Psychol pem hauv ntej. 2018 Nov 21; 9: 2239. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.02239.
Krossbakken E1, Pallesen S1, Mentzoni RA1, King DL2, Molde H3, Finserås TR3, Torsheim T1.
Abstract
Cov hom phiaj: Yees duab yees yees tau sib xyaw nrog rau ntau yam ntawm lub zog kev hloov pauv. Muaj paucity ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb nrhiav ntev ntev mus rau hauv cov koom haum sib txuas, thiab cov kev tshawb fawb kev sib txawv ntawm kev quav twv txiaj los ntawm teeb meem thiab koom nrog (piv txwv li, nquag tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem) kev twv txiaj. Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tshawb xyuas qhov ib txwm muaj ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm hauv kev ua si peb ntu. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev kawm 1 yog los tshawb xyuas cov neeg ua txhaum thiab cov kev rau txim ntawm kev yees duab yeeb yaj kiab kuaj ntsuas raws li kev tsim kho tsis sib haum (siv tshuab kev ua si). Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb 2 yog tshawb xyuas cov koom haum tib yam uas hais txog cov kev ua si ntawm kev twv txiaj ("koom nrog," "teeb meem," "quav"). Ntxiv mus, kawm 3 tsom mus tshawb xyuas cov kwv yees kev ruaj khov thiab cov kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim ntawm cov ntawv sau qhia, thiab ib pawg tsis muaj kab mob kev lom zem.
Txoj kev: Ib qho qauv piv txwv ntawm 3,000 cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog 17.5 tau tawm los ntawm cov pejxeem npe nyob rau hauv 2012 thiab raug caw tuaj koom rau hauv cov kev tshawb xyuas txhua xyoo uas 3 xyoo (NT1 = 2,059, NT2 = 1,334, NT3 = 1,277). Cov neeg tuaj teb tau ua tiav kev ntsuas kev yees duab yees, kev nyuaj siab, kev ntxhov siab, kev kho siab, kev sib ceg, thiab kev siv cawv. Kev ntsuam xyuas tshwm sim muaj qhov kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Cross Street, Kev Satorra-Bentler chi square test (kawm 1), kev tshawb xyuas regression (kawm 2), nraim Markov qauv ntawm kev hloov thiv (kawm 3).
tau: Kev tshawb nrhiav hauv kev tshawb nrhiav 1 tau qhia tias kev nyuaj siab thiab kev kho siab tau sib txawv nrog kev sib tw gaming. Lub cev raug kev ua phem tau pom tias yog cov tshuaj tua kabmob, thiab kev ntxhov siab yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Kev tshawb xyuas ntawm peb hom ntawm gamers (txoj kev tshawb 2) txheeb xyuas kev kho siab thiab kev ua kom muaj mob rau lub cev, thiab kev nyuaj siab vim yog txhua yam kev phem. Kev nyuaj siab tau pom tias yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm teeb meem thiab koom nrog gamers. Kev kho siab tau pom muaj txiaj ntsim ntawm qhov teeb meem gamers, thiab ntxhov siab vim yog ib qho txiaj ntsim ntawm kev lom neeg tua tsiaj. Kev haus cawv ntau yog pom antecedent rau addicted gamers, thiab haus dej cawv tsis tau pom antecedent rau teeb meem gamers. Tus kwv yees li ntawm kev ua si yees duab yees yog 35%.
xaus: Ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev tua kabmob thiab kev ntsuas ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo li tshwm sim. Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev ua si yees duab yees yeeb yaj kiab qhia tias tus neeg muaj ntau tus neeg tsis sib haum xeeb dua li ntawm 2 xyoo.
KEYWORDS: cov hluas; gaming teeb meem; internet gaming teeb meem; kev kawm longitudinal; kev mob hlwb
PMID: 30519203
PMCID: PMC6258776
DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.02239
Introduction
Kev ua si hauv kev ua si yog ib qho kev ua ub no ntawm cov hluas thaum, rau feem ntau, muab sij hawm muaj kev lom zem, sib tw, so thiab kev sib txuas lus (Hoffman thiab Nadelson, 2010). Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov tib neeg tau qhia tias lawv poob tswj lawv tus cwj pwm ua si, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab kev nyuab siab. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua si hauv kev ua si raws li hom kev nyuab siab (addictive disorder) tau muab tso rau hauv qhov thib tsib thiab qhov tseeb version ntawm Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), xws li "Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD)." Ib yam li ntawd, "Gaming Disorder" tau muab tso rau hauv 11th version ntawm International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) (World Health Organization, 2018). Txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg ntawm cov kev taw qhia txog kev yees duab yees siv yees duab tau sib cav tias qhov teeb meem tam sim no lees paub xws li kev kuaj mob tsis txaus (Van Rooij thiab Kardefelt-Winther, 2017) thiab tseem muaj paucity ntawm kev tshawb fawb taws lub ntuj paub tsis meej (Petry thiab O'brien, 2013; Mihara thiab Higuchi, 2017). Ib txoj kev txwv loj tshaj plaws rau feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua si hauv gaming teeb meem yog tias nws tsuas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov qauv ntu khaub lig. Longitudinal cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm no lub npe yog tsawg nyob rau hauv xov tooj (Gentile li al., 2011; Brunborg li al., 2014; Mihara thiab Higuchi, 2017), txawm tias cov kev tshawb fawb no yuav pab txheeb tau cov xwm txheej uas muaj feem xyuam nrog rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua rau thiab kev tshwm sim, thiab muab kev paub txog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub caij nyoog ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tau txais kev nkag siab ntau ntawm kev coj ua ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm coj los ntawm peb kev tshawb fawb (study1, study2, study3). Kev tshawb 1 conceptualized pathological gaming ua ib qhov chaw tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tshawb nrhiav kev lag luam ntawm cov koom haum ua si ntawm kev sib tw gaming thiab kev mob hlwb lub sij hawm. Txoj kev tshawb no 2 tau nrhiav cov koom haum ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev ua si hauv pawg uas siv cov kev xav pom, mus tshawb xyuas cov koom haum hauv 1. Txoj kev tshawb no 3 tau tshawb xyuas qhov ruaj ntseg thiab kev sib haum xeeb thaum lub sij hawm, siv qhov kev pom zoo (ua, teeb meem thiab kev ua si ntaus neeg) uas siv rau hauv 2.
Antecedents thiab lub txim ntawm pathological gaming
Cov kev tshawb kawm ntev ntev yuav tshawb xyuas seb puas muaj cov teeb meem kev puas siab puas ntsws thawj zaug thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua si, kev puas siab puas ntsws yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua si, los yog seb puas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov teeb meem kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev ua si hauv kev ua si. Cov kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw yuav kwv yees txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm cov sij hawm, piav txog lawv txoj kev sib cai ntawm lawv tus kheej (Kearney, 2018). Yog li, kev txheeb xyuas cov kev sib tw ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev ua si tsis zoo yuav piav qhia cov mechanisms uas muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev ua si. Txawm hais tias ob peb cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib koom tes ntawm kev sib tw ua si ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua si thiab kev puas hlwb muaj nyob (Lemmens li al., 2011a,b), muaj tag nrho cov kev paub txog kev koom tes nrog cov koom haum ua si nrog kev ua si, thiab teeb meem kev puas siab ntsws sib txawv hauv cov qauv loj thiab cov sawv cev.
Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias gaming teeb meem yog txuam nrog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev sib raug zoo (Wittek li al., 2016; Bargeron thiab Hormes, 2017), xws li kev nyuaj siab, kev ntxhov siab (Mentzoni li al., 2011; Bargeron thiab Hormes, 2017; Wartberg li al., 2017). kev kho siab (Lemmens li al., 2011a), haus dej cawv siv (van Rooij li al., 2014), thiab kev ua phem (Kim et al., 2008). Ib tug longitudinal txoj kev tshawb pom kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab vim li cas ntawm cov kab mob tua tom qab 2 xyoo (Gentile li al., 2011), thiab ob txoj kev tshawb kawm ntev qhia tias kev nyuaj siab, tiam sis tsis ntxhov siab, raws li ib qho txiaj ntsim ntawm gaming teeb meem tom qab ib (van Rooij li al., 2011), thiab 2 xyoo (Liau et al., 2015), feem. Hais txog kev tsim teeb meem ntawm kev ua si, ib txoj kev tshawb pom pom tias cov kev mob tshwm sim tsis tau txiav txim siab txog cov teeb meem tom ntej (Mößle and Rehbein, 2013). Lub Dutch longitudinal txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau kho siab los ua ob qho yeeb yam thiab muaj txiaj ntsim ntawm cov kab mob kev ua si (Lemmens li al., 2011a), qhia tias txoj kev kho siab yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev tiv thaiv kev ua si. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb nrog cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov koom haum gaming disorder, aggression, thiab cawv siv. Txawm hais tias qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua phem hauv kev ua si hauv kev ua si ntawm lub neej txoj kev ntxub yog debated (Funk li al., 2004; Ferguson, 2015) kuj muaj kev tshawb pom tias gaming teeb meem, tsis hais txog cov ntsiab lus, tuaj yeem ua rau kev ua phem rau cov tub hluas (Lemmens li al., 2011b), thiab hais tias cov tib neeg uas nruj nruj tendencies ntau dua li lawv cov neeg sib tw los tsim cov kev ua pleev ua si (Kim et al., 2008). Qee cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias muaj teeb meem txog kev quav dej caw thiab kev ua si tsis sib xws (Ko et al., 2008; van Rooij li al., 2014), lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tsis pom cov koom haum no (Brunborg li al., 2014; Kaess li al., 2017).
Hla ntau cov kev tshawb fawb, kev sib deev zoo nkaus li yog ib qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua si hauv kev ua si, raws li cov tub ntxhais hluas yuav koom nrog kev ua si hauv video (Mentzoni li al., 2011; van Rooij li al., 2014; Yu thiab Cho, 2016) thiab raug categorized li teeb meem gamers tshaj pojniam (Mentzoni li al., 2011; Brunborg li al., 2013; Yu thiab Cho, 2016; Milani li al., 2017). Txawm li cas los xij, kuj muaj cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias kev sib deev sib txawv tsis muaj feem xyuam txog kev pom zoo thiab kev rau txim ntawm kev ua si (Lemmens li al., 2011a; Brunborg li al., 2013). Tseem, yuav tsum muaj kev paub ntxiv txog kev sib daj sib deev li ib tus neeg ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kev ua si ntawm kev ua si hauv gaming (APA Task Force on Violent Media, 2015), thiab kev tshawb nrhiav qhov ntev ntawm kev koom tes ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab gaming teeb meem.
Txoj kev tshawb no 1
Hla lag luam kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev ua pleev ua piv txwv uas yog siv qhov kev xav ntawm unidimensional
Kev tshawb dhau los longitudinal cov kev tshawb fawb tau ntsuam xyuas pathological gaming ua ib qho kev sib haum xeeb (Lemmens li al., 2011a; Yu li al., 2015), qhov twg cov tsos mob tau tsoo thiab gaming pathology raug ntsuas ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm qis qis los siab. Lub tswvyim ntawm kev tsis sib haum ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tw ua rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev ua si thiab kev mob hlwb ntawm ib tus qauv, qhia tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov txawv ntawm lub sijhawm ua ke (Jeon, 2015).
Tiv thaiv no rov qab, lub hom phiaj ntawm thawj txoj kev tshawb nrhiav yog kom paub cov ntsiab lus thiab cov kev sib txuam, nrog rau kev sib deev sib txawv, kev teeb meem hauv video teeb meem. Ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm gaming teeb meem siv hauv cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los (Lemmens li al., 2011a; Andreassen li al., 2013), tau ua ntawv thov (ua lub npe hu ua "pathological gaming" nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm tam sim no). Peb xav pom ntau lub koom haum sib koom tes ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov tsos mob ntawm cov kev ua si ntawm cov kab mob. Vim kev tshawb nrhiav qhov kev tshawb fawb no, thiab cov pov thawj ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, txhua qhov kev hloov (kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev ua pleev ua si) tau tshawb xyuas ob qho tib si ua ke, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tua cov kab mob.
Txoj kev tshawb no 2
Antecedences thiab lub txim ntawm pathological gaming siv ib tug typological foundations
Lub tswvyim ntawm qhov kev ua si tsis zoo rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev koom tes hauv kev ua si (Charlton thiab Danforth, 2007; Brunborg li al., 2013; Kardefelt-Winther li al., 2017). Kev sib tw ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw no yog qhov qhia txog cov kev hloov ntawm qhov kev sib tw ntawm gaming kev koom tes thiab kev tsis zoo (teeb meem thiab teeb meem). Thaum nws tau raug sib cav hais tias kev sib koom tes (piv txwv li, kev siv kev ua si) yuav tsum muaj kev sib haum xeeb, kev ua siab ntev thiab kev hloov kho siab (peripheral criteria), teeb meem kev ua si xws li kev sib ceg, kev tawm, kev rov qab thiab teeb meem vim qhov kev sib tw (Charlton thiab Danforth, 2007; Brunborg li al., 2015) zoo li. Cov teeb meem Gaming feem ntau tau txhais tias txaus siab qee yam, tiam sis tsis yog tag nrho cov tub ntxhais kev quav tshuaj (Brunborg li al., 2013; Wittek li al., 2016).
Thov kom muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo lossis sib txawv ntawm "addicted gamers," "gamers gamers," thiab "engaged gamers." qhov tshwm sim dua li tiv (Loton li al., 2016), thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm kev sib koom tes video kev ua si thiab teeb meem kev puas hlwb (Brunborg li al., 2013, 2014). Kev paub txog cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab ntawm kev ua si ntawm kev ua si, thiab kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, kev kho thiab kev tiv thaiv tswv yim. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub tsis muaj kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov koom haum nruab nrab ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov kev coj ntawm kev coj cwj pwm txawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hauv cov laus neeg.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb 2 yog li no los soj ntsuam txog cov kab mob antecedents thiab lub txim ntawm peb cov typologies (tiv thaiv, teeb meem, thiab koom) ntawm gamers dhau lub sijhawm. Peb xav pom kom pom ntau dua ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab ntau dua qhov tshwm sim nrog "addicted gamers," tshaj rau "teeb meem gamers," thiab "koom nrog gamers." Vim tias qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, thiab tsis muaj cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tshawb xyuas cov cwj pwm txawv gaming sib txawv ntawm kev ua raws li ib qho kev hloov mus, hloov tag nrho (kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev ua si) tau tshawb xyuas ob qho tib si ua cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tsim txom.
Txoj kev tshawb no 3
Temporal ruaj khov thiab kev loj hlob trajectories siv lub tswv yim pivological
Ntxiv rau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm qhov ua rau thiab qhov yuav tshwm sim, cov kev tshawb kawm ntev ntev pabcuam los sojntsuam txog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub sijhawm. Txoj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev ua si ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv tuaj yeem qhia txog seb puas muaj qhov teeb meem tsis zoo uas ua rau daws qhov teeb meem tsis sib xws, vim yog kev mob nkeeg, lossis yog tias tus mob tsis zoo. Txog hnub tim, cov kev tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshawb xyuas kev ruaj ntseg ntawm gaming teeb meem tau raug tov. Ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntev ntawm 84% tom qab 2 xyoo (Gentile li al., 2011), thaum lwm tus pom tias 50% ntawm cov gamers hnyav online gaming nrog cov tsos mob cov kev ua si, tseem ruaj tom qab 1 xyoo (van Rooij li al, 2011). Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv tsawg kawg li 2.8% tom qab 1 xyoo (Rothmund et al., 2018) thiab <1% tom qab 2 xyoos (Strittmatter li al., 2016). Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, tsis muaj kev kawm txog kev loj hlob trajectories ntawm txawv typologies ntawm gamers thaum lub sijhawm. Yog li, qhov kev sib tw ntawm qhov kev ua si, "gamers", thiab "normal gamers" tsis tau raug tshawb nrhiav, tab sis qhov no yuav ua teeb meem rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qauv kev ua si nrog rau kev coj tus cwj pwm.
Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb 3 yog los soj ntsuam txog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub cev ntawm "addicted gamers," thiab qhov hloov ntawm "teeb meem gamers," "addicted gamers," thiab "engaged gamers" lub sijhawm.
txoj kev
Tus txheej txheem thiab qauv
Tag nrho peb cov kev tshawb fawb muaj cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas kev twv txiaj, kev sib tw, thiab kev coj yeeb tshuaj rau cov tub ntxhais hluas. Ib qho qauv piv txwv ntawm 3,000 cov hluas (50% pojniam) uas muaj hnub nyoog 17.5 tau tawm los ntawm Norwegian Population Registry hauv 2012 (Wave 1). Cov tub ntxhais hluas raug ceeb toom txog lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb, tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug kho tsis pub leej twg paub, thiab cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog siv rau kev tshawb nrhiav. Sau ntawv pom zoo tau txais los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom. Niam txiv kev tso cai tsis raug tseev kom muaj ntawm tus tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj li 16. Txhua tus neeg uas tau teb rau Wave 1 tau txais kev soj ntsuam txhua xyoo los ntawm kev xa ntawv xa tuaj (2013 thiab 2014) nrog rau ob qhov kev nco txog rau txhua lub hlais. Daim ntawv tshawb fawb tau muab xa rau daim ntawv thiab xa rov qab ntawm lub hnab ntawv them ua ntej los yog tau teb online. Tag nrho cov neeg tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj rau ib qho khoom plig nrog tus nqi ntawm 200 NOK (~ 18 UK £) thaum tiav ntawm txhua tus nthwv dej. Txoj kev tshawb no, nrog rau txoj kev tso cai ntawm kev pom zoo, tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Kho Mob thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv, Ethics, South East Region (Project Number: 2012 / 914).
Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tag nrho peb tsis muaj (2012, 2013, 2014) tau siv rau hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb nrog rau daim ntawv tam sim no. Ntawm 3,000 cov tub ntxhais hluas uas raug caw tuaj koom hauv 2012, 54 tsis tau ntawm qhov chaw tsis muaj tseeb, txawm tias 23 tsis tuaj yeem teb tau vim lwm cov laj thawj xws li kev paub tsis meej, txo peb cov qauv rau 2,923. Hauv thawj yoj, 2,059 cov tub ntxhais hluas tau teb (teb tus nqi 70.4%, 53% poj niam). Plaub kis tau raug tshem tawm vim lawv hluas dua 17 xyoo, thiab plaub zaus tsis qhia lawv tus poj niam txiv neej thiab raug tshem tawm. Hauv qhov thib ob nthwv dej, tag nrho ntawm 1,334 cov neeg teb (retention rate 64.9%, poj niam 58.7%); thiab nyob rau hauv lub txiaj ntsim kawg, 1,277 teb (retention rate 62.1%, poj niam 61.7%).
Kev ntsuas thiab cov twj
Demographic zog
Cov lus nug muaj cov lus nug txog kev sib tham nrog kev sib deev.
gaming
Kev tua cov kabmob (Pathological gaming) raug siv los siv Kev Ua Qiv Qus Cov Hluas (GASA) (Lemmens li al., 2009). Tus GASA muaj xya yam ntsuas ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas tsib-taw qhia nrog kev xaiv teb xws li "tsis tau" (Hoffman thiab Nadelson, 2010) rau “ntau heev” (Petry thiab O'brien, 2013). Ib qho qhab nia yog xam los ntawm kev ntxiv qhab nia ntawm txhua yam khoom. Qhov nplai no kuj tau siv rau kev sib txawv ntawm kev ua, teeb meem, thiab kev siv gamers siv lub CORE 4 mus xyuas (Brunborg li al., 2013, 2015; Wittek li al., 2016), los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv raws li Charlton thiab Danforth's (2007) kev ntsuas rau kev quav thiab muaj siab koom nrog (Charlton thiab Danforth, 2007)). Cov lus teb tau raug cais raws li "kev quav twv txiaj" thaum tag nrho plaub ntawm cov khoom ntsuas cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg muaj yees (rov huam dua, rho tawm, teeb meem thiab teeb meem vim kev twv txiaj) raug pom zoo, thiab ua "teeb meem kev twv txiaj" thaum ob lossis peb qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev quav tau pom zoo. Cov tub ntxhais hluas uas pom zoo rau peb yam khoom uas suav tias yog kev quav yeeb quav cawv (kev mloog siab, kev nkag siab, thiab kev hloov siab ntsws) thiab tsis ntau tshaj ib ntawm cov qauv kev quav dej cawv tau raug cais raws li "koom nrog gamers." Cov neeg teb tseem muaj cov tsis quav yeeb tshuaj / tsis-muaj teeb meem / cov neeg tsis sib xyaw (uas kuj muaj cov tsis yog gamers). Kom paub qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv GASA thiab qhov peb lub hom kab mob, "pathological gaming" yuav siv raws li lub sijhawm thaum hais txog kev siv GASA, qhov "kev twv txiaj," "kev twv twv txiaj," thiab "cov neeg twv txiaj" ”Yog siv rau txoj kev sau ntawv. Cronbach's alpha rau GASA ntawm peb lub zog yog 0.89, 0.90, thiab 0.90, ua ntu zus.
Ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab
Txhawm rau ntsuas cov tsos mob ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab hauv tsev kho mob ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab (HADS) (Zigmond thiab Snaith, 1983) raug tswj hwm. HADS ntsuas kev tsis yog tus mob uas tsis yog lub cev ua rau kev nyuaj siab thiab ntxhov siab nrog xya yam khoom uas ntsuas kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab, ua ntu zus. Txhua yam lus teb tau teb rau plaub-plaub qhov teev txij li 0 txog 3. Cov qhab nia siab dua qhia tau cov tsos mob siab dua. Cronbach's alpha rau peb lub suab nrov yog 0.76, 0.80, thiab 0.81 rau kev ntxhov siab, thiab 0.69, 0.73, thiab 0.76 rau kev nyuaj siab, feem.
Zeej
Los ntsuas kev kho siab uas peb tau muab rau Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS) (Roberts et al., 1993). RULS muaj xws li yim tsom xam cov kev kho siab rau ntawm plaub-point scale xws li "tsis tau" (Hoffman thiab Nadelson, 2010) mus rau "feem ntau" (Van Rooij thiab Kardefelt-Winther, 2017)). Cov neeg piav qhia tau hais kom qhia seb txhua nqe lus twg siv rau lawv. Cronbach's alpha rau cov ntsuas no yog 0.75, 0.81, thiab 0.80 ntawm Ntu 1–3.
Kev haus cawv
Kev haus cawv muaj kev soj ntsuam nrog Kev Cawv Cim Kev Siv Teeb Cim Kev Siv-Siv Tawm (AUDIT-C) (Bush et al., 1998)). AUDIT-C ntsuas kev haus dej haus cawv nrog peb yam khoom siv ntsuas qhov nquag thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm kev haus cawv ntawm tsib tsib ntu txij li 0 txog 4. Cov qhab nia ntau hauv AUDIT-C qhia txog kev haus cawv ntau dua. Cronbach's alphas rau qhov ntsuas no yog 0.77, 0.71, thiab 0.67 ntawm Ntu 1–3.
aggression
Lub cev thiab kev hais lus sib ntaus sib tua ntawm daim ntawv luv luv Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-SF) (Pob zeb diamond thiab Magaletta, 2006) raug siv los txheeb xyuas cov kev teeb tsa no. Lub cev thiab cov lus hais muaj plaub thiab plaub yam khoom, txhua tus teb ntawm tsib-point scale xws li "tsis zoo li kuv" (0) los "zoo li kuv" (4). Ib tus qhab nia siab qhia tau hais tias muaj kev nyiam mus rau kev chim. Thaum tsis muaj 1-3 lub Cronbach alphas muaj 0.80, 76, thiab 0.78 rau lub cev qhov kev ua phem, thiab 0.66, 0.68, thiab 0.67 rau cov lus sib cav sib ntaus sib tua subscale.
Tshawb fawb tawm
Cov kev tshuaj xyuas thawj zaug thiab cov kev tshawb nrhiav tau muab siv ua SPSS, version 25 (Corp, 2017). Rau attrition tsom, peb tsim ib tug nominal txawv txav reflecting tiav tag nrho 7 GASA-khoom (yog los tsis yog). Re: Tus tswv ntuj coj li hais no: Xav paub ntau tus neeg zoo, tshajli yawg Ua tsaug rau koj cov lus teb. Peb tau ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntau hom kev sib deev nrog kev sib deev, thiab cov kev ntsuas nram qab no rau T1 ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: "teeb meem kev ua si," "gamer gaming," "gamer gaming", kev nyuaj siab, kev ntxhov siab, kev siab ntsws, , thiab haus cawv.
Ntsuam xyuas ntxiv tau muab coj los siv cov kev sib tw ua ke hauv Mplus, version 7.4 (Muthén thiab Muthén, 2015).
Txoj kev tshawb no 1
Nyob hauv thawj txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, tus ntoo khaub lig ua lag luam qauv nrog kev ntsuas tau ntsuas los ntsuas qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev puas siab ntsws ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev ua si thoob plaws peb lub vuag (saib daim duab Figure1).1). Kev ua siab zoo tshaj plaws yuav tsum siv nrog cov txheej txheem uas tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo. Rau txhua qhov teev, cov qhab nias sib xyaw raug suav. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no, kev siv GASA ua tsis raws li kev ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv raug ua los ntawm kev sib daj sib deev kom paub txog kev sib deev txawv. Cov kab mob kev ua si thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws (piv txwv li, kev nyuab siab) ntsuas tib lub sij hawm tau raug tso cai rau. Txoj kev tshawb xyuas kev tso cai pub rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov kev xav ntawm qhov kev xav, thiab peb xav siv qhov kev xav ntawm lub qauv ntawm cov qauv los ntawm kev muab piv thawj qauv rau lwm cov qauv nrog kev txwv. Plaub tus qauv tau sim nrog ib qho ntawm cov kev txwv nram qab no: "tsis muaj kev ua si" (M1) "tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm gaming" (M2), "lub sijhawm sib npaug" (M3) thiab "kev sib deev sib npaug" (M4).
Hla kev lag luam kev ua piv txwv ntawm kev ua si ntawm GASA (GASA) tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv kev noj qab nyob zoo (ntsuas kev ntsuas).
Hauv cov qauv kev txwv rau tsis zoo ntawm gaming, qhov teebmeem ntawm kev ua si ntawm qhov kev tawm mus (txoj kab thiab txoj kab b) tau teem rau xoom. Hauv cov qauv kev txwv ntawm tsis muaj antecedents ntawm gaming, cov teebmeem ntawm qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv ntawm gaming (kab c thiab kev d) raug txwv rau xoom.
Lub sijhawm sib npaug raug txwv los ntawm kev teeb tsa txhua qhov teebmeem ntawm kev ua si thiab kev ua haujlwm kom sib npaug ntawm txhua qhov kev ntsuas (txoj kab a = kev b, kev c = kev d), txwv tsis pub txhua lub sijhawm. Hauv cov qauv nrog poj niam sib npaug sib npaug, qhov teebmeem ntawm kev sib deev tsis muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas.
Cov txwv qauv tau muab piv nrog tus qauv tsis txwv kev siv lub Satorra-Bentler chi square test (Satorra thiab Bentler, 2010), hloov siab tshaj plaws nrog kev kwv yees nrog kev ruaj ntseg uas tsis zoo (MLR) scaling correction tau (Muthé thiab Muthén, 2018). Yog hais tias cov kev xav ntawm cov qauv txwv tsis zoo ib yam nrog cov ntaub ntawv, qauv haum yuav deteriorate. Yog li, qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb ntawm chi-square test yuav qhia tias cov qauv tsis txwv tsis zoo nrog peb cov ntaub ntawv dua li cov qauv nrog kev txwv cov kev txwv. Ib qho teeb meem tsis tseem ceeb yuav qhia tau tias qhov txwv qauv siv cov ntaub ntawv sib npaug li cov qauv tsis txwv (Bryant thiab Satorra, 2012), tawm tswv yim tias qhov txwv kev txwv yuav tsum muaj raws li cov ntaub ntawv.
Txoj kev tshawb no 2
Los soj ntsuam cov kev twv rau ib lub tswv yim pom li cas, peb tau tso cai rau gaming raws li plaub pawg: (1) Koom nrog gamers, (2) Teeb meem gamers, (3) Addicted gamers, thiab (4) Tsis muaj teeb meem / tsis-ua / tsis ntaus zoo ib pawg (hauv qab no qhia tias "ib pawg sib txawv") uas siv tus Core 4 (Brunborg li al., 2015).
Hauv cov qauv kev hloov tom qab, peb tshawb xyuas seb qhov kev ua si gaming puas yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws (txij no los hu ua "lub txim") thiab seb puas muaj kev puas siab ntsws los ntawm kev ua rau kev ua si (qhov no hu ua "antecedents"). Raws li gaming txheej xwm yog ib qho txawv ntawm cov nominal, kev ntsuam xyuas multinomial regression tau siv los tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev ua si hauv gaming. Txheeb xyuas qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ua si, kev ua raws li gaming yog lub txiv mis qhuav thiab siv raws li nws muaj peev xwm ua tau nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm nws tus kheej. Peb tswj kev sib daj sib deev, kev qhia txog hom kev qhia, thiab cov qhab nia ntawm kev sib tw dhau los ntawm cov txiaj ntsim tau los. Ob qho kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua nyob rau tib tus qauv, thiab qhov ntsuam xyuas tau rov qab rau txhua qhov kev ntsuas. Pawg cov kev ua si thiab cov txiaj ntsim tau los ua thawj zaug soj ntsuam nrog 1 xyoo ua ke (T1-T2, T2-T3), thiab tom qab ntawd ces hauv ib qho qauv tshiab tshawb xyuas cov teebmeem 2 xyoo (T1-T3). Cov qhabnias ntawm qhov kev txheeb xyuas regression yuav tau sib tham raws li cov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm 1, los tshawb xyuas cov koom haum txhim kho ntawm cov kev sib tw gaming mus rau kev mob hlwb lub sijhawm.
Txoj kev tshawb no 3
Txheeb xyuas cov kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev sib tw ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, teeb meem gamers thiab koom nrog gamers, peb kwv yees tias Markov tus qauv ntawm kev hloov cov nyom ntawm qhov peb hom ntawm gamers, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg. Hauv Markov qauv siv los kwv yees kwv yees qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qhab nia rau lub sij hawm series. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas raug siv los txheeb xyuas cov kev lag luam thiab kev tsis pom los ntawm Markov, uas yog hu ua Markov saw, uas nyob rau ntawm qhov kev xav tias lub xeev qhov tam sim no yog nyob ntawm lub xeev dhau los (Zucchini thiab lwm tus, 2016; Muthén thiab Muthén, 2017).
tau
Attrition
Ntawm 2,055 cov neeg tuaj koom, 21 raug cais tawm ntawm cov khoom tsis pom hauv GASA ntawm Wave 1. Ntawm cov neeg koom nrog ntxiv, 999 tau koom nrog txhua yam tsis muaj; 256 tau ploj ntawm Wave 2, 309 tau ploj ntawm Wave 3, thiab 470 tau ploj ntawm ob qhov tsis 2 thiab 3. Feem ntau, kev kwv yees tias tau ploj lawm tsis muaj zog nrog ob peb qhov kev zam. Tau ploj ntawm Wave 3 tau kwv yees los ntawm kev ua txiv neej (OR = 0.52, p = 0.001), thiab haus cawv ntau dua (OR = 1.10, p = 0.01). Tau ploj ntawm qhov tsis 2 thiab 3 kuj tau kwv yees los ntawm kev ua txiv neej (OR = 0.31, p = 0.00), thiab haus cawv ntau dua (OR = 1.08, p = 0.01), thiab los ntawm kev ua gamer (OR = 4.58, p = 0.02).
Txoj kev tshawb no 1
Antecedents thiab lub txim ntawm pathological gaming
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib koom ntawm cov kab mob kev ua si thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau kev noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv cov qauv tsis txwv yog qhia nyob rau hauv Table Table11.
rooj 1
Txoj kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis thiab kev rau txim ntawm teeb meem kev ua si.
| Txheej txheem nplua | Qauv haum | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kab A | Kab B | Kab C | Kab D | χ2 (df = 8) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | n | |
| DEPRESSION | ||||||||||
| Tub | 0.14** | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 115.33 | 0.907 | 0.674 | 0.114 | 0.050 | 963 |
| hluas nkauj | 0.13*** | 0.12** | 0.11** | 0.12** | 1,088 | |||||
| POM ZOO | ||||||||||
| Tub | 0.11* | 0.07 | 0.03 | -0.02 | 93.93 | 0.936 | 0.776 | 0.102 | 0.042 | 963 |
| hluas nkauj | 0.07* | 0.07* | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1,088 | |||||
| LONELINESS | ||||||||||
| Tub | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 92.47 | 0.933 | 0.767 | 0.101 | 0.044 | 962 |
| hluas nkauj | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10* | 0.08* | 1,088 | |||||
| ALCOHOL | ||||||||||
| Tub | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.06 | 76.62 | 0.938 | 0.784 | 0.091 | 0.038 | 963 |
| hluas nkauj | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.001 | -0.04 | 1,087 | |||||
| VERBAL AGGRESSION | ||||||||||
| Tub | 0.09* | 0.02 | 0.04 | -0.04 | 103.73 | 0.923 | 0.730 | 0.108 | 0.043 | 963 |
| hluas nkauj | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | -0.003 | 1,088 | |||||
| KEV COB ZOO | ||||||||||
| Tub | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 87.91 | 0.938 | 0.782 | 0.099 | 0.040 | 963 |
| hluas nkauj | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08* | 0.05 | 1,088 | |||||
Kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm kev ua si tau raug kev sim hauv txoj kab A thiab txoj kab B, thaum kev mob hlwb xws li kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev ua si hauv kev C thiab kev D.
Cov kev sib tw ntawm Satorra-Bentler xeem ntawm chi square txawv ntawm ib qho kev txwv tsis pub muaj kab qauv thiab cov qauv txwv (saib daim ntawv Appendix A-D rau cov ntxhuav) yog qhia nyob rau hauv Table Table2.2. Cov lus Table22 qhia tau hais tias kev sim rau tsis zoo ntawm gaming yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab vim thiab kev kho siab, qhia tias lub tswv yim ntawm cov qhob no tsis yog qhov kev coj ntawm kev nyuaj siab ntawm gaming yog qhov tseeb. Qhov kev sim rau tsis muaj antecedents ntawm gaming yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nyuaj siab, kev kho siab thiab kev ua kom muaj mob, qhia tias cov kev hloov no yog cov khoom ua si rau kev ua si. Yog li, tus qauv haum yog ho loj dua thaum txwv txiav txim siab thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov lus ua muaj nqis. Cov kev tshawb pom qhia tias cov theoretical assumption ntawm eg, kev nyuaj siab tsis yog yuav tsum tau rau lub txim ntawm cov gaming gaming yog invalidated. Vim li no, peb pom tias kev raug mob rau lub cev los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua si, kev ntxhov siab vim yog qhov kev sib tw ntawm kev ua si, thiab peb pom txog kev sib koom tes ntawm kev nyuaj siab, kev kho siab thiab kev ua si. Daim omnibus xeem tsis qhia txog kev sib deev lossis hnub nyoog txawv ntawm peb lub sij hawm. Qhov no tau qhia tias kev mob hlwb thiab lub txiaj ntsim ntawm kev tua cov kabmob yog tib yam rau cov tub thiab ntxhais, tsis muaj hnub nyoog hauv txoj kev tshawb xyuas no.
rooj 2
Satorra-Bentler chi square test comparing cov kev txwv kev ua piv txwv txog kev ua rau cov kev ua si, cov tshuaj tua kabmob rau kev ua si, kev xav, thiab kev sib deev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv tsis txwv.
| M1: Tsis zoo ntawm gaming (df = 4) | M2: Tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm gaming (df = 4) | M3: Sij hawm sib luag (df = 8) | M4: Kev sib deev sib luag (df = 8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kev nyuaj siab | 37.84* | 20.47* | 6.16 | 11.52 |
| Ntxhov siab vim | 19.51* | 6.18 | 13.27 | 5.99 |
| Zeej | 12.82* | 16.92* | 8.50 | 10.43 |
| Haus dej cawv | 2.18 | 5.41 | 12.14 | 13.27 |
| Hais lus dev | 7.28 | 2.38 | 8.86 | 7.86 |
| Lub cev kev ua phem | 7.31 | 10.66* | 12.03 | 7.44 |
Cov theem ntawm kev ywj pheej tshaj tawm yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov txwv qauv thiab cov qauv tsis txwv.
Txoj kev tshawb no 2
Antecedents thiab lub txim ntawm peb typologies ntawm gamers
rooj Table33 qhia cov txiaj ntsim tau los ntawm cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntau hom paj hlwb. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias kev nyuaj siab txhawj txog kev ua si yees duab ntawm T1-T2, thiab los ntawm T1-T3. Qhov kev nyuab siab tseem qhia tias qhov teeb meem gaming nrog 1 xyoo lub caij nyoog (T1-T2, T2-T3) tab sis tsis dhau 2 xyoo (T1-T3). Kev kho siab khwv yees tau kev ua si yees duab thiab teeb meem gaming los ntawm T1-T2, thiab txhua pawg ntawm Gaming los T1-T3. Tsuas pub haus dej cawv ntau tshaj qhov kev ua si ntawm T2-T3, thiab T1-T3, yog tias ntau dua kev haus dej haus cawv tau siv ntau tshaj qhov kev ua si lom (gaming) T2-T3), thiab lub cev kev ua phem yog kwv yees txhua yam kev ua si hauv tib lub sijhawm ntsuas.
rooj 3
Multinomial regression tsom uas qhia txog cov khoom ua si rau "koom gamer," "teeb meem gamer" thiab "addicted gamer." Qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg muaj cov ntsiab lus siv.
| OR [95% CI] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Koom nrog | txog cov teeb meem | Txiav txim | |
| DEPRESSION | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.11* [1.02-1.22] | 1.11** [1.03-1.19] | 1.08 [0.94-1.23] |
| T2-T3 | 1.04 [0.94-1.16] | 1.11* [1.02-1.21] | 1.22 [0.95-1.55] |
| T1-T3 | 1.15** [1.05-1.27] | 1.05 [0.97-1.14] | 1.09 [0.87-1.37] |
| POM ZOO | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.08 [0.98-1.18] | 1.05 [0.99-1.12] | 1.07 [0.92-1.23] |
| T2-T3 | 1.09 [0.97-1.22] | 0.98 [0.89-1.07] | 0.93 [0.78-1.11] |
| T1-T3 | 1.06 [0.95-1.20] | 1.05 [0.98-1.13] | 0.97 [0.82-1.14] |
| LONELINESS | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.11** [1.04-1.19] | 1.07* [1.01-1.13] | 1.06 [0.98-1.15] |
| T2-T3 | 1.08 [0.99-1.16] | 1.05 [0.99-1.11] | 1.07 [0.94-1.23] |
| T1-T3 | 1.08* [1.01-1.16] | 1.08* [1.01-1.15] | 1.16** [1.05-1.28] |
| COV KHOOM TXHAUM KOM TXHAJ TSHUAJ | |||
| T1-T2 | 0.90 [0.76-1.06] | 0.97 [0.87-1.08] | 1.19 [0.89-1.58] |
| T2-T3 | 0.87 [0.68-1.10] | 0.78* [0.63-0.98] | 1.46* [1.03-2.07] |
| T1-T3 | 0.94 [0.76-1.16] | 0.78** [0.65-0.93] | 0.96 [0.75-1.23] |
| VERBAL AGGRESSION | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.16* [1.03 - 1.31] | 1.11* [1.01-1.21] | 1.15 [0.99-1.34] |
| T2-T3 | 1.00 [0.85 - 1.16] | 0.95 [0.83-1.09] | 0.66 [0.41-1.08] |
| T1-T3 | 0.96 [0.84-1.10] | 1.04 [0.93-1.17] | 0.75 [0.54-1.04] |
| KEV COB ZOO | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.12** [1.04-1.21] | 1.10** [1.03-1.16] | 1.19** [1.07-1.31] |
| T2-T3 | 1.01 [0.90-1.14] | 1.05 [0.96-1.15] | 0.91 [0.68-1.21] |
| T1-T3 | 1.04 [0.95-1.13] | 1.02 [0.95-1.09] | 0.94 [0.78-1.13] |
Poj niam txiv neej, yav tas los ntawm kev ua si hauv qeb, thiab yav dhau los ntawm qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv yog tswj rau hauv txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas. Lub cim ntawm lub sij hawm (piv txwv, T1-T2) pom nyob hauv qhov txawv ntawm qhov ua tau zoo, qhia tau hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv thawj yoj predicts cov gaming qeb nyob rau hauv ob lub.
rooj Table44 nthuav qhia cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev tawm qauv ntawm kev qhia tawm qhov pom ntawm txhua pawg gaming piv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg. Kev nyuaj siab tau pom tias qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua si tom qab 1 xyoo (T1-T2), thiab tag nrho cov kev ua si hauv 2 xyoo (T1-T3). Kev kho siab yog nrhiav pom tias qhov teeb meem kev ua si tom qab 1 xyoo (T1-T2), thiab tom qab 2 xyoo (T1-T3). Kev ntxhov siab vim tau pom muaj txiaj ntsim ntawm kev quav gaming tom qab 2 xyoo (T1-T3). Kev hais lus aggression tau pom los ntawm qhov kev rau txim ntawm gaming teeb meem tom qab 1 xyoo (T1-T2).
rooj 4
Regression analysis uas qhia tau hais tias yog "koom nrog gamer," "teeb meem gamer" thiab "addicted gamer," piv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg nrog 1 xyoo ua ke ntawm kev ntsuas.
| TXHEEJ TXHEEM CEEV TXOJ CAI (STD) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| T1-T2 | T2-T3 | T1-T3 | |
| DEPRESSION | |||
| Koom nrog | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.38* |
| txog cov teeb meem | 0.42*** | 0.12 | 0.33*** |
| Txiav txim | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.58** |
| POM ZOO | |||
| Koom nrog | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.19 |
| txog cov teeb meem | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
| Txiav txim | 0.24 | -0.04 | 0.38** |
| LONELINESS | |||
| Koom nrog | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.06 |
| txog cov teeb meem | 0.30** | 0.14 | 0.30** |
| Txiav txim | 0.11 | -0.06 | 0.08 |
| COV KHOOM TXHAUM KOM TXHAJ TSHUAJ | |||
| Koom nrog | -0.07 | 0.26 | -0.02 |
| txog cov teeb meem | -0.01 | -0.22 | -0.02 |
| Txiav txim | -0.08 | -0.26 | -0.01 |
| VERBAL AGGRESSION | |||
| Koom nrog | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.25 |
| txog cov teeb meem | 0.19* | -0.03 | 0.11 |
| Txiav txim | 0.21 | 0.08 | -0.15 |
| KEV COB ZOO | |||
| Koom nrog | 0.09 | -0.04 | 0.11 |
| txog cov teeb meem | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.13 |
| Txiav txim | -0.18 | 0.38 | -0.12 |
Poj niam txiv neej, yav tas los ntawm kev ua si hauv qeb, thiab yav dhau los ntawm qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv yog tswj rau hauv txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas.
Txoj kev tshawb no 3
Stability thiab hloov tshwm ntawm qhov txawv typologies ntawm gamers
Kev faib khoom ntawm "koom nrog gamer," "teeb meem gamer," "addicted gamer" thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg neeg tshaj peb lub tsis muaj nyob hauv Daim Ntawv Rhais Tom Qab E, thiab cov qhab nia ntawm cov qhab nia ntawm txhua pawg ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv thawj thiab lub suab yau dhau los muaj nyob hauv Daim Ntawv Rhais Tom Qab F. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov nraim Markov tshawb pom yog hauv Daim Ntawv Qhia Table5.5. Xam Figure22 nthuav tawm Daim Phiaj Xeem Sankey ntawm qhov kev sib tw kwv yees ntawm cov neeg ua si. Lub txiaj ntsim ntawm kev lom zem gamer typology yog kwv yees li 35%. Rau tag nrho cov typologies ntawm gamers, tsuas yog addicted, tshuav nyob rau hauv tib pawg tshaj ib lub sij hawm ncua ntawm 2 xyoo tau muaj ntau dua qhov ntau tshaj li hloov hom. Kev tiv thaiv gamers muaj ntau dua qhov yuav tsum pib mus rau qhov "teeb meem gamer" dhau sij hawm (53%), dua li nyob rau hauv pawg qhab nia (35%). Muaj zoo tsis muaj kev sib hloov ntawm "kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj" los ua "koom nrog" gamer (0%) thiab los ntawm "ua" rau "kev lom zem" gamer (2%).
rooj 5
Txoj kev hloov ntawm lub caij nyoog dhau los ntawm plaub yam ntawm gamers raws li Kev Ntsuas Markov tau qhia tawm hauv feem pua.
| % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koom nrog | txog cov teeb meem | yees | piv | |
| Koom nrog | 52 | 20 | 02 | 26 |
| txog cov teeb meem | 16 | 59 | 08 | 17 |
| yees | 00 | 53 | 35 | 12 |
| piv | 00 | 00 | 00 | 100 |
Sankey daim duab qhia txog kev kwv yees li ntawm peb hom ntawm gamers, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas tsis poob rau hauv peb qhov kev ua si. Qhov kwv yees raws li kev hloov ntawm T1-T2-T3.
kev sib tham
Txoj kev tshawb no 1
Antecedents thiab lub txim ntawm pathological gaming
Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb 1 yog kom paub txog cov khoom ua tau zoo thiab cov kev xav ntawm kev ua si ntawm cov kev ua si ntawm ntau tshaj ib xyoo ntawm 2 xyoo. Peb txheeb xyuas, raws li kev xav, koom nrog kev sib koom tes ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws xws li kev kho siab thiab kev nyuab siab rau cov kev ua si. Hais txog kev kho siab, peb cov kev tshawb pom tau zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm Lemmens li al. (2011a) uas qhia tias txoj kev kho siab yuav ua rau cov kev ua si ntawm kev sib tw thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob hauv kev tshawb dhau los longitudinal cov kev tshawb fawb, kev nyuaj siab tsuas pom tau raws li qhov tsim nyog tau ntawm cov kab mob kev ua si (Mößle thiab Rehbein, 2013; Mihara thiab Higuchi, 2017), tab sis qhov kev tshawb kawm tam sim no hais tias cov tsos mob ntawm kev nyuaj siab yuav twv txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nyuaj siab heev. Zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los (Lwm Haiv Neeg, 2011), ntxhov siab vim tau pom los ntawm qhov kev rau txim ntawm cov gaming. Qhov no tej zaum yuav piav qhia los ntawm cov tsos mob siab nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim los ntawm lub neej tsis muaj qhov tseeb (Lub neej, 2005), lossis kev tsis sib haum ntawm cov neeg hauv online thiab cov neeg tsis tuaj yeem ua rau ua rau tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los tau pom tias muaj kev ua phem rau lub cev vim qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm gaming (Lemmens li al., 2011b). Hauv kev sib piv, txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tau pom kev sib ntaus los ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv rau kev ua si. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev nyuab siab rau lub cev kev ua phem, uas tej zaum yuav yooj yim dua hauv kev ua si yees duab dua li hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag (Kim et al., 2008). Qhov kev tshawb pom no kuj tseem yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub cev kev ua rau lub ntsej muag raug teeb meem ntawm ntsej muag raug rau kev sib raug zoo, ua rau kev sib raug zoo hauv online (piv txwv li, kev ua si) ib qho txiaj ntsim zoo tshaj rau cov hluas nruj.
Zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los (Lemmens li al., 2011a; Brunborg li al., 2013), koom haum ua teb ntawm kev nyuaj siab mob hlwb thiab kev ua pleev ua rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau pom tias yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua kev sib deev. Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no qhia tau tias txawm tias caug muaj feem ntau ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua si (Mentzoni li al., 2011; van Rooij li al., 2014), txoj kev uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo li ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab kev rau txim ntawm kev ua si, yog sib npaug zos rau txiv neej thiab pojniam. Variation variation thoob plaws lub sij hawm tsis pom tias yog ib lub suab theoretical assumption hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, qhia tias hnub nyoog txawv ntawm 17.5 thiab 19.5 xyoo tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub koom haum ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev ua pleev ua si.
Txoj kev tshawb no 2
Antecedents thiab lub txim ntawm gaming typologies
Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb 2 yog los soj ntsuam cov koom haum tshwj xeeb ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab peb hom ntawm gaming, siv tsis-koom / tsis muaj teeb meem / tsis muaj kev lom zem gamers, raws li kev siv. Peb tshawb xyuas typologies ob qho tib si vim qhov yuav tshwm sim thiab ua kom muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws. Peb xav pom tias qhov kev lom zem ntawm cov neeg tua neeg yuav raug txuam nrog ntau dua ntawm cov kab mob antecedences, thiab muaj ntau dua qhov tshwm sim dua lwm pawg neeg ntawm kev ua si, uas ua pov thawj tsis yog rooj plaub hauv txoj kev kawm tam sim no. Lub tsev ntawm kev tshawb pom los ntawm kev tshawb 1, cov ntsiab lus tau los ntawm kev tshawb 2 muaj kev nyuaj siab ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv rau kev ua haujlwm thiab teebmeem gamer, kho siab thiab kev ua kom muaj mob rau lub cev ua rau txhua hom tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hais txog qhov yuav tshwm sim, cov koom haum tseem ceeb muaj xws li kev nyuaj siab vim txhua yam kev ua tau zoo, kev ntxhov siab vim yog qhov kev rau txim ntawm kev tiv thaiv gaming, thiab kev kho siab los ntawm kev sib tw ntawm qhov teeb meem gaming typology.
Raws li tau tham hauv txoj kev kawm 1, peb pom qhov cuam tshuam cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kev twv txiaj thiab kev kho siab thiab kev nyuaj siab. Thaum tshawb xyuas tib lub zog hloov hauv koom nrog cov hom, kev kho siab pom tau tias tus neeg ua phem thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov teeb meem kev ua si ', thiab kev nyuaj siab tau pom tias yog ob qho tib si ua tus swb thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb meem kev ua si nrog rau kev ua si nrog. Cov tsis muaj zog tab sis tseem ceeb, koom ua ke ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab koom nrog kev twv txiaj tau qee qhov xav tsis thoob li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tsis tau tshaj tawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam dab tsi ntawm kev ua si hauv video (Brunborg li al., 2013). Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no pom zoo tias kev ua siab ntev, kev siab ntev, thiab kev hloov kho thaum hloov (ntawm cov leeg crippled), uas yog cov tsos mob ntawm IGD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), tej zaum yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib koom ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw thiab kev kho siab / kev nyuaj siab nyob hauv kev tshawb 1.
Muaj kuj qee cov kev tshawb pom nthuav dav rau qhov kev ua si lom zem, uas tej zaum yuav piav qhia vim li cas thiaj li mob nyhav dua siab nyob rau hauv pawg (Loton li al., 2016). Kev ntxhov siab vim tsuas yog pom raws li qhov tsim nyog rau kev lom zem gamers. Lub tsev ntawm kev tshawb pom los ntawm kev tshawb 1, nws yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm kev txheeb ze ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab "pathological gaming" tsuas yog siv rau "addicted gaming" hauv kev tshawb 2. Peb tsis pom kev txhawb rau kev koom tes ntawm kev haus dej cawv thiab kev ua pleev ua si hauv 1. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm lub typologies ices tias siab cawv noj predicted video yees yees, thaum uas tsis muaj cawv noj predicted teeb meem gaming hauv kev tshawb 2. Cov kev tshawb nrhiav hauv cov lus qhia ntxeev yuav tshem tawm cov kev cuam tshuam twg thaum conceptualizing pathological gaming ua unidimensional dlaim, thiab yog vim li no muaj nqis noticing. Cov kev tshawb pom no yog qee qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov quav gamers thiab lwm cov kev sib raug zoo, thiab tej zaum yuav piav txog vim li cas kev ua si yees duab zoo li ua rau cov kev tsis txaus siab loj dua qhov teeb meem tsis zoo (Brunborg li al., 2013). Tsis muaj cov koom haum txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem pom kev ua yeeb yam, qhia tias qhov kev mob no ua rau ntau txoj haujlwm nyuaj siab, tsis yog qhov kev mob hlwb.
Peb cov kev tshawb pom qhia tias lub cev kev ua rau lub cev muaj peev xwm kwv yees txhua yam kev ua si nrog piv rau pawg neeg siv. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev koom tes ntawm kev ua si thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua tej zaum yuav piav qhia los ntawm cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas muaj kev nruj nruj thiab lwm tus yam ntxwv txog kev puas hlwb (Kim et al., 2008), ua ntau dua rau qhov kev pheej hmoo rau gaming pathology, es tsis yog kev ua si ua ib qho ua rau quab yuam tom ntej. Peb kuj tau nrhiav kev qhia ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg raws li ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev ua si thiab teeb meem gaming, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov teeb meem kev ua si, tab sis cov kev tshawb pom no tsis yog ib qho uas ua dhau peb lub vuag, los yog kev txhawb los ntawm Satorra-Bentler tsom hauv kev tshawb 1 . Hauv qab, peb cov kev tshawb pom tau hais tias qhov kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev ua si ntaus kis las yuav tsum raug kuaj xyuas ntxiv, piv txwv, ib tug neeg tuaj ua haujlwm rau tus neeg siv (Ferguson li al., 2017) los yog qhov kev muab khoom pub dawb (Sherry li al., 2006), uas coj mus rau hauv tus account lub koom haum ntawm tus neeg uas ua ntawv.
Txoj kev tshawb no 3
Stability thiab trajectories ntawm gaming typologies
Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev kawm 3 yog los tshuaj xyuas lub ntiaj teb kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov kev ua si twv txiaj, thiab cov kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim ntawm kev ntaus ntawv thiab pawg sib txawv. Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ruaj khov ntawm cov neeg quav yeeb quav cawv tau kwv yees li ntawm 35% uas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov ranges qhia tau los ntawm lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb (<1–84%) (Gentile et al., 2011; van Rooij li al., 2011; Strittmatter li al., 2016; Rothmund et al., 2018). Yog li, rau feem coob ntawm cov tub ntxhais hnyav hnyav hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, qhov mob hnyav ntawm cov kev ua si qis qis dua ib zaug ntawm 2 xyoo. Cov kev hloov hauv kev loj hlob thaum lub sijhawm los ntawm 17 mus rau 19 xyoo (xws li kev ua kom zoo tshaj, kev sib raug zoo nrog romantic thiab cov menyuam kawm ntawv cov kev ua ub ua no) (Rothmund et al., 2018) tuaj yeem piav qhov no. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov pab pawg neeg ruaj khov "addicted gamers" yog 35%, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb, qhia tias kom muaj ntau pab pawg neeg ntawm gamers, cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas tsuaj yog pheej tsis dhau 2 xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho kev faib ua feem ntau ntawm cov neeg tua neeg (addicted gamers) mus rau qhov teebmeem gaming qeb (53%), uas yog txuam nrog kev xav thiab kev tsis txaus siab (Brunborg li al., 2013).
Cov kev tshawb pom tau hais tias txhua hom ntawm gamers, tshwj cov gaming addicts, muaj ntau dua qhov yuav tsum nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm ntev tshaj li tawm mus. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj leej twg los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pawg neeg uas tau hloov mus rau ib qho ntawm cov gaming typologies, uas qhia tias cov tsos mob ntawm cov gaming tuaj ntxov ntxov hauv cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob. Qhov no yuav piav qhia txog qhov tsis muaj kev nrhiav neeg tshiab rau cov pawg ua, teeb meem, thiab kev lom zem ntawm gamers.
Kev sib tham dav dav thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshawb pom
Daim ntawv tam sim no tau siv cov kev qhia dav dav los soj ntsuam txog kev coj tus cwj pwm coj hauv kev ua si thaum lub sij hawm, tshawb kev coj ua ntawm koom haum nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab cov kev sib tw ntawm cov sib txawv gaming typologies. Ua ib qho kev sib haum xeeb thiab ib lub tswvyim ntawm gaming ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm hauv tib tus qauv qhia tias qhov kev sib dhos ntawm kev ua si tsis zoo (raws li siv hauv 1) tsis muaj kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv, tej zaum yuav ua rau pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm gaming typologies. Piv txwv li, kev sib tw ntawm kev haus dej cawv thiab "teeb meem gaming" thiab "addicted gaming" (zoo) hauv kev tshawb 2, yog txawv ntawm ib leeg, thaum kawm 1 tsis pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev haus dej cawv thiab kev ua pleev ua si. Li no, kawm 2 pom tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov gaming typologies uas yuav tsis raug tshawb xyuas hauv kev tshawb 1, qhov twg qhov kev sib tw ntawm kev ua si tau ntsuas tsis tu ncua. Qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov pawg ntawm cov neeg koom ua ke uas hnyav hnyav heev yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev qhia txog cov tub ntxhais hluas uas xav tau kev kho mob, thiab rau kev tsim kho rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob.
Cov qhab-nees ntawm kev tshawb 2 thiab 3 ua ke muab kev paub txog lub ntuj tsim ntawm kev sib txawv gaming typologies. Soj ntsuam qhov trajectories ntawm txoj kev tshawb no 3 qhia tias feem ntau addicted gamers (53%) pib mus rau "teeb meem gamers," los yog nyob twj ywm addicted (35%). Qhov no yog nthuav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav pom hauv 2, taw tes rau ob peb qhov tsis zoo ntawm "teeb meem gaming" thiab "addicted gaming." Hauv qab, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev lom zem gamers thiab problematic gamers yog heev siab, thiab nws zoo li muaj kev pov plob hais tias ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas no xav tau kev kho mob lossis lwm yam kev txhawb nqa.
Raws li peb cov kev tshawb pom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb 1, kev nyuaj siab thiab kev kho siab zoo li sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tsos mob ntawm kev ua si ntawm kev sib tw ua ke ntawm kev pabcuam kheej kheej thiab / lossis kev txhawb nqa. Qhov no yog los ntawm thiab loj txaus siab los ntawm cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm kev tshawb 2, nrog qee qhov kev txawv nruab nrab ntawm cov typologies. Kev piav qhia txog kev siv cov kab mob hauv internet rau cov hluas (Strittmatter li al., 2016) tawm tswv yim tias qhov tsis zoo (xws li, kev khiav tawm ntawm lub neej muaj teeb meem, kev xav tsis zoo, kev tsis sib haum xeeb) los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob hauv internet siv hauv kev siv ntau hauv internet. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tseem tuaj yeem muaj cov kev pabcuam hauv online (xws li, lawv tus kheej paub, kev tshawb nrhiav kev nrhiav), uas yog los pab tsim kev siv kab mob hauv internet ntau. Strittmatter li al. (2016) hais tias qhov voj voog no feem ntau tshuab txais thiab tswj los ntawm cov hluas thaum muaj kev nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv dua li ntawm cov tsis muaj teeb meem li no. Tsis tas li ntawd, "qhov kev xaav txheej" (Gentile li al., 2017) piav qhia txog kev siv xov xwm tawm li cas thiaj li yuav hloov tau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb xws li kev pw tsaug zog thiab kev sib txuas lus. Lub tsev ntawm no, peb tshaj tawm ib tus qauv los piav cov kev sib hais ntawm cov kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog kev nyuaj siab, kev kho siab, thiab kev ua si hauv kev ua neej (saib daim duab Figure3).3). Thaum xub thawj, kev ua si yuav yog ib qho kev ua si rau cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj teeb meem ntawm kev xav (Lemmens li al., 2011a). Kev ua si tau zoo xws li muab kev pab cuam sai sai ntawm lub xeev tsis txaus siab, xws li kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab / los sis kho siab (tsis muaj zog ntawm kev ua si) nrog rau cov kev ua tau zoo hauv online (zoo ntxiv rau kev ua si). Cov tsos mob ntawm pathological gaming tej zaum thiaj li yuav txhawb thiab upheld by, piv txwv li, ua ntau dua nyob rau hauv lub neej hluas, thiab ua ib qho tseem ceeb uas zoo rau kev hloov kho siab. Qhov no tej zaum yuav tsis tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev ua neej tsis muaj tseeb thiab xa tawm ntawm lwm cov dej num (Gentile li al., 2017) thiab ntxiv ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau dua. Ua ke, qhov no yuav piav qhia txog cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj kev sib tw ua rau kev nyuaj siab tuaj yeem pab khiav dim qhov kev vam meej ntawm tus kheej. Kom meej meej, tus qauv sim piav qhia txog cov tswv yim ua ntawm cov teeb meem kev xav thiab kev ua pleev ua si hauv txoj kev tshawb no, tsis yog qhov siab ntawm kev nyuab siab. Cov qauv lus tsis hais tias gaming feem ntau yuav ua rau kev nyuaj siab los yog kev kho siab, tab sis theej piav txog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kab mob ntawm kev ua si hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no.
Qauv sau txog cov tswv yim kev tawm tswv yim ntawm kev nyuab siab, kev kho siab, thiab kev ua si.
Kev tshawb nrhiav hauv kev tshawb 3 qhia tias kev koom nrog gamers muaj feem ntau dua li lwm hom kev sib hloov mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pawg, thaum uas muaj kev ua si ntaus kis las yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws yuav tsum xa mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, zoo li tsis muaj kev hloov ntawm "koom nrog gamers" thiab "addicted gamers." Qhov no qhia tau tias qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntaus kis las yog qhov me me. Kev tshawb nrhiav hauv kev tshawb 2 qhia tias koom gamers kuj yog pawg uas muaj tsawg dua qhov tsis zoo dua li lwm hom. Muaj nqis sau cia thaum kuaj xyuas cov qhab nias ntawm cov neeg ua si (saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv F) yog tias lawv zoo li tag nrho kom muaj cov qhab nia dua rau txhua qhov kev ntsuas tau los piv rau kev lom zem gamers typology. Qhov no tej zaum yuav qhia tau hais tias kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov vais voog voj voog, muaj ntau yam tsis zoo ntawm lawv cov cwj pwm gaming thiab seemingly muaj ntau qhov teeb meem escaping nws dua gamers.
Cov lus nug yog vim li cas qee cov kev tsim teeb meem hauv gaming thaum lwm cov kev ua si tsis zoo (qhov teeb meem los yog kev ua si gaming) yog ib qhov teeb meem rau kev kawm ntxiv. Raws li kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (Lemmens li al., 2011a), kawm 1 pom tias kev kho siab yog ib qho ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua si. Txoj kev tshawb no 2 pom tias lub koom haum nrog kev kho siab tsis yog tsuas yog siv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua si, tab sis kuj tau siv rau qhov teeb meem thiab koom gaming thiab. Ib yam li ntawd, lub cev kev ua phem tau pom tias yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm txhua hom, qhia tau tias cov kev hloov ntawm ob lub npe no zoo li khwv yees kev coj tus cwj pwm khaus. Peb kuj pom qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev tshawb hauv 2, tawm tswv yim tias qhov kev nyuaj siab tau hais ua thiab qhov teeb meem gaming, tiam sis tsis yog gaming, thiab qhov kev haus dej cawv siab khwv yees tias muaj kev lom zem gaming, thaum tsis haus cawv noj tau qhov teeb meem kev ua si. Yav tom ntej kev tshawb fawb txog qhov sib txawv thiab zoo sib xws ntawm typologies yuav pab tsim kom muaj qhov zoo tshaj ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov mechanisms uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev coj cwj pwm txawv.
Muaj zog thiab cov kev txwv
Lub zog ntawm txoj kev kawm tam sim no yog txoj kev loj, ntev mus ntev ntev uas ua rau pom qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev sib tw gaming, thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, muab cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm peb lub sij hawm ntev tshaj. Lwm cov kev ua tau zoo yog xam cov qauv loj, cov qauv random los ntawm National Population Registry, thiab cov lus teb thawj zaug. Kev tshawb dhau los longitudinal cov kev tshawb fawb tau raug thuam los ntawm kev tsis pib thawj theem ntawm cov haujlwm rau hauv tus account (Scharkow li al., 2014), tab sis nyob hauv txoj kev tshawb no tag nrho cov kev soj ntsuam rau cov qib qub ntawm txhua tus tsiaj ntawv, thiab poj niam txiv neej.
Ib qho kev txwv ntawm txoj kev kawm tam sim no yog qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov dav dav. Tus qauv muaj cov hluas thaum hnub nyoog ntawm 17.5-19.5 xyoo, uas yog cov hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog tshaj plaws rau kev coj cwj pwm, thiab yog li ntawd cov kev tshwm sim kuj yuav tsis ua rau lwm pab pawg hnub nyoog. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tshawb fawb attrition pom ntau qhov kev twv rau kev tshem tawm ntawm T2 thiab T3 (kev sib deev, kev haus dej cawv, thiab kev ua gaming), uas yuav qhia tau ib qho kev xaiv zoo. Qhov no tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm peb txoj kev kawm, thiab nws yog vim li ntawd tau zoo rau muaj ib qho qauv loj. Txawm li cas los, qhov consequential kev tswj ntawm kev sib deev, thiab dhau los ntawm txhua tus tsiaj ntawv muaj peev xwm txo cov kev cuam tshuam attrition.
Lwm txoj kev txwv yog qhov qauv haum hauv kev tshawb 1 tsis pom kev, qhia tau tias kev tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev tshawb 1 yuav tsum tau txhais nrog qee qhov ceeb toom. Ib qho kev piav qhia txog qhov kev haumxeeb yeej yog tias qhov theoretical assumption cia rau kev sib deev sib txawv, thiab tsis sib xws nyob rau lub sij hawm hauv kev txwv tsis txwv. Qhov no yog kev txhawb los ntawm cov txiaj ntsim ntawm Satorra Bentler test. Qee qhov kev qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis rau RMSEA, thiab tsis ua raws li cov qauv tsis zoo yog li tsis tsim nyog (Kenny li al., 2015).
Lwm txoj kev txwv kev ntaus nqi yog tias qhov kev ntseeg ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas pom tau me ntsis tsis sib haum (Nunnally, 1978) ntawm kev haus dej cawv (3 yam khoom) hauv Xaus 3, thiab hais lus sib cav (3 cov khoom). Txawm li cas los xij, alpha hauv qab ntawm qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm 0.70 tsis tas yuav tsis muaj kev cia siab (Cho thiab Kim, 2015), thiab ib qho alpha ntawm 0.60 pom tau tias yuav siv tau thaum siv txoj kev ntsuas luv (Loewenthal, 2001) uas ntim <10 khoom.
xaus
Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no qhia tau hais tias teeb meem kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo li kev sib cuam tshuam nrog gaming pathology, ob qho tib si ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lub txim rau lub sijhawm. Muaj ntau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev koom nrog gamers, teeb meem gamers thiab quav gamers, thiab muaj zoo li kev hloov loj ntawm cov typologies, tiam sis tsis yog ntawm qhov kev lom zem thiab kev ua si. "Koom nrog gamer" yog txuam nrog kev hnyav nyob rau hauv kev xav tsis zoo, whereas yog ib qho kev ua gamer yog txuam nrog ntau yam mob hlwb loj heev. Saib gaming teeb meem los ntawm ib qhov kev pom zoo yuav pab tau ntxiv rau kev ntsuam xyuas thiab conceptualization ntawm kev ua si yees duab yees, ob leeg hauv kev tshawb nrhiav thiab hauv chaw kho mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus pom tau hais tias gaming teeb meem muaj kev ruaj ntseg siab, qhia tias kom muaj ntau yam pab pawg neeg uas muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog gamers, lawv cov tsos mob tsis zoo li yuav txiav txim siab nthawv, qhia tias yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam los yog kev tswj xyuas kev tswj hwm.
Sau npe
SP, RM, TT, HM, thiab DK sawv rau lub tswvyim thiab kev tsim cov haujlwm. Tag nrho cov neeg sau npe tau muab rau kev tshaaj, kev tsom, thiab kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv. EK tau sau cov haujlwm. Txhua tus sau phau ntawv kho cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txawj ntse. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv pom zoo qhov kawg version thiab lav ris rau txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm kom ntseeg tau tias cov lus nug ntsig txog qhov tseeb lossis kev ncaj ncees ntawm ibqho haujlwm twg tau raug tshawb nrhiav thiab daws.
Teeb meem ntawm nqe lus paj
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tias qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua thaum tsis muaj kev lag luam los yog nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo uas yuav raug txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txaus siab.
Tshooj ntawv
Nyiaj. Qhov project yog nyiaj los ntawm Norwegian tshawb nrhiav Council (tsis muaj 173551, 240053).
Cov khoom siv ntxiv
Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau daim ntawv no muaj nyob hauv online ntawm: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02239/full#supplementary-material
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