J Behav Addict. 2017 Dec 1; 6 (4): 490-504. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.073.
Bielefeld M1, Drews M2, Putzig kuv3, Bottel L1, Steinbüchel T1, Dieris-Hirche J1, Szycik GR4, Müller A5, Roy M6, Ohlmeier M7, Theodor Te Wildt B1.
Abstract
Objectives
Muaj cov pov thawj scientific uas zoo tshaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev nyuab siab (ADHD) yog ib qho kev ntxias thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm cov kab mob kev nyuab siab hauv cov neeg laus. Cov koom haum no tsis yog tsuas yog tsom rau cov khoom uas muaj feem xyuam nrog cov khoom siv tab sis kuj siv rau kev coj cwj pwm xws li kev twv txiaj thiab kev siv hauv Internet (IUD). Rau IUD, cov kev ntsuam xyuas xyuas tau pom tau hais tias ADHD yog ib qho kev muaj zog tshaj tawm sab nraud nrog kev nyuab siab thiab kev ntxhov siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, yuav tsum nkag siab ntxiv txog kev sib txuas ntawm ob qho kev ntshawv siab kom muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev kho thiab kev tiv thaiv. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj rau hauv cov neeg laus saib xyuas neeg mob qhov tsawg me ntsis yog paub txog cov kev sib raug zoo no. Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no txhais tau tias yuav tshawb xyuas qhov teeb meem no ntxiv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev pom zoo raws li cov lus qhia dav dav hais tias muaj kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev xav ntawm psychopathology thiab etiology ntawm IUD thiab ADHD.
txoj kev
Ob tug kuaj kab mob tau soj ntsuam ntawm lub tsev kho mob hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Cov neeg laus ADHD thiab IUD cov neeg mob tau khiav los ntawm lub chaw kuaj mob thiab cov kev xav ntawm psychometrical.
tau
Peb nrhiav tau kev txhawb rau qhov kev xav hais tias ADHD thiab IUD qhia cov kev xav hauv psychopathological. Ntawm cov neeg mob hauv txhua pab pawg, peb pom muaj ntau tshaj li ib tus ADHD comorbid hauv IUD thiab lwm tus. Txuas ntxiv, cov tsos mob ntawm ADHD tau txuam nrog kev siv xov xwm thiab cov tsos mob ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet hauv ob qho tib si.
kev sib tham
Cov chaw kho mob yuav tsum paub txog kev sib raug zoo heev ntawm ob qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm ob qho tib si kuaj thiab kho. Thaum nws los txog rau kev tswj rov qab rau ib tus siv Internet thoob plaws kev kho mob thiab kev kho kom rov zoo, yuav tsum muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv sab ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab cov neeg mob.
KEYWORDS:Kev siv Internet tsis zoo; xim nco tsis meej tsis haum; kev tiv thaiv hauv internet
PMID: 29280392
Introduction
Muaj ib lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov pov thawj scientific uas muaj kev nyuab siab tsis zoo (ADHD) yog ib qho twv ua ke (Biederman li al., 1995) thiab tus yam ntxwv comorbidity rau ntau hom kev ntshawv siab (Gillberg li al., 2004). Tsis pub dhau ib tug loj European qauv ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw, 13.9% tau txheeb xyuas nrog cov laus ADHD (van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen li al., 2014) nrog loj hloov mus rau lub teb chaws thiab cov thawj cov khoom siv (van de Glind li al., 2014). ADHD yog ib txoj kev puas siab puas ntsws uas cuam tshuam nrog kev cov nyom hauv kev saib xyuas thiab kev xav, kev ua haujlwm ntau, thiab teeb meem nrog kev tswj tus cwj pwm, uas tsis tsim nyog rau tus neeg lub hnub nyoog. Tshwj xeeb, tiam sis tsis tshwj rau, thaum ADHD mob siab rau txhua tus hluas thiab hluas nkauj, uas yog hais txog 36.3% ntawm tus neeg mob (Kessler li al., 2005), txoj kev pheej hmoo yuav tsim muaj kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj (cawv)Biederman li al., 1995), nicotine (Wilens li al., 2008), lossis txawm tshuaj txhaum cai xws li cocaine (Carroll & Rounsaville, 1993) yog siab. Txij li cov stimulants nyiam methylphenidate (MPH) ua hauj lwm kom noj tshuaj zoo (Van der Oord, Prins, Oosterlaan, & Emmelkamp, 2008), kev siv yeeb tshuaj thiab kev tsim txom hauv ADHD cov neeg mob kuj txhais tau tias yog kev siv tshuaj rau yus tus kheej (Han et al., 2009). Ntxiv mus, theem siab ntawm impulsivity yog cov yam ntxwv rau cov neeg mob nrog ADHD (Winstanley, Dav dawb hau, & Robbins, 2006) thiab nrog kev quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw (De Wit, 2009).
ADHD kuj yog ib yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua rau kev twv txiaj, uas raws li ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1992) yog tseem yuav tsum tau categorized ua tus impulse tswj tsis meej. Los ntawm kev sib piv, hauv 2013, qhov thib tsib tsab ntawm Diagnostic thiab Statistical Manual ntawm Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) tsim muaj ib qho av rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab tsis siv yeeb tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv tshooj "Cov Khoom Uas Muaj Feem Xyuam thiab Hom Mob" tam sim no hu ua "Kev Twv Txiaj Uas Tsis Muaj Kev Tuaj" tseem yog tus cwj pwm tsis txaus ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Tshooj III ntawm DSM-5, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) yog thawj zaug uas hais tias muaj kev lav phij xaj ntau txoj kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev ua haujlwm ua ntej nws yuav raug lees paub tias yog ib qho kev tsis sib haum (Petry & O'Brien, 2013). IGD qhov tseeb yog ib hom kev txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet uas tau kawm ntau tshaj (Cov hluas, 1996) thiab pom tias qhov siab tshaj plaws (Rehbein, Kliem, Baier, Mößle, & Petry, 2015). Txoj kev loj hlob no tsis tuaj raws li ib qho kev xav, tsis yog qhov tsawg vim tias kev ua si hauv online thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online nce sib luag.
Independently los ntawm Internet, kev ua si yees duab yees twb tau txuas rau ADHD psychopathology nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev (Arfi & Bouvard, 2008; Yen li al., 2017). Kev tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb tau pom tau tias ADHD raws li qhov kev qhia paub tseeb (Weiss, Baer, Allan, Saran, & Schibuk, 2011) thiab comorbidity (Weinstein & Weizman, 2012) rau IGD tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau menyuam yaus thiab tub ntxhais hluas. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv subclinical-level hyperactivity, impulsivity, kev tsis txaus siab, qhov ntsej muag ntawm kev ua kom pom tseeb, thiab ua tib zoo xav txog kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm tau pom zoo nrog kev siv cov yees duab ntau heev, ob qho tib si offline thiab hauv online (Viav vias, Lwm Haiv Neeg, Anderson, & Walsh, 2010). Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau pom lawm ua ntej rau kev siv TV ntev li (Miller li al., 2007), pab rau kev sib tham tsis tu ncua txog kev siv ntau zaus hauv kev tshaj tawm thiab video gaming hauv particular tej zaum yuav tsis yog ib qho kev mob xwb of tab sis kuj muaj qhov yuav raug rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ADHD (Weiss li al., 2011).
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv ntau ntawm cov kev siv online thiab ADHD tsis nkag siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum muaj kev ua si hauv online, xws li kev sib tw thiab kev sib tw, muab ib qho kwj deg ntawm kev txhawb zog thiab kev tau txais tam sim ntawd, uas, tig rov los, zoo siab los ntawm cov tib neeg nrog ADHD, leej twg yuav yoojyim bored (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002) thiab ua rau kev tsis txaus siab rau kev ncua sij hawm (Pob zeb diamond, 2005). Lwm cov kev tshawb nrhiav tau hais tias qhov txuas no tej zaum yuav piav qhia los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nco kev ua hauj lwm hauv ADHD uas tau pom tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb endophenotype ntawm ADHD (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002). Kev xa mus rau qhov no, cov ntawv hauv online zoo li multiplayer hauv internet ua haujlwm pabcuam hauv kev pabcuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub homphiaj ua haujlwm kom ua tau li qhov teebmeem no thiab yog li ntawd kov yeej kev ntxhov siab thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv lub neej tiag tiag. Yog li, cov neeg uas muaj ADHD yuav nyiam cov kev ua si hauv online, uas ua rau lawv muaj kev ywj pheej los tsim ib cov kev siv tawm xov xwm tawm (Yen, Yen, Chen, Tang, & Ko, 2008)). Nthuav zoo li, Koepp li al. (1998) qhia tias kev ua si hauv kev ua si ua rau ib qho kev tso tawm dopamine tawm tau tsim hauv qhov kev xav zoo dua thiab kev ua tau zoo, uas tej zaum yuav raug ntaus nqi raws li cov neeg uas nws qhov kev txawj ntse tsis muaj peev xwm nyob hauv lub neej tiag tiag. Qhov no haum rau hauv daim ntawv thov uas tshwj xeeb yog tsim ua si loj heev rau txoj kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob ADHD nrog rau kev siv neurofeedback (Lau, Ntxhoo, Nplaim Taws, & Riper, 2017). Nta hnub no, video games feem ntau ua si hauv online pab kiag li lawm thiab hauv online hom. Ntxiv mus, online ntawm kev sib tw ua ke txuas mus ntxiv ntawm kev twv txiaj, kev lag luam, thiab kev sib koom tes (Gainsbury, Hing, Delfabbro, & King, 2014), uas muaj ntau hom nta. Cov kev txwv kev coj cwj pwm txawv, xws li kev twv txiaj twv txiaj, kev noj tshuaj, thiab kev tsis sib haum, uas tau txuas rau ADHD thiab (Blankenship & Laaser, 2004; Brook, Chenshu, Brook, & Leukefeld, 2016), tshwm sim lawv tus kheej ntau dua thiab ntau hauv online thiab hauv qhov nce qhov tshiab tawm thiab qhov tshwm sim (Dittmar, Ntev, & Daim Ntawv Cog Lus, 2007; Cov hluas, 2008). Xav txog cov kev sib tw ua tas li ntawm cov kev hloov xa thiab cov koom ua ke, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas lwm yam thiab ntau hom kev siv ntau tshaj lossis siv Internet hauv IGD. Tsis ntev los no, cov kws qhia yuav tau siv lub sijhawm siv Internet tsis zoo (IUD; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), uas yog hais txog kev siv ntau hauv Internet uas tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua neej txhua hnub. Qhov tseeb, IUD twb tau nrog ADHD ib yam nkaus thiab. Tom ntej no mus rau kev nyuaj siab thiab kev ntxhov siab, nws tau raug pom los ua ib tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov IUDs (Ko, Yen, Yen, Chen, & Chen, 2012). Tshaj li, cov neeg mob ntawm ADHD thiab IUD zoo li muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua los tsim lwm hom kev tiv thaiv. Hauv cov ntsiab lus soj ntsuam, qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav pom, vim cov neeg mob no yuav tsum tau muaj kev ras txog txog kev muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm hauv kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tshem tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, me ntsis paub txog lub overlaps thiab kev sib txuas ntawm IUD thiab ADHD tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus saib xyuas neeg mob. Yog li, nws ua kom paub tseeb ntxiv txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ADHD thiab IUD los ntawm kev saib xyuas qhov chaw. Muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb nrog cov loj sib tham nrog cov teeb meem feem ntau ntawm cov qib qis (Yen li al., 2008). Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav nrog cov kev kuaj mob uas yog ib qho ntawm ADHD (Han et al., 2009) lossis siv teeb meem siv Internet (PIU) cov neeg mob (Bernardi & Pallanti, 2009). Rau peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb los sib piv nrog ib pawg neeg laus ADHD cov neeg mob nrog ib pawg neeg laus laus mob tsis yog nrog kev tswj hwm tab sis kuj sib koom tes los soj ntsuam lawv cov kev sib txawv thiab kev sib txawv. Txoj kev tshawb no stems los ntawm cov kev xav hais tias muaj kev txiav txim siab ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm psychopathology uas xav tau los hais txog ob qho tib si hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv. Ntxiv dua thiab, peb cia siab tias cov kev ntsuas ntawm ADHD muaj feem xyuam nrog kev ntsuas ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet mus rau kev kawm ntau heev.
txoj kev
Ob pawg neeg soj ntsuam (ADHD thiab IUD) thiab ob pawg tswj hwm raug nrhiav tau hauv Hannover Medical School (MHH). Kev ua kom 25 koom nrog txhua tus, qhov txheej txheem no tau muab los sib piv nrog txhua pawg sib txawv nrog lawv cov pab pawg tswj hwm thiab ob leeg sib koom nrog cov pawg. Hauv lub sijhawm teem thawj zaug, cov neeg mob uas xav tau kev kho yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam nrog qhov kev sib tham tim ntsej tim muag. Cov neeg uas ua tiav raws li kev ntsuas ntawm ADHD los sis IUD, feem ntau, tau caw tuaj koom rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau lub sijhawm thib ob.
ADHD pab pawg neeg thiab nws pawg tswj hwm
Cov neeg koom nrog ADHD tau raug tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov neeg laus ADHD chaw kho mob ntawm MHH. Cov neeg mob tau txais kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas meej txog lawv cov ADHD cov tsos mob thiab cov comorbidities. Hauv cov txheej txheem tshawb nrhiav, cov neeg raug caw tuaj koom rau qhov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb, qhov kev sib tham nrog cov neeg mob Conners 'Adult ADHD Diagnostic Kev Sib Tham rau DSM-IV (CAADID; Epstein, Johnson, & Conners, 2001). Ntawm no, 18 DSM-IV cov qauv ntawm ADHD muab faib rau ob qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev sib tham (cuaj yam) thiab hyperactivity / impulsivity (6 / 3 yam khoom) txog kev muaj menyuam yaus thiab neeg laus tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kom zoo. ADHD tsuas kuaj tias DSM-IV cov kev ua tiav, qhov no txhais tau tias tsawg kawg yog rau (6) ntawm 9 tus kab mob yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv ib los yog ob qhov puav rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov laus. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua tiav los ntawm tus kheej-qhia cov lus nug (saib hauv qab). Tshaj tawm ntawm 1.5 xyoo, cov khoom siv 50 tau muab faib rau cov neeg mob uas tau kuaj xyuas nrog ADHD, uas muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 18 thiab 65 xyoo thiab pom qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev txawj ntse txawj ntse [ntau hom lus xaiv kev xeem txawj ntse (MWT-B) IQ ntawm 100 ± 15]. Ib cov neeg 25 cov neeg mob rov qab lawv cov ntawv tshawb fawb, uas sib npaug li tus nqi 50%. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, pawg tswjfwm tau txais los ntawm kev ceebtoom hauv MHH txoj kev txuam raws li kev faib rau kev sib deev, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm ntawv. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv cov cai rau kev tswj hwm yog: qhov nruab nrab hais lus txawj ntse thiab tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Kev ntsuam xyuas raug kuaj xyuas rau ADHD thiab IUD.
IUD pab pawg thiab nws pawg tswj hwm
Pawg IUD raug nrhiav tau hauv MHH lub chaw kho mob rau cov kab mob media-associated, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. Cov hauv qab no: Cov kev ntsuas ntawm IUD raws li cov qauv ntawm Young (1996) thiab Beard (Dais & Hma, 2001) (Cov lus 1) thiab lub hom phiaj los kho, hnub nyoog ntawm 18 thiab 65, thiab nruab nrab hais lus txawj ntse. Yog tias cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau ua tiav, cov neeg raug caw tuaj koom lub rooj sib tham uas muaj cov ntsiab lus khaws cia. Cov neeg koom nrog pawg tswjfwm raug nrhiav tau hauv MHH thiab raug sib koom ua haujlwm rau kev sib deev, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm ntawv. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv cov cai rau kev tswj hwm yog: qhov nruab nrab hais lus txawj ntse thiab tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Kev ntsuam xyuas raug kuaj xyuas rau ADHD thiab IUD. Tag nrho, 25 cov neeg koom nrog IUD thiab 25 tswj tau txais kev pabcuam thiab xam nrog rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.
|
Cov lus 1. Diagnostic cov txheej xwm rau kev siv kev siv hauv Internet
| Tag nrho cov hauv qab no (1-5) yuav tsum muaj: |
| 1. Muaj kev txhawj xeeb nrog Is Taws Nem (xav txog kev ua online online dhau los lossis xav tias yuav muaj kev sib tham online tom ntej). |
| 2. Yuav tsum siv Is Taws Nem nrog cov sij hawm nce ntxiv kom ua tiav lub siab. |
| 3. Tau ua tsis tiav qhov kev tswj hwm, txiav rov qab, los yog txiav tawm kev siv Is Taws Nem. |
| 4. Nws nyob tsis tswm, tu siab, nyuaj siab, los sis chim siab thaum sim txo qis lossis txiav kom tsis txhob siv Is Taws Nem. |
| 5. Tau nyob online ntev tshaj li qhov tau npaj tseg thaum chiv thawj. |
| Yam tsawg ib ntawm cov hauv qab no: |
| 1. Tau txais kev puas tsuaj lossis pheej hmoo ua rau poob ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev ua haujlwm, kev kawm, lossis kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. |
| 2. Tau dag rau cov neeg hauv tsev neeg, kws kho mob, lossis lwm tus kom zais qhov kev koom nrog Is Taws Nem. |
| 3. Siv Is Taws Nem raws li txoj kev ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm cov teeb meem los yog kev daws teeb meem kev npau taws (piv txwv li, tsis muaj kev cia siab, ua txhaum, ntxhov siab thiab ntxhov siab). |
Nco ntsoov. Muab los ntawm Young (1996) thiab Beard thiab Hma (2001).
Cov neeg koom tes ntawm tag nrho plaub pawg neeg tau txais kev qhia txog qhov tsis pub leej twg paub txog lawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb. Cov lus 2 muab cov ntsiab lus qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv ceev xwm txheej ntawm cov qauv.
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Cov lus 2. Kev ntsuas mob. Txhais li cas (SD)
ADHD pab pawg (n = 25) | Cov pab pawg tswj (n = 25) | Txheeb cais | Pawg IUD (n = 25) | Cov pab pawg tswj (n = 25) | Txheeb cais | Txheeb cais (ADHD vs. IUD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISS | 36.36 (17.45) | 23.00 (4.34) | U = 117.0 ** | 53.28 (12.99) | 24.88 (6.62) | U = 28.0 ** | U = 135.0 * |
| Poob kev tswj tsis tau | 9.68 (4.09) | 4.84 (1.41) | U = 72.0 ** | 11.92 (3.49) | 5.28 (2.01) | U = 41.0 ** | U = 216.0, ns |
| Tshem tawm cov tsos mob | 6.56 (3.66) | 4.24 (0.72) | U = 72.0 * | 10.12 (3.27) | 4.28 (0.74) | U = 34.0 ** | U = 140.50 * |
| Kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua siab ntev | 7.92 (4.06) | 5.72 (2.51) | U = 208.0, ns | 12.64 (3.29) | 6.56 (2.95) | U = 64.0 ** | U = 114.50 ** |
| Kev sib raug zoo | 6.32 (3.73) | 4.12 (0.44) | U = 192.0 * | 10.28 (3.61) | 4.36 (1.08) | U = 50.0 ** | U = 137.50 * |
| Kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm | 5.88 (3.66) | 4.08 (0.40) | U = 221.50, ns | 8.32 (3.57) | 4.40 (1.44) | U = 76.0 ** | U = 164.50 * |
| WURS-k | 41.68 (16.52) | 10.20 (9.97) | U = 26.0 ** | 27.29 (17.30) | 13.84 (11.35) | U = 131.50, ns | U = 125.0, ns |
| CAARS (txhais tau tias T tseem ceeb) | |||||||
| Qhov teeb meem tsis sib thooj / nco | 80.05 (11.82) | 46.56 (8.91) | U = 2.50 ** | 61.77 (13.55) | 45.08 (8.36) | U = 67.50 ** | U = 69.50 ** |
| Hyperactivity / nyob tsis tswm | 69.86 (18.19) | 48.32 (10.68) | U = 93.00 ** | 49.77 (13.81) | 49.38 (10.13) | U = 254.50, ns | U = 93.00 * |
| Kev poob siab / kev puas siab ntsws | 77.29 (14.21) | 47.36 (10.96) | U = 33.00 ** | 58.48 (16.55) | 48.13 (10.44) | U = 153.00, ns | U = 84.00 * |
| Teeb meem nrog tus kheej tswvyim | 67.14 (12.11) | 44.40 (10.80) | U = 44.00 * | 58.68 (13.93) | 43.13 (9.82) | U = 95.50 ** | U = 146.00, ns |
| DSM-IV: inattentive | 80.43 (11.91) | 45.16 (7.48) | U = 4.50 ** | 57.41 (14.69) | 43.79 (7.47) | U = 112.00 * | U = 53.00 ** |
| DSM-IV: kev xav ua kom tsis muaj zog | 73.29 (14.34) | 50.48 (8.90) | U = 50.00 ** | 53.14 (14.96) | 51.21 (8.83) | U = 255.00, ns | U = 76.50 ** |
| DSM-IV: Cov tsos mob ntawm ADHD | 80.29 (12.95) | 47.76 (8.51) | U = 17.50 ** | 56.27 (14.51) | 47.42 (8.40) | U = 161.00, ns | U = 56.00 ** |
| ADHD Index | 82.00 (10.19) | 47.56 (9.92) | U = 13.00 ** | 61.09 (15.47) | 48.08 (10.95) | U = 127.50 * | U = 60.00 ** |
| DSM-IV Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej rau ADHD | |||||||
| Ua ke | 9 (36%) | - | 3 (12%) | - | |||
| Tsis muaj kev sib tw | 8 (38%) | - | χ2 (3) = 31.28 ** | 2 (8%) | 2 (8%) | χ2 (3) = 4.03, ns | χ2 (3) = 14.05 * |
| Hyperactive-impulsive | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (8%) | |||
| Tsis yog | 3 (12%) | 23 (92%) | 15 (60%) | 15 (60%) | |||
| BDI | 16.96 (9.91) | 2.76 (3.66) | U = 46.50 ** | 18.54 (8.40) | 2.92 (3.42) | U = 16.50 ** | U = 277.0, ns |
| SCL-90-R / correlation T value | |||||||
| GSI | 0.94 (0.50) / 63 | 0.23 (0.35) / 49 | U = 61.0 ** | 0.88 (0.45) / 62 | 0.25 (0.36) / 50 | U = 74.0 ** | U = 269.00, ns |
| PST | 42.20 (16.92) / 59 | 14.28 (15.78) / 48 | U = 70.0 ** | 40.68 (19.48) / 59 | 15.40 (16.23) / 48 | U = 99.50 ** | U = 301.0, ns |
| PSDI | 1.89 (0.43) / 63 | 1.19 (0.33) / 49 | U = 59.50 ** | 1.82 (0.43) / 62 | 1.25 (0.31) / 52 | U = 63.50 ** | U = 258.0, ns |
| MWT-B | 29.71 (3.54) | 29.40 (3.49) | U = 287.50, ns | 28.65 (3.66) | 26.84 (4.39) | U = 236.50, ns | U = 236.0, ns |
Nco ntsoov. Muab cov ntaub ntawv teev rau hauv ADHD pawg cuag tau los ntawm n = 20–25 thiab hauv nws pawg tswj hwm los ntawm n = 24–25. Hauv pawg IUD, suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv suav txog n = 20-25 thiab nyob hauv nws pawg tswj hwm los ntawm 24 txog 25. Thaj chaw xim daj yog sawv cev ntawm kev suav sau sib piv ntawm cov chaw soj ntsuam thiab pawg tswj hwm. Sab ntawv kawg qhia txog qhov sib piv ntawm ob pawg neeg mob. ADHD: saib xyuas kev cuam tshuam hyperactivity teeb meem no; IUD: Kev siv internet tsis zoo; ISS: Internetsuchtskala; WURS-k: Wender Utah Qhov Ntsuas Cov Lus; CAARS: Cov Ntsiab Lus Qhia Rau Cov Laus ADHD Cov Ntsuas Cov Lus; BDI: Cov Lus Nug Kev Nyuaj Siab Beck; SCL-90-R: Cov tsos mob-daim ntawv teev npe-90 - Rov Kho Dua; GSI: Qhov Severity Index Thoob Ntiaj Teb; PST: Muaj Tus Kab Mob Zoo Tag Nrho; MWT-B: ntau txoj kev xaiv cov lus txawj ntse; SD: qauv sib txawv; ns: tsis tseem ceeb.
*p <.01. **p <.001.
Cov lus nug
Cov lus nug dav dav
Cov lus nug dav dav yog tsim rau cov kev tshawb fawb. Qhov thib ib yog cov lus nug txog cov ntaub ntawv txog kev koom tes, kev kawm, thiab kev ua haujlwm. Ntxiv rau qhov ntawd, cov neeg koom nrog raug hais kom qhia txog kev mob nkeeg thiab cov kev kho mob qub. Qhov thib ob yog tsim los ntsuas qhov kev siv xov xwm-siv tus cwj pwm. Ntawm no, cov neeg tuaj yeem tuaj yeem qhia lawv txoj kev siv xov xwm raws li cov ntsiab lus, zaus, thiab ntev. Tsis tas li, lawv tau nug txog motivational thiab appetitive sib nrauj txog lawv cov kev siv xov xwm thiab yog tias lawv thiaj li pom lawv tus kheej raws li raug quab yuam kev siv xov xwm.
DSM-IV Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej rau ADHD
Daim ntawv teev cov kab mob DSM-IV yog ib qho kev ntsuas qub rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm ADHD thaum yau thiab kev hluas. Yeej, nws yog ib qho kev hloov ntawm cov kev ntsuas ntawm DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Nws yog tsim ntawm 18 cov khoom faib rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev sib tham (cuaj yam khoom), hyperactivity (rau yam khoom), thiab impulsivity (peb yam khoom). Lub cuab yeej tso cai rau tshawb nrhiav qhov sib tov, feem ntau yog kev tsis txaus siab lossis feem ntau cov hyperactive subtype ntawm ADHD. Kom kuaj tau ADHD, yam tsawg kawg yog rau (6) cuaj cov mob tshwm sim rau 6 lub hlis hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 6-12 xyoo. Nrog rau kev ncaj nce rau ntawm DSM-IV cov txheej xwm, qhov kev ntsuas no qhia tau hais tias muaj feem cuam tshuam zoo heev.
Wender Utah Ntaus Nqi (WURS-k)
Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) yog cov khoom siv nrov rau cov khoom siv rov qab los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas txog ADHD thaum menyuam yaus rau cov laus thiab tau siv dav hauv cov ntsiab lus no. Retz-Junginger li al. (2002) tau tsim cov ntawv luv luv hauv German (WURS-k) ntawm WURS uas muaj 25 cov khoom los sawv cev rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev lag luam retaliation ntawm ADHD cov tsos mob thaum yau. Cov neeg koom nrog tau txais cov npe ntawm cov lus nug uas lawv nug kom ntsuam xyuas seb tus cwj pwm piav qhia, tus cwj pwm, lossis qhov teeb meem tau hais tawm hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 8 thiab 10 (xws li, Raws li ib tug me nyuam ntawm 8 thiab 10 Kuv tau muaj teeb meem rau kev xav los yog tau yooj yim distractible). Ntawm no, cov lus teb yuav muab tau rau ntawm 5-point Likert scale xws li [0] tsis siv rau [4] tau qhia tau zoo. Rau cov qhab nia, qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm 30 cov ntsiab lus qhia tau hais tias yog ADHD ua ntej thaum yau. Lub luv luv version pom txaus siab psychometrical zog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus qauv zoo tshaj, kev cia siab (faib ib nrab: r12 =. 85) thiab kev sib npaug nrog (α = 0.91) (Retz-Junginger li al., 2003).
Conners 'Adult ADHD Tus Ntaus Nqi (CAARS)
Tsim tawm hauv 1999 los ntawm Conners [saib Macey (2003) rau cov ncauj lus tsis meej], CAARS tau dhau los ua ib qho kev ntsuas zoo tshaj plaws uas tau tshawb nrhiav thiab ntsuam xyuas ADHD symptomatology hauv neeg laus. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb hais, tus kheej daim ntawv qhia lub ntev version nrog 66 yam tau thov. Cov neeg tuaj yeem raug nug kom ntsuam xyuas, ntau npaum li cas, los sis feem ntau ntawm cov lus hais (piv txwv, Kuv chim siab yooj yim) siv rau lawv qhov kev paub dhau los. Cov lus teb tau muab rau 4-point Likert nplai [0] tsis nyob rau txhua qhov / tsis muaj, [1] tsawg / qee zaus, [2] muaj zog / feem ntau, thiab [3] muaj zog heev / ntau zaus. Cov ntawv ntev ntev ntawm kev qhia tus kheej tso cai faib kev faib ua yim subscales, piv txwv li, rau kev tsis ua haujlwm, hyperactivity / impulsivity, thiab tag nrho ADHD symptomatology raws li DSM-IV cov qauv rau ADHD. Kev yoog German txog Christiansen, Hirsch, Abdel-Hamid, thiab Kis (2014) tau pom tias muaj kev ntseeg zoo thiab kev siv tau.
Kev Ntsuas ntawm IUD
Raws li IUD yog ib qho tshiab tshwm sim thiab vim tsis tau tshwm sim thaum tshwm sim tshwm sim los ua kev tswj hwm tus kheej los yog kev coj cwj pwm, nws tseem tsis tau lees paub tias nws yog ib qho chaw nyob hauv ICD-10 thiab / los yog DSM-IV. Txawm li cas los xij, kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias cov txheej xwm rau kev quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw tuaj yeem siv rau kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. Ib qho kev qhia ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Young (1996) uas tau tsim yim yam ntawm qhov uas tsawg kawg yuav tsum tau tuaj tsib kom paub txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. Xyooj thiab Hma (2001) muab ib qho kev hloov kho ntawm kev siv yim. Raws li lawv lub ntsiab lus, qhov kuaj pom ntawm thawj tsib yam khoom, tsom ntsoov rau tus cwj pwm kev ua yeeb yam, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. Thiab, yam tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm peb qhov kev xeem dhau los lawm, uas yog piav txog qhov puas ntawm kev ua haujlwm txhua hnub vim muaj kev coj tus cwj pwm. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, cov txheej txheem sib txawv raws li npaj tau los ntawm Beard thiab Hma tau siv (Cov Lus 1).
Internetsuchtskala (ISS)
Hauv cov tebchaws uas hais lus German, ISS [txhais cov txhais lus: Kev Siv Phom Hauv Internet, tsis txhob yuam kev hauv Internet Kev Nplua (IAS) ntawm Griffiths (1998)] los ntawm Hahn thiab Yeluxalees (2003) yog qhov ntsuas twj ywm zoo rau ntsuas IUD. Nees nkaum yam khoom muaj tsib yam hauv IUD: kev tswj tsis tau (xws li, Kuv siv sijhawm ntau hauv Internet raws li nws tau npaj tseg), tshem tawm cov tsos mob (xws li, Thaum kuv tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv online, Kuv xav tias khib nyiab thiab tsis txaus siab), kev loj hlob ntawm kam rau siab (xws li, Kuv lub neej txhua hnub tau nce zuj zus los ntawm hauv Internet), tsis zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm (xws li, Kuv qhov kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv los yog kev ua haujlwm raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kuv kev siv Internet), thiab tsis zoo rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo (xws li, Txij li thaum kuv pom hauv Internet, kuv lav cov dej num me ntsis nrog lwm tus)). Txhua subscale muaj plaub yam khoom. Cov lus teb tau ua rau 4-point Likert nplai xws li [1] tsis siv, [2] tsis tshua muaj neeg thov, [3] tsis xum thov, thiab [4] siv raws nraim. Cov qhab-nees txiav tawm los taw qhia txog IUD tau tsim rau> 59 (txhais tau tias teb ntawm 3), hos qhov qhab nia ntawm 50 thiab 59 (txhais tau tias teb ntawm 2, 5) qhia txog kev siv tsis raug thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo los tsim IUD. Cov ISS pom tau zoo txaus siab lub hlwb kev xav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm sab hauv tsis sib xws ntawm α = 0.93 rau tag nrho cov qhab nia thiab α = 0.80 rau tsib subscales zoo li siv tau nrog kev ntsuas sab nraud, piv txwv li, impulsivity (rau kev tshuaj xyuas, saib Hahn & Yeluxalees, 2010).
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
Lub DSM raws li BDI (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov kev ntsuas rau kev ntsuas kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam thiab xyaum. Nws cov khoom zoo heev ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws muaj peev xwm cia kev txheeb xyuas kev txhawj xeeb ntawm kev nyuab siab. Tus German adaptation (Hautzinger, Keller, & Kühner, 2006) muaj 21 cov khoom cia los xam cov qhab nia zuag qhia tag nrho. Cov lus teb yuav ua rau 4-point Likert scale. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0 rau 13 tsis muaj kev nyuaj siab, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 14 rau 19 code me ntsis kev nyuab siab, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 20 rau 28 qhia tias muaj kev nyuab siab, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj 28 qhia tias muaj kev nyuab siab heev. Tus German kev ywj pheej ntawm BDI tau qhia tias muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab qhov kev hloov ntawm qhov tseeb (Kühner, Bürger, Keller, & Hautzinger, 2007).
Ntsuas-Daim Ntawv Ntsuam Xyuas-90 - Revised (SCL-90-R)
Lub SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1977) ntsuas cov khoom tsis raug ntawm lub cev thiab lub siab tus yam ntxwv tsis dhau 7 hnub dhau los. Cov lus nug muaj 90 yam los ntawm qhov 83 cov khoom muaj txog cuaj qhov chaw muaj tsos mob: somatization, obsessive – compulsive, kev nkag siab zoo ntawm tus kheej, kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab, kev ua siab ntev, phobic ntxhov siab vim, kev xav tsis meej, thiab psychoticism. Tag nrho ntawm cuaj yam khoom ntxiv ntxiv rau ntau txoj kab kev qhia thoob ntiaj teb (saib hauv qab). Cov neeg teb tau hais kom qhia seb lawv raug kev txom nyem ntau npaum li cas hauv 7 hnub dhau los. Cov lus teb tau ua rau ntawm 5-point Likert nplai. Cov khoom pov thawj tso cai los ua rau peb qhov kev ntsuas thoob ntiaj teb: Cov Seemity Thoob Ntiaj Teb, Cov Peev Txheej Txheem Tag Nrho, thiab Cov Cwj Pwm Muaj Feem Cuam Tshuam Lub German kev yoog ntawm Franke (2016) tau pom tias muaj kev siab zoo rau lub ntiaj teb nplai thiab txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm nrog rau kev sib raug zoo (Schmitz li al., 2000).
Cov lus xaiv ntau yam kev xeem txawj ntse (MWT-B)
Lub MWT-B ntawm Lehrl, Triebig, thiab Fischer (1995) yog cov lus nug soj ntsuam txog qib txawj ntse dav dav hais txog qhov muaj tseeb ntawm lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab ntawm cov neeg laus hnub nyoog 20 txog 64. Nws muaj 37 cov khoom los ntawm cov neeg teb raug nug kom pom thiab cim cov lus German nkaus xwb ua tsib kab lus uas muaj Cov. Nws yog cov cuab yeej khwv nyiaj txiag ntau raws li kev ua tiav ib txwm siv 5 feeb xwb. Cov qhab nees nyoos (tus lej ntawm cov lus teb raug) tuaj yeem hloov mus rau IQ tus nqi los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus neeg lub hnub nyoog.
Cov ntaub ntawv Analysis
Yog xav tshawb xyuas seb cov ntaub ntawv puas muaj cov txheej txheem kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, kev xaiv mus sib xyaw yog xaiv. Ua ntej, cov kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb (Kolmogorov-Smirnov thiab Shapiro-Wilk xeem) raug siv los tshuaj xyuas qhov normality ntawm cov khoom faib. Ntxiv rau, graphical (histograms, Q-Q thaj av, thiab P-P thaj av) thiab cov kev qhia txog zauv, suav nrog kev muab xam ntawm skew thiab kurtosis ntawm cov khoom faib, yog siv los tshuaj xyuas qhov normality ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev ntsuas, kev sib piv yooj yim ntawm kev raug xaiv raug xaiv. Qhov twg parametric le caag tau haum, kev kuaj tau ywj siab t-tsis tau ua tiav. Rau cov uas tsis yog-parametric le caag, Mann-Whitney U kev xeem tau ua tiav. Cov ploj zais cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntxhuav. Rau cov qhab nia sib txawv, χ2 cov kev xeem raug muab xam. Vim tias cov qauv me me thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev kuaj hauv cov qauv, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qib tau raug xa mus rau 0.01 (ob-tailed) rau txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txheeb xyuas tau nthuav qhia sawv cev rau kev txhim kho kom zoo.
Ethics
Cov txheej txheem cov kev tshawb fawb tau raug coj los ua raws li Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki thiab raws li cov cai ntawm txhua tus qauv hauv zos thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev cai. Lub koom haum pawg neeg saib xyuas lub koom haum [Hannover Medical School] tau pom zoo rau txoj kev tshawb fawb. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tau qhia txog txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab tag nrho cov kev qhia paub txog kev pom zoo thiab tsis raug them nyiaj rau lawv txoj kev koom tes.
tau
Kev ntsuas mob
Txhua tus neeg ADHD cov neeg mob tau raug kuaj los ntawm CAADID uas tau ua los ntawm cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb. Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov lus nug yog ib qho ntxiv. Nws yuav tsum tau xav tias qhov kev kuaj mob feem ntau yog raws li kev sib tham nrog kev sib tham tsis yog txhais tau hais tias txhua tus neeg ncav cuag cov kev txiav tawm hauv cov lus nug (Cov lus 3).
|
Cov lus 3. Ua piv txwv
ADHD pab pawg (n = 25) | Cov pab pawg tswj (n = 25) | Txheeb cais | Pawg IUD (n = 25) | Cov pab pawg tswj (n = 25) | Txheeb cais | Txheeb cais (ADHD vs. IUD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poj niam txiv neej (poj niam / txiv neej) | 14/11 | 14/11 | 19/6 | 19/6 | |||
| Hnub nyoog [txhais hais tias nyob hauv xyoo (SD)] | 38.8 (10.22) | 38.16 (10.84) | U = 301.0, ns | 29.36 (10.76) | 29.48 (9.96) | U = 302.0, ns | U = 158.5, ns |
| IQ [txhais tias (SD)] | 109.92 (14.43) | 108.36 (11.22) | U = 289.50, ns | 106.61 (13.11) | 101.72 (10.10) | U = 236.50, ns | U = 236.0, ns |
| Kev kawm ntawv (%) | |||||||
| Tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawv | - | - | χ2 (2) = 2.03, ns | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | χ2 (3) = 0.36, ns | χ2 (3) = 5.92, ns |
| Lub tsev kawm ntawv qib qis thib ob | 8 (32%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (8%) | |||
| Tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab | 10 (40%) | 15 (60%) | 10 (40%) | 12 (48%) | |||
| Tsev kawm ntawv theem siab / qauv sau ntawv | 7 (28%) | 5 (20%) | 12 (48%) | 10 (40%) | |||
| Kev kawm haujlwm (%) | |||||||
| tsis muaj leej twg | 4 (16%) | 2 (8%) | χ2 (5) = 3.47, ns | 9 (36%) | - | χ2 (6) = 13.61, ns | χ2 (6) = 12.92, ns |
| Nyob rau hauv kev kawm (apprenticeship) | - | - | 3 (12%) | 4 (16%) | |||
| Kawm tiav kev kawm tiav | 14 (56%) | 16 (64%) | 6 (24%) | 11 (44%) | |||
| Technical college | 4 (16%) | 2 (8%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | |||
| University degree | 2 (8%) | 4 (16%) | 5 (20%) | 5 (20%) | |||
| lwm yam | - | - | - | 3 (12%) | |||
| Kev ua haujlwm / haujlwm ua haujlwm (%) | |||||||
| Yog, kawm | 9 (36%) | 16 (64%) | χ2 (5) = 5.00, ns | 9 (36%) | 15 (60%) | χ2 (6) = 12.41, ns | χ2 (7) = 10.29, ns |
| Muaj, lwm | 6 (24%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (8%) | 3 (12%) | |||
| Muaj, tiv thaiv | 1 (4%) | - | - | - | |||
| Tsis yog, tsev neeg so | 2 (8%) | 1 (4%) | - | 2 (8%) | |||
| Tsis yog, tsis muaj txoj haujlwm | 5 (20%) | 2 (8%) | 6 (24%) | 1 (4%) | |||
| Tsis yog, mob mob mus tas li | - | - | 4 (16%) | - | |||
| Tsis yog, nyiaj laus | - | - | 1 (4%) | - | |||
| Tsis yog, lwm yam | 2 (8%) | 1 (4%) | 3 (12%) | 4 (16%) | |||
| Kev Koom Tes (%) | |||||||
| tib | 6 (24%) | 4 (16%) | χ2 (3) = 3.09, ns | 11 (44%) | 9 (36%) | χ2 (4) = 8.38, ns | χ2 (4) = 12.77, ns |
| Hauv kev koom tes | 7 (28%) | 6 (24%) | 12 (48%) | 10 (40%) | |||
| Lawv tau sib yuav | 8 (32%) | 14 (56%) | - | 6 (24%) | |||
| Sib cais / sib nrauj lawm | 3 (12%) | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | - | |||
| poj ntsuam | - | - | 1 (4%) | - | |||
| Preexisting mob [n (%)] | |||||||
| Kev nyuaj siab | 14 (56%) | 0% | - | 12 (48%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.32, ns |
| Kev ntxhov siab vim | 7 (28%) | 0% | - | 6 (24%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.10, ns |
| OCD | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0, ns |
| Kev noj tshuaj tsis meej | 4 (16%) | 0% | - | 2 (8%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.76, ns |
| Adaptive teeb meem | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | - | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 1.02, ns |
| Somatization tsis meej | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | - | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 1.02, ns |
| Psychosomatic teeb meem | 5 (20%) | 0% | - | 3 (12%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.60, ns |
| PTSD | 2 (8%) | 0% | - | - | 0% | - | - |
| Dissociative tus kheej tsis meej | - | 0% | - | 2 (8%) | 0% | - | - |
| Ciam tus neeg | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | - | 0% | - | |
| Lwm yam teeb meem ntawm tus cwj pwm | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | 2 (8%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.36, ns |
| Hom kev nyuab siab | 3 (12%) | 0% | - | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 1.09, ns |
| schizophrenia | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0, ns |
| ADHD | 10 (40%) | 0% | - | 0 (0%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 12.50 * |
| lwm yam | 0 (0%) | 0% | 4 (16%) | 0% | χ2 (1) = 4.35 |
Nco ntsoov. Cov cheeb tsam gray yog sawv cev ntawm kev sib piv ntawm cov chaw kuaj mob thiab kev tswj hwm. Kem kawg yog nruab nrab ntawm kev sib piv ntawm ob pawg neeg sib koom tes. SD: qauv sib txawv; IUD: Kev siv kev siv hauv Internet; ADHD: qhia qhov tsis zoo rau qhov tsis zoo; OCD: obsessive compulsive disorder; PTSD: qhov teeb meem tom qab tsis ntev no.
Plaub cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg uas ploj lawm, ib cov ntaub ntawv tau muab teev tseg, peb cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg.
*p <.01. **p <.001.
DSM-IV Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej rau ADHD
Hais txog 18 ntawm 25 ADHD cov neeg mob (72%) tau mus txog qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov tus kheej no. Cov pab pawg no tau ua tiav cov lus rau kev sib txuam subtype ua ke (36%) ncaj nraim los ntawm cov neeg tsis sib haum (32%). Hauv ib qho, ib qho hyperactive-impulsive subtype tau pom (4%) thiab peb cov neeg koom tsis tau txog qhov kev txiav tawm (12%). Plaub cov ntaub ntawv teev txog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm DSM cov qauv raug ploj lawm (16%).
Hais txog 7 ntawm 25 IUD cov neeg mob (28%) tau soj ntsuam zoo rau ADHD hauv DSM cov txheej xwm. Ntawm no, qhov sib txuam subtype feem ntau yog ib qho kev pom zoo (12%). Ob leeg tau raug soj ntsuam zoo rau kev tsis sib haum xeeb (8%) thiab qhov hyperactive-impulsive subtype (8%). Hauv 15 case (60%), qhov psychometrical cut-off rau ADHD tsis tau mus txog thiab peb cov ntaub ntawv teev (12%) tau ploj lawm. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov IUD pab pawg thiab lawv cov kev tswj hwm hais txog DSM cov cai. Thaum kawg, ob pawg neeg sib koom sib dhos sib txawv ntawm ib leeg sib txawv ntawm txoj kev sib faib ntawm kev ua ke thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev zoo ntawm ADHD pab pawg. Tsis muaj qhov txawv txav tau pom txog qhov kev xav ua kom tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws.
WURS-k
Cov qhab nia ntawm WURS-k qhia txog ADHD ua ntej rau ADHD pawg los ntawm qhov qhab nias nruab nrab (M = 41.68, SD = 16.52). Ntawm tus kheej qib, 18 (72%) cov neeg koom pom pom qhov muaj nuj nqis sib npaug los yog siab dua qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm 30. Hauv tag nrho, pawg ADHD tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm lawv cov kev tswj hwm (U = 26.00, p <.001). Xav txog qhov qhab nia nruab nrab, IUD pawg pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm WURS-k nyob ze rau kev thov txiav tawm taw qhia txog qhov nce ntawm ADHD cov tsos mob thaum tseem yauM = 27.29, SD = 17.30). Ntawm tus kheej theem, yim kis IUD (32%) tau mus txog ib tus nqi, uas yog sib npaug lossis siab dua cov ntawv txiav tawm. Ob pawg kuaj mob tsis sib txawv sib txawv txog rau lawv tus kheej tshaj tawm ADHD symptomatology thaum yau.
TSHAJ
Raws li CAARS tsis muab qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm cov qhab-nees ntawm cov nqaij nyoos thiab tsuas yog siv cov cai ntawm kev sib deev, t-cov ntaub ntawv ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Christiansen li al. (2014) raug qhia txog kev ntsuam xyuas qhov ntev ntawm ADHD symptomatology. Ntawm no, t-qhov sib npaug los yog siab tshaj 65 yog cov nqi raws li qhov chaw khomob. Lub t-qhov ntawm 60 thiab 65 txhais tau tias muaj cov tsos mob siab, uas yog siab dua li qub thiab cim ua tus ciam teb rau cov kev mob hnyav. ADHD pab pawg tau pom tias muaj cov qhab nia siab thiab cov qhab nias ntawm txhua qhov loj ntawm CAARS thiab txawv ntawm lawv cov tswj. Hauv ib leeg, 19 cov tib neeg (76%) ntawm ADHD pawg tau soj ntsuam cov qib qis rau DSM-IV implying tsis tu ncua ADHD feem ntau ntawm cov neeg mob. Pawg IUD tau pom cov qhab-nees nce siab me ntsis mus rau CAARS. Lawv txawv ntawm lawv cov kev tswj ntawm ob peb qhov tsuas tshwj qhov qis dua qhov qub, qhov kev poob siab, DSM-IV hyperactive-impulsive, thiab DSM-IV ADHD cov tsos mob. Hauv ib leeg, tsib cov ntaub ntawv (20%) tau ua raws li cov qauv hauv CAARS DSM-IV ADHD. Hauv kev sib piv ntawm ob pawg neeg sib koom tes, ADHD pab pawg sib txawv hauv feem coob ntawm CAARS qhov siab tsuas yog cov teeb meem nrog kev ntsuas tus kheej ntawm pawg IUD.
ISS
Zuag qhia tag nrho, ADHD cov neeg mob tau pom tias muaj ntau dua ISS qhab nia li piv nrog lawv cov kev tswj hwm [(M = 36.36, SD = 17.45) vs. (M = 23.00, SD = 4.34)], tabsis qhov nruab nrab tsis ncav cuag kev txiav rau cov teeb meem lossis kev siv kab mob kev siv Internet. Ntawm qib subscale, ADHD pab pawg pom tias muaj ntau dua qib siab rau qhov tswj tsis tau (M = 9.68, SD = 4.09), cov tsos mob tshem tawm (M = 6.56, SD = 3.66), thiab cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev sib raug zoo (M = 6.32, SD = 3.73) piv nrog lawv tswj. Ntawm tus kheej ib qib, tsib tus neeg mob (20%) qhia cov qhab nia sib npaug los yog siab dua qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm txoj kev pheej hmoo los tsim kev muaj yees hauv Is Taws Nem. Peb tus neeg mob (12%) tiag tiag pom qhov muaj nuj nqis uas sib npaug lossis siab dua kev txiav tawm rau kev quav. Hauv pawg IUD, ISS qhia kev siv teebmeem rau plaub tus neeg mob (16%) thiab siv internet pathological rau 10 tus neeg mob (40%). Ntawm qib subscale, pawg IUD qhia pom tias qhov poob qis dua ntawm kev tswj (M = 11.92, SD = 3.49), cov tsos mob tshem tawm (M = 10.12, SD = 3.27), kev ua siab ntev (M = 12.64, SD = 3.29), qhov tsis zoo rau kev sib raug zoo (M = 10.28, SD = 3.61), thiab kev ua haujlwm (M = 8.32, SD = 4.40) piv nrog lawv tswj. Hauv kev sib piv ncaj qha, IUD pawg tau tshaj pawg ADHD tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov ntev ntawm ISS tsuas yog tus txoj kev tswj tsis tau subscale.
BDI thiab SCL-90-R
Tag nrho, ADHD cov neeg mob pom cov txiaj ntsim zoo rau qhov kev nyuab siab me ntsis (M = 16.96, SD = 9.91). Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau sib txawv ntawm lawv tswj hwm. Ntawm cov ADHD cov neeg mob, 13 (52%) tau ntsuas pom tias yog kev kho mob lub siab. Pawg IUD pom ua rau pom kev nyuaj siab me ntsis, uas yog qhov tseem me me ntawm qhov hais txog ntawm BDI (M = 18.54, SD = 8.40). Ntawm no, 15 tus neeg mob (60%) tau raug ntsuas tias yog kev kho mob lub siab. Ntxiv dua thiab, cov pab pawg no sib txawv sib txawv ntawm lawv txoj kev tswj hwm. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob pawg sib txawv. Hais txog SCL-90-R, ob pawg kuaj mob tau sib txawv ntau ntawm lawv cov kev tswj hwm ntawm txhua qhov ntsuas. Hauv kev sib piv ncaj qha, ob pawg neeg kuaj mob tsis pom muaj qhov sib txawv sib txawv tab sis qhia tau nce cov qhab nia, uas tau nyob ntawm ntug ua haujlwm hauv chaw kho mob. Zuag qhia tag nrho, ob pawg kuaj mob pom tau hais tias nce siab cov tsos mob thauj khoom qhia txog qib muaj feem cuam tshuam.
Cov vevxais hloov suab paj nruag
Luv luv, qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias feem ntau ntawm cov neeg mob, tsis muaj ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua ke (saib Cov Lus 4)). Tsuas yog tsawg tus lej hloov tau pom tias muaj kev faib tawm ib txwm, tab sis raws li qhov tsis yog kev sib txuas (piv txwv li, Mann – Whitney U kev ntsuam xyuas) kuj tuaj yeem siv rau cov rooj plaub no, ib qho uas tsis yog-hom phiaj yog xaiv rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv teeb.
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Cov lus 4. Siv xov xwm. Txhais tau tias (SD)
ADHD pab pawg (n = 25) | Cov pab pawg tswj (n = 25) | Txheeb cais | Pawg IUD (n = 25) | Cov pab pawg tswj (n = 25) | Txheeb cais | Txheeb cais (ADHD vs. IUD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yees duab ua si [n (%)] | 15 (60) | 9 (36) | χ2 (1) = 2.89, ns | 21 (87.5)a | 10 (40) | χ2 (1) = 11.89 ** | χ2 (1) = 4.75, ns |
| Yees duab siv yees duab siv txij li xyoo (xyoo) | 9.3 (5.95) | 13.3 (6.98) | U = 47.0, ns | 13.15 (6.26) | 12.9 (6.15) | U = 93.00, ns | U = 99.00, ns |
| Siv yees duab siv yees duab (hnub / vas thiv) | 4.61 (2.34) | 2.31 (2.05) | U = 55.0, ns | 5.90 (2.02) | 2.75 (2.53) | U = 240.00, ns | U = 88.50 * |
| Siv yees duab siv yees duab (teev / hnub) | 3.69 (3.12) | 1.81 (1.31) | U = 32.50, ns | 6.47 (5.41) | 1.94 (0.95) | U = 18.00 ** | U = 81.50, ns |
| Txhawb nqa ua si video games [n (%)] | |||||||
| paj | 7 (46.7) | 4 (44.4) | 10 (47.6) | 5 (50) | |||
| Lom ze | 10 (66.7) | 7 (77.8) | 16 (76.2) | 9 (90) | |||
| laj | 5 (33.3) | 3 (33.3) | 14 (66.7) | 4 (40) | |||
| So kom txaus | 7 (46.7) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (23.8) | 1 (90) | |||
| stimulation | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | |||
| Zeej | 3 (20) | 0 (0) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | |||
| socialization | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 5 (23.8) | 0 (0) | |||
| Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej [n (%)] | 11 (73.3) | 0 (0) | χ2 (1) = 12.76 ** | 12 (57.1) | 1 (10) | χ2 (1) = 7.60 * | χ2 (1) = 0.52, ns |
| Internet [n (%)] | 24 (96) | 21 (84) | χ2 (1) = 2.00, ns | 23 (95.8) | 23 (92) | χ2 (1) = 0.31, ns | χ2 (1) = 0.001, ns |
| Siv Internet txij li xyoo (xyoo) | 5.08 (2.86) | 5.86 (2.20) | U = 208.50, ns | 7.43 (3.67) | 5.65 (2.60) | U = 203.50, ns | U = 181.50, ns |
| Siv Internet (hnub / vas thiv) | 4.96 (2.20) | 3.48 (2.52) | U = 168.00, ns | 6.96 (0.21) | 3.96 (2.57) | U = 143.00 ** | U = 121.00 ** |
| Siv Internet (teev / hnub) | 2.50 (2.43) | 1.64 (1.97) | U = 134.50, ns | 6.47 (4.07)a | 2.20 (2.52) | U = 66.00 ** | U = 65.00 ** |
| Kev siab xav siv Internet [n (%)] | |||||||
| paj | 22 (91.7) | 21 (100) | 16 (69.6) | 22 (95.7) | |||
| Lom ze | 10 (41.7) | 4 (19) | 14 (60.9) | 8 (34.8) | |||
| laj | 5 (20.8) | 2 (9.5) | 14 (60.9) | 4 (17.4) | |||
| So kom txaus | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (17.4) | 0 (0) | |||
| stimulation | 6 (25) | 7 (33.3) | 5 (21.7) | 6 (26.1) | |||
| Zeej | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 6 (26.1) | 0 (0) | |||
| socialization | 10 (41.7) | 2 (9.5) | 11 (47.8) | 2 (8.7) | |||
| Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej [n (%)] | 6 (25) | 2 (9.5) | χ2 (1) = 2.02, ns | 17 (73.9) | 3 (13) | χ2 (1) = 20.42 ** | χ2 (1) = 14.03 ** |
Nco ntsoov. Cov cheeb tsam gray yog sawv cev ntawm kev sib piv ntawm cov chaw kuaj mob thiab kev tswj hwm. Sab kawg kiag yog qhov sib piv sib piv ntawm ob pawg neeg sib koom tes. SD: qauv sib txawv; IUD: Kev siv kev siv hauv Internet; ADHD: qhia qhov tsis zoo rau qhov tsis zoo; ns: tsis tseem ceeb.
aIb cov ntaub ntawv muab teev cia, plaub cov ntaub ntawv teev cia tsis pom.
*p <.01. **p <.001.
ADHD pab pawg tiv thaiv pawg tswj hwm
Qhov ntsuam xyuas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev sib deev, hnub nyoog, kev kawm, kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev koom tes ntawm ADHD pab pawg thiab nws pawg tswj hwm. Feem ntau qhov tsim nyog, raws li cov cai ntawm kev koom ua ke, ADHD pab pawg txawv ntawm nws pawg tswj hwm ntawm cov kev mob nkeeg yav dhau los. Ntawm no, kev nyuaj siab thiab ntxhov siab vim muaj kev mob ntau tshaj plaws. Tau tsawg dua, muaj kev noj qab haus huv thiab cov kev puas siab puas ntsws tau raug qhia tawm hauv pawg ADHD.
IUD pab pawg tiv thaiv pawg tswj hwm
Cov kev ntsuam xyuas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov IUD thiab nws pawg tswj hwm. Pawg IUD qhia tshaj tawm txog kev mob nkeeg ntau tshaj li qhov lawv tswj hwm. Rov ua dua, kev nyuaj siab thiab kev ntxhov siab yog cov mob nyhav tshaj plaws.
ADHD tiv thaiv IUD
Hauv feem ntau ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm kev sib txawv, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob qho chaw kho mob. Raws li kev xav, ADHD pab qhia txog ADHD uas muaj preexisting ntau heev.
Siv xov xwm
ADHD pab pawg tiv thaiv pawg tswj hwm
Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev siv Internet ntawm ADHD pawg thiab lawv cov kev tswj. Tib yam nyiaj rau cov cai rau kev ua si hauv online. Txog kev txhim kho kev siv yees duab ua si, muaj ib qho qauv tseem ceeb. ADHD cov neeg mob tau qhia siv cov kev ua si hauv video los txhawb kev kho siab, thiab / los yog kev pabcuam rau kev sib haum xeeb, yog tsis muaj leej twg tswj tau. Lwm txoj kev txhawb zog siv cov kev ua si hauv video ntawm ADHD cov neeg mob yog rau kev mus so. Qhov laj thawj uas siv Internet hauv cov tib neeg hauv ADHD pab pawg neeg vim yog kev txaus siab. ADHD pab pawg neeg tau qhia ntau dua li muab piv rau lawv cov tswj kom pom lawv tus kheej raws li kev yees kev ua si yees duab [11 vs. 0, χ2 (1) = 12.76, p <.001].
IUD tiv thaiv pawg tswj hwm
Cov pawg IUD siv kev ua si video ntau dua li sib piv nrog lawv cov tswj [21 vs. 10, χ2 (1) = 11.89, p <.001]. Kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv txog cov xuab moos tau siv nyob rau ib hnub nrog kev ua si video uas nyiam IUD pawg [(M = 6.47, SD = 5.41) vs. (M = 1.94, SD = 0.95), U = 18.00, p <.001]. Hais txog kev siv Is Taws Nem, IUD pawg siv sijhawm ntau teev nyob rau ib hnub siv Is Taws Nem piv nrog lawv tswj [(M = 6.47, SD = 4.07) vs. (M = 2.20, SD = 2.52), U = 66.0, p <.001]. Cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm kev siv cov yeeb yaj kiab yees duab pom ntawm ADHD cov neeg mob kuj tseem pom ntawm IUD cov neeg mob. Qhov laj thawj xav siv Is Taws Nem ntawm cov tib neeg nrog IUD mas vim los ntawm kev txaus siab. Cov neeg mob IUD qhia tshaj tawm lawv tus kheej tias lawv quav los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab video [12 vs. 1, χ2 (1) = 7.60, p = .006] kev nquag ntau dua li lawv tswj.
ADHD tiv thaiv IUD
Cov neeg koom hauv pawg IUD tau siv sijhawm ntau dua ib lub lim tiam nrog rau kev ua si video [(M = 5.90, SD = 2.02) vs. (M = 4.61, SD = 2.34), U = 88.50, p <.05], txawm hais tias lawv tsis siv sijhawm ntau teev nyob rau ib hnub nrog nws [(M = 6.47, SD = 5.41) vs. (M = 3.69, SD = 3.12), U = 81.50, p > .05]. Qhov kev txhawb kom siv cov video games hauv pawg IUD txawv ntawm pawg ADHD raws li qhov siab dua ua kom tsis txhob muaj kev laj siab. Ib qho ntxiv, kev xav tau kev sib raug zoo yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv IUD pawg. Kev siv cov yeeb yaj kiab video rau kev so tau ntau dua li tau hais tseg nyob rau hauv ADHD pawg. Hauv kev sib piv ncaj qha ntawm ob pawg kuaj mob, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev pom tus kheej quav yeeb yaj kiab video games. Pawg IUD tau siv Is Taws Nem siv tau ntau xuaj moos nyob hauv ib hnub [(M = 6.47, SD = 4.07) vs. (M = 2.5, SD = 2.43), U = 65.0, p <.001]. Qhov kev mob siab xav siv Is Taws Nem sib txawv raws li kev laj nyob, kho siab, lom zem, thiab so kom txaus nyiam IUD pawg.
Comorbidities
Yog xav paub ntxiv thiab txhim kho cov kab sib txuas thiab cov koom haum ua ke ntawm ob qho kev ntshawv siab, cov neeg mob uas mus txog qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm cov kev ntsuas ntawm ADHD thiab IUD raug kuaj xyuas nyias. Ntawm no, cov neeg mob uas pom tus nqi siab tshaj los yog sib npaug ntawm 50 rau ISS thiab T-nqi siab dua los yog sib npaug ntawm 65 rau CAARS DSM-IV ADHD kev ntsuas tau muab tso rau hauv pawg no. Txoj kev ua no tau ua rau yim neeg tau qis ntawm ob pawg neeg sib txig sib luag. Pawg no tau muaj tsib tug txivneej thiab peb pojniam nrog lub hnub nyoog ntawm 41.6 xyoo (SD = 10.23). Kwv yees li 75% tau ua hauj lwm thiab 62.5% muaj ib tus khub. Raws li WURS-k, 87.5% tau ua tiav cov qauv rau ADHD hauv menyuam yaus (feem ntau yog ua ke subtype). Yog li ntawd, pawg no tau pom tus nqi siab WURS-k (M = 49.88, SD = 16.19) kuj qhia txog preexisting ADHD thaum tseem yau. Hais txog lawv qhov kev siv xov xwm tawm, 62.5% ntawm pawg no tau tshaj tawm qhia txog kev ua si video games nyob rau nruab nrab rau 4.40 xyoo (SD = 2.07) rau 6 hnub / lub lis piam (SD = 1.73) ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm 4.60 hr (SD = 4.22) feem ntau rau kev lom zem (60%) thiab so (60%). Is Taws Nem tau siv los ntawm cov neeg mob hauv pab pawg no qhov nruab nrab txij li 7.75 xyoo (SD = 3.77). Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tshaj tawm tias siv Is Taws Nem hauv nruab nrab li 6 teev / hnub (SD = 5.90) feem ntau rau kev lom ze (62.5%), paj (62.5%), thiab kev sib raug zoo (50%). Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov pab pawg tshaj qhov txiav-tawm rau kev quav rau ISS (M = 61.50, SD = 9.53). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm CAARS DSM-IV: Kev ntsuas ADHD tuaj yeem pom tias yog kev sib txuam ntau heev (M = 81.75, SD = 7.72). Thaum kawg, pawg neeg tawm haujlwm no yuav piav tau tias muaj kev ntxhov siab me me (M = 17.13, SD = 7.10).
Sib txheeb
Qhov tseeb, cov cuab yeej siv tau ua kom pom zoo thiab muaj peev xwm ua raws li txoj hauv kev ua kom txaus (Cov lus 5). Hauv cov pab pawg neeg ADHD, WURS-k thiab cov sijhawm siv Internet tau pom kev sib raug zoo thiab tseem ceeb heev (r = .630, p <.01). Qhov zoo siab nthuav tawm, lub koom haum no tsuas yog tsis muaj zog nyob hauv IUD tus qauv thiab ua tsis tau los qhia qhov tseem ceeb (r = .264, ns). Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv yeeb yaj kiab siv hauv cov xuab moos thiab WURS-k tsis pub dhau ADHD cov qauv tau siab tab sis tsis tseem ceeb (r = .564, p = .056). Qhov zoo siab, qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem nyob hauv IUD coj mus kuaj (r = .297, ns). Tsis pub dhau ADHD cov qauv, muaj cov kev sib tshuam tab sis tsis tseem ceeb ntawm ISS thiab siv Internet hauv cov xuab moos (r = .472, ns), uas tsis yog rooj plaub nyob rau hauv IUD qauv (r = .171, ns). Hauv qhov piv txwv IUD, CAARS cov ntsuas kev ua haujlwm tau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem nyob rau hauv cov xuaj moos mus rau ib nrab, tsis tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (r = .453, ns). Hauv pawg ntawm cov neeg mob uas kuaj pom nrog ob ADHD thiab IUD, muaj qhov sib txuam thiab tseem ceeb sib cuam tshuam ntawm WURS-k thiab ISS (r = .884, p <.01) (tsis tshwm hauv Rooj Lus 5).
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Cov lus 5. Nplai sib txheeb thiab kev sib xyaw nrog (sab laug: ADHD thiab txoj cai IUD) hauv kab pheeb suab rau ADHD (hauv qab kab pheeb ces kaum) thiab IUD qauv (saum cov kab pheeb ces kaum)
Nplai | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. WURS-k | 0.919 | 0.907 | -0.022 | 0.627 | 0.223 | 0.715* | 0.208 | 0.611* | 0.264 | 0.297 | ||||||||
| 2. ISS | 0.394 | 0.977 | 0.918 | 0.232 | 0.218 | 0.159 | 0.169 | 0.236 | 0.171 | -0.319 | ||||||||
| 3. CAARS DSM-IV: ADHD | 0.509 | 0.364 | 0.932 | 0.929 | 0.771* | 0.830* | -0.281 | 0.442 | 0.315 | -0.147 | ||||||||
| 4. CAARS DSM-IV: kev tsis ua haujlwm | 0.389 | 0.396 | 0.891* | 0.888 | 0.866 | 0.285 | -0.315 | 0.159 | -0.017 | -0.200 | ||||||||
| 5. CAARS DSM-IV: kev lom zem heev | 0.523 | 0.271 | 0.919* | 0.640* | 0.838 | 0.898 | -0.147 | 0.525 | 0.453 | -0.077 | ||||||||
| 6. BDI | -0.011 | 0.357 | 0.176 | 0.143 | 0.174 | 0.881 | 0.820 | 0.294 | 0.216 | -0.050 | ||||||||
| 7. SCL-90 (GSI) | -0.206 | 0.104 | 0.276 | 0.304 | 0.203 | 0.580* | 0.962 | 0.945 | 0.298 | -0.042 | ||||||||
| 8. Siv Is Taws Nem (hr) | 0.630* | 0.472 | 0.418 | 0.385 | 0.392 | 0.025 | -0.223 | - | - | -0.078 | ||||||||
| 9. Kev siv ua si video (hr) | 0.564 | 0.418 | 0.313 | 0.231 | 0.342 | 0.209 | -0.158 | 0.818* | - | - | ||||||||
Nco ntsoov. Pearson cov kev sib raug zoo, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv teev tau los ntawm 12 rau 25 (ADHD pab pawg) thiab 17 rau 24 (IUD pab pawg). WURS-k: Wender Utah Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas; ISS: Internetsuchtskala; IUD: Kev siv kev siv hauv Internet; ADHD: qhia qhov tsis zoo rau qhov tsis zoo; CAARS: Conners 'Adult ADHD Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Nplai; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; SCL-90-R: Symptom-checklist-90; GSI: Ntiaj teb qhov tseem ceeb Index.
*p <.01; p qhov tseem ceeb yog ob tog.
kev sib tham
Pawg IUD
Raws li kev cia siab, cov neeg mob kuaj mob IUD kuj pom zoo rau txhua yam kev siv tiv thaiv hauv Internet los ntawm lawv cov tshuaj. Peb pom ib tug qauv zoo sib xws nrog rau qee qhov kev ntsuas ntawm cov laus ADHD.
ADHD mob hauv IUD
Tsis pub dhau cov neeg mob kuaj pom nrog IUD, peb pom muaj ntau tus lej ntawm ADHD. Cov lej loj ntawm cov menyuam yaus ADHD nyob hauv pawg IUD cov neeg mob qhia tias ADHD yuav sawv cev rau kev pheej hmoo txaus ntshai rau kev pib thiab kev loj hlob ntawm IUD. Txhawb nqa rau cov lus qhia no qia, piv txwv li, los ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj nicotine thiab cawv quav cawv. Ntawm no, Ohlmeier li al. (2007) pom tau hais tias yuav luag plaub feem pua ntawm cov neeg mob haus cawv los ntawm tus neeg mob tuaj yeem kuaj nrog ADHD thaum yau. Kev txhawb ntxiv los ntawm cheeb tsam kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet los ntawm Dalbudak thiab Evren (2014). Hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab, lawv pom ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov kev ntsuas ntawm WURS-25 thiab IAS. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, 20% ntawm cov neeg mob IUD tau pom muaj cov tsos mob ntawm ADHD neeg laus. Kev siv cov naj npawb, peb pom kev txhawb nqa rau peb txoj kev xav ntawm cov koom haum muaj zog ntawm ob qho kev mob. Raws li lub cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus saib mob lub ntsiab lus, yog tseem me, tsuas yog Bernardi thiab Pallanti (2009) muab cov ntaub ntawv los piv cov kev tshawb pom no. Ntawm no, lawv pom tau hais tias 20% ntawm lawv cov neeg laus cov neeg mob, uas raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev siv lub vas sab los ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Young (1998) IAS, ua tiav cov ntsiab lus rau cov laus ADHD. Raws li lawv cov kev tshawb pom zoo nrog peb cov qhab-nees, peb tso siab rau qhov tseeb ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv los ntawm Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen, thiab Yen (2008) uas tau soj ntsuam kev puas siab ntsws ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv qib siab uas muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. Ntawm no, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau khiav los ntawm qhov kev sib tham txog kev tawm tsam ntawm kev puas hlwb thiab 32.2% tau qhia tias muaj ADHD. Dua li ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog-clinical, cov ntsiab lus tseem qhia tau hais tias ADHD thiab IUD pom cov koom haum ntau.
IUD - Kev sib nrauj thiab kev sib raug zoo
Thaum xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv qee cov kev siv online, peb pom muaj ib qho qauv zoo nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg ntawm tus mob IUD. Raws li tau tshaj tawm, cov kev ua si yees duab raug siv los txhawb, kho siab, thiab sib koom nrog lwm tus hauv pawg IUD, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm lawv cov kev tswj tau qhia txog xws li kev txhawb nqa. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov laj thawj yog qhov laj thawj loj ntawm cov neeg mob kuaj mob ntawm IUD. Hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, Skues, Williams, Oldmeadow, thiab ntse (2016) paub qhov laj thawj ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm PIU. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kho siab yog ob lub txiaj ntsim nrog lub laj kab thiab PIU, tiam sis tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus qauv. Lawv xaus lus tias cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv muaj kev nyuaj siab yuav siv Internet los nrhiav kev txhawb zog thiab kev txaus siab ua raug them. Raws li peb cov ntaub ntawv, peb qhia qhov kev pom zoo no thaum peb pom kev lom zem thiab kev lom zem los ua cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb los koom hauv kev ua si hauv online, ob qho tib si rau kev ua si video thiab hauv Internet. Thaum xav txog cov kev sib raug zoo, peb pom cov kev sib raug zoo los sis tsis zoo ntawm kev ntsuas thiab kev sib nrauj xws li xov xwm siv sijhawm. Ntawm no, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias kev siv cov xuab moo uas siv cov xuab moos tsis raug xam pom tias yog ib qho kev siv los ntsuas rau IUD. Cov txheej xwm soj ntsuam xws li cov tub ntxhais hluas (1996) thiab Beard thiab Hma (2001) yog cov txheej txheem kub xws li cov teebmeem ntawm IUD hauv kev ntiav thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub neej. Lub ntsiab lus no yog qhia tob txog los ntawm ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm Hahn thiab Yeluxalees (2010) uas tau tshaj qhia txog qhov sib txheeb xwb r = .40 ntawm ISS thiab kev siv xov xwm nruab nrab siv sij hawm hauv ib lub lim tiam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no tau tshwm sim hauv qhov tsis yog kev kuaj mob.
ADHD pab pawg
Thaum xav txog cov kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet, ADHD cov neeg mob tau sib txawv los ntawm lawv cov kev tswj ntawm feem ntau cov kev ntsuas.
Kab mob hauv IUD hauv ADHD
Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm ISS tau qhia tias 20% ntawm cov neeg mob kuaj mob nrog ADHD qhia pom qhov muaj nuj nqis, uas nyob siab dua qhov kev txiav rau cov teeb meem thiab kev siv Internet. Txog peb cov kev paub, qhov no yog thawj qhov kev tshawb nrhiav uas muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev siv xov xwm tsis pub dhau ib tus neeg laus thiab chaw kuaj mob ADHD cov pej xeem. Yog li, kev sib piv ncaj qha ntawm cov txiaj ntsig no yog qhov nyuaj. Han li al. (2009) tshawb xyuas ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov me nyuam yaus kuaj mob ADHD thiab nrhiav tau 45% kom raug siv rau hauv Is Taws Ntuj Pheej ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm IAS. Txawm hais tias peb cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov hnub nyoog thiab cov ntaub ntawv thov, peb tseem pom kev txhawb nqa rau peb pom tias IUD yog ib qho teeb meem tsis zoo rau cov menyuam yaus, tiam sis tseem muaj cov laus nrog ADHD. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej nyob hauv cov laus neeg loj dua qub yuav tsum tau muab cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv txog cov kev mob nce qib. Qhov ISS txiav tawm los ua kom muaj teeb meem los yog kev siv tshuaj ntsig siv los paub txog tias yuav raug teeb tsa siab vim tias cov txheej txheem pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, nws zoo li xav tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm IUD ntawm cov laus feem ntau pom zoo nrog ADHD.
ADHD - Kev nrhav kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo
Txog kev sib txuam ntawm kev siv xov xwm nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob kuaj pom nrog ADHD, peb nrhiav tau ib qho qauv tshwm sim. Ib qho loj vim cov ADHD cov neeg mob ua si video games yog rau kev mus so. Tau kawg, qhov no tsis yog pathological rau hauv nws tus kheej, tab sis tseem ntawm kev xav vim qhov no vim muaj feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob kuaj mob nrog ADHD piv nrog rau lwm pab pawg neeg. Los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lom ntshuaj, nws paub zoo tias ADHD yog txuam nrog kev ua tsis taus dopamine tsawg (Friedel li al., 2007; Kub, Blum, Oscar-Berman, & Braverman, 2014; Volkow li al., 2009). Raws li kev ua si hauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab tau txuas rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm qhov kev tawm dag siv (striatal dopamine release)Koepp li al., 1998) Gaming tej zaum yuav raug txhais raws li ib txoj kev ntawm kev siv tshuaj rau tus kheej kom tas li ntawm kev so. Lub tswv yim tshuaj kho tus kheej kuj tau raug nthuav tawm los piav txog cov kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntau ntawm cov neeg uas muaj ADHD (rau tus txheej txheem cej luam, saib Biederman li al., 1995). Yog li, ntawm no, qhov kev tshaj tawm hais tias siv video ua si rau kev mus so yuav muab txhais raws li qhov kev xav ntawm dopamine tso tawm thaum ua si. Raws li lub cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov laus thiab cov neeg mob ADHD cov neeg mob tsawg, cov tswv yim no tseem tshua txog. Nyob rau theem ntawm kev sib raug zoo, peb pom cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm WURS-k thiab cov xov xwm siv sij hawm. Qhov sib txheeb ntawm WURS-k thiab cov kev ua si hauv kev siv yees hauv lub sijhawm tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tab sis tseem siab. Ntawm no, qhov loj me me piv txwv thiab qhov kev ntsuam xyuas qhov tseem ceeb yuav tau tiv thaiv qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev sib raug zoo no yog kev txaus siab vim muaj qee cov pov thawj qhia tias retrospectively qhia txog cov ADHD cov tsos mob txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm. Hauv kev loj, pejxeem-piv txwv ntawm cov neeg laus, Kollins, McClernon, thiab Fuemmeler (2005) pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm ADHD tawm ntawm 5-12 thiab tus naj npawb ntawm haus luam yeeb txhua hnub. Hauv kev qhia ntau ntxiv, pes tsawg tus ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis sib haum nrog correlated zoo nrog tus naj npawb ntawm haus luam yeeb txhua hnub. Ntawm no, peb pom qee cov kab sib txuas rau peb cov ntaub ntawv, uas yuav pab txhawb ntxiv ntawm kev siv tshuaj rau yus tus kheej.
Ob chav kuaj - ADHD thiab IUD
Hauv cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov neeg mob uas pom tias muaj teebmeem rau cov qhab nia ntawm ISS thiab cov qhab nia tseem ceeb hauv CAARS ADHD, peb pom tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm WURS-k thiab ISS. Qhov kev sib raug zoo no txawv ntawm qhov subgroup no los ntawm pawg neeg saib mob xws li ADHD los yog IUD, qhov kev sib raug zoo tib yam tsuas yog qaug zog xwb. Qhov kev txhim kho no yuav ntxiv rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov menyuam yaus ADHD yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov pib thiab kev loj hlob ntawm IUD.
Muaj zog thiab cov kev txwv
Qhov no yog, peb txoj kev paub, thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb los nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib tw nrog piv txwv ntawm cov neeg mob kuaj pom tias ADHD thiab IUD (thiab lawv cov tswj) muab cov pov thawj ntxiv rau kev sib koom ua ke thiab txhawb txoj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm qhov no. Txoj kev tshawb no siv cov kev qhia psychometrical thiab clinical, uas ua hauj lwm nrog ntau yam kev hloov thiab cov cuab yeej zoo siv ntau lub tswv yim ntawm kev txaus siab li no pub peb tshawb xyuas thiab soj ntsuam ntau lub koom haum. Raws li qhov no yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm koog tsev kawm ntawv, peb tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov laj thawj ntawm cov koom haum uas peb pom. Raws li ADHD feem ntau muaj nws qhov pib thaum muaj hnub nyoog 7, nws tuaj yeem soj xyuas yog tias tsawg kawg ntawm cov koom haum uas pom tau hais txog ADHD cov tsos mob. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem hloov lub qauv ntev, uas yog ntawm qhov essence thaum nws los mus tshawb xyuas thiab soj ntsuam cov teeb meem kev loj hlob ntawm ADHD thiab IUD. Ib qho ntxiv ntawm kev txwv peb cov kev txhais tau tias tus qauv qis me me yog vim qeeb cov ntaub ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov chaw kuaj mob ua haujlwm rau ADHD thiab IUD cov neeg mob tsis siv rau lwm tus, uas yog teeb meem vim tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej cov lus nug tsis tas yuav qhia tau tias kev kuaj mob. Yog li, peb cov lus pom zoo yuav tsum tau txhais nrog kev ceev faj kom txog rau thaum rov muab dua rau hauv kev kuaj loj dua. Thaum kawg, ADHD pawg laus dua li pawg IUD, tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb. Txij thaum siv cov xov xwm digital tawm tshwj xeeb ntxiv rau cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov laus ADHD yuav tsis yog tus sawv cev raws li lawv siv Internet. Txawm li cas los xij, peb txoj kev tshawb no pom tau hais tias muaj teeb meem thiab kev siv cov kev siv hauv Internet kuj tuaj yeem raug pom ntawm cov neeg laus uas tsis pub muaj kev tshaj tawm hauv kev tshaj tawm hauv online los ntawm lawv cov menyuam hnub nyoog yau. Yog hais tias ntxov tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ADHD, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tau tias yog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam no hauv peb tus qauv ADHD.
Kev ntsuas mob thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam
Los ntawm kev soj ntsuam thiab vim muaj kev sib ncawg ntau tuaj, tus neeg mob IUD yuav tsum tau kuaj rau ADHD thaum nws pom tshwm sim. Cov neeg mob nrog ADHD yuav tsum khiav dej num hauv Internet thiab yees duab yees ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv zoo. Raws li kev kho mob, Chaw Ua Si, Lee, thiab Han (2016) yuav qhia tau tias 12-lub lis piam tshuaj nrog atomoxetine los yog MPH yuav txo qhov kev sib hlav ntawm IGD, uas yog sib haum nrog txo qis qis dua. Yog li, pharmacological thiab psychotherapeutic le caag aiming ntawm kev txo ntawm inattention, hyperactivity, thiab impulsivity tej zaum cov kev pab cuam feem ntau promising kom deb li deb. Raws li cov neeg mob ADHD feem ntau muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua lwm cov kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, cov kws kho mob yuav tsum paub txog kev ua haujlwm hauv kev quav tshuaj thiab kev dhau mus. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias kev tshaj tawm xov xwm tsis pub dhau thaum yau yau yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lwm tus, uas yuav ua rau lossis ua rau ADHD tsos mob.
cov lus xaus
Peb nrhiav tau kev txhawb rau qhov kev xav hais tias ntau dhau los yog cov kev tawm los ntawm cov neeg mob kuaj ADHD thiab / los sis IUD yog ib qho kev sib txawv thiab ntau txoj hauv kev tawm tsam thiab yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo thiab kho dua. Ntawm cov neeg mob, kev ua si hauv kev ua si yuav zoo li yog ib qho cuab yeej uas muaj kev xaiv rau hauv kev tshaj tawm duav tawv ncauj, thaum siv Internet rau cov txheej xwm no thiab ntawm cov neeg noj qab nyob zoo. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj rau cov neeg mob ADHD uas siv cov kev ua si video rau kev mus so kom muaj kev kawm zoo, uas tej zaum yuav raug ntaus nqi rau lawv cov kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm dopamine. Raws li cov nqi comorbidity zoo tshaj plaws, cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum tshawb xyuas cov mechanisms ntawm ob leeg mob thiab vim li no yuav tsum ntiav longitudinal designs tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam thiab cov neeg laus laus. Cov kws kho mob yuav tsum paub txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob leeg mob, ob qho tib si kuaj thiab kho mob. Cov ntsiab lus zoo tsim nyog rau kev kho mob ntawm ADHD tuaj yeem siv rau kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob IUD thiab. Tshaj li, thaum nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tswj kav ib qho kev siv Internet thoob plaws hauv kev kho mob thiab kev rov qab kho, ib qho kev hloov ntawm kev quav tshuaj yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab cov neeg mob.
Tus sau phau ntawv pab nyiaj
BTW: tus kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev kawm ntawv; MB: cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj ntsuam thiab thawj tus neeg sau; MD thiab IP: kev kuaj mob ntawm cov neeg mob nrog IUD; MR thiab MO: kev ntsuam xyuas rau cov neeg mob ADHD; LB, TS, JD-H, GRS, thiab AM: coauthors nrog kev txawj ntse ntawm IUD.
Teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teebmeem dabtsi.
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