav paub tsawg dua, kev tswj tus kheej qis, cuam tshuam ntau dua, kev nyuaj ua rau cov phooj ywg, tsis tshua muaj kev ruaj ntseg, nyuaj rau kev saib xyuas , thiab lub cev tsis tiav ua tiav cov haujlwm. Ntawm cov hnub nyoog 14- txog 17 xyoo, cov neeg siv ntau ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus (7+ h / hnub piv rau cov neeg siv tsawg ntawm 1 teev / hnub) tau ntau dua ob zaug uas tau muaj kev nyuaj siab (RR 2.39, 95% CI) 1.54, 3.70), kev kuaj mob puas siab puas ntsws (RR 2.26, CI 1.59, 3.22), kho los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij mob hlwb (RR 2.22, CI 1.62, 3.03) lossis tau noj tshuaj pab rau lub hlwb lossis kev coj tus cwj pwm (RR 2.99, CI 1.94, 4.62) hauv 12 lub hli dhau los. Kev siv cov ntxaij (4 h / hnub) kuj tau txuam nrog kev puas siab puas siab ntsws. Tsis yog cov neeg siv thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg siv cov duab tshev feem ntau tsis txawv hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Cov koom haum nruab nrab ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab qis dua kev puas siab puas ntsws yog qhov loj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas dua li cov me nyuam yaus
1. Introduction
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas lub sijhawm so yog siv nrog cov ntxaij vab tshaus xws li smartphones, ntsiav tshuaj, ntaus ua si, thiab TV (Kev Nruab Nrab Sib Xeem, 2015; Twenge li al., 2019), tsa kev txhawj xeeb txog kev tshwm sim ntawm lub sij hawm tso cai ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov niam txiv, cov kws kho mob, thiab cov kws qhia ntawv (xws li, Kardaras, 2017). Cov kev txhawj xeeb muaj tshwm sim rau cov kws kho mob cov koom haum xws li American Academy ntawm Pediatrics (AAP) qhia tias cov niam txiv txwv sijhawm menyuam yaus ntsuas sijhawm txhua hnub, nrog qee lub sijhawm preschool cov me nyuam thiab kev pom zoo ntawm kev txwv lub sijhawm rau cov vevxais rau cov menyuam yau thiab cov hluas (Radesky thiab Christakis, 2016). Tsis tas li ntawd, lub koom haum World Health Organization nyuam qhuav txiav txim siab tso tawm gaming teeb meem nyob rau hauv 11th kho dua tshiab ntawm International Classification of Disease (LEEJ TWG, 2018).
Cov koom haum nruab nrab ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub sij hawm thiab kev ua rau cov neeg tsis muaj mob xws li kev rog thiab tsis muaj kev qoj ib ce tau zoo-tau sau tseg (xws li, Chiasson li al., 2016; de Jong li al., 2013; Dumuid li al., 2017; Poitras li al., 2017). Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb nrhiav cov koom haum ntawm kev sib tw thiab ntau qhov kev xav ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab tub ntxhais hluas tau ua tsis haum. Qee cov kev tshawb fawb pom cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab tsis muaj kev noj qab haus huv (Babic li al., 2017; Page thiab lwm tus, 2010; Romer li al., 2013; Rosen li al., 2014; Twenge li al., 2018a, Twenge li al., 2018b; Yang thiab al., 2013), thaum lwm tus neeg pom cov teebmeem thov los yog kev pabcuam txawm tias muaj sijhawm ntau dua (Granic li al., 2014; Odgers, 2018; Przybylski thiab Weinstein, 2018; Valkenburg thiab Petus, 2009). Yog li, qee tus neeg tau pom tias yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb nrhiav ntau dua ua ntej txiav txim siab tias sij hawm txwv tsis pub muaj kev pom zoo, sib cav hais tias tus kws kho mob lub sij hawm zoo yuav tsum tsis txhob tham txog lub sij hawm ncua sij hawm yam tsis muaj pov thawj rau cov koom haum tseem ceeb (Przybylski thiab Weinstein, 2017, Przybylski thiab Weinstein, 2018). Qee cov neeg tshawb xyuas tau ua cov lus hais zoo sib xws txog WHO cov cuab yeej kev ua si xws li teeb meem kev mob hlwb, tswj kom cov koom haum ntawm kev ua si thiab kev xav hauv lub hlwb tsis muaj txiaj ntsig lossis tsis tshua muaj nqi kom pom tseeb xws li kev faib tawm (Davis, 2018; van Rooij li al., 2018).
Cov kev xav thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev noj qab nyob zoo txhawb txoj kev xav ntawm lub tswv yim dav xws li kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev ruaj ntseg, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev tswj tus kheej, thiab kev qhia ntawm kev cog lus (Diener li al., 1999; Ryff, 1995) nrog rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev mob nkeeg xws li kev ntxhov siab lossis kev nyuaj siab (Manderscheid li al., 2010). Kev ruaj siab tsis tshua muaj tus kheej, cuam tshuam kev sib raug zoo, thiab kev tswj tus kheej qis tau tag nrho raug ntau dua morbidity thiab lub neej no (Graham li al., 2017; Shipley li al., 2007; Shor li al., 2013; Turiano li al., 2015), thiab teeb meem kev mob hlwb xws li mob ntsws ntshais yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev mob kev nkeeg thiab kev tuag, xws li kev siv tus kheej txoj kev tsim txom tus kheej, kev tua tus kheej, thiab kev tua tus kheej (Hawton li al., 2013; Murray li al., 2012).
Raws li kev tiv thaiv, tsim tau qhov ua rau thiab ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg hluas. Ib nrab ntawm cov teeb meem kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm cov hluas (Erskine li al., 2015). Yog li, muaj kev xav paub txog cov teeb meem kev puas siab ntsws uas tsim nyog rau kev cuam tshuam rau cov pejxeem, xws li feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (xws li, kev mob caj ces, kev nyuaj siab, kev txom nyem) yog qhov nyuaj lossis tsis yooj yim. Muab piv rau cov kev pom zoo ntxiv hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, ua li cas cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas siv lawv cov sijhawm ua si yog qhov hloov dua siab tshiab.
Rau peb txoj kev paub, tsawg yog tias cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau kuaj xyuas ntau yam ntawm cov khoom puas siab puas ntsws zoo nrog rau lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam. Ntxiv mus, txawm hais tias lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam koom haum ua teb ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab Cov tsos mob ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab, tsis muaj kev kawm yav tas los peb paub txog kev soj ntsuam cov koom haum nruab nrab ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub sij hawm thiab qhov tseeb kuaj mob ntawm kev ntxhov siab lossis kev nyuaj siab los yog cov lus ceeb toom txog kev kho mob rau cov teeb meem kev mob hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam kom tsis yog lub TV tab sis tsis ntev tom ntej no tau qhia digital cov xov xwm xws li kev ua si hauv xov tooj, smartphones, ntsiav tshuaj, thiab computers. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb siv tib cov khoom los ntsuam xyuas ob peb hnub nyoog ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas tsawg tsawg, uas yog tsis muaj hmoo raws li hnub nyoog yuav yog ib tus neeg loj hlob ntawm cov koom haum ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo.
Cov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no los soj ntsuam cov koom haum ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab muaj ntau yam kev ntsuas ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo (xws li kev ruaj ntseg, kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg zov me nyuam, kev tswj tus kheej, kuaj mob lub siab thiab kev kho mob hlwb) ntawm cov pejxeem coob -kev sojntsuam ntawm cov neeg zov menyuam ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog 2 rau 17 tau sau rau hauv 2016 hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas
2. Txoj kev
2.1. Cov neeg koom
Cov neeg tuaj koom yog cov saib xyuas ntawm 44,734 cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog 2 xyoos thiab laus dua hauv Asmeskas hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Cov Menyuam Txoj Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (NSCH) uas tau tsim hauv xyoo 2016 los ntawm Asmeskas Cov Kev Soj Ntsuam. Raws li ntau yam khoom siv ntawm txoj kev noj qab haus huv zoo raug nug tsuas yog cov neeg saib xyuas nrog cov menyuam hnub nyoog 2 thiab tshaj saud, peb tau txwv peb cov kev tshuaj ntsuam rau cov menyuam hnub nyoog 2 txog 17.
Cov tsev neeg tau raug xa los ntawm kev xa ntawv hauv random los txheeb xyuas cov neeg uas muaj me nyuam yaus lossis cov tub ntxhais hluas 17 xyoos los yog yau dua. Hauv txhua tsev neeg, ib tus menyuam raug xaiv los xaiv qhov kev tshawb fawb. Qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm online los yog hauv ntawv, nrog kev saib xyuas ntawm cov me nyuam uas muaj kev tu ncua tshwj xeeb. Cov lus teb yog 40.7%. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau ntawm NSCH lub website.
Peb cais cov me nyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas nrog tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm 8 loj loj uas yuav cuam tshuam rau lawv cov haujlwm txhua hnub: Autism, dig muag, cerebral palsy, lag ntseg, Down Syndrome, kev loj hlob ncua, qaug dabpeg, los yog kev tsis muaj peev xwm (kev xav tsis zoo ntawm lub hlwb), raws li cov no tau cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si kev nyob ua ke thiab kuaj sijhawm. Piv txwv, ntawm cov hnub nyoog 14- txog 17 xyoo, 33% ntawm cov neeg siv xoom txhua hnub siv cov ntxaij vab tshaus muaj ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej no, piv rau tag nrho 10.1% hauv paus pib. Daim ntawv tshuaj ntsuam no yuav siv tsis tau rau qhov kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv tshwj xeeb vim tias nws kuj suav nrog cov neeg uas tau txais kev saib xyuas mob hlwb, uas yog ib qho txawv ntawm cov paj. Cov tsis suav nrog ua rau muaj ib qho piv txwv n ntawm 40,337.
Hauv qhov kawg, cov me nyuam yaus thiab tub ntxhais hluas yog 49.8% txiv neej thiab 50.2% poj niam thiab tau 71% Dawb, 16% Hispanic, 6% Dub, thiab 7% lwm. Tsev neeg cov nyiaj khwv tau los faib tawm, nrog 9% ntawm cov menyuam nyob rau hauv 100% kev txom nyem theem thiab 44% nrog tsev neeg tau txais nyiaj los ntawm 400% theem lossis ntau dua. Cov qauv no yog tsim los ua tus sawv cev ntawm txhua tus menyuam hauv teb chaws Asmesliskas tiam sis tsis tshua muaj neeg pab pawg vim qis qis dua.
Peb tau pab pawg menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas ua plaub hom kawm raws li lub hnub nyoog uas mus raws li qib theem: Lub Tsev Kawm Qib Qis 2 rau 5 xyoo (n = 9361), cov tub ntxhais kawm qib 6 txog 10 xyoo (n = 10,668), tsev kawm theem nrab 11 txog 13 xyoos (n = 7555), thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hnub nyoog 14 txog 17 xyoo (n = 12,753). Cov pawg no kuj sib haum nrog cov qauv ntawm kev sojntsuam, nrog qee cov lus nug tsuas yog nug ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas ntawm preschool cov me nyuam thiab lwm tus nug txog cov menyuam yaus 6 xyoo nyoog thiab nce.
2.2. Kev ntsuas
Daim ntawv tshuaj ntsuam tau nug ob yam hais txog lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam. Qhov ib, “Hnub so hauv nruab nrab, txog pes tsawg lub sijhawm uas [tus menyuam lub npe] siv sijhawm pem hauv ntej saib TV saib TV, vis dis aus, lossis game games?” Thib ob, “Ntawm ib hnub ib nrab hnub, hais txog pes tsawg lub sijhawm uas [tus menyuam lub npe] siv sijhawm siv computer, xov tooj ntawm tes, khoom siv game games, thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua lwm yam dhau ntawm tsev kawm? Rau ob qho tib si, cov lus xaiv tau teb rau tsis muaj = 0, tsawg dua ib teev = 0.5, teev = 1, 2 h = 2, 3 h = 3, thiab 4 lossis ntau teev = 5. Rau ntawm txhais tau tias, saib rooj 1.
rooj 1. Cov sijhawm teev nyob rau ib hnub ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam siv raws nyoog hnub nyoog, US, 2016.
| 2 rau 5 | 6 rau 10 | 11 rau 13 | 14 rau 17 | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TV thiab yees duab ua si | 1.46 (1.09) | 1.53 (1.10) | 1.80 (1.39) | 1.89 (1.39) | 0.34 |
| Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob | 0.82 (0.96) | 1.25 (1.11) | 2.00 (1.40) | 2.70 (1.53) | 1.46 |
| Tag nrho cov sij hawm npo | 2.28 (1.72) | 2.78 (1.95) | 3.80 (2.36) | 4.59 (2.50) | 1.06 |
Lus Cim: 1. SDs hauv kab sib quas.
Peb tau ntxiv ua ke qhov kwv yees ntau teev los siv TV / vis dis aus ua si thiab rau digital media li los tsim qhov ntsuas ntawm lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam tag nrho thiab rov ua cov txiaj ntsig tau ua 8 pawg: Tsis muaj (tsis muaj sij hawm screen), <1 h (0.01 txog 0.99) , 1 h (1.00 txog 1.49), 2 h (1.50 rau 2.49), 3 h (2.50 rau 3.49), 4 h (3.50 rau 4.49), 5 h (4.50 rau 5.49), 6 h (5.50 rau 6.49) thiab 7 h lossis ntau dua (6.50 thiab siab dua). Ntawm ob pawg neeg laus, tsis tshua muaj kev tshaj tawm tsis muaj sijhawm saib xyuas txhua lub sijhawm (n = 46 rau 11- txog 13-xyoos thiab n = 24 rau cov hnub nyoog 14- txog 17-xyoo), yog li cov hlwb no yuav tsum raug txhais nrog ceev faj.
Peb tau kuaj xyuas tag nrho cov khoom hauv daim ntawv soj ntsuam NSCH uas ntsuas kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, nthuav dav (saib Cov Ntawv Qhia Ntxiv rau cov lus hais nrog rau cov kev xaiv teb). Feem ntau cov khoom tsis cuam tshuam txaus txaus kom muab tso ua ke rau hauv cov nplai thiab yog li analyzed li ib yam khoom. Cov kev zam tsuas muaj peb yam ntsuas kev yoojyim npaum li cas tus menyuam thiab plaub yam kev ntsuas tus kheej tswj. Peb tau sau tag nrho cov khoom kom cov qhab nias siab qhia tau zoo dua qub.
2.3. Tsom xam tswv yim
Kev tsom xam suav nrog kev tswj kom paub qhov tsis meej: tus menyuam kev sib tw (dub hloov pauv rau Dub, Neeg Mev, thiab Lwmyam, nrog cov tsis yog Neeg Meskas Dawb li pawg sib piv), tus menyuam yaus sib deev, menyuam hnub nyoog, tsev neeg cov neeg kawm qib siab tshaj plaws tau ua tiav (txuas ntxiv, siv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws cov khoom xws li kev kawm qib siab), tsev neeg kev txom nyem (ntsuas tsev neeg qhov nyiaj tau), thiab tsev neeg cov qauv (nyob nrog ob tus niam txiv / neeg saws me nyuam sib piv thiab tsis). Peb tsis hnyav tawm kev soj ntsuam thiab tsis hloov cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj lawm.
Rau cov khoom ntawm ib qho txuas ntxiv, peb tshaj tawm tias txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv cov ntxhuav thiab feem pua tsawg tsawg ntawm qhov zoo rau cov duab; tej khoom siv (piv txwv, yog los yog tsis yog, xws li kev txhawj xeeb ntawm kev ntxhov siab lossis kev nyuab siab) qhia tawm feem pua ntawm ob qho tib si. Cov lus hais qhia qhov ntau thiab tsawg (d, los yog qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv kev hloov) thiab p-values rau t-tsis muab piv rau kev txhais tau tias siv ntau qib ntawm kev siv. Cov ntawv ceeb toom qhia ntsig txog kev pheej hmoo (RR) nrog 95% Reliable Intermediates (CIs) rau cov khoom siv dichotomized.
Peb xub kuaj cov khoom nug txog cov neeg zov me nyuam ntawm ob peb lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov uas tau thov tsuas yog cov neeg saib xyuas menyuam yaus ua ntej. Muab cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub sij hawm thiab kev thaj yeeb nyob hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (Przybylski thiab Weinstein, 2017; Twenge li al., 2018b), peb txheeb tau qhov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim hauv kev noj qab nyob zoo los ntawm qhov zoo rau qhov tsis zoo los qhia rau peb cov kev ntsuam xyuas (Simonsohn, 2017). Yog li, peb sib piv tsis siv rau cov qib qes siv, tsis tshua muaj siv rau kev siv ntsis, thiab siv qis rau siab siv.
3. Ntsiab lus
3.1. Hnub nyoog sib txawv hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam lub sijhawm
Tag nrho lub sij hawm npo lub sij hawm 3.20 ha hnub (SD = 2.40) thiab tau nce zuj zus ntawm cov laus zog, feem ntau yog siv los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (saib rooj 1 thiab Daim duab. 1)). Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam tau tshwm sim ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib thiab theem nrab. Los ntawm tsev kawm theem siab (hnub nyoog 14 txog 17), cov hluas tau siv sijhawm 4 teev thiab 35 feeb nyob rau ib hnub nrog cov ntxaij vab tshaus raws li tus neeg saib xyuas cov ntawv ceeb toom.
Daim duab. 1. Sij hawm ib hnub siv rau txhua daim ntxig, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab TV thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yaj kiab los ntawm txhua tus neeg lub hnub nyoog, Teb Chaws Asmeskas, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
3.2. Vijtsam sijhawm thiab kev noj qab haus huv
Lub koom haum nruab nrab ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub sij hawm thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo tsis yog linear thiab pom tus taw tes kis ntawm 1 h / hnub ntawm kev siv rau feem ntau ntsuas (saib rooj 2 thiab Daim duab. 2, Daim duab. 3, Daim duab. 4, Daim duab. 5, Daim duab. 6). Muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb (qhov khoom ntawm xav paub), kev noj qab nyob zoo tsis txawv ntawm cov neeg tsis siv sij hawm ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus thiab cov neeg siv ib teev ib hnub. Tom qab ib teev ib hnub, txawm li cas los xij, kev nce zuj zus feem ntau yog txuas mus rau qhov kev xav zoo siab ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Raws li kev txhawj xeeb ntawm tus kwv tij (RR), cov neeg siv siab ntawm cov ntxaij (7 + h / day) tau nqa ob zaug qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm qhov tsis tshua zoo li cov neeg siv qis (1 h / hnub), xws li tsis nyob twj ywm (xws li, ntawm 14 - 17 (RR 2.08, CI 95, 1.72), thiab sib cav sib ceg nrog cov neeg zov me nyuam (RR 2.50, 2.53, 2.01% CI 3.20, 2.72), tsis tiav kev ua hauj lwm (RR 2.00, CI 3.71, 2.34) 1.85, CI 2.97, XNUMX; saib Daim duab. 2, Daim duab. 3, Daim duab. 4, Daim duab. 5, Daim duab. 6). Siab (zoo li tsis tshua muaj) cov neeg siv ntawm cov vijtsam kuj tau piav raws li kev nyuaj rau tu. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg feem ntau loj dua ntawm cov hluas thaum cov menyuam yaus.
rooj 2. Kev noj qab haus huv txhais tau tias yog xuaj moos hauv ib hnub ntawm lub sij hawm npo (nrog rau cov tswj) ntawm cov hnub nyoog thiab d's piv hlwb, US, 2016.
| Tsis muaj (0) | <1 h | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | 6 h | 7 + h | d 0 thiab 1 h | d 1 h thiab 4 h | d 1 h thiab 7 + h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yooj yim me nyuam (3 yam khoom) | ||||||||||||
| 2 rau 5 (preschool) | 4.42 (0.53) 320 | 4.33 (0.61) 749 | 4.37 (0.57) 1707 | 4.32 (0.61) 2687 | 4.29 (0.62) 1843 | 4.28 (0.63) 912 | 4.26 (0.66) 280 | 4.14 (0.73) 243 | 4.18 (0.67) 263 | -0.09 | -0.15 * | -0.33 * |
| 6 rau 10 (elem.) | 4.28 (0.65) 215 | 4.33 (0.63) 348 | 4.36 (0.63) 1457 | 4.36 (0.62) 3203 | 4.32 (0.63) 2187 | 4.33 (0.64) 1483 | 4.27 (0.65) 397 | 4.26 (0.63) 431 | 4.18 (0.69) 496 | 0.13 | -0.05 | -0.28 * |
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 4.37 (0.65) 46 | 4.28 (0.72) 104 | 4.38 (0.66) 477 | 4.38 (0.60) 1621 | 4.35 (0.62) 1537 | 4.33 (0.63) 1464 | 4.33 (0.60) 525 | 4.21 (0.70) 566 | 4.15 (0.73) 895 | 0.02 | -0.08 | -0.33 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 4.36 (0.99) 24 | 4.49 (0.58) 80 | 4.54 (0.51) 370 | 4.46 (0.57) 1679 | 4.40 (0.57) 2488 | 4.35 (0.60) 2468 | 4.30 (0.66) 1118 | 4.20 (0.71) 1370 | 4.09 (0.77) 2547 | 0.33 | -0.32 * | -0.61 * |
| Curious | ||||||||||||
| 2 rau 5 (preschool) | 2.98 (0.12) 319 | 2.98 (0.14) 752 | 2.98 (0.12) 1716 | 2.98 (0.15) 2705 | 2.98 (0.16) 1853 | 2.96 (0.21) 919 | 2.96 (0.22) 280 | 2.95 (0.25) 245 | 2.96 (0.22) 266 | 0.00 | -0.13 * | -0.15 |
| 6 rau 10 (elem.) | 2.94 (0.22) 215 | 2.94 (0.23) 349 | 2.95 (0.19) 1462 | 2.95 (0.22) 3225 | 2.93 (0.26) 2200 | 2.93 (0.29) 1488 | 2.88 (0.34) 401 | 2.88 (0.35) 434 | 2.88 (0.37) 504 | 0.05 | -0.08 * | -0.30 * |
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 2.88 (0.32) 47 | 2.91 (0.25) 105 | 2.91 (0.28) 480 | 2.88 (0.32) 1631 | 2.89 (0.30) 1537 | 2.86 (0.36) 1474 | 2.86 (0.36) 533 | 2.79 (0.46) 571 | 2.76 (0.47) 901 | 0.11 | -0.15 * | -0.37 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 2.64 (0.58) 24 | 2.90 (0.26) 82 | 2.90 (0.30) 375 | 2.88 (0.31) 1691 | 2.86 (0.34) 2501 | 2.82 (0.39) 2485 | 2.79 (0.43) 1132 | 2.74 (0.48) 1371 | 2.71 (0.49) 2583 | 0.78 * | -0.21 * | -0.41 * |
| Tsis muaj teeb meem kev phooj ywg | ||||||||||||
| 2 rau 5 (preschool) | 2.87 (0.35) 181 | 2.89 (0.31) 400 | 2.90 (0.30) 1112 | 2.91 (0.29) 1980 | 2.90 (0.32) 1405 | 2.86 (0.38) 707 | 2.81 (0.41) 204 | 2.85 (0.38) 191 | 2.84 (0.39) 209 | 0.10 | -0.12 * | -0.19 * |
| 6 rau 10 (elem.) | 2.81 (0.42) 211 | 2.83 (0.40) 346 | 2.85 (0.38) 1454 | 2.85 (0.38) 3189 | 2.83 (0.41) 2176 | 2.82 (0.43) 1470 | 2.78 (0.48) 396 | 2.77 (0.45) 429 | 2.77 (0.47) 492 | 0.10 | -0.07 * | -0.20 * |
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 2.74 (0.53) 47 | 2.80 (0.45) 104 | 2.78 (0.47) 473 | 2.82 (0.43) 1620 | 2.78 (0.48) 1525 | 2.79 (0.44) 1464 | 2.82 (0.43) 522 | 2.70 (0.52) 569 | 2.66 (0.58) 888 | 0.08 | 0.02 | -0.22 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 2.81 (0.49) 23 | 2.76 (0.48) 81 | 2.88 (0.36) 367 | 2.85 (0.40) 1678 | 2.82 (0.42) 2476 | 2.79 (0.46) 2464 | 2.76 (0.49) 1113 | 2.72 (0.51) 1355 | 2.66 (0.58) 2521 | 0.19 | -0.20 * | -0.40 * |
| Txaus siab thaum sib tw | ||||||||||||
| 6 rau 10 (elem.) | 2.46 (0.60) 211 | 2.42 (0.58) 344 | 2.48 (0.54) 1450 | 2.45 (0.56) 3190 | 2.39 (0.57) 2176 | 2.37 (0.60) 1465 | 2.32 (0.60) 394 | 2.35 (0.59) 428 | 2.32 (0.62) 491 | 0.04 | -0.19 * | -0.29 * |
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 2.62 (0.54) 47 | 2.54 (0.54) 104 | 2.56 (0.56) 475 | 2.57 (0.53) 1619 | 2.53 (0.56) 1521 | 2.51 (0.56) 1459 | 2.51 (0.56) 524 | 2.43 (0.60) 567 | 2.35 (0.62) 887 | -0.11 | 0.09 | -0.35 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 2.70 (0.58) 23 | 2.68 (0.56) 81 | 2.75 (0.45) 367 | 2.70 (0.49) 1677 | 2.66 (0.50) 2472 | 2.60 (0.54) 2462 | 2.55 (0.57) 1110 | 2.48 (0.60) 1352 | 2.45 (0.62) 2523 | 0.11 | -0.29 * | -0.50 * |
| Tej haujlwm ua kom tiav haujlwm | ||||||||||||
| 6 rau 10 (elem.) | 2.71 (0.48) 211 | 2.66 (0.49) 345 | 2.72 (0.46) 1450 | 2.70 (0.48) 3182 | 2.65 (0.50) 2175 | 2.64 (0.52) 1465 | 2.58 (0.55) 392 | 2.61 (0.55) 430 | 2.57 (0.56) 491 | 0.02 | -0.16 * | -0.31 * |
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 2.75 (0.50) 47 | 2.79 (0.39) 104 | 2.72 (0.46) 474 | 2.72 (0.46) 1625 | 2.70 (0.47) 1522 | 2.67 (0.50) 1461 | 2.67 (0.50) 525 | 2.55 (0.57) 566 | 2.51 (0.59) 887 | 0.06 | -0.10 * | -0.39 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 2.67 (0.49) 24 | 2.78 (0.45) 81 | 2.83 (0.37) 366 | 2.81 (0.39) 1675 | 2.76 (0.43) 2468 | 2.71 (0.47) 2455 | 2.66 (0.52) 1114 | 2.60 (0.57) 1352 | 2.54 (0.58) 2523 | 0.38 | -0.26 * | -0.52 * |
| Tsis sib ceg dhau lawm | ||||||||||||
| 6 rau 10 (elem.) | 2.66 (0.51) 209 | 2.64 (0.57) 346 | 2.67 (0.55) 1452 | 2.64 (0.58) 3193 | 2.60 (0.60) 2178 | 2.58 (0.61) 1467 | 2.56 (0.63) 393 | 2.58 (0.59) 430 | 2.48 (0.67) 490 | 0.04 | 0.16 * | -0.33 * |
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 2.69 (0.56) 47 | 2.54 (0.55) 104 | 2.68 (0.55) 476 | 2.69 (0.54) 1621 | 2.63 (0.58) 1524 | 2.62 (0.59) 1465 | 2.61 (0.59) 526 | 2.54 (0.65) 569 | 2.47 (0.68) 887 | -0.02 | -0.10 * | -0.33 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 2.60 (0.66) 23 | 2.71 (0.55) 80 | 2.81 (0.46) 366 | 2.79 (0.46) 1681 | 2.73 (0.50) 2477 | 2.71 (0.53) 2461 | 2.68 (0.57) 1114 | 2.61 (0.60) 1354 | 2.52 (0.67) 2530 | 0.45 | -0.19 * | -0.45 * |
| Puas muaj kev txhawj xeeb nrog kev ntxhov siab | ||||||||||||
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 9.6% (0.29) 47 | 6.8% (0.25) 105 | 9.9% (0.30) 481 | 7.6% (0.26) 1634 | 10.0% (0.30) 1540 | 8.5% (0.28) 1477 | 9.3% (0.29) 532 | 11.2% (0.32) 573 | 12.2% (0.33) 904 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 11.5% (0.32) 24 | 12.0% (0.33) 80 | 7.9% (0.26) 374 | 8.4% (0.28) 1698 | 9.7% (0.30) 2504 | 12.2% (0.33) 2489 | 13.4% (0.34) 1131 | 17.7% (0.38) 1374 | 18.1% (0.39) 2578 | -0.13 | 0.13 * | 0.27 * |
| Puas tau muaj kev nyuaj siab | ||||||||||||
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 4.6% (0.21) 47 | 1.6% (0.12) 105 | 3.7% (0.19) 481 | 1.9% (0.14) 1629 | 4.1% (0.19) 1543 | 3.8% (0.19) 1479 | 4.3% (0.21) 534 | 5.4% (0.23) 573 | 7.2% (0.26) 906 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.15 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 10.2% (0.30) 24 | 8.3% (0.28) 82 | 5.3% (0.23) 376 | 5.1% (0.23) 1700 | 6.3% (0.24) 2508 | 8.6% (0.28) 2493 | 8.8% (0.29) 1131 | 11.6% (0.32) 1379 | 12.7% (0.33) 2582 | -0.20 | 0.12 * | 0.23 * |
| Kho los yog xav tau los kho tus neeg ua haujlwm kho mob hlwb, 12 lub hlis dhau los | ||||||||||||
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 7.6% (0.25) 47 | 10.4% (0.30) 104 | 13.5% (0.34) 480 | 10.5% (0.30) 1633 | 12.6% (0.33) 1539 | 12.2% (0.33) 1474 | 9.8% (0.30) 532 | 14.8% (0.36) 573 | 18.1% (0.39) 904 | 0.18 | -0.04 | 0.12 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 25.8% (0.42) 24 | 15.9% (0.37) 82 | 9.8% (0.29) 374 | 11.5% (0.32) 1693 | 12.8% (0.34) 2496 | 14.1% (0.35) 2487 | 17.0% (0.38) 1128 | 20.7% (0.41) 1373 | 21.9% (0.41) 2578 | -0.53 | 0.13 * | 0.30 * |
| Nqa tshuaj rau kev puas siab puas ntsws, dhau los 12 lub hlis | ||||||||||||
| 11 rau 13 (nruab nrab) | 9.0% (0.29) 46 | 6.2% (0.24) 105 | 8.6% (0.28) 479 | 6.9% (0.25) 1623 | 8.5% (0.28) 1529 | 9.4% (0.29) 1473 | 9.1% (0.29) 529 | 12.4% (0.33) 571 | 13.3% (0.34) 894 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.15 * |
| 14 rau 17 (hs) | 11.7% (0.32) 23 | 11.7% (0.32) 82 | 5.5% (0.22) 372 | 8.2% (0.28) 1686 | 8.6% (0.28) 2492 | 9.9% (0.30) 2481 | 12.1% (0.33) 1116 | 14.9% (0.36) 1366 | 16.1% (0.37) 2562 | -0.27 | 0.15 * | 0.30 * |
Sau ntawv: 1. Tsis pub dhau theem ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam, cov zauv nyob rau hauv txhua lub xov tooj yog: kev noj qab haus huv txhais tau tias, SDs nyob rau hauv quas, thiab n's. 2. d = cov nyhuv loj sib piv rau qhov sib txawv hauv cov qauv kev tsis sib txawv. 3. * = t-tshauv sib piv cov hlwb tseem ceeb ntawm p <.05. 4. Rau kev kuaj mob, kho mob, thiab noj tshuaj, tus nqi hauv paus yog qhov siab txaus rau kev sib piv ntawm txoj kev ntseeg siab ntawm ob pab pawg hnub nyoog laus dua.
Daim duab. 2. Qhov qhab nees ntawm qhov kev ntsuas tau yooj yim (1-5), los ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab theem ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam, nrog tswj, US, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
Daim duab. 3. Feem pua tsis xav los yog xav kawm txog tej yam tshiab, thaum muaj hnub nyoog thiab theem ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam, nrog rau kev tswj, US, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
Daim duab. 4. Feem pua uas tsis nyob twj ywm thaum sib tw, los ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab theem ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam, nrog rau kev tswj, US, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
Daim duab. 5. Feem pua uas tsis tag suam kev ua haujlwm pib, los ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab theem ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam, nrog rau kev tswj, US, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
Daim duab. 6. Feem pua uas sib cav sib ceg nrog lawv cov neeg zov me nyuam, thaum muaj hnub nyoog thiab theem ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam, nrog tswj, US, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
Feem ntau, cov neeg siv cov ntxaij (4 h / hnub) kuj tau qis dua ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj qis dua (1 h / hnub), tab sis muaj cov qis qis dua (saib rooj 2). Cov 14- rau 17 xyoo, cov neeg siv nruab nrab (xws li cov neeg siv qis tsawg dua) yog 78% feem ntau tsis xav tau (RR 1.78, CI 1.30, 2.43), 60% feem ntau yuav tsis nyob twj ywm thaum sib tw (RR 1.60 , 1.32, 1.93), 66% feem ntau yuav tsis tiav cov hauj lwm lawv pib (RR 1.66, CI 1.31, 2.11), thiab 57% feem ntau yuav sib cav sib ceg nrog lawv cov neeg zov me nyuam ntau dua (RR 1.57, CI 1.24, 2.00; Daim duab. 2, Daim duab. 3, Daim duab. 4, Daim duab. 5, Daim duab. 6). Xws li cov kev sib piv ntawm kev siv qis thiab siab, sib txawv ntawm kev thaj yeeb nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg qis thiab qis nruab nrab ntawm cov me nyuam yau dua li cov tub ntxhais hluas laus dua.
3.3. Vijtsam sijhawm thiab kev kuaj mob ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab
Cov neeg siv cov ntxaij vab tshaus los kuj tseem muaj feem ntau yuav muaj kev txhawj xeeb los ntawm kev ntxhov siab lossis kev nyuaj siab. Kaum plaub rau 17 + h / hnub nrog cov ntxaij vab tshaus (vs. 7 h / hnub) tau ntau tshaj ob npaug ntawm qhov ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab (RR 1, 2.39% CI 95, 1.54) lossis ntxhov siab (RR) 3.70, CI 2.26, 1.59; saib Daim duab. 7). Cov neeg siv cov vev xaib tseem muaj feem ntau tau pom los yog xav tau los ntawm ib tug kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws (RR 2.22, CI 1.62, 3.03), thiab feem ntau yuav tau noj tshuaj rau ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev puas siab ntsws (RR 2.99, CI 1.94, 4.62; saib Daim duab. 8) hauv 12 lub hlis dhau los. Kev siv tus kheej kuj yog txuas rau kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev nyuaj siab (RR 1.61, CI 1.03, 2.52) thiab kev txhawj xeeb (RR 1.52, CI 1.06, 2.18) ntawm 14- rau 17 xyoo, tab sis tsis yog 11- rau 13- xyoos.
Daim duab. 7. Feem pua puas tau txhawj xeeb los ntawm kev ntxhov siab lossis kev nyuab siab, thaum muaj hnub nyoog thiab theem ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam, nrog rau kev tswj, US, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
Daim duab. 8. Feem pua uas tau txais kev kho mob hlwb thiab feem pua noj tshuaj rau cov teeb meem puas siab puas ntsws hauv 12 lub xeem, los ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab theem ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam, nrog rau kev tswj, US, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
3.4. Lub sij hawm lub sij hawm thiab cov khoom zoo yuav nug txog cov neeg zov me nyuam ntawm preschool xwb
Peb tom ntej kuaj xyuas cov khoom uas tau nug txog cov neeg zov me nyuam xwb preschool cov me nyuam. Cov neeg siv ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus muaj feem ntau yuav poob lawv cov npau taws, tsis tshua yuav siab nqig thaum muaj siab, thiab tsis tshua hloov siab tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab los yog npau taws (saib rooj 3 thiab Daim duab. 9). Qhov loj tshaj plaws loj tuaj tshwm rau kev tswj tus kheej (d = −0.41), uas suav nrog kev ua siab ntev, zaum ntsiag to, ua tiav cov haujlwm yooj yim, thiab tsis txhob cuam tshuam; ob leeg siab thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg siv cov ntxaij vab tshaus ua rau pom kev tswj tus kheej qis dua li cov neeg siv qis. Hais txog cov txheeb ze muaj kev pheej hmoo, siab (vs. tsawg) cov neeg siv ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus tau ob zaug feem ntau yuav poob zoo li npau taws (RR 1.99, CI 1.44, 2.77) thiab muaj 46% feem ntau yuav tsis tuaj yeem siab thaum muaj siab (RR 1.46, CI 1.13, 1.88). Cov menyuam pib kawm ntawv uas siv tshuaj ntsuam tau qis kuj tseem tsawg dua kev nyab xeeb zoo dua li cov neeg tsis paub siv (saib rooj 3). 30% feem ntau yuav tsis thim rov qab (RR 1.30, CI 1.15, 1.47) thiab 33% feem ntau poob lawv cov npau suav (RR 1.33, CI 1.02, 1.72) .
rooj 3. Kev noj qab haus huv txhais tau tias ntawm cov khoom nug tsuas yog cov neeg saib xyuas ntawm preschool cov me nyuam ntawm 2- rau 5 xyoo-laus los ntawm cov sij hawm hauv ib hnub ntawm lub sij hawm npo (nrog rau cov tswj) thiab d's piv hlwb, US, 2016.
| Tsis muaj (0) | <1 h | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | 6 h | 7 + h | d 0 thiab 1 h | d 1 h thiab 4 h | d 1 h thiab 7 + h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kev nyiam | 2.98 (0.14) 321 | 2.95 (0.21) 754 | 2.96 (0.19) 1714 | 2.96 (0.20) 2704 | 2.96 (0.20) 1857 | 2.94 (0.26) 917 | 2.93 (0.27) 281 | 2.95 (0.23) 243 | 2.93 (0.34) 266 | -0.11 * | -0.10 * | -0.14 |
| Smiles thiab luag | 2.98 (0.11) 322 | 2.98 (0.14) 755 | 2.98 (0.12) 1715 | 2.98 (0.15) 2705 | 2.99 (0.12) 1858 | 2.98 (0.18) 919 | 2.96 (0.24) 280 | 2.97 (0.19) 246 | 2.98 (0.18) 266 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Bounces rov qab | 2.74 (0.44) 321 | 2.70 (0.49) 751 | 2.73 (0.46) 1708 | 2.72 (0.48) 2701 | 2.72 (0.49) 1857 | 2.64 (0.56) 915 | 2.63 (0.57) 281 | 2.68 (0.52) 246 | 2.68 (0.55) 265 | -0.01 | -0.18 * | -0.11 |
| Tsis poob siab | 3.05 (0.53) 181 | 3.05 (0.48) 400 | 3.05 (0.53) 1113 | 3.03 (0.51) 1987 | 2.99 (0.53) 1406 | 2.96 (0.57) 709 | 2.89 (0.59) 205 | 2.82 (0.68) 190 | 2.89 (0.68) 210 | 0.00 | -0.16 * | -0.29 * |
| Ua siab ntev thaum muaj siab | 3.09 (0.60) 180 | 3.00 (0.57) 397 | 3.00 (0.61) 1112 | 3.02 (0.61) 1984 | 2.99 (0.62) 1403 | 2.98 (0.62) 710 | 2.85 (0.65) 205 | 2.81 (0.68) 191 | 2.86 (0.68) 210 | -0.15 | -0.03 | -0.23 * |
| Hloov cov haujlwm tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab lossis kev chim siab | 3.49 (0.56) 182 | 3.44 (0.54) 400 | 3.49 (0.55) 1114 | 3.48 (0.56) 1986 | 3.41 (0.58) 1404 | 3.40 (0.60) 711 | 3.38 (0.57) 205 | 3.32 (0.57) 190 | 3.39 (0.63) 211 | 0.00 | -0.16 * | -0.20 * |
| Kev tswj tus kheej ntawm tus kheej (4 yam khoom) | 3.16 (0.37) 177 | 3.10 (0.42) 394 | 3.08 (0.40) 1107 | 3.06 (0.40) 1980 | 3.00 (0.42) 1396 | 2.98 (0.40) 704 | 2.96 (0.47) 201 | 2.86 (0.49) 189 | 2.91 (0.46) 207 | -0.21 * | -0.25 * | -0.41 * |
| Ua zoo nrog lwm tus | 3.35 (0.54) 180 | 3.39 (0.53) 399 | 3.41 (0.54) 1114 | 3.39 (0.55) 1985 | 3.35 (0.55) 1407 | 3.35 (0.57) 711 | 3.27 (0.66) 203 | 3.34 (0.61) 190 | 3.40 (0.61) 210 | 0.11 | -0.11 * | -0.01 |
| Empathy | 3.24 (0.70) 182 | 3.32 (0.66) 399 | 3.32 (0.66) 1115 | 3.30 (0.67) 1989 | 3.27 (0.70) 1409 | 3.25 (0.70) 711 | 3.23 (0.74) 205 | 3.27 (0.68) 191 | 3.31 (0.71) 211 | 0.12 | -0.10 * | -0.01 |
Sau ntawv: 1. Tsis pub dhau theem ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam, cov zauv nyob rau hauv txhua lub xov tooj yog: kev noj qab haus huv txhais tau tias, SDs nyob rau hauv quas, thiab n's. 2. d = cov nyhuv loj sib piv rau qhov sib txawv hauv cov qauv kev tsis sib txawv. 3. * = t-tshauv sib piv cov hlwb tseem ceeb ntawm p <.05.
Daim duab. 9. Feem pua uas tsis thim rov qab, feem ntau poob lawv lub siab, los yog tsis tuaj yeem nqig thaum muaj siab los yog kiav txhab, ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam tag nrho, 2 - rau 5 cov me nyuam yaus, nrog rau kev tswj, US, 2016. Yuam kev tuav yog ± 1 SE.
Muaj ob peb lub koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus xws li kev hlub rau tus neeg zov me nyuam, luag nyav thiab luag, ua si zoo nrog lwm tus, los sis ua rau lwm tus muaj siab (saib rooj 3). Txawm li cas los xij, ntau yam ntawm cov khoom no (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhia kev hlub thiab ntxhi thiab luag) raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov tsis muaj kev txawv txav nrog 95% ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas pom zoo qhov no muaj tseeb ntawm tus menyuam, txo lawv cov dej taws.
4. Kev sib tham
Cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas uas siv sij hawm ntau siv cov kev tshaj tawm hauv xov xwm tau txo qis dua lub hlwb zoo dua li cov neeg siv qis dua. Cov neeg siv cov vevxais tau ua rau pom kev tsis zoo (tsis nyob twj ywm, sib cav sib ceg ntau dhau, ua nyuaj nrog tau), tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav cov haujlwm, txo kev xav, thiab nyuaj ua phooj ywg. Cov neeg zov me nyuam kuj tau piav qhia cov neeg siv kev lag luam kom yooj yim dua rau kev tu thiab txo qis dua tus kheej. Cov me nyuam hluas, cov neeg siab zoo (tsis tshua muaj pes tsawg) kuj tau ob zaug li uas yuav tau txais kuaj mob ntawm kev nyuaj siab los sis ntxhov siab lossis xav tau kev kho mob rau kev mob hlwb lossis kev coj tus cwj pwm. Cov neeg siv nruab nrab tseem ceeb dua li cov neeg siv cov vev tshaus uas tsis tshua muaj kev noj qab nyob zoo thiab, ntawm 14- rau 17 xyoo, kom paub tias muaj kev nyuab siab lossis ntxhov siab lossis xav tau kev kho mob hlwb. Cov neeg tsis siv neeg feem ntau tsis txawv hauv kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm cov neeg siv qis dua.
AAP cov lus pom zoo muab sij hawm tshwj xeeb rau cov me nyuam 5 xyoo nyoog thiab yau dua. Ib pawg ntawm cov neeg tshawb xyuas tau nug txog cov kev txwv no raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab plaub cov khoom kom zoo nyob hauv 2011 NSCH (Przybylski thiab Weinstein, 2018). Txawm li cas los xij, ntau txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom nyob hauv 2016 NSCH tsim cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo ntawm 18 ntawm 19 ntsuas, muab kev txhawb nqa rau lub sij hawm teev cov sij hawm txwv. Pom zoo, peb pom tias lub koom haum nruab nrab ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab qhov tsis zoo siab rau cov tub ntxhais hluas dua loj dua rau cov me nyuam yau, raws li qhov tsawg tshaj ib txoj kev tshawb fawb (Rosen li al., 2014). Qhov no qhia tau tias AAP thiab lwm cov koom haum tsom rau kev noj qab haus huv tej zaum yuav xav txog cov lus pom zoo rau cov kev txwv ntawm cov sij hawm npav rau cov poj niam thiab cov hluas.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia txog vim li cas cov koom haum nruab nrab ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub sij hawm thiab kev xav hauv lub siab zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas. Ib qho tseem ceeb yog tias cov tub ntxhais hluas, piv rau cov me nyuam yaus, muaj feem ntau yuav muaj kev tshaj xov xwm hauv kev sib txoos thiab siv sij hawm ntau hauv online. Cov kev sib raug zoo yog cov tseem ceeb rau cov hluas (Fuligni thiab Eccles, 1993), thiab yog tias kev tshaj xov xwm tawm los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntsej muag, uas yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev mob hlwb. Lub sijhawm siv rau kev tshaj tawm, kev sib tw, thiab kev sib txuas lus hauv internet yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev saib TV / yeeb yaj kiab, thiab TV / yeeb yaj kiab yog qhov kev tshwm sim ntau tshaj rau cov me nyuam yaus (Rosen li al., 2014). Hmoov tsis, koom haum nrog kev nyab xeeb rau TV thiab lwm yam kev ua si yuav tsis raug txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv no dataset raws li lub sijhawm siv TV thiab hluav taws xob gaming tau tso rau hauv tib yam khoom.
Cov tub ntxhais hluas tseem muaj feem ntau dua li cov me nyuam yaus kom lawv tus kheej smartphone (Rosen li al., 2014), uas tso cai rau kev siv technology hauv ntau lub sijhawm. Qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej hauv Internet, ntau dua kev ua si, los yog siv teeb meem kev siv xov xwm, uas tau txuas rau qhov tsis zoo (Muag thiab Uysal, 2015). Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev pw tsaug zog, li smartphones yuav raug coj mus rau hauv chav pw los yog lub txaj, nrog kev tsis zoo rau kev pw tsaug zog ntev thiab / los yog kev pw tsaug zog zoo (Twenge li al., 2017). Smartphones kuj siv tau thaum siv sib cuam tshuam nrog kev sib raug zoo, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau cov kev sib txuam thiab cuam tshuam lawv feem ntau zoo rau kev noj qab nyob zoo (Dwyer li al., 2018).
Vim yog qhov kev tsim ntawm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, nws tsis muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab seb cov sij hawm npo puas muaj qhov ua tsis tau zoo, tsis tshua muaj kev noj qab haus huv ua rau lub sij hawm tshuaj xyuas, los yog ob qho tib si. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb longitudinal tau pom tias nce siab ntawm kev ua si sij hawm ua ntej yuav txo qis siab puas siab puas ntsws zoo ntawm cov me nyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas (Allen thiab Vella, 2015; Babic li al., 2017; Hinkley li al., 2014; Kim, 2017) nrog rau cov laus (Kross li al., 2013; Schmiedeberg thiab Schröder, 2017; Shakya thiab Christakis, 2017). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev sim tau qhia tau tias qhov kuaj pom ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm txo tau kev lom zem thaum sib txuam sib luag (xws li, Dwyer li al., 2018; Kushlev li al., 2017) thiab qhov kev tsis txaus siab ntawm kev siv xov xwm kev siv rau ib lim piam tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv (Tromholt, 2016 xyoo). Hauv lwm cov kev tshawb fawb, txoj kev sib raug zoo zoo nkaus li ua tau zoo, nrog rau kev tshuaj xyuas lub sij hawm thiab kev thaj yeeb rau txhua tus (Gunnell li al., 2016). Cov kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau tias tsawg kawg ntawm cov causation tsiv los ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam kom txo tau qhov zoo. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov kev coj ntawm kev tsim txom, li cas los xij, cov koom haum no muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev cuam tshuam. Piv txwv, kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub sij hawm tso cai yuav pab cov neeg muab kev pab cuam txheeb xyuas cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas uas yuav muaj teeb meem ntau dua rau cov teeb meem kev mob hlwb thiab txhawm rau lub ncauj lus ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam xyuas hauv kev puas hlwb ntawm cov neeg no.
Cov ntaub ntawv no raug txwv los ntawm ntau yam. Ua ntej, kev tshuaj ntsuam lub sijhawm tau tshaj tawm los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas thiab tsis yog cov menyuam lossis cov hluas lawv tus kheej. Qhov no yuav ua rau kev ntsuas qis ntawm lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab tej zaum yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ceeb toom ntawm kev nyob zoo. Qhov ntsuas xyuas zoo yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg zov menyuam lub siab thiab yuav qhia cov teeb meem uas menyuam tsis qhia tawm rau lawv niam lawv txiv. Qhov no yuav yog qhov tsawg dua ntawm qhov teeb meem rau cov khoom ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab thiab cov ntawv qhia txog kev noj tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm yog feem ntau pom tias muaj zog hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb, xws li hauv qee zaum cov neeg soj ntsuam muab tau cov ntaub ntawv ntau tshaj li qhov muaj peev xwm siv tau ntawm tus kheej daim ntawv qhia (Connelly thiab Ones, 2010); uas yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov me nyuam yaus. Qhov thib ob, kev sojntsuam xyuas tsuas yog lub sijhawm kuaj lub sijhawm, thiab lub sijhawm npo yuav muaj sijhawm ntau dua rau cov hnub so haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev tshawb fawb dhau los tau pom cov koom haum zoo sib xws nrog rau kev noj qab nyob zoo rau hnub so thiab lis xaus siv kev tshaj tawm (Przybylski thiab Weinstein, 2017). Lub sijhawm thev naus npoos lub sij hawm kuj tseem yuav tsis tshua sib txawv thiab yog li tsim muaj kev txheeb xyuas ntau dua. Thib peb, cov lus nug ua ke nrog TV thiab kev ua si hauv ib qho lus nug, uas tsuas pub kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub sij hawm npo thiab tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib txoos ntawm TV (TV) thiab digital xov xwm (electronic games, Internet, social media, thiab lwm yam). Qeb plaub, tab sis lub Census Bureau tau nrhiav tus qauv sawv cev, cov lus teb tsis yog 100% thiab qee pawg (xws li Dub Asmeskas) tsis muaj cov sawv cev rau lawv feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov neeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov txiaj ntsig tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis pom zoo ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thiab lub hlwb zoo ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas. Muaj ntau hom kev ua kom zoo, nrog rau kev ntsuas tus kheej, kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg zov me nyuam, kev thaj siab, kev txhawj xeeb ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab, thiab kev mob hlwb kev kho mob, puas siab puas ntsws qhov kev nyab xeeb tau nce zuj zus los ntawm 1 ha hnub ntawm lub sij hawm npav mus rau 7 los yog ntau xuab moo rau ib hnub twg ntawm lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam, tshwj xeeb yog cov tub ntxhais hluas. Lub koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas thiab tsim cov txheej txheem rau cov sij hawm xyuas tshwj xeeb rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas.
Nyiaj
Txoj kev tshawb no tau txais tsis muaj nyiaj.
Teeb meem ntawm nqe lus paj
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi.
Appendix A. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv
Cov khoom siv ntxiv
References
- Allen thiab Vella, 2015
- MS Allen, SA VellaNtsuam xyuas raws li kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev coj tus kheej zoo hauv kev loj hlob thaum yau: kev sib koom ua ke thiab cov koom haum ntevNees. Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Lub Cev. Act., 9 (2015), pp. 41-47
Przybylski thiab Weinstein, 2017
Przybylski thiab Weinstein, 2018
Radesky thiab Christakis, 2016
Schmiedeberg thiab Schröder, 2017
- Twenge li al., 2018a
- JM Twenge, TE Joiner, ML Rogers, GN MartinUa rau muaj kev nyuab siab, tshwm sim rau kev tua yus tus kheej, thiab kev tua tus kheej ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv 2010 tom qab XNUMX thiab txuas mus ntxiv cov xov xwm tshiab tawmClin. Hlwb. Sci., 6 (2018), pp. 3-17
- Twenge li al., 2018b
- JM Twenge, GN Martin, WK CampbellTxo hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm Asmeslivkas tom qab 2012 thiab cov kev sib txuas rau lub sij hawm tshuaj ntsuam thaum lub sij hawm qhib siab ntawm smartphone technologySiab ntsws, 18 (2018), pp. 765-780
- Twenge li al., 2019
- JM Twenge, GN Martin, BH SpitzbergCov ncauj lus hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov tub ntxhais hluas siv xov xwm, 1976–2016: qhov nce ntawm digital media, poob TV, thiab (ze) cov luam tawmHlwb. Pop. Media Kev Tshawb Fawb. (2019)
- Valkenburg thiab Petus, 2009
- PM Valkenburg, J. PeterKev Cuam Tshuam ntawm Internet rau cov hluas: ib xyoo caum kev tshawb fawbCurr. Xa. Psychol. Sci., 18 (2009), pp. 1-5
- van Rooij li al., 2018
- AJ van Rooij, CJ Ferguson, M. Colder Carras, et al.Ib txoj kev qaug zog rau kev ua si tsis zoo: cia peb ua txhaum rau ntawm kev ceev fajJ. Behav. Kev Raug., 7 (2018), pp. 1-9
- LEEJ TWG: World Health Organization, 2018
- LEEJ TWG: World Health OrganizationKev twv txiaj kev tsis txaus siab: online Q&A(Lub Ib Hlis)
- Yang thiab al., 2013
- F. Yang, AR Helgason, ID tus tub ceev xwm, AL KristjanssonHluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo ntawm 10-12-xyoo-laus-menyuamEur. J. Pub. Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, 23 (2013), pp. 492-498
;