Kev Tsoo Faib Txoj Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Hauv Internet (Gamers) Tsis Siv Tshuaj Cov Ntxim Saib Ntxim Ua (2018)

. 2018; 9: 291.

Luam tawm hauv internet 2018 Jun 29. doi:  10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00291

PMCID: PMC6033968

PMID: 30008681

Abstract

Kev twv txiaj hauv Is Taws Nem kev sib twv (IGD) feem ntau tau txheeb xyuas raws li cuaj tus hauv paus ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm Diagnostic thiab Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Ntawm no, peb tau tshuaj xyuas seb puas muaj cov cim raws li kev cais tawm kis tau tuaj yeem txhais ua cov lej raws li kev faib tawm. Qauv MRI (sMRI) thiab diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) cov ntaub ntawv xav tau hauv 38 cov neeg kuaj mob pom tias muaj IGD, 68 cov gamers niaj hnub kuaj pom tias tsis muaj IGD, thiab 37 noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers. Peb tsim cov 108 nta ntawm cov teeb meem grey (GM) thiab teeb meem dawb (WM) los ntawm MRI cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum ib txwm muaj logistic regression tau siv rau 108 neuroanatomical cov yam ntxwv los xaiv cov tseem ceeb rau kev sib txawv ntawm cov pawg, qhov tsis sib haum xeeb thiab ib txwm gamers tau sawv cev ntawm 43 thiab 21 nta, feem, hais txog kev noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers, qhov twg disordered gamers tau sawv cev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm 11 nta nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub cev gamers. Hauv kev txhawb nqa vector machine (SVM) siv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neuroanatomical raws li kev twv ua ntej, cov tsis sib haum thiab ib txwm muaj kev sib cais tau zoo, nrog qhov tseeb dhau 98%, los ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm gamers, tab sis kev faib tawm ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb thiab ib txwm muaj kev sib tw yog qhov nyuaj. Cov kev tshawb pom no qhia hais tias cov txiv neej ua si pathological thiab tsis-pathological raws li cov txheej txheem los ntawm DSM-5 tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm cov kev sib tw ntawm neuroanatomical, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov tsis muaj kev noj qab haus huv cov neeg.

keywords: kev twv txiaj hauv internet twv txiaj, soj ntsuam kev faib tawm, qauv MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, tsis tu ncua regression

Introduction

Txawm hais tias tau pom tias yog txoj kev yees rau xyoo lawm (), nws tsuas yog tsis ntev los no hais tias qhov kev twv txiaj hauv Is Taws Nem (IGD) tau teev nyob hauv Diagnostic thiab Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM). Qhov thib tsib tsab ntawm DSM (DSM-5) () qhia txog IGD yog ib qho kev mob rau kev kawm ntxiv thiab muab cuaj yam rau kev tshuaj xyuas nws. Hauv kev tso cim raws li kev cais tawm tau siv cuaj qhov khoom ntawm IGD teev (IGDS) tau thov hauv DSM − 5, qhov pib ntawm kev paub txog tsib lossis ntau dua cov cai raug siv rau kev kuaj mob ntawm IGD. Txawm hais tias qhov kev txiav-kis no yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg kis las uas raug mob tseem ceeb (), dichotomous xwm ntawm IGDS cov khoom uas qhov kev cuam tshuam nrog kev soj ntsuam dhau los lossis tsis meej.

Dhau li ntawm cov tsos mob, ntau yam ntawm IGD-cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua tau tshwm sim, tsis yog tsawg kawg neuroanatomical hloov. Tseeb, lub cev ntau ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau qhia tias IGD cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hauv lub hlwb: ntsws ntawm cov teeb meem grey (GM) ntim (-), txo hauv cortical tuab (), thiab plam ntawm cov teeb meem dawb (WM) kev ncaj ncees (, ) ib txwm pom. Cov kev hloov pauv neuroanatomical uas cuam tshuam nrog IGD qhia tau hais tias cov kev ntsuas hlwb rau lub hlwb tuaj yeem ua raws li biomarkers kom paub qhov txawv cov neeg uas muaj IGD los ntawm lwm tus neeg. Ntawd yog, kev kuaj mob ntawm IGD tej zaum yuav ua tau los ntawm kev suav teb ntawm neuroanatomical biomarkers, ntau dua li los ntawm kev tso tawm cov cim raws li kev soj ntsuam raws li DSM-5. Cov kev sim no tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev siv zog ua kom dhau ntawm qhov kev piav qhia los ntawm kev siv cov qauv kev suav mus rau txoj kev puas siab puas ntsws (), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntaub ntawv-kev mus kom ze raws li kev kawm tshuab (ML) txhawm rau txhawm rau soj ntsuam kev mob hlwb ().

Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no, peb tau tshawb pom qhov sib txuas ntawm cov cim raws li kev cais tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm IGDS thiab kev faib cov lej sib cais los ntawm kev siv neuroanatomical biomarkers hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm IGD. Vim tias qee qhov GM thiab WM Cheebtsam ntawm lub hlwb yuav suav nrog cov ntawv sau tsis raug lossis tsis raug rau cov kev txheeb xyuas kab mob, peb tau nrhiav kev xaiv qhov tsis xws li cov kabmob neuroanatomical los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua. Peb suav tias qhov kev cais raws qib tuaj yeem sawv cev tau hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov leeg neuroanatomical uas yuav tsim cov qauv kev faib tawm rau kev kuaj mob ntawm IGD. Pathological gamers tau tshawb fawb nrog IGD tau xav tias muaj kev sib cav ntau dua los ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kev twv txiaj zoo dua li ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam pom tias tsis muaj IGD, uas yog, tsis-pathological gamers; yog li, pathological gamers yuav tuaj yeem yog tus lej loj dua ntawm cov nta piv nrog cov tsis-pathological gamers, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kev twv txiaj. Ib qho ntxiv, peb xav txiav txim siab seb cov uas tsis yog-pathological gamers yuav tsis muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm cov pathological gamers lossis los ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj kev noj qab haus huv. Cov uas tsis yog-pathological gamers yuav tsis pom tau tias yuav nyob ze rau cov neeg tsis muaj kabmob kev noj qab haus huv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus piav qhia, tab sis peb xav tias xws li kev xav xav tau kev pov thawj uas yog los ntawm kev suav ntawm kev suav tawm.

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov hau kev

Cov neeg koom

Ntawm 237 cov neeg koom ua si hauv Internet ua si, cov neeg 106 tau raug xaiv los ntawm tsis suav cov neeg uas muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm tus kheej qhia IGDS thiab kev sib tham nrog tus kws soj ntsuam mob hlwb hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm IGD lossis tau plam lossis cuam tshuam loj ntawm lub hlwb. Raws li IGDS, cov tib neeg 38 (27.66 ± 5.61 xyoo; Cov poj niam 13) uas txaus siab tsawg kawg ntawm 5 khoom IGDS tau sau npe tsis txaus siab gamers thiab 68 cov neeg (27.96 ± 6.41 xyoo; Cov poj niam 21) uas txaus siab rau tsawg kawg ntawm IGDS cov khoom tau sau npe tsis txaus siab gamers thiab XNUMX cov neeg (XNUMX ± XNUMX xyoo; Cov poj niam XNUMX) uas txaus siab rau feem ntau ntawm IGDS cov khoom tau sau npe. gamers ib txwm. Cov tib neeg uas txaus siab IGDS cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm ob thiab plaub kuj raug cais tawm, vim tias lawv yuav pom tau tias yog lwm chav kawm ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab cov kis tsis raug cai ()). Ntxiv rau, 37 cov tib neeg (25.86 ± 4.10 xyoo; 13 poj niam) tsis ua si hauv Is Taws Nem cov kev sib tw tau cais tshwj xeeb, thiab lawv tau sau npe tias tsis muaj hmoo gamers. Qhov tsis muaj ntawm comorbidities hauv txhua tus neeg koom nrog tau lees paus. Cov ntawv sau qhia txog kev pom zoo tau txais los ntawm txhua tus neeg tuaj koom ua raws li cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm Helsinki thiab nws cov kev hloov kho tom qab, thiab txoj kev tshawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Kauslim.

Kev nrhiav MRI cov ntaub ntawv

Cov txheej txheem MRI (sMRI) thiab diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) cov ntaub ntawv tau sau los siv 3 T MAGNETOM Verio system (Siemens AG, Erlangen, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees). Kev nrhiav kom tau cov ntaub ntawv sMRI tau ua tiav siv cov khoom sib nqus-npaj tau sai dua cov suab nrov: cov lej hauv cov dav hlau sagittal = 176, qhov tuab tuab = 1 hli, matrix loj = 256 × 256, thiab hauv dav hlau daws = 1 × 1 hli Cov. Rau qhov tau los ntawm dMRI cov ntaub ntawv, diffusion gradient encoding tau ua hauv 30 cov lus qhia nrog b = 1,000 s / hli2 thiab lub suab txhaj koob ib leeg-lub tswv yim npaj tau siv: tus lej hauv cov dav hlau axial = 75, qhov tuab tuab = 2 hli, ntsuas loj = 114 × 114, thiab hauv dav hlau daws = 2 × 2 hli.

Kev ua cov ntaub ntawv MRI

Cov cuab yeej suav nrog hauv CAT12 (http://www.neuro.uni-jena.de/cat/) tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv sMRI. Lub hlwb ntim cov duab tau muab faib rau cov nqaij sib txawv, suav nrog GM, WM, thiab cov kua corticospinal ntxiv rau cov ntawv sau npe mus rau ib lub hlwb siv hauv cov txheej txheem qauv. Hauv cov voxel-based morphometry (VBM), voxel-paub cov khoom ntim GM tau kwv yees los ntawm kev sib npaug qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua GM los ntawm qhov ntim ntawm voxel, thiab tom qab ntawd cov txiaj ntsig tau muab faib los ntawm tag nrho cov ntim hauv intracranial kom kho rau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub taub hau ntim. Hauv kev ntsuas morphometry (SBM), cortical thickness tau kwv yees siv cov qauv kev ua raws tuab qauv ().

Ua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm dMRI

Cov cuab yeej suav nrog hauv FSL 5.0 (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/) tau ua haujlwm rau cov ntaub ntawv dMRI. Tag nrho cov dluab nyob rau ntawm tus thov duab thov nrog b = 0 s / hli2 los kho rau eddy tam sim no-ntxias cov distortions thiab lub taub hau txav. Ib qho diffusion tensor tau qauv ntawm txhua voxel nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, thiab diffusion tensor-derived tsis dhau, suav nrog fractional anisotropy (FA), txhais tau hais tias diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), thiab radial diffusivity (RD), tau suav; muab peb diffusivities raws txoj kab sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv sib txawv, FA tau suav raws li lub hauv paus xwm txheej ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm peb txoj kab sib txawv, MD raws li qhov nruab nrab diffusivity hla peb txoj kab, AD raws li qhov loj tshaj diffusivity raws tus thawj xibfwb. , thiab RD raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm diffusivities raws ob txoj kab sib txuas me. Siv cov ntawv teev ntsig txog kev sib cais (TBSS) () siv nyob rau hauv FSL 5.0, cov ntawv qhia ntawm diffusion tensor-derived tsis dhau tau nthuav dav rau ib lub hlwb siv hauv qhov chaw tus qauv, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau kwv yees rau WM pob txha pob txha.

Nta tiam

Ob kauj ruam tseem ceeb rau kev tsim qauv kev faib tawm yog cov cim tsim thiab kev xaiv. Peb tau tsim cov yam ntxwv los ntawm neuroanatomy, tshwj xeeb yog qhov ntim thiab tuab ntawm txheej hauv cheeb tsam GM thiab kev ntseeg siab thiab tsis txawv ntawm txheej txheej ntawm WM cov ntawv tseb. Tom qab kwv yees GM ntim thiab cortical thickness li voxel-paub cov ntawv qhia tau los ntawm VBM thiab SBM, feem, cov tsis tau raug txheeb xyuas rau txhua thaj tsam 60 GM (Lub Rooj S1), cais tawm raws li nyob rau hauv lub Hammers atlas (), raws li nruab nrab thoob plaws txhua voxels hauv nws. Tau kwv yees diffusion kaum tawm-ncua kev tsis suav, suav nrog FA, MD, AD, thiab RD raws li voxel-paub cov duab qhia ntawm WM cov pob txha pob txha tau los ntawm TBSS, cov tsis tau suav rau txhua ntawm 48 WM cov ntawv (cov lus S2), cais tawm raws li hauv ICBM DTI-81 daim ntawv (), raws li nruab nrab thoob plaws txhua voxels hauv nws. Ua ke, peb suav hais tias ob qhov tsis sib xws ntawm GM thiab plaub qhov sib txawv ntawm WM, uas tau yauv yim qhov kev sib txuas ntawm GM thiab WM. Rau txhua qhov sib xyaw ntawm GM thiab WM cov tsis sib xws, parameter qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 60 GM cheeb tsam thiab 48 WM tracts tsim tag nrho ntawm 108 neuroanatomical nta.

Nta xaiv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua

Txo cov naj npawb ntawm cov nta yog qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov nta thiab tsawg tus naj npawb ntawm kev soj ntsuam. Qhov tsawg kawg ntawm qhov kev soj ntsuam hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov naj npawb ntawm cov yam ntxwv yuav ua rau muaj suab nrov dhau, thiab kev ua kom tsis tu ncua yog txheej txheem uas ua rau txo lossis tiv thaiv kev ua txhaum los ntawm kev qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv lossis kev txwv ntawm tus qauv. Vim tias tag nrho cov 108 nta yuav tsis suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog rau kev faib tawm, peb tau xaiv qhov tsis xws leej twg los ntawm kev thov kev ua ntu zus. Tshwj xeeb, lasso () thiab ywj (nqa)) tau siv rau logistic regression. Lub lasso suav nrog lub sijhawm raug nplua, lossis kev ntsuas tsis tu ncua, λ, uas txwv qhov loj ntawm cov coefficient cov kev kwv yees hauv cov qauv logistic regression. Vim tias qhov nce hauv λ ua rau ntau dua xoom-xoom coefficients, lub lasso muab ib tus qauv logistic qis dua nrog cov kwv yees tsawg dua. Cov nuj nqi elastic tseem ua rau tus qauv logistic txo qis los ntawm kev teeb tsa cov coefficients mus rau xoom, tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev suav nrog qhov sib txuas ntawm qhov tsis xws luag ntawm lub lasso thiab caj qaum regression, hla dhau qhov kev txwv ntawm lub lasso hauv kev kho cov feem cuam tshuam kev kwv yees ().

Txog kev faib tawm ntawm txhua khub ntawm peb pab pawg, peb tau thov lub lasso thiab elastic net kom txheeb xyuas cov kev twv tseem ceeb ntawm 108 neuroanatomic nyob rau hauv cov qauv logistic regression. 108 cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus neeg hauv txhua khub ntawm peb pawg tau muab qauv los sau ua cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, A, nyob rau hauv uas txhua kab sawv cev ib qho kev soj ntsuam thiab txhua kem sawv cev rau ib qho kev kwv yees. Txhawm rau kho rau cov teebmeem ntawm cov tib neeg lub hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej ntawm GM thiab WM tsis dhau, ib qho kev ua cov ntawv tsim xim sib txawv, R, yog tsim: R = I-C(CTC)-1C qhov twg I yog ib tug neeg matrix thiab C yog ib tug lej ntawm coding tsis meej pem covariates ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej. Nws tau thov rau A kom tau residuals tom qab regressing tawm cov confineing covariates: X = RA.

Muab cov ntaub ntawv hloov kho sib npaug, X, thiab lus teb, Y, tias coded ob chav kawm ntawm cov tib neeg, 10-fold cross-validation (CV) tau siv los tshawb rau lub sijhawm tsis tseem ceeb, λMinErr, uas tau muab qhov yuam kev tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm qhov tsis sib txawv, txhais tau tias yog qhov tsis zoo log rau kev ua cov qauv kuaj nruab nrab dhau qhov siv tau ntim. Hloov chaw, vim tias CV nkhaus muaj qhov tsis raug ntawm txhua qhov λ kuaj, ntsuas tsis dhau, para1SE, uas tau pom nyob hauv ib qho kev ua yuam kev ntawm qhov tsawg kawg CV kev ua yuam kev nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev nce niaj zaus ntawm λMinErr tseem tau txiav txim siab. Ntawd yog, sparser nta tau xaiv ntawm λ1SE, whereas sparse nta tau txiav txim siab ntawm λMinErrCov. Cov txheej txheem no rau nrhiav cov qauv logistic tsis tu ncua nrog tsawg dua qhov twv ua ntej tau rov ua dua rau txhua qhov sib xyaw ntawm GM thiab WM tsis muaj suav nrog 108 neuroanatomical nta.

Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv xaiv

Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab sparser cov yam ntxwv, kev ua tau zoo tau sib piv ntawm tus qauv nrog qhov tsawg dua ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab tus qauv nrog txhua tus 108 nta hauv kev txhawb nqa cov tshuab (SVMs) los ntawm ntsuas qhov kis tau cov yam ntxwv (ROC) nkhaus. Nrog cov kab ua raws li cov kernel muaj nuj nqi thiab hyperparameters optimized los ntawm tsib-fold CV, ib tus SVM tau qhia rau txhua tus neeg hauv txhua khub ntawm peb pawg. Thaj chaw hauv qab ROC nkhaus (AUC) tau suav rau txhua tus qauv ua ntau qhov ntsuas ntawm nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Kev tshuaj ntsuam DeLong () tau ua haujlwm los sib piv AUC ntawm txhua nkawm qauv. Thaum AUC txawv ntawm ib p-value ntawm 0.05, kev ua tau zoo raug txiav txim siab tsis xav sib piv ntawm ob tus qauv.

Kev faib tawm neeg raug

Cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm tiam thiab xaiv ntawm cov yam ntxwv rau kev tsim qauv kev faib tawm yog qhia hauv Daim Duab Figure1.1Cov. Rau txhua khub ntawm peb pab pawg, SVM cov qauv kev faib tawm tau tsim tawm uas siv cov yam ntxwv raug xaiv raws li kev twv ua ntej. Peb tau ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv kev faib tawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tawm ntawm-ib-tawm CV cov txheej txheem, xws li qhov tawm ntawm cov qauv kev faib tawm qhov tseeb tau suav rau txhua tus neeg sab laug thiab tom qab ntawd nws ntsuas nruab nrab ntawm txhua tus neeg. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseeb raug kwv yees los ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau kev kuaj pom permutation. Kev faib tawm qhov tseeb rau kev faib tawm ntawm txhua khub ntawm peb pab pawg tau tsim los ntawm kev rov qab tso cai cov ntawv ntawm cov tib neeg thiab ntsuas qhov raug cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv pom zoo. Thaum raug qhov ntsuas tau rau cov ntawv lo tsis muaj ntawv siab ntau dua los yog sib npaug ntawm cov tsis muaj faib ntawm a p-value ntawm 0.05, uas tau txiav txim siab tias nws txawv txav ntawm lub caij nyoog sib txawv (qhov tseeb = 50%). Ib qho ntxiv, kev tsis meej pem ua ke raug pom kom piav txog qhov rhiab thiab qhov tseem ceeb hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua khub ntawm peb pawg.

 

Lwm cov ntaub ntawv uas tuav cov duab, duab, lwm yam. Lub npe lub npe yog fpsyt-09-00291-g0001.jpg

Cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm tiam thiab xaiv cov neuroanatomical nta rau kev tsim cov qauv rau kev faib tawm ntawm cov tsis sib haum ntawm gamers (DG) thiab cov tsis muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsis yog gamers (HN), nruab nrab ntawm cov gamers (NG) thiab HN, thiab ntawm DG thiab NG. GM, teeb meem grey; WM, teeb meem dawb.

tau

Xaiv xaiv

Xam Figure22 nthuav tawm cov kev xaiv raug xaiv ntawm cov 108 nta nrog lawv cov coefficient cov kev kwv yees, thiab Rooj Table11 piav qhia cov ntsiab lus ntsig txog ntawm cov qauv ua ntu zus nyob rau hauv kev cais tawm rau kev faib tawm ntawm txhua khub ntawm peb pawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, Daim Duab S1 pom tias qhov twg yog qis tshaj CV qhov yuam kev tsawg thiab muaj pes tsawg qhov raug xaiv ntawm features1SE as well as tom λMinErrCov. Qhov yuam kev tsawg kawg CV tau txais hauv qhov kev xaiv los ntawm lasso (lasso phaus = 1) rau kev faib tawm ntawm cov neeg muaj mob tsis zoo thiab cov tsis nyiam gamers thiab los ntawm elastic net (lasso phaus = 0.5) rau lwm qhov kev faib tawm.

 

Lwm cov ntaub ntawv uas tuav cov duab, duab, lwm yam. Lub npe lub npe yog fpsyt-09-00291-g0002.jpg

Xaiv neuroanatomical cov yam ntxwv hauv kev tsis tu ncua logistic regression rau kev faib tawm ntawm txhua khub ntawm peb pawg. Cov tsis pom zoo gamers (DG) tau muab cim raws li 1 hauv kev faib tawm ntawm cov neeg noj qab haus huv tsis yog gamers (HN) thiab DG, cov gamers tsis zoo (NG) li 1 hauv kev faib tawm ntawm HN thiab NG, thiab DG li 1 hauv kev faib tawm ntawm NG thiab DG. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm ib lub bar sawv cev qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov ua kom haum xeeb ntawm qhov sib txawv, xws li cov nta ntawm tsis xoom tsis yog xaiv cov khoom. The rendered brain depict gray teeb meem thiab white matter Cheebtsam sib phim rau cov yam ntxwv xaiv los ntawm kev pom zoo dua. Cov yam ntxwv ua xim liab lossis xiav qhia tias muaj nyob hauv sparser nta txiav txim siab ntawm λ1SE raws li nyob rau hauv qhov chaw loj me uas pom ntawm λMinErr, hos cov nyob hauv daj lossis daj ntsw tawm qhia cov muaj nyob hauv cov nta sib txawv. Cov ntawv ntawm paj hlwb cov khoom sib xyaw yog muaj nyob hauv Daim Duab S1 thiab S2Cov. L, sab laug; R, txoj cai.

rooj 1

Cov ntaub ntawv haum ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kho qhov tsis tu ncua rau kev faib tawm ntawm txhua khub ntawm peb pawg.

 HN vs DGHN vs NGNG vs DG
parameterGMthicknessthicknessvolume
 WMFARDMD
Lasso qhov ceeb thawj0.510.5
Sib txawv nta xaiv ntawm λMinErrCV yuam kev37.368141.7876133.3857
 Tsis muaj ntawm cov nta432111
Sparser nta xaiv ntawm λ1SECV yuam kev46.568150.0435141.2622
 Tsis muaj ntawm cov nta34121
 

Lub lasso qhov hnyav qhia tias seb lub cev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua tau ua los ntawm kev siv lub lasso (lasso weight = 1) lossis elastic net (lasso weight = 0.5).

HN, noj qab nyob zoo tsis-gamers; DG, tsis txaus siab gamers; NG, gamers ib txwm; GM, teeb meem grey; WM, teeb meem dawb; FA, fractional anisotropy; RD, radial diffusivity; MD, txhais tau tias yog diffusivity; CV, ntoo khaub lig-validation.

Hauv kev sib cais ntawm cov tsis sib haum xeeb gamers los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers, 43 nta xaiv ntawm λMinErr suav cov tuab ntawm 24 GM thaj av thiab FA ntawm 19 WM cov ntawv tseb, thiab 34 nta xaiv ntawm λ1SE suav cov tuab ntawm 15 GM thaj av thiab FA ntawm 19 WM cov ntawv tseb. Hauv kev sib txawv ntawm cov gamers ib txwm los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis yog gamers, 21 nta xaiv ntawm λMinErr suav cov tuab ntawm 12 GM thaj av thiab RD ntawm 9 WM cov ntawv tseb, thiab 12 nta xaiv ntawm λ1SE suav cov tuab ntawm 6 GM thaj av thiab RD ntawm 6 WM cov ntawv tseb. Hauv kev faib tawm ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo gamers, 11 nta xaiv ntawm λMinErr suav cov ntim ntawm 7 GM thaj tsam thiab MD ntawm 4 WM cov ntawv tseb, thiab ib qho xaiv tau xaiv ntawm λ1SE xov mus rau qhov ntim ntawm ib thaj av GM.

Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv xaiv

Nruab nrab ntawm cov qauv nrog tsawg tus naj npawb thiab cov qauv nrog txhua tus 108 cov yam ntxwv, kev ua tau zoo tau piv ntawm AUC hauv kev sib cais ntawm txhua hom ntawm gamers thiab cov tsis muaj hmoo kev twv txiaj los ntawm SVMs (Daim duab (Figure3). 3)). Hauv kev faib tawm ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo gamers, cov qauv nrog cov yam ntxwv xaiv los ntawm λMinErr AU = 0.83, p = 0.006) lossis at λ1SE AU = 0.72, p <0.001) qhia kev ua tsis tau zoo dua li tus qauv nrog txhua 108 nta (AUC = 0.90).

 

Lwm cov ntaub ntawv uas tuav cov duab, duab, lwm yam. Lub npe lub npe yog fpsyt-09-00291-g0003.jpg

Kev sib piv ntawm kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw tau txais kev ua haujlwm sib txawv ntawm cov yeeb yam (AUC) ntawm cov qauv uas tsis muaj thiab nrog xaiv cov cim rau kev faib tawm ntawm txhua tus khub ntawm peb pawg los ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov tshuab vector. Tus qauv ntawm 108 nta (qhia los ntawm cov kab sib luag) ua tau raws li qhov tsis muaj kev xaiv tshwj xeeb, qhov piv txwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov lej tsawg dua ntawm cov yam ntxwv sib haum nrog cov uas sib zog thiab sparser nta tau xaiv ntawm λMinErr (qhia los ntawm kab zas) thiab λ1SE (qhia los ntawm kab-teev-kab), raws. HN, noj qab nyob zoo tsis-gamers; DG, tsis txaus siab gamers; NG, gamers ib txwm.

Kev faib tawm neeg raug

Hauv kev faib tawm los ntawm SVMs siv cov yam ntxwv xaiv ntawm λMinErr, qhov tseeb tau siab dua 98%, thim siab dua qib siab qib (p <0.001), nyob rau hauv qhov txawv ntawm txhua hom ntawm gamers los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers (Daim duab (Figure4A). 4A)). Qhov tseeb tseem tseem siab dua cov qib qib (p = 0.002) tab sis tsawg li 69.8% hauv kev faib tawm ntawm cov neeg tsis sib haum xeeb thiab cov kis las ib txwm, tshwj xeeb qhia qhov tsis tshua hnov ​​siab (47.4%) hauv kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov neeg tsis sib haum ntawm cov neeg twv txiaj. Cov sparser nta txiav txim siab ntawm λ1SE nthuav tawm kev ua tau zoo sib xws (Daim duab (Figure4B) 4B) tab sis qhia tau qis dua rhiab heev (2.6%) nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis sib haum ntawm gamers los ntawm cov gamers ib txwm.

 

Lwm cov ntaub ntawv uas tuav cov duab, duab, lwm yam. Lub npe lub npe yog fpsyt-09-00291-g0004.jpg

Tsis meej pem matrices hauv kev faib tawm ntawm txhua khub ntawm peb pawg thaum siv (A) sib dhos thiab (B) sparser nta txiav txim siab ntawm λMinErr thiab tom λ1SE, ntsig txog, hauv kev txhawb nqa cov cav tov vector. Cov qib qis-nruab nrab ntawm tes sawv cev rau kev faib tawm qhov tseeb (ACC), qis-qis ntawm tes muaj qhov tsis zoo (TNR) lossis qhov tshwj xeeb, qis-nruab nrab ntawm tes muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (TNR) lossis hloov tau, cov sab sauv sab xis tsis pom tseeb tus nqi (NPV) ), thiab nyob rau nruab nrab-sab xis txoj cai zoo kev muaj nqi (PPV). TP, pom qhov tseeb; TN, tseeb tsis zoo; FP, cuav tsis zoo; FN, cuav tsis zoo.

kev sib tham

Hauv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no, peb tau tshawb nrhiav los saib seb tus txiv leej tub pathological thiab tsis-pathological tau txheeb raws li IGDS tau thov hauv DSM-5 tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm qhov tsis xws li neuroanatomical. Lub disordered thiab qub gamers tau sawv cev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm 43 thiab 21 nta, ntsig txog, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tsis txaus siab gamers tau sawv cev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm 11 nta nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub cev tsis xwm yeem. Siv cov kev sib tw ntawm cov neuroanatomical, cov tsis sib haum thiab tsis zoo gamers yuav raug cais tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis yog gamers, tab sis kev faib tawm ntawm cov tsis sib haum xeeb thiab cov kis tsis raug yog qhov nyuaj.

Cov ntsiab lus piav qhia hom ntawm IGD nrog IGDS thov hauv DSM-5 yog tau txais yuav los siv. Txawm hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm IGDS tau pom zoo hauv ntau lub tebchaws (, , ), qhov pib ntawm kev paub txog tsib lossis ntau dua cov khoom IGDS tej zaum yuav tsis yog qhov kev xaiv tau meej, thiab lwm txoj kev xaiv los ntawm kev cais cov tib neeg ua si hauv Is Taws Nem tej zaum yuav raug qhia ()). Txij li ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, xws li cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm hauv lub hlwb zoo li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib neeg, kev coj tus yam ntxwv, thiab cov tsos mob, muaj ntau ntxiv, cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv yuav zoo dua qhov ua haujlwm rau kev kuaj mob hlwb. Hauv tshwj xeeb, vim qhov loj heev ntawm cov lus qhia ntau, cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm siv hlwb tau zoo rau cov kev suav sau thiab yuav siv tau rau kev twv ua ntej. Qhov tseeb tiag, lub hlwb tshawb pom cov ntaub ntawv tau pom tias muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua yav dhau los piv rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv hauv chaw soj ntsuam hauv kev twv ua ntej los daws teeb meem hauv tsev kho mob ().

Raws li ML-kev soj ntsuam kev faib tawm tau siv tsis ntev los no tau thov rau lwm txoj kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab tsis xis nyob (-), cov tsos mob raws qib kev cais tawm ntawm IGD kuj tshwm sim ntsib qhov nyuaj ntawm kev suav ntawm kev suav qib. Vim tias anatomical txawv txav ntawm lub paj hlwb tom qab IGD tau hais qhia dua nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (-, ), peb tau xav txog cov ntaub ntawv neuroanatomical los ntawm lub hlwb cov ntaub ntawv cov peev xwm biomarkers rau kev kuaj mob ntawm IGD. Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, peb lub hom phiaj tau txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm cov neuroanatomical tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem muab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua kom tau qib siab, dhau ntawm kev piav qhia neuroanatomical qhov sib txawv ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm cov tib neeg.

Peb xaiv cov tseem ceeb, ntawm 108 neuroanatomical cov yam ntxwv, txhij txhua tsis tu ncua regression. Thaum peb suav yim yim kev sib txuas ntawm GM thiab WM cov tsis sib xws, ntau cov sib xyaw ua ke tau raug xaiv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua khub ntawm peb pawg. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tuab ntawm thaj av GM thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm WM cov ntawv qhia tau zoo dua rau kev paub qhov tseeb ntawm txoj kev gamers los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers, qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntim ntawm thaj tsam GM thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm WM tracts tau zoo dua rau kev paub qhov tseeb pathological gamers los ntawm cov tsis-pathological gamers. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm hais tias ntau lub hlwb feem ntau ua haujlwm yog neuroanatomic nta uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob pathological thiab tsis-pathological gamers los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers, qee thaj tsam GM thiab WM tracts pom qhov tsis-pathological gamers, tab sis tsis yog pathological gamers Cov. Cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau tias tej zaum yuav tsis muaj kev sib txig sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws ntawm GM thiab WM tsis dhau los ua neuroanatomical biomarkers, yog li kev sib xyaw tshwj xeeb ntawm GM thiab WM tsis tas yuav tsum tau xaiv raws li pawg yuav tsum tau faib.

Cov lej me ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv rau cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov tsis-pathological gamers piv nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pathological gamers, los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers, muaj kev cuam tshuam tias cov tsis-pathological gamers yog nyob rau theem hloov ntawm lub pathological gamers thiab noj qab nyob zoo. tsis yog gamers. Ntxiv rau, qhov tsawg tshaj qhov sib txawv rau kev faib tawm ntawm ob hom kev twv txiaj dua rau kev sib cais ntawm txhua hom ntawm gamers thiab noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers hais tias cov pathological thiab tsis-pathological gamers tau tsawg dua sib ntxub sib xws. ntawm neuroanatomy dua rau lawv tau zoo sib xws los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis-gamers. Raws li, cov qauv kev faib tawm tau tsim nrog qhov sib txawv nta tau ua kom raug qhov tseeb dhau 98% hauv kev sib cais ntawm txhua hom kis las thiab cov tsis muaj mob tsis zoo tab sis kev muaj tseeb hauv qab 70% hauv kev faib tawm ntawm ob hom kev twv txiaj. Ntawd yog, cov tsis-pathological gamers tau pom qhov txawv ntawm cov neeg noj qab haus huv tsis yog gamers li cov pathological gamers tau, tab sis muaj cov kev txwv hauv qhov txawv ntawm cov pathological thiab tsis-pathological gamers.

Qhov no tsis tshua muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob hom ntawm cov gamers zoo li qhia ob peb kev xav. Firstly, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev sib cais raws li kev sib txawv thiab kev sib cais ntawm kev suav tau muab thov. Txawm hais tias tau thov los kuaj mob qhov pib ntawm tsib lossis ntau dua cov cai hauv IGDS tau raug xaiv los tiv thaiv kev saib xyuas ntau tshaj ntawm IGD (), qhov pom muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kev mob neuroanatomy tab sis tsis txaus siab txog IGD txoj kev pib tsis tuaj yeem tsis saib xyuas. Hauv tshwj xeeb, peb tsuas yog suav nrog cov neeg txaus siab rau IGDS cov khoom qis dua IGD kev pib tshaj li qhov ib txwm muaj kev nyab xeeb, yog li cov neeg soj ntsuam pom tias tsis muaj IGD feem ntau yuav mus deb ntawm cov tsis-kev noj qab haus huv cov tib neeg dua li qhia hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Thib ob, kev sib tw hauv kev faib tawm tsuas yog neuroanatomical biomarkers tej zaum yuav sau tseg. Kev faib hom kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm lwm cov biomarkers uas tuaj yeem ntes kom muaj kev sib cav ntau dua ntawm cov txiv neej lub pathological thiab tsis-pathological gamers. Tshwj xeeb, vim hais tias cov kev hloov pauv hauv lub hlwb kuj tau ua rau hauv IGD (-), muaj nuj nqi ib yam li tej nqaij to ntawm lub hlwb yuav suav tau tias yog lub hlwb roj. Ib qho ntxiv, peb xav kom nco ntsoov tias kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hlwb tsuas yog tsim ua ib feem ntawm qhov sib txuam ntawm kev ua si ntawm kev twv txiaj hauv Internet, yog li lwm yam, tsis yog yam tsawg ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nraud uas raug rau Internet twv txiaj (), yuav tsum suav nrog hauv cov qauv ua tiav ntau dua rau kev faib tawm ntawm cov kis kab mob thiab tsis-pathological gamers li sib txawv ntawm cov neeg twv txiaj los ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kev ua si.

Ntawm no, peb tau ntiav cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, siv cov qhov ua tau zoo-kwv yees kwv yees xws li lasso thiab elastic net, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb rau kev faib hom. Muaj qhov tseeb tiag tiag cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov kev xaiv tshwj xeeb lossis kev txo qis, thiab ntau txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem ua haujlwm rau kev siv cov qauv xaiv hauv kev tsim qauv ()). Peb txoj hauv kev siv cov kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua entails ib qho kev xav ua ntej hais txog kev txij nkawm hauv neuroanatomical nta. Qhia tias qhov kev xav tau ntawm no yog qhov zoo, raws li peb ntseeg hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, kev tsim kho tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem yog qhov tuaj yeem, thiab kev xaiv cov kev sib hais yuav xav tau los tsim kev faib tawm qauv ntawm cov kev ua tau zoo. Tab sis nws pom tau tias cov qauv kev faib tawm yooj yim raws li kev pom loj dua tej zaum yuav tsis muaj kev ua piv txwv lossis txhim kho kev ua tau zoo dua. Tseeb, ntawm cov kev xaiv sib txawv ntawm cov degree ntawm sparsity raws li kev ntsuas tsis tau dhau los, ntau dua qhov loj dua tsis muaj peev xwm muab cov qauv ua tau zoo dua tshwj xeeb hauv ntau cov teeb meem kev faib tawm, xws li kev faib tawm ntawm cov pathological thiab tsis-pathological gamers.

Ntxiv rau, peb tau siv SVMs los ua cov txheej txheem ML rau kev tsim qauv kev faib tawm, vim tias lawv yog cov nyiam tshaj plaws. Lwm txoj kev qhia zoo yuav raug siv los txhim kho kev faib tawm, txawm hais tias kev sib piv ntawm kev sib txawv tej zaum yuav tsis muaj vim tias kev vam khom ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev sim kev sim ()). Ntawm qhov tod tes, rau kev sib piv kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov neeg suav thiab ML cov tswv yim, peb tau ua kev faib tawm los ntawm logistic regression zoo li thiab pom tias ob txoj hauv kev, hu ua logistic regression thiab SVMs, muaj qhov sib piv hauv kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev faib tawm (Daim Duab S2)). Tej zaum nws yuav hais tias cov tswv yim sib law liag tsis yog qis dua ML cov tswv yim hauv kev faib tawm ().

Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, peb tau tshaj tawm tias kev tso cim raws qib kev sib txawv ntawm IGD tuaj yeem sawv cev rau qhov kev sib kis ntawm neuroanatomical biomarkers uas tau tsim cov qauv kev faib tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau pom tias cov tsis-pathological gamers yuav tsis muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm pathological gamers dua los ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kev twv txiaj, hais txog neuroanatomy. Peb thiaj li hais tias txawm hais tias tam sim no cov kev kuaj mob niaj hnub siv kev piav qhia categorization xws li DSM-5 raws li cov qauv kub, cov tsis-pathological gamers yuav xav tau kev kuaj mob nrog kev saib xyuas ntau dua los ntawm kev siv cov hom phiaj biomarkers xws li cov uas cuam tshuam nrog neuroanatomical alterations. Qhov saws me nyuam ntawm txoj kev suav ua rau zoo li yog ib qho tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tau hauv lub hlwb, tab sis tej zaum yuav muaj txoj kev ntev mus rau kev xyaum siv cov chaw kho mob. Tshawb nrhiav rau qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lub hlwb thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv hauv chaw kho mob yuav tsum tau ua hauv kev tshawb fawb tom ntej, thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, cov kev siv zog no yuav txhawb txoj kev soj ntsuam raws li IGD.

Sau npe

D-JK thiab J-WC yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub tswv yim kawm thiab tsim qauv. HC ua qhov chaw kuaj mob thiab xaiv cov neeg tuaj koom. CP tau txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv thiab sau tus qauv luam tawm. Txhua tus neeg sau tau tshawb xyuas cov ntsiab lus thiab qhov kev pom zoo kawg rau kev tshaj tawm.

Teeb meem ntawm nqe lus paj

Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tias qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua thaum tsis muaj kev lag luam los yog nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo uas yuav raug txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txaus siab.

Tshooj ntawv

 

Nyiaj. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Tshawb Xyuas Lub Tebchaws Kauslim (NRF) tau nyiaj los ntawm Ministry of Science thiab ICT hauv Kauslim Teb (NRF-2014M3C7A1062893).

 

 

Cov khoom siv ntxiv

Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau daim ntawv no muaj nyob hauv online ntawm: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00291/full#supplementary-material

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