- 1Tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Psychology thiab Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Suav
- 2Shenzhen Tseem Ceeb Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Kev Cuam Tshuam thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Suav
Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem (IAD) cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev sib txuas lus thiab kev zam ntawm kev sib cuag. Nws tau xav txog tias cov neeg uas muaj IAD yuav muaj qhov muaj peev xwm tsis pom txog kev xav txog. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas kev ua kom pom tau lwm tus kev mob siab hauv IADs. Tej xwm txheej ntsig txog qhov peev xwm ua tau tsim nyob rau hauv teb rau cov duab qhia lwm tus hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo thiab tsis mob siab tau sau tseg hauv 16 IAD cov ntsiab lus thiab 16 tswj kev noj qab haus huv (HCs). N1, P2, N2, P3, thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo muaj peev xwm yav dhau los tau muab sib piv ntawm ob pawg. Daim duab khov kho × pab pawg sib cuam tshuam tau pom rau N2 thiab P3. Cov duab tsis zoo no ua rau pom qhov loj dua N2 thiab P3 qhov ntau dua li cov duab tsis yog qhov mob tsuas yog ua hauv HC pawg tab sis tsis nyob hauv IAD pawg. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav no qhia tias ob leeg ntawm kev siv lub zog thaum ntxov thiab tom qab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm kev paub txog kev mob siab tuaj yeem mob hauv IADs. Txoj kev kawm no muab cov pov thawj psychophysical ntawm kev muaj peev xwm tsis txaus siab koom nrog IAD. Cov kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv ua ke nrog kev ntsuas ntau yam ntawm kev xav tau yog xav tau los txhawm rau paub meej cov kev tshawb pom no.
Introduction
Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem (IAD) tau qhia txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm tswj hwm kev siv internet txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo thiab feem ntau nws lub tswv yim los ua tus xeeb ceem (Tam thiab Walter, 2013; D'Hondt li al., 2015; Kuss thiab Lopez-Fernandez, 2016), sawv cev rau ib qho kev tsis taus uas cuam tshuam rau kev siv online thiab / lossis offline siv tsis raug, thiab nws yog feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tiam (Grant li al., 2010; Balconi li al., 2017)). Txawm hais tias seb IAD puas lub siab per se tseem muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm pej xeem thiab teeb meem kev sib raug zoo uas muaj feem cuam rau IAD yog qhov tseeb thiab qhov tsis tseeb ntawm IAD tau pib tshawb (D'Hondt thiab Maurage, 2015).
Nws tau hais tias IAD yuav muaj qee qhov zoo ib yam nrog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Piv txwv li, cov tib neeg uas muaj IAD qhia tias tus tswj hwm tsis muaj peev xwm tswj tau, xav txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm los tiv thaiv tus cwj pwm thaum nws tau pib ua los yog zam qhov kev coj ua tom qab tsis ncua sij hawm (Hom li al, 2014; D'Hondt thiab Maurage, 2015)). Kev tshawb nrhiav electrophysiological tau qhia txo N2 ntau hauv NoGo cov kev sim hauv Go / NoGo kev ua haujlwm nrog rau kev txo qis tsis pom qhov tsis zoo (MFN) qhov ntau ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev ua haujlwm Stroop, kev tshawb pom uas yog qhia txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm (Dong li al., 2011)). Dhau li, cov tib neeg uas muaj IAD tseem qhia kev ua haujlwm tsis raug ntawm kev txhawb nqa, xws li ntsej muag. Nws li al. (2011) pom tias piv rau cov tswj kev noj qab haus huv (HCs), cov ncauj lus nrog IAD tau qhia txo P1 thiab N170 hauv kev ua ntsej muag.
Kev paub xav txog kev muaj peev xwm sib qhia thiab nkag siab txog lwm tus lub siab lossis kev xav (Xyoo caum thiab Lamm, 2006)). Kev paub txog kev ntseeg tau vam khom rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob qho: ib qho tsis siv neeg kev xav ntxov thiab lub siab ntawm kev txawj ntse uas tso cai rau tus kheej kev tswj hwm thiab kev hais txog cov xwm txheej (Xyoo caum thiab Jackson, 2004; Mella li al., 2012)). Lub peev xwm los paub lwm tus tau ntev tau pom tias yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev vam meej kev sib raug zoo (Hetu li al., 2012)). Tus nqi ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem tau pom tias cuam tshuam sib luag inversely nrog lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam nrog lwm tus neeg (Engelberg thiab Sjoberg, 2004)). Raws li, cov neeg uas muaj IAD feem ntau tsis saib xyuas lawv lub neej (Cov tub ntxhais hluas, 1998a)). Li no, txoj kev xav tau yog ib qho muaj feem hauv kev txo qis zuj zus ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg siv internet (Melchers li al., 2015).
Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau lub hauv paus neural ntawm kev ua kom zoo hauv IADs tseem muaj tsawg heev. Txog tam sim no, rau peb txoj kev paub, tsuas yog ob txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau tshawb xyuas qhov kev pom zoo hauv IADs. Ua ntej, Melchers li al. (2015) tau txais cov pov thawj pom qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev sib tiv thaiv hauv Internet thiab kev paub tawm, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm kev qhia tus kheej thiab muaj teeb meem siv internet (Melchers li al., 2015)). Thib ob, qhov kev tshawb fawb txog qhov tshwm sim (ERP) pom tias cov hluas nrog IAD qhia tau qhov sib txawv ntawm N2 qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nyiam thiab tsis mob heev piv rau HCs thaum ua cov duab qhia lwm tus mob (Wang et al., 2014)). Txoj kev kawm ua ntej yog kev tshawb kawm txuas mus ntxiv thiab qhov ob yog koom nrog cov pejxeem tshwj xeeb (cov nroog nyob sab laug cov menyuam nyob sab qaum tsev), ua rau muaj qhov dav dav.
Txoj kev mob siab rau qhov mob tau pom tias cuam tshuam txog ob yam hauv lub ntiaj teb. Qhov thib ib yog qhov pib ua haujlwm thaum ntxov, hauv qab-txheej txheem, muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm N1, P2, thiab N2 cov cheebtsam uas txuam nrog kev sib cav thiab kev sib koom siab. Thib ob, muaj kev tswj hwm qhov qis-tswj hwm, kev nkag siab zoo, muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm P3 thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo yav dhau los (LPP) cov khoom siv uas tswj hwm cov lus teb thiab ua kom pom tseeb ntawm tus kheej kev sib txawv (Ntxuam thiab Han, 2008; Mella li al., 2012; Sessa li al., 2014)). Cov txheej txheem hauv qab yog hais txog qhov tsis nco qab thiab tsis siv neeg txoj kev xav thiab kev sib tham muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm lwm tus mob, uas tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov lus qhia lossis cov haujlwm xav tau. Cov txheej txheem tswj tau sau cia sab saum toj, ntawm qhov tod tes yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas tau tswj hwm qhov kev mob siab ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas thiab tuaj yeem yeem los ntawm cov teeb meem xws li cov lus qhia, haujlwm xav tau, kev paub dhau los, kev sib raug zoo, thiab lwm yam. (Ntxuam thiab Han, 2008)). Yog li, tus qauv no tuaj yeem pab peb daws qhov theem twg ntawm kev muaj peev xwm xav tau tsis zoo hauv IADs.
IAD yuav comorbid nrog lwm cov kev tswj fwm mob hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev nyuaj siab thiab ntxhov siab (Sanders li al., 2000; Yen et al., 2007; Wei li al., 2012; Lai li al., 2015)). Cov tib neeg nyuaj siab qhia me ntsis txog lwm tus txoj kev xav, qhov tsis hnov qab ntawm kev xav, thiab qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau pom kev xav thiab pom lub luag haujlwm [rau tshuaj xyuas, (Kupferberg li al., 2016)). Kev ntxhov siab kuj tseem tuaj yeem txo cov kev xav tsis zoo rau lwm tus qhov mob (Negd li al., 2011)). Li no, comorbid kev nyuaj siab thiab ntxhov siab vim tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam uas cuam tshuam rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no. Yog li, peb tau ua haujlwm cais tawm rau qhov pom ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntxhov siab lossis ntxhov siab.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog tshawb seb cov txheej txheem ntawm lwm tus neeg mob yuav txawv li cas ntawm cov tib neeg uas muaj IAD thiab HCs. Peb suav tias qhov IAD yuav tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam, lossis tsawg dua kev ntxub ntxaug rau lwm tus qhov mob dua li HCs. Yog tias thaum pib tsis siv neeg theem ntawm kev muaj peev xwm xav tsis txaus, nws yuav tsum pom nyob rau hauv N1 (Ibanez li al., 2011; Lyu li al., 2014), P2 (Rutgen li al., 2015), thiab / lossis N2 (Cui li al., 2016a) Cheebtsam. Hloov siab, yog tias kev yeem, kev nqes saum-txheej txheem ua tsis tau zoo, ces yuav tsum pom qhov tseeb hauv P3 thiab / lossis LPP (Ibanez li al., 2011).
Ntaub ntawv thiab kev
Nqe Kev Ncaj Ncees
Txhua cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm Shenzhen University Medical School raws li kev tshaj tawm ntawm Helsinki. Txhua tus neeg tuaj koom tau txais kev sau ntawv pom zoo tom qab lawv nkag siab txoj kev kawm.
Cov neeg koom
Tag nrho cov neeg ntawm 16 cov neeg koom nrog IAD thiab 16 HCs tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov tsev kawm hauv nroog. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob pab pawg nrog rau kev hwm hnub nyoog, kev ua phem, thiab kev kawm. Peb siv Young Qhov Kev Ntsuas Kev Siv Internet (IAT) los kuaj rau IAD (Cov hluas, 1998b)). Txhua qhov kev kawm ntawm IAD tau nrog rau tus qhab nia ntawm ≥ 40 ntawm IAT (Nco ntsoov: IAT cov qhab nia ntawm 40 – 60 qhia txog kev quav yeeb tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv internet; 60 – 80 qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv rau hauv internet; thiab 80 – 100 qhia tias kev siv internet sib ntxiv); Ntxiv mus, vim tias IAD yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lwm cov kev mob hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev nyuaj siab thiab ntxhov siab, peb tsis suav cov neeg koom IAD uas tau qhab nia ≥ 40 ntawm ob qhov Zung Qhov Ntsuas Tus Kheej Qhov Kev Ntshai Tsis Txaus Ntsig (SDS) (Zung, 1965) lossis Zung Self-Ntseeg Tus Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas (SAS)Zung, 1971) (cov qhab nias txiav tawm yog 53 rau SDS thiab 50 rau SAD hauv Suav cov cai). Qhov tsis suav cov ntsiab lus rau ob qho tib si IAD thiab cov koom nrog tswj hwm tau muaj raws li hauv qab no: kev xeeb tub, keeb kwm ntawm lub taub hau raug mob, thiab lwm yam kev mob hlwb ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj lossis kev vam khom hauv 6 lub hli dhau los.
Txav
Lub zog qhov muag pom tau siv yog cov duab uas qhia txog tib neeg txhais tes / caj npab / txhais taw hauv qhov mob lossis tsis mob, uas tau siv yav dhau los hauv kev tshawb nrhiav ERP (Meng li al., 2012; Meng li al., 2013)). Tag nrho cov xwm txheej qhia hauv cov duab no yog cov xwm txheej zoo ib yam hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej qhia hauv cov duab tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam tau sib haum nrog cov uas nyob hauv cov duab muaj mob, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb (Daim duab 1A)). Muaj 60 cov duab mob thiab 60 cov duab tsis muaj mob hauv tag nrho. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj qhov loj me ntawm 9 × 6.76 cm (qhov dav × qhov siab) thiab 100 pixels ib nti. Luminance, sib piv, thiab xim tau sib phim ntawm cov duab uas tsis mob thiab tsis mob. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau lees tias cov duab mob thiab tsis mob yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm qhov mob, qhov ua kom zoo ntxiv, thiab kev muaj siab ntsws, raws li kev ntsuas tus kheej (Meng li al., 2012).
DAIM NTAWV 1. (A) Piv txwv ntawm cov duab (Cov vaj huam sib luag sab laug: daim duab raug mob; Cov vaj huam sib luag yog: daim duab tsis muaj xim); (B) Tus qauv ntawm ib sim. Txhua qhov kev sim tau pib nrog 500 ms kev kho, tom qab 400 – 700 ms random sib nrug, daim duab tshwm rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 2000 ms thiab cov neeg koom yuav tsum txiav txim siab yog tias daim duab yog ib qho mob lossis tsis mob uas tsis mob sai sai thiab yog li sai tau. Daim duab tsis pom zoo thaum tau teb rov qab. ISI nruab nrab ntawm kev sim yog 800 – 1200 ms sib koom.
Tus Txheej Txheem Soj Ntsuam
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub cev thiab cov ntaub ntawv coj cwj pwm raug coj los siv E-Prime software (Version 2.0, Cov Cuab Yeej Nruab Nrab, Cov Khoom Siv Psychology, Inc., Boston, MA, Tebchaws Asmeskas). Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, cov neeg tuaj koom tau zaum zoo nyob hauv ib chav thaiv hluav taws xob uas yog kwv yees li 90 cm los ntawm 15-nti xim xim lub computer.
Cov neeg koom tau raug hais kom saib cov duab. Hauv txhua qhov kev sim, kev txhim kho tau nthuav tawm ntawm lub vijtsam dawb rau 500 ms, ua raws li 400- txog 700-ms thaj tsam luv. Tom qab ntawv daim duab tsom yuav raug nthuav tawm rau qhov siab tshaj ntawm 2000 ms. ISI nruab nrab ntawm kev sim yog 800 – 1200 ms sib txawv (Daim duab 1B)). Cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom txiav txim siab seb daim duab no puas qhia qhov mob lossis tsis mob hnyav kom sai li sai tau los ntawm nias "F" lossis "J" khawm ntawm cov keyboard tso rau ntawm lawv. Lub khawm khawm tau tiv thaiv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom. Daim duab yuav ploj mus sai li sai tau thaum tau txais lus teb. Muaj plaub ntu nyob rau hauv txoj kev sim. Txhua ntu muaj 60 sim, suav nrog 30 cov duab tsis zoo thiab 30 tsis yog daim duab tsis zoo. Txhua daim duab dua ob zaug hauv tag nrho. Plaub yam xwm txheej tau tsim tawm raws li: IAD soj ntsuam cov duab mob (IAD_P); IAD tsom kwm cov duab tsis ua mob (IAD_NP); HCs saib cov duab mob (HC_P); thiab HCs saib cov duab tsis muaj xim (HC_NP)). Tom qab ua haujlwm, ob pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom tau hais kom ua kom tiav los ntawm Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). IRI tau yog ib qho ntawm qhov kev siv dav dav ntawm kev qhia txog kev khuv leej, uas yog cov lus nug txog kev ntsuas ntawm kev suav nrog kev siv plaub yam: kev pom, kev xav, kev npau suav, thiab kev txhawj xeeb ntawm tus kheej (PD) (Davis, 1983).
EEG Txais thiab Kev Npaj Ua Ntej
Cov ntaub ntawv Electroencephalography (EEG) tau sau los ntawm 63-electrodes tawv taub hau siv 10 – 20 system (Lub Hlwb Khoom, Munich, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees). Cov channel TP10 tau siv los ua tus siv thaum khaws cia. Ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob nyob sab saud thiab hauv qab qhov muag sab laug tau siv los ntsuas cov electrooculogram (EOG). EEG thiab EOG cov haujlwm tau loj hlob ntawm 0.01 – 100 Hz band-hla thiab kuaj ntawm 500 Hz. Txhua qhov tsis zoo electrode tau ceev hauv qab 5 kΩ.
Cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob (Electroencephalography (EEG) tau tsim ua ntej thiab txheeb xyuas siv MATLAB R2011b (MathWorks) thiab EEGLAB toolbox (Delorme thiab Makeig, 2004)). Cov ntaub ntawv EEG ntawm txhua qhov hluav taws xob tau rov hais rau tus nruab nrab ntawm cov laug thiab sab xis mastoids ua ntej kev txheeb xyuas ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd lub teeb liab dhau nrog 0.01 – 30 Hz band-pass lim. Lub sijhawm ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm 200 ms ua ntej thiab 1000 ms tom qab qhov pib ntawm daim duab stimuli tau segmented los ntawm EEG thiab tag nrho epoch yog qhov pib-kho los ntawm 200 ms ua ntej pib ntawm daim duab. EOG cov cuab yeej cuab tam tau raug kho nrog kev siv tshuaj cais sib cais (ICA) (Jung li al, 2001)). Epochs nrog cov teeb meem loj tshaj li ± 50 μV ntawm txhua qhov hluav taws xob tsis suav nrog hauv nruab nrab, thiab tag nrho cov kev sim nrog cov lus teb tsis raug muab cais los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas txuas ntxiv [Tsis lees txais: 16.75 ± 6.04 (HCs); 18.25 ± 2.35 (IADs)].
Txheeb cais
Txog lub sijhawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab raug, ob-txoj kev rov ua dua-ntsuas ANOVA tau ua nrog cov duab (daim duab tsis zoo thiab daim duab tsis mob) raws li qhov kev kawm sab hauv thiab pawg (IAD thiab HC) raws li qhov nruab nrab. Cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia tau nthuav tawm raws li (txhais tau tias ± SE). Qeb tseem ceeb tau teev tseg thaum p <0.05.
Txoj kev kawm no tau tsom mus rau ERPs elicited los ntawm cov duab qhia lwm tus nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo thiab tsis mob. Peb tau txheeb xyuas cov khoom sib xyaw ua ntej ntawm N1 (90 – 150 ms), pem hauv ntej P2 (180 – 220 ms), fronto-central N2 (200 – 280 ms), parietal P3 (300 – 400 ms), thiab centro-parietal LPP ( 550 – 650 ms) raws li theem-teev ERP, cov duab saum toj, thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam (Decety li al., 2010; Meng li al., 2013)). Qhov loj me txhais tau raug ntsuas rau txhua feem. Daim ntawv ceeb toom tias lub sij hawm qhov rais xaiv tau feem ntau yog ua raws li E-loj-qhov nruab nrab ntawm ERP ntawm txhua qhov kev sim rau qhov mob thiab tsis mob ntawm ob pawg. Lub sijhawm ntawm lub Windows ntawm ntau cov khoom sib txawv me ntsis sib txawv los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem [40 – 50 ms ua ntej lossis tom qab lub sijhawm qhov rais xaiv hauv cov ntawv dhau los (Meng li al., 2012, 2013)). Txhawm rau qhia tias qhov txiaj ntsig tsis yog cov khoom cuav ntawm lub sijhawm xaiv lub sijhawm ua ntej, peb tau ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tom qab siv cov qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm (txav mus rau 40 ms thiab txav rov qab 40 ms) rau cov feem uas tau qhia qhov tseem ceeb. Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm cov qauv zoo sib xws (peb tau qhia cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm lub sijhawm nyob hauv nruab nrab). Los ntawm kev tshawb xyuas kev siv lub sij hawm qhov rais ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm / pib / offset, nws tuaj yeem pom tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig yog qhov ua tau zoo ib yam (Bacigalupo thiab Koob Hmoov, 2015; Koob hmoov thiab Gaspelin, 2017).
Kev sojntsuam ntxiv ntxiv raug ntsuas hauv IBM SPSS Cov Xauv 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, Tebchaws Asmeskas). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas siv cov stimuli zoo sib xws pom tias muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ntej thaum ntxov N1, P2, N2, thiab cov khoom siv yav dhau los P3, LPP tau tshwj xeeb rau kev soj ntsuam lwm tus mob. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev faib lub ntsiab lus ntawm loj-qhov nruab nrab ERP kev ua ub no thiab cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los, cov khoom hluav taws xob sib txawv rau txhua feem tau xaiv (Meng li al., 2012, 2013; Lyu li al., 2014)). F3, Fz, F4, FC3, FCz, thiab FC3 tau raug xaiv rau qhov tsom xam ntawm N1 thiab N2; FC3, FCz, FC4, C3, Cz, thiab C4 tau raug xaiv rau qhov tsom xam ntawm P2; CP3, CPz, CP4, P3, Pz, thiab P4 tau raug xaiv rau qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm P3; C3, Cz, C4, CP3, CPz, thiab CP4 tau raug xaiv rau qhov tsom xam ntawm LPP. Cov kev ntsuas rov ua dua ANOVA nrog cov duab (mob thiab tsis mob) ua qhov sib txuam hauv pawg thiab pawg (IAD thiab HC) raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev ntsuas tau ua rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm txhua qhov chaw electrodes rau txhua feem. Txhua qhov kev ntsuas cais ntsuas tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev ntsuas kev ntsuas ntawm cov ntsuas. Qib kev ywj pheej rau F-cim tau raug kho raws li Greenhouse – Geisser tus qauv. Cov kev suav sau txheeb cais raug suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm p <0.05; ncej hoc kev sib piv tau Bonferroni kho ntawm p <0.05.
Txhawm rau soj ntsuam seb qhov ua tau zoo li cas peb saib nyob rau hauv ERP cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev koom nrog kev nkag siab qhov tseeb, ua ntej, peb tau suav qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov loj ntawm ERPs elicited los ntawm qhov hnov mob tsis txaus ntseeg thiab qhov tsis hnov mob tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau lub sijhawm windows ntawm N2 thiab P3. Cov amplitudes tau suav ua qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntau ntawm txhua qhov hluav taws xob tau xaiv (F3, Fz, F4, FC3, FCz, thiab FC3 rau N2; CP3, CPz, CP4, P3, Pz, thiab P4 rau P3). Thib ob, peb khiav Pearson sib txheeb cais kev sib piv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm ERP qhov ntau thiab cov qhab nia ntawm plaub qhov subscales ntawm IRI, cais.
tau
Tus cwj pwm coj
Rau qhov raug tus nqi, cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab [F(1,30) = 1.854, p = 0.183, η2p
= 0.058), pab pawg (F(1,30) = 0.557, p = 0.461, η2p = 0.018], thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab × pawg [F(1,30) = 0.146, p = 0.705, η2p = 0.005] tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb (ntau ntawm qhov muaj tseeb: 79 – 99%, txhais tau tias ± SE: 91.25 ± 4.8%). Rau lub sijhawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, peb pom muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab [F(1,30) = 23.662, p <0.001, η2p = 0.441]. Ob pawg neeg tau teb sai dua rau qhov xwm txheej mob sib piv piv rau qhov xwm txheej tsis mob (IAD_P: 633.488 ± 54.928 ms; IAD_NP: 669.714 ± 74.255 ms; HC_P: 645.528 ± 55.207 ms; HC_NP: 684.085 ± 61.851 ms). Cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg [F(1,30) = 0.413, p = 0.525, η2p = 0.014] thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab × pawg [F(1,30) = 0.023, p = 0.880, η2p
= 0.001] tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb (ntau ntawm RTs: 554 – 861 ms; txhais tau tias ± SE: 659.5 ± 62.6 ms).
Rau cov qhab nia IRI, peb khiav ywj siab t-Ua piv rau cov qhab nia ntawm IAD pawg thiab HC pab pawg rau tag nrho plaub subscales. Nws tau pom tias nyob rau ntawm subscale "PD," cov qhab nia ntawm IAD pawg tau me dua li cov qhab nia ntawm HC pawg [IAD: 8.125 ± 0.875; HC: 10.375 ± 0.651; t(30) = 2.063, p = 0.048]. Qhov sib txawv ntawm ob pawg ntawm lwm qhov peb subscales yeej tsis tseem ceeb (p > 0.116) (Cov lus 1).
ROOJ 1. Cov neeg koom nrog cov cim qhia rau IAD cov neeg koom thiab kev tswj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv.
Tej Zaum Muaj Peev Xwm Hais Txog (ERPs)
N1. Cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab [F(1,30) = 3.180, p = 0.085, η2p
= 0.096], qhov tseem ceeb ntawm pawg [F(1,30) = 0.465, p = 0.500, η2p = 0.015] thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab × pawg [F(1,30) = 0.131, p = 0.720, η2p
= 0.004] tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb.
P2. Cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab [F(1,30) = 1.550, p = 0.223, η2p
= 0.049], qhov tseem ceeb ntawm pawg [F(1,30) = 0.098, p = 0.756, η2p = 0.003] thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab × pawg [F(1,30) = 0.729, p = 0.400, η2p
= 0.024] tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb.
N2Cov. Lub ntsiab cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab yog tseem ceeb [F(1,30) = 6.406, p = 0.017, η2p
= 0.176]. Cov duab tsis zoo ua rau pom qhov tsis zoo ntau dua li cov duab tsis mob (-6.301 ± 0.745 μV thiab -5.650 ± 0.769 μV). Cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg tsis tseem ceeb [F(1,30) = 0.039, p = 0.845, η2p = 0.001]. Qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm pawg × daim duab yog qhov tseem ceeb [F(1,30) = 6.838, p = 0.016, η2p
= 0.177]. Pairwise kev sib piv qhia tau hais tias qhov ntau ntau tau los ntawm cov duab uas tsis tshua muaj siab muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo tshaj qhov loj me uas tau txais los ntawm cov duab tsis mob tsuas yog nyob hauv HC pawg (-6.481 ± 1.088 μV thiab -5.176 ± 1.054 μV, p = 0.001) tab sis tsis nyob hauv pawg IAD (-6.124 ± 1.088 μV thiab -6.122 ± 1.054 μV, p = 0.577) (Daim duab 2, 4A thiab Rooj Lus 2).
DAIM NTAWV 2. Grand nruab nrab ntawm Fz thiab FCz thiab thaj chaw ntawm N2 nyob rau hauv tag nrho plaub yam kev mob [Cov duab tsis zoo hauv HC pab pawg (HC_P); Cov duab tsis mob hauv HC pab pawg (HC_NP); Cov duab tsis zoo hauv IAD pawg (IAD_P); thiab Cov duab tsis muaj mob hauv IAD pawg (IAD_NP)]. Lub sijhawm ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm topography tau sib haum rau thaj chaw grey square.
DAIM NTAWV 3. Grand nruab nrab ntawm P3, Pz, thiab P4; topography ntawm P3 nyob rau hauv tag nrho plaub yam kev mob (lub sijhawm lub sijhawm ntawm topography tau sib haum nrog thaj grey square npog thaj tsam).
DAIM NTAWV 4. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab × pab pawg ntawm N2 (A) thiab P (B) (***p <0.001; **p <0.01; ns, tsis tseem ceeb).
ROOJ 2. Piav qhia cov txheeb cais rau cov xwm txheej ntsig txog qhov muaj peev xwm (ERP) cov ntaub ntawv.
P3Cov. Lub ntsiab cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab yog tseem ceeb [F(1,30) = 17.668, p <0.001, ηp2 = 0.3371]. Cov duab tsis zoo tau txiav txim siab dav dav dua li cov duab tsis ua mob (7.350 ± 0.799 μV thiab 5.998 ± 0.679 μV). Cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg tsis tseem ceeb [F(1,30) = 0.989, p = 0.328, η2p
= 0.032]. Qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm pawg × daim duab yog qhov tseem ceeb [F(1,30) = 6.283, p = 0.018, η2p
= 0.173]. Kev sib piv pairwise qhia tau hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov duab uas tsis mob thiab tsis mob tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv pawg HC (8.473 ± 1.130 μV thiab 6.316 ± 0.961 μV, p <0.001) tab sis tsis nyob hauv IAD pawg (6.227 ± 1.130 μV thiab 5.681 ± 0.961 μV, p = 0.240) (Daim duab 3, 4B thiab Rooj Lus 2).
LPP. Lub ntsiab cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab yog tseem ceeb [F(1,30) = 22.517, p <0.001, η2p
= 0.429]. Cov duab tsis zoo tau ua qhov loj dua qhov ntau dua li cov duab uas tsis ua mob (7.469 ± 0.761 μV thiab 5.787 ± 0.674 μV). Cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg [F(1,30) = 1.128, p = 0.297, η2p = 0.036] thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm daim duab × pawg [F(1,30) = 2.055, p = 0.162, η2p
= 0.064] tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb.
Cov Ntawv Qhia Hais thiab Lawv Kev Sib Koom Tes nrog Kev Ua Neural
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txheeb cais ua piv txwv qhia tau hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm N2 (mob thiab tsis mob) tau sib txheeb nrog cov qhab-nees ntawm "PD" ntawm IRI [r (30) = 0.407, p = 0.021] (Daim duab 5).
DAIM NTAWV 5. Sib txheeb ntawm qhov loj ntawm N2 (mob heev> tsis mob) thiab PD cov qhab nia.
kev sib tham
Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tshawb txog neural underpinnings ntawm cov lus teb ua rau lwm tus mob hauv IADs. Pawg IAD tau pom tias muaj kev ntxub ntxaug tsawg dua HC pab pawg mus rau lwm qhov kev mob hauv ob qhov pib thaum ntxov thiab tom qab ntawm kev paub txog kev tswj xyuas kev ua haujlwm tom qab, txhawb los ntawm ERP cov ntaub ntawv. Cov qhabnias no tau raws li cov lus pom tias IAD cuam tshuam nrog kev suav nrog kev tsis txaus (Melchers li al., 2015).
Nws yuav tsum raug pom tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ERP cov kev tshawb fawb tsom rau kev pom zoo rau qhov mob, muaj kev tshawb fawb uas tau tshaj tawm tias muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov mob zoo sib piv nrog rau cov mob uas tsis mob (Ntxuam thiab Han, 2008; Sheng thiab Han, 2012)). Muaj lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig thaum ntxov, thiab qhov kev hloov pauv tau zoo tsuas yog pom hauv cov khoom tom qab xws li P3 thiab LPP (Meng li al., 2013)). Dhau li, tseem muaj cov kev tshawb fawb qhia txog kev hloov pauv tsis zoo rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thaum ntxov thiab muaj kev hloov zoo dua rau cov khoom siv tom qab (Cui li al., 2016a,b)). Qhov tsis sib xws txhais tau hais tias tsuas yog siv qhov ntau ntawm ERP yam los qhia txog cov lus teb neural tsis ruaj khov. Peb tau thov siv qhov kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm cov stimuli mob tsis mob thiab tsis hnov mob los qhia qhov zoo npaum li cas cov stimuli tau ua. Yog tias qhov kev mob siab hnov thiab tsis mob yog qhov sib txawv hauv ib qho mob tab sis tsis nyob hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov stimuli tau ua tiav zoo dua ntawm qhov qub. Cov ntsiab lus no tau muab coj los siv rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem (Ibanez li al., 2011; Cui li al., 2016a,b).
Cov khoom tiv thaum ntxov N1 tau pom tias muaj kev sib cais sib cais tsis yog kev hnov mob tsis haum thiab tau piav qhia txog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg ntawm kev hnov mob tsis zoo (Lyu li al., 2014)). Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias saib lwm tus qhov mob ua rau muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo dua N1 dua li qhov tsis muaj qhov mob tshwm sim (Ntxuam thiab Han, 2008; Han et al., 2008; Decety li al., 2010; Ibanez li al., 2011), thaum lwm tus tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los saib xyuas lwm tus qhov mob ntawm N1 amplitude (Mella li al., 2012; Lyu li al., 2014)). Qhov tsis sib xws nyob thoob plaws cov kev tshawb fawb yuav yog vim cov txheej txheem sib txawv, xws li cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov stimuli. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb pom tsis sib xws no tseem qhia tias cov nyhuv ntawm cov duab ntawm N1 tsis ruaj khov thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Hauv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, peb tsis pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm N1 hauv kev teb rau saib cov duab mob thiab cov duab tsis muaj xim nyob hauv IAD lossis HC pawg.
Tus N2 tivthaiv tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam txog qhov tsis paub lub siab thaum pib mus rau lwm tus qhov mob (Chen et al., 2012)). Qhov loj ntawm N2 tau tshaj tawm txog rau kev cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev xav tau qhov kev xav tau thiab Empathic Concern Scale qhab nia (Sessa li al., 2014)). Qhov zoo siab tau pom, peb tau pom ib pawg tseem ceeb × daim duab sib cuam tshuam ntawm N2, nyob rau qhov txawv ntawm qhov mob tsis zoo thiab tsis hnov mob daim duab pom muaj nyob hauv HCs, tab sis tsis nyob hauv IADs. Qhov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau tias cov tib neeg nrog IAD yuav muaj qhov txo qis los ntawm qhov mob siab rau lwm tus, hais txog kev sib koom tes ua kom muaj lub zog thiab kev xav sib luag.
Tsis tas li ntawd, peb pom tias qhov sib txawv ntawm N2 evoked los ntawm cov duab tsis zoo thiab tsis mob yog tau cuam tshuam nrog cov qhab nia hauv PD subscale ntawm IRI. Qhov loj dua qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov mob thiab qhov tsis mob yog qhov ntsuas siab dua tus qhab nia koom nrog. Kev ntsuas PD tau tsim los ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov tsis xis nyob hauv kev teb rau kev soj ntsuam lwm tus ntawm qhov mob. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias qhov kev sib koom ua ke tsis siv neeg nrog lwm cov kev xav hauv siab yuav ua rau PDPreston thiab de Waal, 2002; Gallese, 2003; Lamm li al., 2007)). Qhov tseem ceeb sib txheeb ze no tau hais tias kev sib cais ntawm qhov kev xav thiab qhov mob tsis yog qhov ua rau mob siab ntsws nyob rau lub sijhawm window ntawm N2 qhia txog qib kev tsis xis nyob los ntawm kev sib koom siab nrog lwm tus neeg mob. Dhau li ntawd, thaum muab piv IRI cov qhab nia ntawm ob pawg, qhov txawv tsuas yog qhov qhab nia ntawm PD: HCs cov qhab nia tau siab dua IADs 'cov qhab nia. Qhov tshwm sim no kuj tau txhawb nqa tias qhov kev sib koom siab nrog lwm tus mob ua rau txawv ntawm ob pawg.
Peb tau pom pawg neeg zoo sib xws × daim duab sib cuam tshuam ntawm P3 tivthaiv qhov ntau dua P3 amplitude tau muab coj los teb rau saib cov duab mob dua li cov duab tsis ua mob tsuas yog nyob hauv pawg HC, tab sis tsis nyob hauv pawg IAD. P3 amplitude tau cuam tshuam nrog kev txhawb qhov tseem ceeb, qib kev txaus siab, thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam rau kev faib cov peev txheej hlwb (Olofsson li al., 2008)). Feem ntau, ua tau zoo heev, txhawb zog, lossis txhawb lub zog kev xav loj dua P3 loj dua (Kev Txiav Txim Siab thiab al., 2004; Nieuwenhuis li al., 2005)). Nws pom tau hais tias P3 qhov ntau dhau ntawm cov kws kho mob tau ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ua kom mob siab thiab tsis mob heev piv rau lwm cov neeg tsis yog tus kws kho mob koom nrog, tej zaum vim muaj tus kws kho mob (Decety li al., 2010)). P3 zoo sib xws hauv pawg IAD tau qhia tias cov tib neeg uas muaj IAD yuav faib cov khoom pab cuam tsawg dua rau kev coj ua ntawm lwm tus mob thiab yuav tsis muaj siab ntsws xav nrog lwm tus mob.
Dhau li, nws tsim nyog hais tias cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm ntawm no tsis tas yuav qhia tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab thiab IAD. Txoj kev muaj yees nyob rau hauv internet puas yog qhov uas ua rau tsis muaj lub siab xav lossis cov neeg tsis muaj lub siab xav tau txoj kev muaj yees yooj yim dua? Raws li tau hais los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas tas los thiab ob peb qhov kev tshawb fawb, kev pom zoo yuav muaj lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb tshuaj (Massey li al., 2017)). Piv txwv, ib qho kev tshawb fawb pom tias muaj peev xwm ntau dua los paub txog lub ntsej muag ntawm kev tu siab, chim siab, thiab kev ntshai ntawm lwm tus tau cuam tshuam txog kev haus luam yeeb tsawg dua thaum cev xeeb tub rau cov poj niam uas muaj caj ces cuam tshuam rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo (Massey li al., 2015)). Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas tsuaj loj hauv kev tsis quav ntsej lub siab yuav muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau rau kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw thaum ntxov (Frick thiab Dawb, 2008; Swendsen li al., 2010)). Ntxiv mus, hauv IAD cov pejxeem, cov txivneej muaj ntau dua li pojniam txivneej thaum pojniam tau qhia tias muaj kev nkag siab ntau dua li txivneej (Han et al., 2008; Jang thiab Ji, 2012; Becker li al., 2017)). Raws li xws li, qhov kev kawm tam sim no tsuas txiav txim siab qhov muaj nqis ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm IADs tab sis kev tshawb fawb ntev tshaj ntxiv yog xav tau los txiav txim qhov ua rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj kev xav thiab IADs.
Hauv kev xaus, qhov kev tshawb pom tam sim no pom tias IADs qhia tau txo qis rhiab rau lwm tus qhov mob. Tshwj xeeb, kev txo qis mob piv nrog cov duab tsis mob tshwm sim ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm N2 thiab P3 amplitude hauv IADs, txheeb ze rau HCs, hais tias lawv tau txo qis kev sib hlub thiab kev xav nrog rau kev sib koom ua ke zoo li kev faib cov khoom siv zoo rau lwm tus neeg mob, yam. Cov kev tshawb pom no tuaj yeem pab ua kom cov neeg tsis hnov lus kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv IADs pom.
Cov kev txwv
Ib qho kev txwv ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog tsis muaj kev ntsuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg. Txawm hais tias ERP qhov ntsuas pom tau tias IAD tsis muaj kev sib cais tsawg tshaj li HC mus rau lwm tus mob, qhov tsis muaj qhov ntsuas qhov coj cwj pwm ua rau peb lub zog sib cav. Qhov tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv coj cwj pwm yuav yog vim cov qauv me me (n = 16 hauv txhua pawg). Cov kev ntsuas dua ntxiv ntawm cov peev xwm txog peev xwm lossis cov qauv loj dua yuav tsum tau sau rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntxiv. Piv txwv li, tsis txhob hais kom tus neeg koom tes txiav txim siab seb daim duab yog qhov mob siab, peb tuaj yeem hais kom lawv ntsuas seb tus neeg mob siab npaum li cas lossis qhov tsis zoo ntawm lwm qhov mob ua rau lawv xav li cas. Cov kev sib txheeb ntawm cov kev ntsuas ntsuas thiab ERP qhov ntsuas tau zoo tuaj yeem sib txuas ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kev ua ub no rau kev coj tus cwj pwm.
Sau cov tswv yim
FC tsim txoj kev sim. CJ thiab TW sau thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. CJ, TW, thiab XP sau cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb. FC thiab CJ npaj cov nuj nqis. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem daim ntawv sau cia.
Nyiaj
Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau pab nyiaj rau National Natural Science Foundation ntawm Tuam Tshoj: 31500877, 31600889, thiab Qhov Txiaj Ntsig Zoo Rau Cov Tub Ntxhais Hluas ntawm Guangdong xeev: YQ2014149.
Teebmeem ntawm Cov Lus Qhia Txaus
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tias qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua thaum tsis muaj kev lag luam los yog nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo uas yuav raug txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txaus siab.
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Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet (IAD), kev nkag siab, ERPs, N2, P3
Citation: Jiao C, Wang T, Peng X thiab Cui F (2017) Ua Phem Tsis Hnov Zoo Hauv Cov Tib Neeg Muaj Qhov Cuam Tshuam Hauv Is Taws Nem: Kev Txheeb Ze-Muaj Peev Xwm Kawm. Pem hauv ntej. Hum. Neurosci. 11: 498. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2017.00498
Tau Txais: 07 Lub Yim Hli 2017; Txais: 27 Cuaj Hlis 2017;
Luam tawm: 10 Kaum hli 2017.
Edited by:
Alessio Avenanti, Università di Bologna, Ltalis
Rov los:
Ruolei Gu, University of Suav Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb (UCAS), Suav
Markus Rütgen, Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Vienna, Austria
Copyright © 2017 Jiao, Wang, Peng thiab Cui. Nov yog tsab xov xwm qhib kev nkag tau faib nyob rau hauv nqe lus ntawm Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY). Kev siv, faib los yog muab luam tawm hauv lwm lub rooj sab laj raug tso cai, yog tias tus thawj tus kws sau ntawv lossis tus muab ntawv pov thawj raug xa tawm thiab tias daim ntawv tshaj tawm thawj zaug hauv phau ntawv no yog raug teev lus, raws li kev lees paub kev kawm. Tsis pub siv, faib lossis muab luam tawm uas tsis ua raws li cov ntsiab lus no.
* Txoj kev ua haujlwm: Fang Cui, [email tiv thaiv]
†Cov sau phau ntawv no tau pab txhawb rau txoj haujlwm no.
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