J Behav Addict. 2018 Apr 12: 1-14. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.22.
Rømer Thomsen K1, Callesen MB1, Hesse M1, Kvamme TL1, Pedersen MM1, Pedersen MU1, Voon V2.
Abstract
Tom qab thiab aims
Kev tsis tuaj yeem yog qhov yuav raug rau tus cwj pwm coj ua. Tus qauv UPPS-P impulsivity tau txuam nrog kev quav tshuaj yeeb thiab kev twv txiaj, tab sis nws lub luag hauj lwm hauv lwm cov cwj pwm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yog tsis to taub. Peb tau tshawb xyuas cov koom haum ntawm UPPS-P impulsivity qhov tseeb thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm ntau cov khoom thiab cov cwj pwm tsis muaj quav cwj pwm nyob hauv cov hluas uas muaj kev koom tes hauv cov yeeb yam no.
txoj kev
Cov neeg tuaj koom (N = 109, hnub nyoog 16-26 xyoo, 69% txiv neej) raug xaiv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv lub teb chaws raws lawv qib ntawm cov teeb meem sab nraud kom ua tiav kev faib tawm dav dav hauv kev koom nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm. Cov neeg koom nrog tau ua tiav UPPS-P Lus Nug thiab cov lus nug cov qauv ntsuas cov teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb (dej cawv, cannabis, thiab lwm yam tshuaj) thiab tsis siv tshuaj (Internet twv txiaj, saib duab liab qab, thiab zaub mov). Cov kev tsom xam pom tau raug siv los ntsuas cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cwj pwm tsis muaj zog thiab cov cim ntawm cov yeeb yam ntsig txog kev coj ua.
tau
Tus qauv UPPS-P muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov yeeb yam ntawm txhua qhov kev tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj tshwj tsis yog teeb meem hauv Internet gaming. Hauv kev ua qauv zoo, kev xav thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab los ntawm kev siv teeb meem cawv, kev kub ntxhov yog cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov kab mob hauv cannabis, thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab vim muaj teeb meem siv lwm yam tshuaj yeeb tsis ntau dua li cannabis. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab raug mob nrog kev noj mov thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab nrog kev siv cov duab liab qab.
Kev sib tham thiab cov lus xaus
Peb qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev coj tsis tus muaj txiaj ntsig nyob rau ntau qhov kev tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Peb cov kev tshawb pom thaum cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj teeb meem yuav tsum ceev nrooj thiab tsis ua siab ntev li qhov kev xam pom ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev siv tshuaj thiab kev pabcuam tivthaiv kabmob.
KEYWORDS: Internet gaming; kev quav tshuaj; binge noj mov; impulsivity; saib duab liab qab; siv yeeb tshuaj
PMID: 29642723
Kev poob siab thiab UPPS-P
Kev tsis tuaj yeem yog txhais tau hais tias txoj kev xav mus ceev, tsis zoo, thiab txiav txim siab tsis zoo thiab ua, tab txawm tsis zoo. Impulsivity yog nce conceptualized raws li multidimensional (Evenden, 1999; Sperry, Lynam, Walsh, Horton, & Kwapil, 2016), thiab subcomponents yog heterogeneous nyob rau hauv qhov thiab txuam nrog discrete tab sis overlapping neural substrates (Dalley, Everitt, & Robbins, 2011).
Kev tsis tuaj yeem raug ntsuas raws li siv tus kheej daim ntawv qhia, xws li UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (Lynam, Smith, Whiteside, & Cyders, 2006), los yog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas ntsuas cov neeg sawv cev, xws li kev ntxov ntxov (4-Xaiv Serial Response Time Task; Voon, Irvine, li al., 2014) thiab teb cov kev txwv (piv txwv li, Mus / Nogo Ua Haujlwm; Garavan, Ross, & Stein, 1999). Tsis ntev tas los no cov pov thawj pom muaj pov thawj pom tau tias nws tus kheej qhia thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev tsis pom zoo sib koom tsawg dua 5% variance (Cyders & Coskunpinar, 2011) tawm tswv yim ob qho tib si ua cov nyiaj pab tshwj xeeb. Kev ntsuas tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev soj ntsuam tus kheej lub tswv yim los yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev zoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, yog tias kev coj tus cwj pwm tau muab qhov "snapshot" ntawm tus tib neeg tiag tiag, thiab tej zaum yuav tsis yooj yim rau cov teeb meem ntawm lub ntsej muagCyders & Coskunpinar, 2011; Sperry li al., 2016).
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tsom ntsoov rau UPPS-P qauv, uas yog siv ntau hom kev sib txawv. Tus qauv UPPS qauv zoo tshaj plaub cais, albeit ntsig txog, tus cwj pwm tsis zoo (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001): tsis zoo, qhov tshwm sim los ua rau rashly hauv siab tsis zoo siab ntsws xeev; (tsis muaj) lub tswv yim, txoj kev xav ua yam tsis tau forethought thiab kev npaj; (tsis muaj) kev ua siab ntev, qhov kev xav tsis tas ua tiav cov dej num; thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav, kev xav nrhiav kev lom zem thiab kev zoo siab. Cov qauv no qhia tau hais tias muaj kev ntxub ntxaug thiab muaj kev sib haum xeeb (Smith, Fischer, Cyders, Annus, & spillane, 2007), thiab tau muab pov thawj pab tau rau hauv kev ua rau muaj tus cwj pwm tsis txaus ntseeg, xws li kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw (SUDs) (Verdejo-Garcia, Bechara, Recknor, & Perez-Garcia, 2007; Whiteside & Lynam, 2003). Tus tshiab version, UPPS-P, suav nrog kev mob nyuab (qhov tshwm sim ua rau rashly hauv kev siab mob siab zoo xeev) (Lynam et al., 2006). Cov kev tshawb xyuas thawj qhov kev tshawb pom tau hais tias qhov kev ua tau zoo thib tsib tuaj yeem ntsuas tau hauv cov ntsiab lus-siv tau, muaj kev ntseeg zoo uas txawv dua rau lwm cov haujlwm (Cyders li al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia, Lozano, Moya, Alcazar, & Perez-Garcia, 2010). Txawm li cas los, lub separability ntawm cov txheej txheem ceev tau tom qab tau raug nug lawm (Berg, Latzman, Bliwise, & Lilienfeld, 2015).
Qhov kev xav ntawm kev coj tus kheej nyob rau hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm
Impulsivity yog ib txwm tsis hnov mob thoob plaws thoob plaws SUD (Dalley et al., 2011; Voos & Dalley, 2016), thiab subcomponents tau pom tias yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo loj hauv kev tsim cov teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb thiab SUD (Dalley et al., 2007; Ersche li al., 2012; Kaiser, Bonsu, Charnigo, Milich, & Lynam, 2016).
Kev kawm txog cov kev sib raug zoo thaum cov hluas thiab cov hluas hluas yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim qhov no yog thaum siv yeeb tshuaj feem ntau pib thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo. Raws li kev ntsuas ntawm cov hluas thiab cov hluas, kev mob nyhav zoo thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua rau pom kev zoo tshaj plaws nrog kev siv teeb meem cawv (Coskunpinar, Dir, & Cyders, 2013; Stautz & Cooper, 2013). Lwm txoj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas pom cov koom haum nruab nrab ntawm cov txiaj ntsim tsis zoo sib txawv ntawm qhov cannabis thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, thiab muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo (VanderVeen, Hershberger, & Cyders, 2016). Cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam kev siv yeeb tshuaj txhaum cai, xws li cocaine, kuj taw tes rau lub luag haujlwm (Albein-Urios, Martinez-Gonzalez, Lozano, Clark, & Verdejo-Garcia, 2012; Fernandez-Serrano, Perales, Moreno-Lopez, Perez-Garcia, & Verdejo-Garcia, 2012; Torres et al., 2013); tiam sis, kom deb li deb, cov kev sib raug zoo no tsuas tau sim hauv cov laus, kuaj kab mob. Tawm ua ke, kev mob nyhav tuaj yeem raug feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb ntawm cov hluas. Cov kev xav txog kev tswj hwm tus kheej muaj peev xwm piav qhia txog qhov txuas no los ntawm kev tawm tswv yim tias cov tib neeg uas muaj teeb meem hauv kev tswj cov kev xav tsis zoo yuav ua rau cov kev xav tsis sib haum los ua kom tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo (txawm tias ntev li cas tsis zoo), ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev coj tus cwj pwmTsim txom, Bratslavsky, & Baumeister, 2001). Raws li Kev Tshaj Tawm Ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm (Settles, Cyders, & Smith, 2010), qhov xwm txheej zoo yuav ua rau cov tib neeg tau txais cov kev cia siab uas cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, qhov tsis zoo yog qhov ua rau tib neeg siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv los tiv thaiv tsis pom kev zoo, ob qho tib si ntawm kev siv.
Dua li ntawm SUD, kev ua kom pom tau tias pom tau tias yog ua si tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom tsis zoo rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Qhov thib tsib tsab ntawm Diagnostic thiab Statistical Manual ntawm Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) cim ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev mob ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm coj los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, feem ntau hais tias kev coj cwj pwm. Raws xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev twvtxiaj twvtxiaj raug lees paub tias yog kev tivthaiv thawj tus cwjpwm, thiab muaj kev sibtham sib tham txog qee yam kev coj cwj pwm hauv DSM-6 thiab cov lus ICD-11. Kev siv internet gaming, duab liab qab, thiab kev noj mov yog feem ntau yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li kev coj cwj pwm vim tias muaj cov pov thawj pom tau hais tias muaj qee cov kev sib tshuam hauv cov hlwb thiab cov paj hlwb hauv qab (Amianto, Ottone, Daga, & Fassino, 2015; Gola et al., 2017; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017; Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015). Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntau ntxiv thiab cov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb tau nce, piv txwv, hais txog kev muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm ntawm qhov siab xav (Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage, & Heeren, 2015). Lwm cov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb yog tsis muaj kev pom zoo hais txog cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, thiab qhov tseeb hais tias cov lus tshawb nrhiav tau ncaj qha los ntawm SUD (Billieux li al., 2015; Kardefelt-Winther li al., 2017).
Cov neeg hauv qab ntawm kev lam ua rau pom tau tias muaj kev koom tes hauv kev twv txiaj twv txiaj, nrog rau kev tsis txaus siab (Rømer Thomsen li al., 2013) thiab kev coj tsis ncaj (Billieux li al., 2012; Savvidou li al., 2017), tab sis tag nrho, peb tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua siab phem tsis zoo hauv lwm hom kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov laus ntsuas taw rau lub luag haujlwm tsis zoo thiab muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv kev twv txiaj (Billieux li al., 2012; Canale, Scacchi, & Griffiths, 2016; Fischer & Smith, 2008; Grall-Bronnec li al., 2012; Michalczuk, Bowden-Jones, Verdejo-Garcia, & Clark, 2011; Savvidou li al., 2017). Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev mob nyhav, tshwj xeeb yog tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej loj, yog muaj kev sib tw hauv cov neeg laus / cov neeg laus cov hnyav thiab tsis kuaj mob (piv txwv)Claes li al., 2015; Kelly, Cotter, & Mazzeo, 2014; Mikheeva & Tragesser, 2016; Murphy, Stojek, & MacKillop, 2014; VanderBroek-Txoj Kev, Stojek, Puam, vanDellen, & MacKillop, 2017), thiab qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia cov koom haum ua tsis muaj siab (Claes li al., 2015; Murphy li al., 2014; VanderBroek-Stice li al., 2017). Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm UPPS-P qauv hauv kev siv compulsive kev siv hauv Internet gaming thiab duab liab qab yog tsawg. Ob txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg laus tsis tau mus nrhiav cov koom haum zoo sib xws ntawm UPPS-P thiab cov cim qhia ntawm ntau hauv online gaming (Irvine li al., 2013; Nuyens li al., 2016). Hauv kev kawm tsis ntev los no ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, UPPS-P cov qhab nia tsis cuam tshuam ntawm kev nyab xeeb gamers thiab gamers pom zoo DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder (Deleuze li al., 2017). Kev kawm tsis ntev los no ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas / cov laus qhia txog kev koom tes zoo ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj yees siv kev ua si hauv online (Wery, Deleuze, Canale, & Billieux, 2018), thiab txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau pom ntau dua ntawm kev ua tsis taus rau cov laus nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev sib piv nrog cov neeg tsis muaj nws (Voon, Mole, li al., 2014), tab sis ho tsis qhia txog qhov teev me me.
Ua ke, thaum lub sij hawm tus qauv tseem ceeb hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas cov qauv uas siv cov teeb meem cawv thiab kev siv cannabis, peb tsuas paub txog nws txoj hauj lwm hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, tshwj xeeb yog teeb meem hauv Internet gaming thiab siv duab liab qab.
Ntawm no, peb tau kuaj xyuas cov koom haum ntawm cov kev coj ua tsis zoo thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm cov cawv (cawv, cannabis, thiab lwm yam tshuaj) thiab cov khoom tsis zoo (Internet gaming, pornography, thiab noj mov) cov yeeb yaj kiab uas muaj feem xyuam nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj kev koom tes hauv cov yeeb yam no. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev xav txog kev tswj hwm tus kheej, peb pom tias tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo yuav muaj feem xyuam nrog cov teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Raws li kev xav ntawm kev siv cov duab liab qab thiab kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus li kev coj cwj pwm, thiab cov ntawv nyeem tsawg, peb pom tau hais tias qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov yeeb yam no. Vim tsis ntev los no kev tshawb nrhiav, peb xav tias teeb meem siv Internet gaming yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog UPPS-P qauv.
txoj kev
Cov neeg koom nrog thiab cov txheej txheem
Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev txhawj xeeb rau cov kev coj cwj pwm. Kom tau txais ib qho qauv nrog ntau yam kev tiv thaiv txog kev quav tshuaj, cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj teebmeem txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm coj (kev coj tus cwj pwm txawv tawm mus rau lwm tus) thiab tsawg theem ntawm teeb meem kev coj tus cwj pwm coj (kev coj tus cwj pwm coj mus rau nws tus kheej). Cov teeb meem sab nraud thiab teeb meem ntawm kev ua haujlwm raug ntsuas nrog YouthMap12, 12-khoom nug nrog rau 6 yam qhia txog teebmeem sab nraud (EP6) thiab teeb meem hauv teeb meem (IP6; Pedersen, Rømer Thomsen, Pedersen, & Hesse, 2017). Tus cwj pwm txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm tau pom tau tias yuav ua rau kom muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm ob tus genders (Fischer, Najman, Williams, & Clavarino, 2012; Heron et al., 2013; Miettunen li al., 2014), thiab EP6 tau sib txuas lus nrog cov teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob thoob Nordic lub teb chaws (Pedersen li al., Hauv xovxwm; Pedersen li al., 2017). Nyob rau hauv sib piv, kev tshawb fawb taw tes rau tsis muaj koom haum nrog teeb meem internalizing (Griffith-Qiv Ua Si, Huijbregts, Mooijaart, Vollebergh, & Swaab, 2011; Miettunen li al., 2014), uas yuav ua tau raws li kev tiv thaiv (Colder et al., 2013; Edwards li al., 2014).
Cov neeg koom tes tau nrhiav los ntawm ib daim ntawv soj ntsuam hauv teb chaws nrog 3,064 xaiv xaiv 15 - rau 25 xyoo-xyoo Danes [response rate 63%; txiv neej 51.1%; tub ntxhais kawm 79.1%; ua haujlwm 15.7% (saib Pedersen, Frederiksen, & Pedersen, 2015)] tshuaj xyuas xyoo 2014 los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Denmark. Tawm ntawm 205 uas tau txais tsab ntawv xa ntawv, 78 tau suav nrog txoj kev tshawb fawb. Txhawm rau nce cov qauv loj, cov neeg tuaj koom ntxiv tau txais los ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, peb suav nrog 109 (hnub nyoog 16-26 xyoo) nrog qib sib txawv ntawm EP6: tsis muaj teeb meem sab nraud (n = 34), cov teeb meem sab nraud tsawg kawg nkaus (n = 19), muaj teeb meem sab nraud sab nraud (n = 25), cov teeb meem loj sab nraud (n = 31), thiab tsawg heev (0–2) sab hauv cov teeb meem hauv txhua pawg (Daim duab 1).
Daim duab 1. Flowchart ntawm kev Txheej Txheem. Cov neeg tuaj koom tau raug xaiv los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov teebmeem ntawm tus kheej tawm tsam teebmeem (EP6, xws li 0 rau 6) thiab teebmeem kev coj cwj pwm (IP6, ib qho ntawm 0 rau 6), kom tau txais ib qho qauv nrog kev koom nrog ntau yam kev coj cwj pwm . Cov neeg koom tes tau nrhiav los ntawm ib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas thoob tebchaws (N = 3,064, hnub nyoog 15-25 xyoos) ua hauv xyoo 2014 los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Denmark. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj qhov ntsuas loj, ib pawg me ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom tau raug xaiv los ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 109 cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov neeg hluas uas muaj qib sib txawv ntawm cov teeb meem sab nraud thiab ntau qib kev siv tau suav nrog
Cov neeg koom nrog yog tias lawv tsis muaj teeb meem loj hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws tam sim no nrog Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (Lecrubier li al., 1997) thiab tsis tau txais tshuaj kho mob cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb. Cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom yoo nqhis ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv (dua li haus luam yeeb) tsawg kawg 24 teev ua ntej lawv koom nrog.
Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob ntawm CFIN / MINDLab cov chaw ntawm Aarhus University, Denmark. Hnub ntsuas, cov neeg tuaj koom ua tiav kev nug cov lus nug hauv computer (tsis suav nrog, ntev txog 30 min), thiab tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau tuaj pab teb cov lus nug uas tshwm sim.
Kev ntsuas
Cov kev coj tsis tau zoo raug ntsuas raws li siv UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (Cyders li al., 2007; Lynam et al., 2006), 59-khoom lus nug kev soj ntsuam kev ua tsis tau zoo: kev tsis tsim nyog, tsis muaj qhov ua ntej, tsis muaj kev cia siab, kev xav, thiab kev kub ntxhov. Vim tias muaj kev kawm siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev ntsuas sai (r = .71), peb tau sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov pauv sai (piv txwv li, kev coj ua los ntawm kev tawm tsam kom zoo rau lub siab lub ntsws), uas tau siv nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tom ntej. Qhov no yog tuaj nrog kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no (piv txwv, VanderBroek-Stice li al., 2017) thiab kev tshawb pom los ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tus qauv thoob plaws psychopathologies, uas pom muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws nrog cov tsiaj nruab nrab, ua li nug lawv qhov txawv txav (Berg et al., 2015).
Kev haus dej cawv muaj teeb meem raug siv los ntawm Kev Siv Cawv Cawv Siv Teeb Ceem (AUDIT; Cov sau ntawv nyiaj, Aasland, Babor, Delafuente, & Grant, 1993), 10-khoom nug tau tsim los ua ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas ntsuas cawv thiab tsim kev puas siab cawv. AUDIT yog ib qho kev siv tau ntawm kev tsim txom / kev tsim txom / kev quav dej quav cawv thiab ua kom pom kev zoo thiab muaj tus cwj pwm zoo (Meneses-Gaya, Zuardi, Loureiro, & Crippa, 2009).
Kev siv teeb meem cannabis siv los ntsuas cov Cannabis Siv Xyaum Kev Ntsuas Teeb Meem - Rov Qab (CUDIT-R), ib daim ntawv 8-khoom ntawm daim CUDIT (Adamson & Tus Muag Khoom, 2003), uas muaj sib npaug los sis siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws (Adamson li al., 2010).
Teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb (lwm yam tshaj li cannabis) raug siv los ntawm kev siv Cov Kev Xiam Oob Khab Siv Tiv Thaiv Kev Siv Tshuaj (DUDIT; Berman, Bergman, Palmstierna, & Schlyter, 2005), ib lub suab hlwb (Berman li al., 2005; Hildebrand, 2015; Voluse li al., 2012) 11-khoom nug kev ntsuam xyuas cov qauv ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj thiab cov teeb meem yeeb tshuaj.
Kev siv Internet Gaming teeb meem raug ntsuas raws li siv Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Luv Npe (IGDS9-SF; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015), ib daim ntawv 9-cov lus nug uas tau tsim kho los ntawm 9 nqe lus uas txhais tau tias yog kev ua si hauv Internet gaming raws li DSM-5. Tus IGDS9-SF suav hais tias yog siv tau thiab siv tau ntawm kev ua si hauv Internet gaming (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015).
Kev siv teeb meem saib duab liab qab raug ntsuas raws li Kev Siv Duab Pornography Craving Questionnaire (PCQ; Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014), 12-cov lus nug uas tau tsim los soj ntsuam txog kev ntxub ntxaug txog kev saib duab liab qab, nrog rau kev xav, lub tswv yim, kev xav ntawm lub cev, thiab kev nyuaj siab rau kev sib koom siv, thiab nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014).
Kev noj zaub mov teeb meem, los yog kev siv binge, raug ntsuas raws li siv Binge Eating Scale (BES; Gormally, Dub, Daston, & Rardin, 1982), 16-khoom nug lus soj ntsuam kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev xav, thiab kev paub txog cov nqaij binge, nrog kev rhiab heev thiab kev tshwj xeeb rau cov tib neeg nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm noj mov (Duarte, Pinto-Gouveia, & Ferreira, 2015).
AUDIT, CUDIT-R, thiab DUDIT muaj nyob hauv Danish, thiab cov lus nug ntxiv tau txhais los ntawm lus Askiv rau Danish los ntawm ob tug kws tshawb fawb Danish nrog cov peev xwm lus Askiv zoo.
Peb tau suav cov kev hloov ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov niam txiv, poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab ua tiav xyoo ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Tub los ntxhais thiab hnub nyoog muaj feem xyuam nrog kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw thiab SUD, piv txwv li, nrog kev siv zuj zus tuaj thaum ntxov txog qis qis thiab nrog ntau dua ntawm cov txiv neej (Hluas et al., 2002), thiab kev kawm theem pib raug pom tias yog ib lub npe zoo rau kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev txom nyem rau kev siv yeeb tshuaj hauv Scandinavia (Gauffin, Vinnerljung, Fridell, Hesse, & Hjern, 2013).
Kev Tshawb Fawb Tsom
Regression analyzes tau ua kom ntsuam xyuas cov koom haum ntawm qhov kev coj tsis tus thiab qhov kev tiv thaiv txog kev quav. Variance factors nce (Table 1) twb nyob deb hauv qab 4.0 thiab tsis sib luag ntawm 0.8 (Table 2), qhia tias multicollinearity tsis yog qhov teeb meem (O'Brien, 2007). Cov lus 1 kuj qhia tau tias qhov tseem ceeb rau sab hauv. Thaum cov neeg uas tau hloov nws tus kheej tau kwv yees li, feem ntau qhov tsawg squares (OLS) regression tau siv. Qhov no yog rooj plaub rau BES (skew = 0.76). Rau AUDIT, tus nqi tau hloov ua kom tus skew xoom siv qhov kev txiav txim lnskew0 hauv Stata. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim muaj ib qho kev faib khoom nruab nrab (Shapiro-Wilk test, z = 0.08, p = .47), thiab OLS regression tau siv los ntsuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm UPPS nplai thiab AUDIT hloov kho. Cov qauv ntsuas kev haus luam yeeb tso cai rau kwv yees qhov sib txheeb ntawm ib lossis ntau qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau lwm tus thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txaus siab thaum muaj censoring nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim kuj tsis paub meej. Kev siv tshuaj txo me me tau siv rau CUDIT, DUDIT, PCQ, thiab IGDS9-SF, vim tias lawv tau dhau xoom.
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Cov lus 1. Qauv yam ntxwv
Txhais tau tias (SD) | Min-max | Qhov ua tau zoo | Cronbach tus α | Variance tsom xam cov nqi | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||||
| Tub los ntxhais (txiv neej) | 68.8% | 1.19 | |||
| Muaj hnub nyoog | 21.7 (2.7) | 15.8-26.7 | 1.84 | ||
| Xyoo kawm ntawv | 13.4 (1.9) | 9-18 | 1.86 | ||
| Impulsivity | |||||
| Kev kub ntxhova | 44.9 (11.7) | 26-75 | 26-104 | .92 | 1.46 |
| (Tsis muaj) Premeditation | 23.1 (6.1) | 12-42 | 11-44 | .86 | 1.61 |
| (Tsis Muaj) Kev Tsim Vaj Tse | 17.7 (4.5) | 10-30 | 10-40 | .80 | 1.45 |
| Cia li nrhiav | 32.8 (6.4) | 19-46 | 12-48 | .82 | 1.40 |
| Cov cim qhia txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw | |||||
| AUDIT | 8.8 (5.9) | 0-29 | 0-40 | .78 | |
| KHOOM-R | 3.1 (5.5) | 0-25 | 0-32 | .86 | |
| DUDIT | 1.9 (4.7) | 0-23 | 0-44 | .86 | |
| Cov kev qhia txog cov cwj pwm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj | |||||
| bes | 7.3 (4.9) | 0-21 | 0-46 | .78 | |
| PCQ | 17.2 (14.5) | 0-53 | 12-84 | .83 | |
| IGDS9-SF | 9.7 (9.2) | 0-45 | 9-45 | .91 | |
Nco ntsoov. AUDIT: Kev Siv Tshuaj Teeb Ceeb Zog Caw; CUDIT-R: Cannabis Kev Siv Cov Kev Xiam Oob Qhab (Identification Test) - Revised; DUDIT: Kev Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Tus Cwj Pwm Siv; BEY: Kev Sib Txheeb ntawm Kev Sib Koom; PCQ: Pornography Craving Questionnaire; IGDS9-SF: Internet Gaming Disorder - Luv Hom; SD: tus qauv sib txawv.
aVim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo txog kev teev, cov nplai no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov maj nrawm.
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Cov lus 2. Intercorrelations ntawm tag nrho cov qhob
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Tub los ntxhaisa | ||||||||||||
| 2. Hnub nyoog | -0.11 | |||||||||||
| 3. Xyoo kawm ntawv | 0.06 | 0.65 *** | ||||||||||
| 4. Kev kub ntxhovb | 0.07 | 0.03 | -0.07 | |||||||||
| 5. (Tsis muaj) Premeditation | -0.03 | 0.06 | -0.07 | 0.45 *** | ||||||||
| 6. (Tsis Muaj) Kev Tsim Vaj Tse | -0.03 | 0.08 | -0.06 | 0.43 *** | 0.47 *** | |||||||
| 7. Cia li nrhiav | -0.29 ** | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.30 ** | 0.37 *** | 0.09 | ||||||
| 8. AUDIT | -0.10 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.33 *** | 0.27 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.39 *** | |||||
| 9. DUDIT | -0.05 | -0.10 | -0.21 * | 0.30 ** | 0.15 | 0.27 ** | 0.19 * | 0.41 *** | ||||
| 10. CUDIT | -0.25 ** | -0.13 | -0.23 * | 0.29 ** | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.60 *** | |||
| 11. IGDS9-SF | -0.44 *** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.14 | ||
| 12. BES | 0.48 *** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.34 *** | 0.08 | 0.25 ** | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.07 | -0.05 | -0.14 | |
| 13. PCQ | -0.51 *** | 0.22 * | 0.07 | 0.20 * | 0.15 | 0.24 * | 0.28 ** | 0.22 * | -0.03 | 0.17 | 0.32 *** | -0.17 |
Ceeb toom. Cov coefficients muaj nuj nqis yog nyob rau hauv daim npog ntsej muag. Cov ntawv luv li hauv Table 1.
aTub los ntxhais tau tso npe ua txiv neej = 0, poj niam = 1. bVim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo txog kev teev, cov nplai no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov maj nrawm.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Rau txhua qhov peb tau ua tiav ob qho qauv. Nyob rau hauv Model 1, peb nkag mus rau poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau thawj kauj ruam thiab UPPS-P kev txaus siab ntawm qhov thib ob theem. Hauv Model 2, peb nkag mus kawm poj niam los txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau thawj kauj ruam thiab tag nrho cov UPPS-P nplai hauv ob theem. Kev poob siab raug pom tias tseem ceeb, yog tias F-statistic rau qhov thib ob kauj ruam yog qhov tseem ceeb. Peb kuaj cov txiv neej thiab cov poj niam ua ke, raws li txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm UPPS-P cov teeb meem thiab kev coj cwj pwm tau pom tau tias yog cov poj niam los sis txiv neej (Cyders, 2013; VanderVeen li al., 2016). Tag nrho cov coefficients tau muab los ntawm X-tus qauv hloov, ua kom cov coefficients qhia qhov nce ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sib tos, muab qhov nce ntawm UPPS-P ntawm cov qauv sib txawv. Peb muab kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov sib piv los qhia txog qhov loj ntawm cov qauv coefficients hauv cov qauv 1 thiab 2. Kab dav qhia cov coefficients los ntawm cov qauv kev hloov ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm kev quav tshuaj yeeb ntsig raws li cov UPPS-P. Cov voj voog yog tsim nyob rau hauv R version 3.4.0 (R Core Team, 2014) siv lub pob (circlize) pob (Gu, Gu, Eils, Schlesner, & Brors, 2014). Cov kev tshuaj ntsuam tau raug ua siv Stata 14 (StataCorp, 2015).
Ethics
Cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb tau muab coj los ua raws li Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki, raws li kho hauv 2008. Txoj kev tshawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm pawg neeg saib xyuas kev ncaj ncees hauv thaj av (Tsib lub Videnskabetiske Komitéer rau Region Midtjylland) thiab cov neeg tau txais kev pab tau txais cov ncauj lus thiab sau ntawv txog txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab tau sau daim ntawv tso cai ua ntej koom. Yog tias cov neeg koom hauv 18 tsis tau muaj hnub nyoog, cov niam txiv kuj tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov kev tshawb fawb los xyuas kom meej tias tus neeg tuaj yeem tso cai ntawm niam txiv kev saib xyuas. Cov lus nug yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb loj xws li cov duab thiab cov neeg tuaj koom tau txais DKK 1000 rau lawv txoj kev koom tes.
tau
Tus cwj pwm koom nrog koom txheej tau muab tso rau hauv Table 1. Tus qauv tau predominately txiv neej, thiab lub hnub nyoog yog 21.7 xyoo. Cov qhab-nees ntawm kev tivthaiv kev tivthaiv muaj qhov qhia txog qee yam ntawm kev tivthaiv: AUDIT 8.8 (SD 5.9), CUDIT-R 3.1 (SD 5.5), DUDIT 1.9 (SD 4.7), BED 7.3 (SD 4.9), PCQ 17.2 (SD 14.5), thiab IGDS9-SF 9.7 (SD 9.2).
Pearson txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua tus qhob muaj qhia nyob rau hauv Table 2. DUDIT tau zoo nrug nrog AUDIT (0.41, p <.01) thiab CUDIT (0.60, p <.01). IGDS9-SF tau zoo sib txheeb nrog PCQ (0.32, p <.01) thiab AUDIT tau txheeb zoo nrog PCQ (0.22, p <.05).
Kev tsis tuaj yeem thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj
Cov qauv ntawm regression yog sau ua ke hauv Cov Ncauj Lus 3. Kev kub ntxhov (p <.001), tsis muaj lub siab xav ua ntej (p <.01), tsis muaj siab thev (p <.01), thiab qhov xav nrhiav (p <.001) muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo nrog AUDIT cov qhab nia tom qab kho kom yog poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm (Tus Qauv 1). Tom qab kho kom haum rau txhua tus hloov (qauv 2), qhov kev xav nrhiav (p <.001) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.05) tau cuam tshuam nrog qib siab dua AUDIT-cov qhab nia.
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Cov lus 3. Cov koom haum ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kev coj ua tsis sib haum xeeb thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw
AUDITa | CUDITb | DUDITb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Kev kub ntxhovc | 0.12 (0.06-0.19) *** | 0.05 (-0.02-0.13) | 3.25 (1.27-5.22) ** | 3.16 (0.81-5.52) ** | 4.37 (1.24-7.50) ** | 2.61 (-0.98-6.20) |
| (Tsis muaj) Premeditation | 0.10 (0.03-0.16) ** | -0.01 (-0.09-0.06) | 1.89 (-0.28-4.06) | 0.18 (-2.42-2.77) | 3.06 (-0.34-6.46) | -1.28 (-5.20-2.64) |
| (Tsis Muaj) Kev Tsim Vaj Tse | 0.10 (0.04-0.17) ** | 0.07 (0.00-0.15) * | 1.16 (-1.01-3.34) | -0.36 (-2.76-2.05) | 4.90 (1.46-8.34) ** | 3.89 (0.24-7.55) * |
| Cia li nrhiav | 0.15 (0.09-0.22) *** | 0.13 (0.06-0.21) *** | 1.67 (-0.57-3.92) | 0.49 (-1.87-2.86) | 3.28 (-0.21-6.78) | 2.20 (-1.53-5.93) |
Nco ntsoov. Qhov tseem ceeb yog cov coefficients los ntawm regression (95% kev cog qoob loo sib xyaw), uas tau X-standardized, uas yog, cov coefficients, qhia qhov nce ntawm tus kabmob sib luag uas tau nce ntxiv ntawm UPPS cov haujlwm ntawm ib tus qauv sib txawv. Cov coefficients muaj nuj nqis yog nyob rau hauv daim npog ntsej muag. Cov ntawv luv li hauv Table 1. Model 1: Hloov kho rau hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm. Model 2: Hloov kho rau cov hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, xyoo kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam kev hloov tsis tau.
aQhov tseem ceeb hloov mus rau kev xoom qis thiab OLS regression siv. bTobit regression siv vim muaj pes tsawg tus neeg los ua twv tsis tau. cVim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo txog kev teev, cov nplai no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov maj nrawm.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Txoj kev kub ntxhov no tau txuam nrog CUDIT cov qhab nia tom qab kho cov poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm (Qauv 1, p <.01). Lub koom haum tseem ceeb (p <.01) tom qab kho rau txhua tus hloov pauv (Tus Qauv 2). Tom qab nkag mus rau UPPS nplai (Tus Qauv 2), poj niam txiv neej poj niam tseem nyob nrog cov qhab nias qis ntawm CUDIT (p <.01).
Kev kub ntxhov (p <.01) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.01) tau cuam tshuam zoo nrog DUDIT cov qhab nia tom qab kho kom yog poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm (Tus Qauv 1). Tom qab kho kom haum rau txhua tus hloov (qauv 2), tsis muaj siab ntev (p <.05) tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo.
Cov qauv coefficients los ntawm Qauv 1 thiab 2 yog pom tau rau hauv daim duab ntawm daim duab 2.
Daim duab 2. Cov duab sib nrug ntawm cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tsis tau zoo thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm. Cov duab sib dhos ntawm UPPS-P cov nplai (ib nrab sab saum toj) uas cuam tshuam nrog kev quav yeeb tshuaj thiab tsis quav tshuaj-cuam tshuam txog kev coj ua (qab ib nrab). Tsuas yog muaj kev kwv yees muaj nuj nqis loj heev xwb. Kab dav qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tib neeg cov coefficients thiab tuaj yeem txhais raws li qhov nruab nrab nce ntxiv ntawm qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm UPPS-P nplai ntawm cov lus nug ntawm ib qho kev tsis sib txawv, thaum muaj hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm raug hloov kho rau (Qauv 1) thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, xyoo kev kawm, thiab lwm yam UPPS-P nplai raug hloov kho rau (Qauv 2). Vim tias qhov siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo rau qhov teev sai sai, cov nplai no tau koom ua ke hauv ib qho kev hloov mus los. AUDIT: Kev Ntsuas Kev Siv Siv Dej Cawv; CUDIT-R: Cannabis Siv Kev Ntsuas Cov Kev Ntsuas Cov Khoom Siv - Kho Dua; DUDIT: Kev Ntsuas Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj Tsis Zoo; BES: Binge Noj Tuav; PCQ: Cov duab liab qab puas ntsoog
Kev tsis tuaj yeem thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm cov cwj pwm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj
Cov qauv ntawm regression yog sau ua ke hauv Cov Ncauj Lus 4. Kev kub ntxhov (p <.001) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.01) muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo nrog BES cov qhab nia tom qab tau hloov kho rau poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm (Tus Qauv 1). Tom qab kho tau rau tag nrho cov hloov pauv (Qauv 2), kev ceev (p <.01) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.05) tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo. Thaum kawg, poj niam los txiv neej tseem nyob nrog cov qhab nia siab ntawm BES hauv Tus Qauv 2 (p <.01).
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Cov lus 4. Cov koom haum ua ntau yam ntawm cov kev coj ua tsis zoo thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm cov cwj pwm uas tsis muaj quav cwj pwm
besa | PCQb | IGDS9-SFb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Kev kub ntxhovc | 1.51 (0.72-2.29) *** | 1.24 (0.31-2.17) ** | 4.30 (1.13-7.46) ** | 2.74 (-0.92-6.39) | 0.96 (-1.35-3.27) | 0.41 (-2.27-3.09) |
| (Tsis muaj) Premeditation | 0.43 (-0.41-1.26) | -0.84 (-1.82-0.13) | 2.34 (-0.93-5.60) | -1.34 (-5.22-2.55) | 0.44 (-1.93-2.80) | -0.79 (-3.67-2.10) |
| (Tsis Muaj) Kev Tsim Vaj Tse | 1.29 (0.49-2.10) ** | 1.12 (0.19-2.04) * | 4.48 (1.26-7.69) ** | 3.89 (0.16-7.62) * | 1.95 (-0.36-4.25) | 2.11 (-0.56-4.78) |
| Cia li nrhiav | 0.73 (-0.13-1.59) | 0.53 (-0.38-1.43) | 2.59 (-0.88-6.05) | 2.00 (-1.70-5.71) | 0.30 (-2.12-2.72) | 0.37 (-2.30-3.03) |
Nco ntsoov. Qhov tseem ceeb yog cov coefficients los ntawm regression (95% kev cog qoob loo sib xyaw), uas tau X-standardized, uas yog, cov coefficients, qhia qhov nce ntawm tus kabmob sib luag uas tau nce ntxiv ntawm UPPS cov haujlwm ntawm ib tus qauv sib txawv. Cov coefficients muaj nuj nqis yog nyob rau hauv daim npog ntsej muag. Cov ntawv luv li hauv Table 1. Model 1: regression adjusted rau cov hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, thiab xyoo kawm ntawv. Model 2: Hloov kho rau cov hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, xyoo kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam kev hloov tsis tau.
aOLS regression siv. bTobit regression siv vim muaj pes tsawg tus neeg los ua twv tsis tau. cVim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo txog kev teev, cov nplai no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov maj nrawm.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Kev kub ntxhov (p <.01) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.01) tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog PCQ cov qhab nia tom qab hloov kho rau poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog thiab kev kawm (Tus Qauv 1). Tom qab kho kom haum rau txhua tus hloov (qauv 2), tsis muaj siab ntev (p <.05) tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo. Ntxiv mus, poj niam txiv neej poj niam ua ke nrog cov qhab nias qis dua ntawm PCQ hauv Qauv 2 (p <.001).
Peb pom tsis muaj cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm UPPS-P thiab problematic Internet gaming, tab sis poj niam txiv neej poj niam tseem nyob nrog cov qhab nia qis dua ntawm IGDS9-SF hauv Model 2.
Sib piv cov qauv nrog tiv tiag yam tsis muaj kev coj tus kheej
Peb piv tus qauv ntawm cov hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, thiab kev kawm nrog tus qauv uas tau hloov cov kev hloov no nrog rau UPPS-P cov nqi zog rau txhua tus ntawm peb cov neeg hloov siab. Cov ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau hauv Table 5. Rau AUDIT thiab BES, qhov ntxiv ntawm UPPS-P cov kev hloov tau zoo tshaj qhov qauv ntawm lub hauv paus p <.001. Kev hloov pauv R-square yog 25% rau AUDIT thiab 15% rau BES. Rau CUDIT, DUDIT, thiab PCQ, tus qauv tau zoo dua ntawm p <.05. Rau IGDS9-SF, tus qauv tsis tseem ceeb.
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Cov lus 5. Cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev nkag mus rau UPPS qauv tom qab hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, thiab xyoo kawm ntawv
Kauj ruam xwm txheej | p tus nqi | |
|---|---|---|
| AUDITa | F(4,102) = 8.01 | .000 |
| CUDITb | F(4,102) = 2.71 | .034 |
| DUDITb | F(4,102) = 2.97 | .023 |
| besc | F(4,101) = 6.09 | .000 |
| PCQb | F(4,102) = 3.05 | .020 |
| IGDS9-SFb | F(4,102) = 0.79 | .533 |
Nco ntsoov. Qhov tseem ceeb yog F-tsis muab piv rau tus qauv nrog txivneej, hnub nyoog, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm nrog tus qauv uas suav tag nrho UPPS nplai. Cov ntawv luv li hauv Table 1.
aQhov tseem ceeb hloov mus rau kev xoom qis thiab OLS regression siv. bTobit regression siv vim muaj pes tsawg tus neeg los ua twv tsis tau. cOLS regression siv.
kev sib tham
Rau peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev los nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau yam kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj uas muaj feem xyuam nrog rau UPPS-P qauv hauv tib tus qauv, uas cia siab rau kev sib piv ntawm cov nyiaj pab ntawm tus txheeb ze ntawm UPPS-P cov teebmeem rau ntau hom kev tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj. Qhov no yog ua tau vim cov neeg tuaj koom tau los ntawm ib pawg neeg Danish loj loj thiab ua haujlwm sab nraud los ntawm sab nraud cov teeb meem, uas ua rau muaj kev sib faib ntau yam kev koom tes hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb xyuas tus qauv hauv relation to problematic Internet gaming thiab saib duab liab qab uas siv tus tsim IGDS9-SF thiab PCQ. Tus qauv UPPS-P zoo zoo nrog cov yeeb yam ntawm txhua qhov kev tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj tshwj tsis yog muaj teeb meem siv Internet gaming. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tus qauv yog qhov ua tau sai thiab tsis mob siab, raws li ib los yog ob qho tib si ntawm cov yeeb yam no raug cuam tshuam nrog tag nrho cov kev coj cwj pwm kev tiv thaiv (tshwj tsis yog Internet gaming) hauv cov qauv kho txhua yam.
Raws li qhov loj ntawm qhov txiaj ntsig, qhov sib npaug ntawm ib qho kev sib haum xeeb ntawm UPPS-P kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm uas muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev tiv thaiv yog ib yam tsis raug 0.21. Kev haus dej cawv thiab kev nyom ntawm kev noj haus, cov qauv ua tau zoo dua tuaj thaum lub UPPS-P tau ntxiv nrog cov kev hloov loj hauv R-squared rau AUDIT thiab ntau dua, tab sis tseem muaj ntau qhov kev hloov hauv R-squared rau BES, thiab rau ob qho yeeb siv tshuaj teeb meem nplai thiab cov duab liab qab, kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv haum yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm p <.05. Koom tes ua tus qauv yuav tau xav tias, txij li kev ua kom yuag thiab kev coj tus yam ntxwv cuam tshuam, tab sis nyias txua tsim.
Cov tub ntxhais hluas Danish muaj cov neeg siv khoom ntau. Hauv qhov kev soj ntsuam ESPAD tsis ntev los no (hnub nyoog 15-16 xyoos) (Kraus, Guttormsson, li al., 2016), Tebchaws Denmark tau qis tshaj plaws ntawm lub hlis dhau los ntawm kev qaug (32%) thiab kev haus dej haus cawv (56%), qhov uas cov kev siv hauv lub hlis dhau los cannabis siv (5%) tau qis dua cov tebchaws Europe. Hauv kev kawm txog 15-rau 25 xyoo-laus, Cov neeg 10% tau siv cov cannabis lub hli dhau los thiab 2.1% tau siv txhua hnub (Pedersen li al., 2015). Hauv ESPAD daim ntawv soj ntsuam, Denmark tau nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm lub hlis dhau los hauv Internet cov tub ntxhais hluas (64%) thiab cov ntxhais (28%) (Kraus, Guttormsson, li al., 2016). Tebchaws Denmark paub txog nws txoj kev xav thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo mus rau kev saib duab liab qab thiab kev pw ua ke, uas yog yuav ua rau kom muaj zog (Hald, 2006). Ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tau pom muaj cov kev txwv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev saib duab liab qab, piv txwv li, lub hlis dhau los siv (txiv neej 82.5% thiab pojniam 33.6%) (Hald, 2006). Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tsis ntev los no tau pom cov nqi qis ntawm kev noj haus hauv Nordic lub teb chaws piv nrog lwm lub tebchaws, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb Danish (Dahlgren, Stedal, & Wisting, 2017).
Qhov kev coj tsis zoo thiab kev quav tshuaj muaj yees tiv thaiv
Nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog peb cov kev ntsuam xyuas, kev mob nyhav tau zoo los ntawm kev siv cawv (Model 1), cannabis (ob qauv), thiab lwm yam tshuaj (Model 1). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los taw tes rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem cawv thiab cov laus siv ntawm cov hluas (Coskunpinar li al., 2013; Stautz & Cooper, 2013; VanderVeen li al., 2016) thiab cocaine nyob (Albein-Urios li al., 2012; Fernandez-Serrano li al, 2012; Torres et al., 2013). Nyob hauv txoj kab nrog peb cov kev ntsuam xyuas, kev mob nyhav tseem ceeb heev rau kev noj mov ntawm kev siv binge (ob qho qauv) thiab teeb meem siv duab liab qab (Model 1). Qhov no zoo li yav dhau los cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj zaub mov hauv cov laus / cov hluas (Claes li al., 2015; Kelly et al., 2014; Mikheeva & Tragesser, 2016; Murphy li al., 2014; VanderBroek-Stice li al., 2017) thiab txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no nrog kev siv dag siv hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv online ntawm cov txiv neej (Wery li al., 2018). Cov kev xav ua rau kev ua muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo hauv lub xeev kuj yuav txuas rau cov khoom yeeb tshuaj thiab cov yeeb tshuaj uas tsis muaj quav cwj pwm los ntawm kev pom zoo thiab tsis zoo, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev xav kom muaj kev txaus siab tam sim los yog lub tswv yim los mus ncua sij hawm txo tus cwj pwm tsis zoo , txawm ntev lub sij hawm tsis zoo (Cyders & Smith, 2008; Heatherton & Baumeister, xyoo 1991; Settles et al., 2010; Tice li al., 2001). Longitudinal cov kev tshawb fawb muaj qee cov kev txhawb rau lub tswv yim (Tshuaj loog, Selby, & Joiner, 2007; Pearson, Combs, Zapolslci, & Smith, 2012; Teeb tsa, Zapolski, & Smith, 2014; Settles et al., 2010), piv txwv, qhia tias qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev cia siab nce siab hauv qhov kev cia siab uas noj txhua yam tsis zoo rau, uas kwv yees ua rau cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo dua (Pearson li al., 2012).
Tsis muaj kev tsim txom tseem ceeb li qhov tseem ceeb heev, uas ua rau muaj teeb meem siv cawv (Model 1), lwm yam tshuaj (ob hom qauv), kev siv binge (ob qho qauv), thiab cov duab liab qab (ob qho qauv). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau txuas nrog tsis muaj kev mob siab nrog kev siv cawv cwj pwm (Coskunpinar li al., 2013; Stautz & Cooper, 2013), yeeb yaj yeeb (xws li, Verdejo-Garcia li al., 2007), thiab noj mov (Claes li al., 2015; Murphy li al., 2014; VanderBroek-Stice li al., 2017), tab sis lub koom haum feem ntau tsis muaj zog raws li qhov tseem ceeb. Txog peb cov kev paub, qhov no yog thawj zaug kawm los txuas kev tsis muaj siab ntev nrog cov muaj teeb meem siv duab liab qab. Tsis muaj kev ua siab ntev tau cuam tshuam rau qhov kev puas tsuaj hauv kev tsis kam ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam (xws li, kev tsis taus ntawm lub peev xwm los mus muab kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam) thiab txo kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua (Gay, Rochat, Billieux, d'Acremont, & Van der Linden, 2008; Rochat, Billieux, Gagnon, & Van der Linden, 2018), thiab tej zaum kuj yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ntxhov siab. Txoj kev tshawb no tsis ntev los no tau pom tias cov neeg uas tsis tshua muaj siab muaj kev nyuaj siab ntau dua tom qab muaj teeb meem rau kev ntxhov siab (Canale, Rubaltelli, Vieno, Pittarello, & Billieux, 2017). Cov tswv yim no yuav pab piav qhia cov koom haum tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj kev mob siab thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj.
Peb pom tsis muaj koom haum nruab nrab ntawm UPPS-P me me thiab teeb meem hauv Internet gaming, ua ke nrog peb qhov kev xav thiab cov kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no (Deleuze li al., 2017; Irvine li al., 2013; Nuyens li al., 2016). Qhov no yuav qhia tau tias yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev ua siab zoo yog txuas rau qhov teeb meem hauv Internet gaming teeb meem. Qhov tseem ceeb, txoj kev tshawb no tsis ntev los no (Deleuze li al., 2017) pom tau tias cov teeb meem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau SUD thiab kev twv txiaj, xws li UPPS-P thiab lwm cov kev ntsuas txog kev tswj yus tus kheej, ua tsis tau kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm kev nyab xeeb gamers thiab gamers pom zoo DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder.
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm poj niam txiv neej txawv kev txiav txim siab. Poj niam txiv neej yog txuam nrog cov qhab nia qis dua ntawm CUDIT, PCQ, thiab IGD9-SF thiab ntau dua cov qhab nia ntawm BES, zoo li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas qhia cov poj niam nrhiav kev kho rau cov kab mob cannabis (Smith, 2014), txo qis dua cov duab liab qab (Hald, 2006) thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet (Ha & Hwang, 2014) cov pojniam, thiab ntau dua ntawm cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm kev noj haus (Dahlgren li al., 2017). Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv nrog cov qauv hnyav dua yuav tsum tau sim yog tias qhov kev xav zoo ib yam yog hais txog kev coj cwj pwm txawv hauv ob lub genders.
Xws li, peb cov kev tshawb pom txog kev ceev nrooj thiab tsis ua siab ntev hauv kev tsim yeeb tshuaj thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj (tshwj tsis yog hauv Internet gaming). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov koom haum tsim muaj cov yeeb yam thiab cov cwj pwm uas tsis raug cwj pwm uas hais txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia tias kev nce theem siab ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm yuav tsis tshwm sim los ntawm kev muaj mob ntawm cov tshuaj nyob ib leeg.
Peb cov kev tshawb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tuav tswj lub peev xwm ntawm txoj kev kub ntxhov thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab rau kev tsim yeeb tshuaj thiab kev coj cwj pwm, thiab ua li cov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Txuas ntxiv, kev tshawb pom taw rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev pabcuam tiv thaiv hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj fwm cov kev xav hauv cov kev mob no, piv txwv li, cov kev tiv thaiv cuam tshuam rau kev kawm cov tswv yim zoo rau kev daws teeb meem. Cov kev zov me nyuam yuav tau txais txiaj ntsim los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kev pabcuam hlwb (psychoeducational interventions) rau lwm yam mob plawv, xws li kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus kheej (Zanarini, Conkey, Temes, & Fitzmaurice, 2017) los yog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus kheejThylstrup, Schroder, & Hesse, 2015).
Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum tau los muab cov kev tshawb nrhiav uas tsis raug xwm txheej, ntxiv rau hauv cov neeg saib mob, thiab yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm kev xav thiab kev cia siab. Cov kev tshawb nrhiav ntev ntev nrog ntau qhov kev ncua sij hawm yuav tsum tau siv los tawm tsam kev coj ntawm kev coj.
Cov kev txwv
Tus qauv loj yog tsim nyog los ntsuam xyuas tus kheej (r = .35), tab sis tsis muaj zog kev sib tshuam. Qhov kev txwv no tau kho qee yam los ntawm kev txhob txwm tshaj tawm cov neeg muaj kev pheej hmoo siab thiab qis tus neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig los txhawm rau kom muaj kev hloov pauv txaus hauv kev hais lus ntawm lub cev tsis ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej nrog ntau lub zog yuav raug siv los ua pov thawj thiab nthuav cov kev tshawb pom tam sim no thiab saib rau hauv pawg neeg tshwj xeeb (piv txwv, poj niam txiv neej).
Vim yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, peb tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov laj thawj zoo, qhov ntawd yog, seb cov qib siab dua UPPS-P puas tau pom zoo ntau dua cov kev coj cwj pwm uas muaj feem txog kev tiv thaiv, los yog lwm txoj kev ncig. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tau tias yuav tsum ua kom tsis muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev coj.
Lub PCQ muaj kev ntsuas ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev yees duab, ib qho yeeb yam ntawm cov cwj pwm uas muaj yees, thiab ua kom pom qhov teeb meem loj thiab siv teeb meem. Tsis ntev tas los no cov lus nug, Cov Kev Sib Tham Txog Kev Nyab Xeeb Hauv Internet (Internet Cyber Test) tau siv rau kev ua si hauv online (Wery, Burnay, Karila, & Billieux, 2016) tej zaum yuav muab kev siv ntau dua rau kev siv teeb meem, tab sis muaj kev txwv rau cov khoom hauv online.
Kev xaiv ntawm cov hluas uas sib txawv ntawm EP6 yog ua raws li kev soj ntsuam txog kev xaiv cov tub ntxhais hluas xaiv Danish cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab li peb cov kev tshawb pom no yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau cov pejxeem ntawm cov hluas Danish thiab cov hluas hauv lub tebchaws uas zoo ib yam li Denmark.
cov lus xaus
Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tshwj xeeb nais maum kuaj cov koom haum ua ke ntawm UPPS-P qauv thiab ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj nyob rau cov hluas uas muaj kev koom tes rau hauv cov cwj pwm no. Tus qauv UPPS-P zoo zoo nrog cov ntsuas ntawm txhua tus cwj pwm tsis zoo uas tsuas yog teeb meem hauv Internet gaming. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tseem ceeb heev thiab tsis muaj siab, raws li ib los yog ob qho tib si ntawm cov yeeb yam no raug cuam tshuam nrog tag nrho cov kev coj cwj pwm kev txuam nrog (tshwj tsis yog hauv Internet gaming). Peb cov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tsis muaj qhov ua siab ntev li qhov kev twv ntxiv rau kev tsim kab mob kev nyuab siab thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob kev tiv thaiv.
Tus sau phau ntawv pab nyiaj
KRT, MBC, MUP, thiab VV: kawm tswvyim thiab tsim thiab tau nyiaj. MUP: ua haujlwm ntawm lub teb chaws cov kev tshawb fawb uas tau tuaj koom los ntawm. KRT, MBC, thiab MMP: khaws cov ntaub ntawv. MH thiab KRT: tawm tsom xam thiab txhais lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. TLK: cov ntaub ntawv siv tau. KRT: sau cov ntawv sau. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau sau tseg thiab tau pom zoo rau daim ntawv sau. Lawv tau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab lub luag haujlwm rau kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntsuam.
Teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teebmeem dabtsi.
Acknowledgements
Cov sau phau ntawv no xav ua tsaug rau cov neeg tuaj koom rau lub sijhawm mus ncig tebchaws rau hauv nroog Aarhus thiab koom nrog txoj kev kawm, thiab Mads Jensen (Aarhus University), Nuria Donamayor (University of Cambridge), Kwangyeol Baek (University of Cambridge), thiab Daisy Mechelmans ( University of Cambridge) los pab rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, thiab Lub Chaw Haujlwm Kev Ua Haujlwm Integrative Neuroscience / MINDLab rau kev siv lawv qhov chaw zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ua tsaug rau Claire Mowat rau kev pabcuam piav qhia ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob hauv kev qhuab qhia. Lawv kuj xav ua tsaug rau Shane Kraus rau kev siv PCQ.
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Qhov kev coj tsis zoo thiab kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav ntawm cov hluas.
J Behav Addict. 2018 Apr 12: 1-14. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.22.
Rømer Thomsen K1, Callesen MB1, Hesse M1, Kvamme TL1, Pedersen MM1, Pedersen MU1, Voon V2.
J Behav Addict. 2018 Apr 12: 1-14. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.22.
Rømer Thomsen K1, Callesen MB1, Hesse M1, Kvamme TL1, Pedersen MM1, Pedersen MU1, Voon V2.
Abstract
Tom qab thiab aims
Kev tsis tuaj yeem yog qhov yuav raug rau tus cwj pwm coj ua. Tus qauv UPPS-P impulsivity tau txuam nrog kev quav tshuaj yeeb thiab kev twv txiaj, tab sis nws lub luag hauj lwm hauv lwm cov cwj pwm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yog tsis to taub. Peb tau tshawb xyuas cov koom haum ntawm UPPS-P impulsivity qhov tseeb thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm ntau cov khoom thiab cov cwj pwm tsis muaj quav cwj pwm nyob hauv cov hluas uas muaj kev koom tes hauv cov yeeb yam no.
txoj kev
Cov neeg tuaj koom (N = 109, hnub nyoog 16-26 xyoo, 69% txiv neej) raug xaiv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv lub teb chaws raws lawv qib ntawm cov teeb meem sab nraud kom ua tiav kev faib tawm dav dav hauv kev koom nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm. Cov neeg koom nrog tau ua tiav UPPS-P Lus Nug thiab cov lus nug cov qauv ntsuas cov teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb (dej cawv, cannabis, thiab lwm yam tshuaj) thiab tsis siv tshuaj (Internet twv txiaj, saib duab liab qab, thiab zaub mov). Cov kev tsom xam pom tau raug siv los ntsuas cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cwj pwm tsis muaj zog thiab cov cim ntawm cov yeeb yam ntsig txog kev coj ua.
tau
Tus qauv UPPS-P muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov yeeb yam ntawm txhua qhov kev tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj tshwj tsis yog teeb meem hauv Internet gaming. Hauv kev ua qauv zoo, kev xav thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab los ntawm kev siv teeb meem cawv, kev kub ntxhov yog cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov kab mob hauv cannabis, thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab vim muaj teeb meem siv lwm yam tshuaj yeeb tsis ntau dua li cannabis. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab raug mob nrog kev noj mov thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab nrog kev siv cov duab liab qab.
Kev sib tham thiab cov lus xaus
Peb qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev coj tsis tus muaj txiaj ntsig nyob rau ntau qhov kev tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Peb cov kev tshawb pom thaum cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj teeb meem yuav tsum ceev nrooj thiab tsis ua siab ntev li qhov kev xam pom ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev siv tshuaj thiab kev pabcuam tivthaiv kabmob.
PMID: 29642723
Introduction
Seem:
Sab saum toj ntawm daim ntawv
Qab ntawm daim ntawv
Kev poob siab thiab UPPS-P
Kev tsis tuaj yeem yog txhais tau hais tias txoj kev xav mus ceev, tsis zoo, thiab txiav txim siab tsis zoo thiab ua, tab txawm tsis zoo. Impulsivity yog nce conceptualized raws li multidimensional (Evenden, 1999; Sperry, Lynam, Walsh, Horton, & Kwapil, 2016), thiab subcomponents yog heterogeneous nyob rau hauv qhov thiab txuam nrog discrete tab sis overlapping neural substrates (Dalley, Everitt, & Robbins, 2011).
Kev tsis tuaj yeem raug ntsuas raws li siv tus kheej daim ntawv qhia, xws li UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (Lynam, Smith, Whiteside, & Cyders, 2006), los yog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas ntsuas cov neeg sawv cev, xws li kev ntxov ntxov (4-Xaiv Serial Response Time Task; Voon, Irvine, li al., 2014) thiab teb cov kev txwv (piv txwv li, Mus / Nogo Ua Haujlwm; Garavan, Ross, & Stein, 1999). Tsis ntev tas los no cov pov thawj pom muaj pov thawj pom tau tias nws tus kheej qhia thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev tsis pom zoo sib koom tsawg dua 5% variance (Cyders & Coskunpinar, 2011) tawm tswv yim ob qho tib si ua cov nyiaj pab tshwj xeeb. Kev ntsuas tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev soj ntsuam tus kheej lub tswv yim los yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev zoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, yog tias kev coj tus cwj pwm tau muab qhov "snapshot" ntawm tus tib neeg tiag tiag, thiab tej zaum yuav tsis yooj yim rau cov teeb meem ntawm lub ntsej muagCyders & Coskunpinar, 2011; Sperry li al., 2016).
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tsom ntsoov rau UPPS-P qauv, uas yog siv ntau hom kev sib txawv. Tus qauv UPPS qauv zoo tshaj plaub cais, albeit ntsig txog, tus cwj pwm tsis zoo (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001): tsis zoo, qhov tshwm sim los ua rau rashly hauv siab tsis zoo siab ntsws xeev; (tsis muaj) lub tswv yim, txoj kev xav ua yam tsis tau forethought thiab kev npaj; (tsis muaj) kev ua siab ntev, qhov kev xav tsis tas ua tiav cov dej num; thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav, kev xav nrhiav kev lom zem thiab kev zoo siab. Cov qauv no qhia tau hais tias muaj kev ntxub ntxaug thiab muaj kev sib haum xeeb (Smith, Fischer, Cyders, Annus, & spillane, 2007), thiab tau muab pov thawj pab tau rau hauv kev ua rau muaj tus cwj pwm tsis txaus ntseeg, xws li kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw (SUDs) (Verdejo-Garcia, Bechara, Recknor, & Perez-Garcia, 2007; Whiteside & Lynam, 2003). Tus tshiab version, UPPS-P, suav nrog kev mob nyuab (qhov tshwm sim ua rau rashly hauv kev siab mob siab zoo xeev) (Lynam et al., 2006). Cov kev tshawb xyuas thawj qhov kev tshawb pom tau hais tias qhov kev ua tau zoo thib tsib tuaj yeem ntsuas tau hauv cov ntsiab lus-siv tau, muaj kev ntseeg zoo uas txawv dua rau lwm cov haujlwm (Cyders li al., 2007; Verdejo-Garcia, Lozano, Moya, Alcazar, & Perez-Garcia, 2010). Txawm li cas los, lub separability ntawm cov txheej txheem ceev tau tom qab tau raug nug lawm (Berg, Latzman, Bliwise, & Lilienfeld, 2015).
Qhov kev xav ntawm kev coj tus kheej nyob rau hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm
Impulsivity yog ib txwm tsis hnov mob thoob plaws thoob plaws SUD (Dalley et al., 2011; Voos & Dalley, 2016), thiab subcomponents tau pom tias yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo loj hauv kev tsim cov teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb thiab SUD (Dalley et al., 2007; Ersche li al., 2012; Kaiser, Bonsu, Charnigo, Milich, & Lynam, 2016).
Kev kawm txog cov kev sib raug zoo thaum cov hluas thiab cov hluas hluas yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim qhov no yog thaum siv yeeb tshuaj feem ntau pib thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo. Raws li kev ntsuas ntawm cov hluas thiab cov hluas, kev mob nyhav zoo thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua rau pom kev zoo tshaj plaws nrog kev siv teeb meem cawv (Coskunpinar, Dir, & Cyders, 2013; Stautz & Cooper, 2013). Lwm txoj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas pom cov koom haum nruab nrab ntawm cov txiaj ntsim tsis zoo sib txawv ntawm qhov cannabis thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, thiab muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo (VanderVeen, Hershberger, & Cyders, 2016). Cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam kev siv yeeb tshuaj txhaum cai, xws li cocaine, kuj taw tes rau lub luag haujlwm (Albein-Urios, Martinez-Gonzalez, Lozano, Clark, & Verdejo-Garcia, 2012; Fernandez-Serrano, Perales, Moreno-Lopez, Perez-Garcia, & Verdejo-Garcia, 2012; Torres et al., 2013); tiam sis, kom deb li deb, cov kev sib raug zoo no tsuas tau sim hauv cov laus, kuaj kab mob. Tawm ua ke, kev mob nyhav tuaj yeem raug feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb ntawm cov hluas. Cov kev xav txog kev tswj hwm tus kheej muaj peev xwm piav qhia txog qhov txuas no los ntawm kev tawm tswv yim tias cov tib neeg uas muaj teeb meem hauv kev tswj cov kev xav tsis zoo yuav ua rau cov kev xav tsis sib haum los ua kom tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo (txawm tias ntev li cas tsis zoo), ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev coj tus cwj pwmTsim txom, Bratslavsky, & Baumeister, 2001). Raws li Kev Tshaj Tawm Ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm (Settles, Cyders, & Smith, 2010), qhov xwm txheej zoo yuav ua rau cov tib neeg tau txais cov kev cia siab uas cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, qhov tsis zoo yog qhov ua rau tib neeg siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv los tiv thaiv tsis pom kev zoo, ob qho tib si ntawm kev siv.
Dua li ntawm SUD, kev ua kom pom tau tias pom tau tias yog ua si tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom tsis zoo rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Qhov thib tsib tsab ntawm Diagnostic thiab Statistical Manual ntawm Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) cim ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev mob ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm coj los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, feem ntau hais tias kev coj cwj pwm. Raws xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev twvtxiaj twvtxiaj raug lees paub tias yog kev tivthaiv thawj tus cwjpwm, thiab muaj kev sibtham sib tham txog qee yam kev coj cwj pwm hauv DSM-6 thiab cov lus ICD-11. Kev siv internet gaming, duab liab qab, thiab kev noj mov yog feem ntau yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li kev coj cwj pwm vim tias muaj cov pov thawj pom tau hais tias muaj qee cov kev sib tshuam hauv cov hlwb thiab cov paj hlwb hauv qab (Amianto, Ottone, Daga, & Fassino, 2015; Gola et al., 2017; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017; Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015). Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntau ntxiv thiab cov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb tau nce, piv txwv, hais txog kev muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm ntawm qhov siab xav (Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage, & Heeren, 2015). Lwm cov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb yog tsis muaj kev pom zoo hais txog cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, thiab qhov tseeb hais tias cov lus tshawb nrhiav tau ncaj qha los ntawm SUD (Billieux li al., 2015; Kardefelt-Winther li al., 2017).
Cov neeg hauv qab ntawm kev lam ua rau pom tau tias muaj kev koom tes hauv kev twv txiaj twv txiaj, nrog rau kev tsis txaus siab (Rømer Thomsen li al., 2013) thiab kev coj tsis ncaj (Billieux li al., 2012; Savvidou li al., 2017), tab sis tag nrho, peb tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua siab phem tsis zoo hauv lwm hom kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov laus ntsuas taw rau lub luag haujlwm tsis zoo thiab muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv kev twv txiaj (Billieux li al., 2012; Canale, Scacchi, & Griffiths, 2016; Fischer & Smith, 2008; Grall-Bronnec li al., 2012; Michalczuk, Bowden-Jones, Verdejo-Garcia, & Clark, 2011; Savvidou li al., 2017). Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev mob nyhav, tshwj xeeb yog tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej loj, yog muaj kev sib tw hauv cov neeg laus / cov neeg laus cov hnyav thiab tsis kuaj mob (piv txwv)Claes li al., 2015; Kelly, Cotter, & Mazzeo, 2014; Mikheeva & Tragesser, 2016; Murphy, Stojek, & MacKillop, 2014; VanderBroek-Txoj Kev, Stojek, Puam, vanDellen, & MacKillop, 2017), thiab qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia cov koom haum ua tsis muaj siab (Claes li al., 2015; Murphy li al., 2014; VanderBroek-Stice li al., 2017). Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm UPPS-P qauv hauv kev siv compulsive kev siv hauv Internet gaming thiab duab liab qab yog tsawg. Ob txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg laus tsis tau mus nrhiav cov koom haum zoo sib xws ntawm UPPS-P thiab cov cim qhia ntawm ntau hauv online gaming (Irvine li al., 2013; Nuyens li al., 2016). Hauv kev kawm tsis ntev los no ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, UPPS-P cov qhab nia tsis cuam tshuam ntawm kev nyab xeeb gamers thiab gamers pom zoo DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder (Deleuze li al., 2017). Kev kawm tsis ntev los no ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas / cov laus qhia txog kev koom tes zoo ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj yees siv kev ua si hauv online (Wery, Deleuze, Canale, & Billieux, 2018), thiab txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau pom ntau dua ntawm kev ua tsis taus rau cov laus nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm sib deev sib piv nrog cov neeg tsis muaj nws (Voon, Mole, li al., 2014), tab sis ho tsis qhia txog qhov teev me me.
Ua ke, thaum lub sij hawm tus qauv tseem ceeb hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas cov qauv uas siv cov teeb meem cawv thiab kev siv cannabis, peb tsuas paub txog nws txoj hauj lwm hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, tshwj xeeb yog teeb meem hauv Internet gaming thiab siv duab liab qab.
Ntawm no, peb tau kuaj xyuas cov koom haum ntawm cov kev coj ua tsis zoo thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm cov cawv (cawv, cannabis, thiab lwm yam tshuaj) thiab cov khoom tsis zoo (Internet gaming, pornography, thiab noj mov) cov yeeb yaj kiab uas muaj feem xyuam nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj kev koom tes hauv cov yeeb yam no. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev xav txog kev tswj hwm tus kheej, peb pom tias tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo yuav muaj feem xyuam nrog cov teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Raws li kev xav ntawm kev siv cov duab liab qab thiab kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus li kev coj cwj pwm, thiab cov ntawv nyeem tsawg, peb pom tau hais tias qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov yeeb yam no. Vim tsis ntev los no kev tshawb nrhiav, peb xav tias teeb meem siv Internet gaming yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog UPPS-P qauv.
txoj kev
Seem:
Sab saum toj ntawm daim ntawv
Qab ntawm daim ntawv
Cov neeg koom nrog thiab cov txheej txheem
Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev txhawj xeeb rau cov kev coj cwj pwm. Kom tau txais ib qho qauv nrog ntau yam kev tiv thaiv txog kev quav tshuaj, cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj teebmeem txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm coj (kev coj tus cwj pwm txawv tawm mus rau lwm tus) thiab tsawg theem ntawm teeb meem kev coj tus cwj pwm coj (kev coj tus cwj pwm coj mus rau nws tus kheej). Cov teeb meem sab nraud thiab teeb meem ntawm kev ua haujlwm raug ntsuas nrog YouthMap12, 12-khoom nug nrog rau 6 yam qhia txog teebmeem sab nraud (EP6) thiab teeb meem hauv teeb meem (IP6; Pedersen, Rømer Thomsen, Pedersen, & Hesse, 2017). Tus cwj pwm txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm tau pom tau tias yuav ua rau kom muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm ob tus genders (Fischer, Najman, Williams, & Clavarino, 2012; Heron et al., 2013; Miettunen li al., 2014), thiab EP6 tau sib txuas lus nrog cov teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob thoob Nordic lub teb chaws (Pedersen li al., Hauv xovxwm; Pedersen li al., 2017). Nyob rau hauv sib piv, kev tshawb fawb taw tes rau tsis muaj koom haum nrog teeb meem internalizing (Griffith-Qiv Ua Si, Huijbregts, Mooijaart, Vollebergh, & Swaab, 2011; Miettunen li al., 2014), uas yuav ua tau raws li kev tiv thaiv (Colder et al., 2013; Edwards li al., 2014).
Cov neeg koom tes tau nrhiav los ntawm ib daim ntawv soj ntsuam hauv teb chaws nrog 3,064 xaiv xaiv 15 - rau 25 xyoo-xyoo Danes [response rate 63%; txiv neej 51.1%; tub ntxhais kawm 79.1%; ua haujlwm 15.7% (saib Pedersen, Frederiksen, & Pedersen, 2015)] tshuaj xyuas xyoo 2014 los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Denmark. Tawm ntawm 205 uas tau txais tsab ntawv xa ntawv, 78 tau suav nrog txoj kev tshawb fawb. Txhawm rau nce cov qauv loj, cov neeg tuaj koom ntxiv tau txais los ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, peb suav nrog 109 (hnub nyoog 16-26 xyoo) nrog qib sib txawv ntawm EP6: tsis muaj teeb meem sab nraud (n = 34), cov teeb meem sab nraud tsawg kawg nkaus (n = 19), muaj teeb meem sab nraud sab nraud (n = 25), cov teeb meem loj sab nraud (n = 31), thiab tsawg heev (0–2) sab hauv cov teeb meem hauv txhua pawg (Daim duab 1).
Daim duab 1. Flowchart ntawm kev Txheej Txheem. Cov neeg tuaj koom tau raug xaiv los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov teebmeem ntawm tus kheej tawm tsam teebmeem (EP6, xws li 0 rau 6) thiab teebmeem kev coj cwj pwm (IP6, ib qho ntawm 0 rau 6), kom tau txais ib qho qauv nrog kev koom nrog ntau yam kev coj cwj pwm . Cov neeg koom tes tau nrhiav los ntawm ib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas thoob tebchaws (N = 3,064, hnub nyoog 15-25 xyoos) ua hauv xyoo 2014 los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Denmark. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj qhov ntsuas loj, ib pawg me ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom tau raug xaiv los ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 109 cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov neeg hluas uas muaj qib sib txawv ntawm cov teeb meem sab nraud thiab ntau qib kev siv tau suav nrog
Cov neeg koom nrog yog tias lawv tsis muaj teeb meem loj hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws tam sim no nrog Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (Lecrubier li al., 1997) thiab tsis tau txais tshuaj kho mob cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb. Cov neeg koom tau raug qhia kom yoo nqhis ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv (dua li haus luam yeeb) tsawg kawg 24 teev ua ntej lawv koom nrog.
Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob ntawm CFIN / MINDLab cov chaw ntawm Aarhus University, Denmark. Hnub ntsuas, cov neeg tuaj koom ua tiav kev nug cov lus nug hauv computer (tsis suav nrog, ntev txog 30 min), thiab tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau tuaj pab teb cov lus nug uas tshwm sim.
Kev ntsuas
Cov kev coj tsis tau zoo raug ntsuas raws li siv UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (Cyders li al., 2007; Lynam et al., 2006), 59-khoom lus nug kev soj ntsuam kev ua tsis tau zoo: kev tsis tsim nyog, tsis muaj qhov ua ntej, tsis muaj kev cia siab, kev xav, thiab kev kub ntxhov. Vim tias muaj kev kawm siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev ntsuas sai (r = .71), peb tau sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov pauv sai (piv txwv li, kev coj ua los ntawm kev tawm tsam kom zoo rau lub siab lub ntsws), uas tau siv nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tom ntej. Qhov no yog tuaj nrog kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no (piv txwv, VanderBroek-Stice li al., 2017) thiab kev tshawb pom los ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tus qauv thoob plaws psychopathologies, uas pom muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws nrog cov tsiaj nruab nrab, ua li nug lawv qhov txawv txav (Berg et al., 2015).
Kev haus dej cawv muaj teeb meem raug siv los ntawm Kev Siv Cawv Cawv Siv Teeb Ceem (AUDIT; Cov sau ntawv nyiaj, Aasland, Babor, Delafuente, & Grant, 1993), 10-khoom nug tau tsim los ua ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas ntsuas cawv thiab tsim kev puas siab cawv. AUDIT yog ib qho kev siv tau ntawm kev tsim txom / kev tsim txom / kev quav dej quav cawv thiab ua kom pom kev zoo thiab muaj tus cwj pwm zoo (Meneses-Gaya, Zuardi, Loureiro, & Crippa, 2009).
Kev siv teeb meem cannabis siv los ntsuas cov Cannabis Siv Xyaum Kev Ntsuas Teeb Meem - Rov Qab (CUDIT-R), ib daim ntawv 8-khoom ntawm daim CUDIT (Adamson & Tus Muag Khoom, 2003), uas muaj sib npaug los sis siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws (Adamson li al., 2010).
Teeb meem siv tshuaj yeeb (lwm yam tshaj li cannabis) raug siv los ntawm kev siv Cov Kev Xiam Oob Khab Siv Tiv Thaiv Kev Siv Tshuaj (DUDIT; Berman, Bergman, Palmstierna, & Schlyter, 2005), ib lub suab hlwb (Berman li al., 2005; Hildebrand, 2015; Voluse li al., 2012) 11-khoom nug kev ntsuam xyuas cov qauv ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj thiab cov teeb meem yeeb tshuaj.
Kev siv Internet Gaming teeb meem raug ntsuas raws li siv Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Luv Npe (IGDS9-SF; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015), ib daim ntawv 9-cov lus nug uas tau tsim kho los ntawm 9 nqe lus uas txhais tau tias yog kev ua si hauv Internet gaming raws li DSM-5. Tus IGDS9-SF suav hais tias yog siv tau thiab siv tau ntawm kev ua si hauv Internet gaming (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015).
Kev siv teeb meem saib duab liab qab raug ntsuas raws li Kev Siv Duab Pornography Craving Questionnaire (PCQ; Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014), 12-cov lus nug uas tau tsim los soj ntsuam txog kev ntxub ntxaug txog kev saib duab liab qab, nrog rau kev xav, lub tswv yim, kev xav ntawm lub cev, thiab kev nyuaj siab rau kev sib koom siv, thiab nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014).
Kev noj zaub mov teeb meem, los yog kev siv binge, raug ntsuas raws li siv Binge Eating Scale (BES; Gormally, Dub, Daston, & Rardin, 1982), 16-khoom nug lus soj ntsuam kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev xav, thiab kev paub txog cov nqaij binge, nrog kev rhiab heev thiab kev tshwj xeeb rau cov tib neeg nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm noj mov (Duarte, Pinto-Gouveia, & Ferreira, 2015).
AUDIT, CUDIT-R, thiab DUDIT muaj nyob hauv Danish, thiab cov lus nug ntxiv tau txhais los ntawm lus Askiv rau Danish los ntawm ob tug kws tshawb fawb Danish nrog cov peev xwm lus Askiv zoo.
Peb tau suav cov kev hloov ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov niam txiv, poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab ua tiav xyoo ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Tub los ntxhais thiab hnub nyoog muaj feem xyuam nrog kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw thiab SUD, piv txwv li, nrog kev siv zuj zus tuaj thaum ntxov txog qis qis thiab nrog ntau dua ntawm cov txiv neej (Hluas et al., 2002), thiab kev kawm theem pib raug pom tias yog ib lub npe zoo rau kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev txom nyem rau kev siv yeeb tshuaj hauv Scandinavia (Gauffin, Vinnerljung, Fridell, Hesse, & Hjern, 2013).
Kev Tshawb Fawb Tsom
Regression analyzes tau ua kom ntsuam xyuas cov koom haum ntawm qhov kev coj tsis tus thiab qhov kev tiv thaiv txog kev quav. Variance factors nce (Table 1) twb nyob deb hauv qab 4.0 thiab tsis sib luag ntawm 0.8 (Table 2), qhia tias multicollinearity tsis yog qhov teeb meem (O'Brien, 2007). Cov lus 1 kuj qhia tau tias qhov tseem ceeb rau sab hauv. Thaum cov neeg uas tau hloov nws tus kheej tau kwv yees li, feem ntau qhov tsawg squares (OLS) regression tau siv. Qhov no yog rooj plaub rau BES (skew = 0.76). Rau AUDIT, tus nqi tau hloov ua kom tus skew xoom siv qhov kev txiav txim lnskew0 hauv Stata. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim muaj ib qho kev faib khoom nruab nrab (Shapiro-Wilk test, z = 0.08, p = .47), thiab OLS regression tau siv los ntsuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm UPPS nplai thiab AUDIT hloov kho. Cov qauv ntsuas kev haus luam yeeb tso cai rau kwv yees qhov sib txheeb ntawm ib lossis ntau qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau lwm tus thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txaus siab thaum muaj censoring nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim kuj tsis paub meej. Kev siv tshuaj txo me me tau siv rau CUDIT, DUDIT, PCQ, thiab IGDS9-SF, vim tias lawv tau dhau xoom.
|
Cov lus 1. Qauv yam ntxwv
Txhais tau tias (SD) | Min-max | Qhov ua tau zoo | Cronbach tus α | Variance tsom xam cov nqi | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||||
| Tub los ntxhais (txiv neej) | 68.8% | 1.19 | |||
| Muaj hnub nyoog | 21.7 (2.7) | 15.8-26.7 | 1.84 | ||
| Xyoo kawm ntawv | 13.4 (1.9) | 9-18 | 1.86 | ||
| Impulsivity | |||||
| Kev kub ntxhova | 44.9 (11.7) | 26-75 | 26-104 | .92 | 1.46 |
| (Tsis muaj) Premeditation | 23.1 (6.1) | 12-42 | 11-44 | .86 | 1.61 |
| (Tsis Muaj) Kev Tsim Vaj Tse | 17.7 (4.5) | 10-30 | 10-40 | .80 | 1.45 |
| Cia li nrhiav | 32.8 (6.4) | 19-46 | 12-48 | .82 | 1.40 |
| Cov cim qhia txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw | |||||
| AUDIT | 8.8 (5.9) | 0-29 | 0-40 | .78 | |
| KHOOM-R | 3.1 (5.5) | 0-25 | 0-32 | .86 | |
| DUDIT | 1.9 (4.7) | 0-23 | 0-44 | .86 | |
| Cov kev qhia txog cov cwj pwm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj | |||||
| bes | 7.3 (4.9) | 0-21 | 0-46 | .78 | |
| PCQ | 17.2 (14.5) | 0-53 | 12-84 | .83 | |
| IGDS9-SF | 9.7 (9.2) | 0-45 | 9-45 | .91 | |
Nco ntsoov. AUDIT: Kev Siv Tshuaj Teeb Ceeb Zog Caw; CUDIT-R: Cannabis Kev Siv Cov Kev Xiam Oob Qhab (Identification Test) - Revised; DUDIT: Kev Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Tus Cwj Pwm Siv; BEY: Kev Sib Txheeb ntawm Kev Sib Koom; PCQ: Pornography Craving Questionnaire; IGDS9-SF: Internet Gaming Disorder - Luv Hom; SD: tus qauv sib txawv.
aVim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo txog kev teev, cov nplai no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov maj nrawm.
|
Cov lus 2. Intercorrelations ntawm tag nrho cov qhob
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Tub los ntxhaisa | ||||||||||||
| 2. Hnub nyoog | -0.11 | |||||||||||
| 3. Xyoo kawm ntawv | 0.06 | 0.65 *** | ||||||||||
| 4. Kev kub ntxhovb | 0.07 | 0.03 | -0.07 | |||||||||
| 5. (Tsis muaj) Premeditation | -0.03 | 0.06 | -0.07 | 0.45 *** | ||||||||
| 6. (Tsis Muaj) Kev Tsim Vaj Tse | -0.03 | 0.08 | -0.06 | 0.43 *** | 0.47 *** | |||||||
| 7. Cia li nrhiav | -0.29 ** | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.30 ** | 0.37 *** | 0.09 | ||||||
| 8. AUDIT | -0.10 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.33 *** | 0.27 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.39 *** | |||||
| 9. DUDIT | -0.05 | -0.10 | -0.21 * | 0.30 ** | 0.15 | 0.27 ** | 0.19 * | 0.41 *** | ||||
| 10. CUDIT | -0.25 ** | -0.13 | -0.23 * | 0.29 ** | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.60 *** | |||
| 11. IGDS9-SF | -0.44 *** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.14 | ||
| 12. BES | 0.48 *** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.34 *** | 0.08 | 0.25 ** | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.07 | -0.05 | -0.14 | |
| 13. PCQ | -0.51 *** | 0.22 * | 0.07 | 0.20 * | 0.15 | 0.24 * | 0.28 ** | 0.22 * | -0.03 | 0.17 | 0.32 *** | -0.17 |
Ceeb toom. Cov coefficients muaj nuj nqis yog nyob rau hauv daim npog ntsej muag. Cov ntawv luv li hauv Table 1.
aTub los ntxhais tau tso npe ua txiv neej = 0, poj niam = 1. bVim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo txog kev teev, cov nplai no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov maj nrawm.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Rau txhua qhov peb tau ua tiav ob qho qauv. Nyob rau hauv Model 1, peb nkag mus rau poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau thawj kauj ruam thiab UPPS-P kev txaus siab ntawm qhov thib ob theem. Hauv Model 2, peb nkag mus kawm poj niam los txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau thawj kauj ruam thiab tag nrho cov UPPS-P nplai hauv ob theem. Kev poob siab raug pom tias tseem ceeb, yog tias F-statistic rau qhov thib ob kauj ruam yog qhov tseem ceeb. Peb kuaj cov txiv neej thiab cov poj niam ua ke, raws li txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm UPPS-P cov teeb meem thiab kev coj cwj pwm tau pom tau tias yog cov poj niam los sis txiv neej (Cyders, 2013; VanderVeen li al., 2016). Tag nrho cov coefficients tau muab los ntawm X-tus qauv hloov, ua kom cov coefficients qhia qhov nce ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sib tos, muab qhov nce ntawm UPPS-P ntawm cov qauv sib txawv. Peb muab kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov sib piv los qhia txog qhov loj ntawm cov qauv coefficients hauv cov qauv 1 thiab 2. Kab dav qhia cov coefficients los ntawm cov qauv kev hloov ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm kev quav tshuaj yeeb ntsig raws li cov UPPS-P. Cov voj voog yog tsim nyob rau hauv R version 3.4.0 (R Core Team, 2014) siv lub pob (circlize) pob (Gu, Gu, Eils, Schlesner, & Brors, 2014). Cov kev tshuaj ntsuam tau raug ua siv Stata 14 (StataCorp, 2015).
Ethics
Cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb tau muab coj los ua raws li Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki, raws li kho hauv 2008. Txoj kev tshawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm pawg neeg saib xyuas kev ncaj ncees hauv thaj av (Tsib lub Videnskabetiske Komitéer rau Region Midtjylland) thiab cov neeg tau txais kev pab tau txais cov ncauj lus thiab sau ntawv txog txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab tau sau daim ntawv tso cai ua ntej koom. Yog tias cov neeg koom hauv 18 tsis tau muaj hnub nyoog, cov niam txiv kuj tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov kev tshawb fawb los xyuas kom meej tias tus neeg tuaj yeem tso cai ntawm niam txiv kev saib xyuas. Cov lus nug yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb loj xws li cov duab thiab cov neeg tuaj koom tau txais DKK 1000 rau lawv txoj kev koom tes.
tau
Seem:
Sab saum toj ntawm daim ntawv
Qab ntawm daim ntawv
Tus cwj pwm koom nrog koom txheej tau muab tso rau hauv Table 1. Tus qauv tau predominately txiv neej, thiab lub hnub nyoog yog 21.7 xyoo. Cov qhab-nees ntawm kev tivthaiv kev tivthaiv muaj qhov qhia txog qee yam ntawm kev tivthaiv: AUDIT 8.8 (SD 5.9), CUDIT-R 3.1 (SD 5.5), DUDIT 1.9 (SD 4.7), BED 7.3 (SD 4.9), PCQ 17.2 (SD 14.5), thiab IGDS9-SF 9.7 (SD 9.2).
Pearson txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua tus qhob muaj qhia nyob rau hauv Table 2. DUDIT tau zoo nrug nrog AUDIT (0.41, p <.01) thiab CUDIT (0.60, p <.01). IGDS9-SF tau zoo sib txheeb nrog PCQ (0.32, p <.01) thiab AUDIT tau txheeb zoo nrog PCQ (0.22, p <.05).
Kev tsis tuaj yeem thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj
Cov qauv ntawm regression yog sau ua ke hauv Cov Ncauj Lus 3. Kev kub ntxhov (p <.001), tsis muaj lub siab xav ua ntej (p <.01), tsis muaj siab thev (p <.01), thiab qhov xav nrhiav (p <.001) muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo nrog AUDIT cov qhab nia tom qab kho kom yog poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm (Tus Qauv 1). Tom qab kho kom haum rau txhua tus hloov (qauv 2), qhov kev xav nrhiav (p <.001) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.05) tau cuam tshuam nrog qib siab dua AUDIT-cov qhab nia.
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Cov lus 3. Cov koom haum ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kev coj ua tsis sib haum xeeb thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw
AUDITa | CUDITb | DUDITb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Kev kub ntxhovc | 0.12 (0.06-0.19) *** | 0.05 (-0.02-0.13) | 3.25 (1.27-5.22) ** | 3.16 (0.81-5.52) ** | 4.37 (1.24-7.50) ** | 2.61 (-0.98-6.20) |
| (Tsis muaj) Premeditation | 0.10 (0.03-0.16) ** | -0.01 (-0.09-0.06) | 1.89 (-0.28-4.06) | 0.18 (-2.42-2.77) | 3.06 (-0.34-6.46) | -1.28 (-5.20-2.64) |
| (Tsis Muaj) Kev Tsim Vaj Tse | 0.10 (0.04-0.17) ** | 0.07 (0.00-0.15) * | 1.16 (-1.01-3.34) | -0.36 (-2.76-2.05) | 4.90 (1.46-8.34) ** | 3.89 (0.24-7.55) * |
| Cia li nrhiav | 0.15 (0.09-0.22) *** | 0.13 (0.06-0.21) *** | 1.67 (-0.57-3.92) | 0.49 (-1.87-2.86) | 3.28 (-0.21-6.78) | 2.20 (-1.53-5.93) |
Nco ntsoov. Qhov tseem ceeb yog cov coefficients los ntawm regression (95% kev cog qoob loo sib xyaw), uas tau X-standardized, uas yog, cov coefficients, qhia qhov nce ntawm tus kabmob sib luag uas tau nce ntxiv ntawm UPPS cov haujlwm ntawm ib tus qauv sib txawv. Cov coefficients muaj nuj nqis yog nyob rau hauv daim npog ntsej muag. Cov ntawv luv li hauv Table 1. Model 1: Hloov kho rau hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm. Model 2: Hloov kho rau cov hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, xyoo kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam kev hloov tsis tau.
aQhov tseem ceeb hloov mus rau kev xoom qis thiab OLS regression siv. bTobit regression siv vim muaj pes tsawg tus neeg los ua twv tsis tau. cVim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo txog kev teev, cov nplai no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov maj nrawm.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Txoj kev kub ntxhov no tau txuam nrog CUDIT cov qhab nia tom qab kho cov poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm (Qauv 1, p <.01). Lub koom haum tseem ceeb (p <.01) tom qab kho rau txhua tus hloov pauv (Tus Qauv 2). Tom qab nkag mus rau UPPS nplai (Tus Qauv 2), poj niam txiv neej poj niam tseem nyob nrog cov qhab nias qis ntawm CUDIT (p <.01).
Kev kub ntxhov (p <.01) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.01) tau cuam tshuam zoo nrog DUDIT cov qhab nia tom qab kho kom yog poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm (Tus Qauv 1). Tom qab kho kom haum rau txhua tus hloov (qauv 2), tsis muaj siab ntev (p <.05) tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo.
Cov qauv coefficients los ntawm Qauv 1 thiab 2 yog pom tau rau hauv daim duab ntawm daim duab 2.
Daim duab 2. Cov duab sib nrug ntawm cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tsis tau zoo thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm. Cov duab sib dhos ntawm UPPS-P cov nplai (ib nrab sab saum toj) uas cuam tshuam nrog kev quav yeeb tshuaj thiab tsis quav tshuaj-cuam tshuam txog kev coj ua (qab ib nrab). Tsuas yog muaj kev kwv yees muaj nuj nqis loj heev xwb. Kab dav qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tib neeg cov coefficients thiab tuaj yeem txhais raws li qhov nruab nrab nce ntxiv ntawm qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm UPPS-P nplai ntawm cov lus nug ntawm ib qho kev tsis sib txawv, thaum muaj hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm raug hloov kho rau (Qauv 1) thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, xyoo kev kawm, thiab lwm yam UPPS-P nplai raug hloov kho rau (Qauv 2). Vim tias qhov siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo rau qhov teev sai sai, cov nplai no tau koom ua ke hauv ib qho kev hloov mus los. AUDIT: Kev Ntsuas Kev Siv Siv Dej Cawv; CUDIT-R: Cannabis Siv Kev Ntsuas Cov Kev Ntsuas Cov Khoom Siv - Kho Dua; DUDIT: Kev Ntsuas Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj Tsis Zoo; BES: Binge Noj Tuav; PCQ: Cov duab liab qab puas ntsoog
Kev tsis tuaj yeem thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm cov cwj pwm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj
Cov qauv ntawm regression yog sau ua ke hauv Cov Ncauj Lus 4. Kev kub ntxhov (p <.001) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.01) muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo nrog BES cov qhab nia tom qab tau hloov kho rau poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, thiab kev kawm (Tus Qauv 1). Tom qab kho tau rau tag nrho cov hloov pauv (Qauv 2), kev ceev (p <.01) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.05) tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo. Thaum kawg, poj niam los txiv neej tseem nyob nrog cov qhab nia siab ntawm BES hauv Tus Qauv 2 (p <.01).
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Cov lus 4. Cov koom haum ua ntau yam ntawm cov kev coj ua tsis zoo thiab cov yeeb yam ntawm cov cwj pwm uas tsis muaj quav cwj pwm
besa | PCQb | IGDS9-SFb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Kev kub ntxhovc | 1.51 (0.72-2.29) *** | 1.24 (0.31-2.17) ** | 4.30 (1.13-7.46) ** | 2.74 (-0.92-6.39) | 0.96 (-1.35-3.27) | 0.41 (-2.27-3.09) |
| (Tsis muaj) Premeditation | 0.43 (-0.41-1.26) | -0.84 (-1.82-0.13) | 2.34 (-0.93-5.60) | -1.34 (-5.22-2.55) | 0.44 (-1.93-2.80) | -0.79 (-3.67-2.10) |
| (Tsis Muaj) Kev Tsim Vaj Tse | 1.29 (0.49-2.10) ** | 1.12 (0.19-2.04) * | 4.48 (1.26-7.69) ** | 3.89 (0.16-7.62) * | 1.95 (-0.36-4.25) | 2.11 (-0.56-4.78) |
| Cia li nrhiav | 0.73 (-0.13-1.59) | 0.53 (-0.38-1.43) | 2.59 (-0.88-6.05) | 2.00 (-1.70-5.71) | 0.30 (-2.12-2.72) | 0.37 (-2.30-3.03) |
Nco ntsoov. Qhov tseem ceeb yog cov coefficients los ntawm regression (95% kev cog qoob loo sib xyaw), uas tau X-standardized, uas yog, cov coefficients, qhia qhov nce ntawm tus kabmob sib luag uas tau nce ntxiv ntawm UPPS cov haujlwm ntawm ib tus qauv sib txawv. Cov coefficients muaj nuj nqis yog nyob rau hauv daim npog ntsej muag. Cov ntawv luv li hauv Table 1. Model 1: regression adjusted rau cov hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, thiab xyoo kawm ntawv. Model 2: Hloov kho rau cov hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, xyoo kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam kev hloov tsis tau.
aOLS regression siv. bTobit regression siv vim muaj pes tsawg tus neeg los ua twv tsis tau. cVim tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo txog kev teev, cov nplai no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev hloov maj nrawm.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Kev kub ntxhov (p <.01) thiab tsis muaj siab thev (p <.01) tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog PCQ cov qhab nia tom qab hloov kho rau poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog thiab kev kawm (Tus Qauv 1). Tom qab kho kom haum rau txhua tus hloov (qauv 2), tsis muaj siab ntev (p <.05) tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo. Ntxiv mus, poj niam txiv neej poj niam ua ke nrog cov qhab nias qis dua ntawm PCQ hauv Qauv 2 (p <.001).
Peb pom tsis muaj cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm UPPS-P thiab problematic Internet gaming, tab sis poj niam txiv neej poj niam tseem nyob nrog cov qhab nia qis dua ntawm IGDS9-SF hauv Model 2.
Sib piv cov qauv nrog tiv tiag yam tsis muaj kev coj tus kheej
Peb piv tus qauv ntawm cov hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, thiab kev kawm nrog tus qauv uas tau hloov cov kev hloov no nrog rau UPPS-P cov nqi zog rau txhua tus ntawm peb cov neeg hloov siab. Cov ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau hauv Table 5. Rau AUDIT thiab BES, qhov ntxiv ntawm UPPS-P cov kev hloov tau zoo tshaj qhov qauv ntawm lub hauv paus p <.001. Kev hloov pauv R-square yog 25% rau AUDIT thiab 15% rau BES. Rau CUDIT, DUDIT, thiab PCQ, tus qauv tau zoo dua ntawm p <.05. Rau IGDS9-SF, tus qauv tsis tseem ceeb.
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Cov lus 5. Cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev nkag mus rau UPPS qauv tom qab hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, thiab xyoo kawm ntawv
Kauj ruam xwm txheej | p tus nqi | |
|---|---|---|
| AUDITa | F(4,102) = 8.01 | .000 |
| CUDITb | F(4,102) = 2.71 | .034 |
| DUDITb | F(4,102) = 2.97 | .023 |
| besc | F(4,101) = 6.09 | .000 |
| PCQb | F(4,102) = 3.05 | .020 |
| IGDS9-SFb | F(4,102) = 0.79 | .533 |
Nco ntsoov. Qhov tseem ceeb yog F-tsis muab piv rau tus qauv nrog txivneej, hnub nyoog, thiab xyoo ntawm kev kawm nrog tus qauv uas suav tag nrho UPPS nplai. Cov ntawv luv li hauv Table 1.
aQhov tseem ceeb hloov mus rau kev xoom qis thiab OLS regression siv. bTobit regression siv vim muaj pes tsawg tus neeg los ua twv tsis tau. cOLS regression siv.
kev sib tham
Seem:
Sab saum toj ntawm daim ntawv
Qab ntawm daim ntawv
Rau peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev los nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau yam kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj uas muaj feem xyuam nrog rau UPPS-P qauv hauv tib tus qauv, uas cia siab rau kev sib piv ntawm cov nyiaj pab ntawm tus txheeb ze ntawm UPPS-P cov teebmeem rau ntau hom kev tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj. Qhov no yog ua tau vim cov neeg tuaj koom tau los ntawm ib pawg neeg Danish loj loj thiab ua haujlwm sab nraud los ntawm sab nraud cov teeb meem, uas ua rau muaj kev sib faib ntau yam kev koom tes hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb xyuas tus qauv hauv relation to problematic Internet gaming thiab saib duab liab qab uas siv tus tsim IGDS9-SF thiab PCQ. Tus qauv UPPS-P zoo zoo nrog cov yeeb yam ntawm txhua qhov kev tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj tshwj tsis yog muaj teeb meem siv Internet gaming. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tus qauv yog qhov ua tau sai thiab tsis mob siab, raws li ib los yog ob qho tib si ntawm cov yeeb yam no raug cuam tshuam nrog tag nrho cov kev coj cwj pwm kev tiv thaiv (tshwj tsis yog Internet gaming) hauv cov qauv kho txhua yam.
Raws li qhov loj ntawm qhov txiaj ntsig, qhov sib npaug ntawm ib qho kev sib haum xeeb ntawm UPPS-P kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm uas muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev tiv thaiv yog ib yam tsis raug 0.21. Kev haus dej cawv thiab kev nyom ntawm kev noj haus, cov qauv ua tau zoo dua tuaj thaum lub UPPS-P tau ntxiv nrog cov kev hloov loj hauv R-squared rau AUDIT thiab ntau dua, tab sis tseem muaj ntau qhov kev hloov hauv R-squared rau BES, thiab rau ob qho yeeb siv tshuaj teeb meem nplai thiab cov duab liab qab, kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv haum yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm p <.05. Koom tes ua tus qauv yuav tau xav tias, txij li kev ua kom yuag thiab kev coj tus yam ntxwv cuam tshuam, tab sis nyias txua tsim.
Cov tub ntxhais hluas Danish muaj cov neeg siv khoom ntau. Hauv qhov kev soj ntsuam ESPAD tsis ntev los no (hnub nyoog 15-16 xyoos) (Kraus, Guttormsson, li al., 2016), Tebchaws Denmark tau qis tshaj plaws ntawm lub hlis dhau los ntawm kev qaug (32%) thiab kev haus dej haus cawv (56%), qhov uas cov kev siv hauv lub hlis dhau los cannabis siv (5%) tau qis dua cov tebchaws Europe. Hauv kev kawm txog 15-rau 25 xyoo-laus, Cov neeg 10% tau siv cov cannabis lub hli dhau los thiab 2.1% tau siv txhua hnub (Pedersen li al., 2015). Hauv ESPAD daim ntawv soj ntsuam, Denmark tau nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm lub hlis dhau los hauv Internet cov tub ntxhais hluas (64%) thiab cov ntxhais (28%) (Kraus, Guttormsson, li al., 2016). Tebchaws Denmark paub txog nws txoj kev xav thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo mus rau kev saib duab liab qab thiab kev pw ua ke, uas yog yuav ua rau kom muaj zog (Hald, 2006). Ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tau pom muaj cov kev txwv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev saib duab liab qab, piv txwv li, lub hlis dhau los siv (txiv neej 82.5% thiab pojniam 33.6%) (Hald, 2006). Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tsis ntev los no tau pom cov nqi qis ntawm kev noj haus hauv Nordic lub teb chaws piv nrog lwm lub tebchaws, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb Danish (Dahlgren, Stedal, & Wisting, 2017).
Qhov kev coj tsis zoo thiab kev quav tshuaj muaj yees tiv thaiv
Nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog peb cov kev ntsuam xyuas, kev mob nyhav tau zoo los ntawm kev siv cawv (Model 1), cannabis (ob qauv), thiab lwm yam tshuaj (Model 1). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los taw tes rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem cawv thiab cov laus siv ntawm cov hluas (Coskunpinar li al., 2013; Stautz & Cooper, 2013; VanderVeen li al., 2016) thiab cocaine nyob (Albein-Urios li al., 2012; Fernandez-Serrano li al, 2012; Torres et al., 2013). Nyob hauv txoj kab nrog peb cov kev ntsuam xyuas, kev mob nyhav tseem ceeb heev rau kev noj mov ntawm kev siv binge (ob qho qauv) thiab teeb meem siv duab liab qab (Model 1). Qhov no zoo li yav dhau los cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj zaub mov hauv cov laus / cov hluas (Claes li al., 2015; Kelly et al., 2014; Mikheeva & Tragesser, 2016; Murphy li al., 2014; VanderBroek-Stice li al., 2017) thiab txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no nrog kev siv dag siv hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv online ntawm cov txiv neej (Wery li al., 2018). Cov kev xav ua rau kev ua muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo hauv lub xeev kuj yuav txuas rau cov khoom yeeb tshuaj thiab cov yeeb tshuaj uas tsis muaj quav cwj pwm los ntawm kev pom zoo thiab tsis zoo, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev xav kom muaj kev txaus siab tam sim los yog lub tswv yim los mus ncua sij hawm txo tus cwj pwm tsis zoo , txawm ntev lub sij hawm tsis zoo (Cyders & Smith, 2008; Heatherton & Baumeister, xyoo 1991; Settles et al., 2010; Tice li al., 2001). Longitudinal cov kev tshawb fawb muaj qee cov kev txhawb rau lub tswv yim (Tshuaj loog, Selby, & Joiner, 2007; Pearson, Combs, Zapolslci, & Smith, 2012; Teeb tsa, Zapolski, & Smith, 2014; Settles et al., 2010), piv txwv, qhia tias qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev cia siab nce siab hauv qhov kev cia siab uas noj txhua yam tsis zoo rau, uas kwv yees ua rau cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo dua (Pearson li al., 2012).
Tsis muaj kev tsim txom tseem ceeb li qhov tseem ceeb heev, uas ua rau muaj teeb meem siv cawv (Model 1), lwm yam tshuaj (ob hom qauv), kev siv binge (ob qho qauv), thiab cov duab liab qab (ob qho qauv). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau txuas nrog tsis muaj kev mob siab nrog kev siv cawv cwj pwm (Coskunpinar li al., 2013; Stautz & Cooper, 2013), yeeb yaj yeeb (xws li, Verdejo-Garcia li al., 2007), thiab noj mov (Claes li al., 2015; Murphy li al., 2014; VanderBroek-Stice li al., 2017), tab sis lub koom haum feem ntau tsis muaj zog raws li qhov tseem ceeb. Txog peb cov kev paub, qhov no yog thawj zaug kawm los txuas kev tsis muaj siab ntev nrog cov muaj teeb meem siv duab liab qab. Tsis muaj kev ua siab ntev tau cuam tshuam rau qhov kev puas tsuaj hauv kev tsis kam ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam (xws li, kev tsis taus ntawm lub peev xwm los mus muab kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam) thiab txo kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua (Gay, Rochat, Billieux, d'Acremont, & Van der Linden, 2008; Rochat, Billieux, Gagnon, & Van der Linden, 2018), thiab tej zaum kuj yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ntxhov siab. Txoj kev tshawb no tsis ntev los no tau pom tias cov neeg uas tsis tshua muaj siab muaj kev nyuaj siab ntau dua tom qab muaj teeb meem rau kev ntxhov siab (Canale, Rubaltelli, Vieno, Pittarello, & Billieux, 2017). Cov tswv yim no yuav pab piav qhia cov koom haum tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj kev mob siab thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj.
Peb pom tsis muaj koom haum nruab nrab ntawm UPPS-P me me thiab teeb meem hauv Internet gaming, ua ke nrog peb qhov kev xav thiab cov kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no (Deleuze li al., 2017; Irvine li al., 2013; Nuyens li al., 2016). Qhov no yuav qhia tau tias yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev ua siab zoo yog txuas rau qhov teeb meem hauv Internet gaming teeb meem. Qhov tseem ceeb, txoj kev tshawb no tsis ntev los no (Deleuze li al., 2017) pom tau tias cov teeb meem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau SUD thiab kev twv txiaj, xws li UPPS-P thiab lwm cov kev ntsuas txog kev tswj yus tus kheej, ua tsis tau kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm kev nyab xeeb gamers thiab gamers pom zoo DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder.
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm poj niam txiv neej txawv kev txiav txim siab. Poj niam txiv neej yog txuam nrog cov qhab nia qis dua ntawm CUDIT, PCQ, thiab IGD9-SF thiab ntau dua cov qhab nia ntawm BES, zoo li cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas qhia cov poj niam nrhiav kev kho rau cov kab mob cannabis (Smith, 2014), txo qis dua cov duab liab qab (Hald, 2006) thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet (Ha & Hwang, 2014) cov pojniam, thiab ntau dua ntawm cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm kev noj haus (Dahlgren li al., 2017). Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv nrog cov qauv hnyav dua yuav tsum tau sim yog tias qhov kev xav zoo ib yam yog hais txog kev coj cwj pwm txawv hauv ob lub genders.
Xws li, peb cov kev tshawb pom txog kev ceev nrooj thiab tsis ua siab ntev hauv kev tsim yeeb tshuaj thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj (tshwj tsis yog hauv Internet gaming). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov koom haum tsim muaj cov yeeb yam thiab cov cwj pwm uas tsis raug cwj pwm uas hais txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia tias kev nce theem siab ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm yuav tsis tshwm sim los ntawm kev muaj mob ntawm cov tshuaj nyob ib leeg.
Peb cov kev tshawb pom muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tuav tswj lub peev xwm ntawm txoj kev kub ntxhov thiab tsis muaj kev mob siab rau kev tsim yeeb tshuaj thiab kev coj cwj pwm, thiab ua li cov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Txuas ntxiv, kev tshawb pom taw rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev pabcuam tiv thaiv hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj fwm cov kev xav hauv cov kev mob no, piv txwv li, cov kev tiv thaiv cuam tshuam rau kev kawm cov tswv yim zoo rau kev daws teeb meem. Cov kev zov me nyuam yuav tau txais txiaj ntsim los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kev pabcuam hlwb (psychoeducational interventions) rau lwm yam mob plawv, xws li kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus kheej (Zanarini, Conkey, Temes, & Fitzmaurice, 2017) los yog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus kheejThylstrup, Schroder, & Hesse, 2015).
Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum tau los muab cov kev tshawb nrhiav uas tsis raug xwm txheej, ntxiv rau hauv cov neeg saib mob, thiab yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm kev xav thiab kev cia siab. Cov kev tshawb nrhiav ntev ntev nrog ntau qhov kev ncua sij hawm yuav tsum tau siv los tawm tsam kev coj ntawm kev coj.
Cov kev txwv
Tus qauv loj yog tsim nyog los ntsuam xyuas tus kheej (r = .35), tab sis tsis muaj zog kev sib tshuam. Qhov kev txwv no tau kho qee yam los ntawm kev txhob txwm tshaj tawm cov neeg muaj kev pheej hmoo siab thiab qis tus neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig los txhawm rau kom muaj kev hloov pauv txaus hauv kev hais lus ntawm lub cev tsis ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej nrog ntau lub zog yuav raug siv los ua pov thawj thiab nthuav cov kev tshawb pom tam sim no thiab saib rau hauv pawg neeg tshwj xeeb (piv txwv, poj niam txiv neej).
Vim yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, peb tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov laj thawj zoo, qhov ntawd yog, seb cov qib siab dua UPPS-P puas tau pom zoo ntau dua cov kev coj cwj pwm uas muaj feem txog kev tiv thaiv, los yog lwm txoj kev ncig. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tau tias yuav tsum ua kom tsis muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev coj.
Lub PCQ muaj kev ntsuas ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev yees duab, ib qho yeeb yam ntawm cov cwj pwm uas muaj yees, thiab ua kom pom qhov teeb meem loj thiab siv teeb meem. Tsis ntev tas los no cov lus nug, Cov Kev Sib Tham Txog Kev Nyab Xeeb Hauv Internet (Internet Cyber Test) tau siv rau kev ua si hauv online (Wery, Burnay, Karila, & Billieux, 2016) tej zaum yuav muab kev siv ntau dua rau kev siv teeb meem, tab sis muaj kev txwv rau cov khoom hauv online.
Kev xaiv ntawm cov hluas uas sib txawv ntawm EP6 yog ua raws li kev soj ntsuam txog kev xaiv cov tub ntxhais hluas xaiv Danish cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab li peb cov kev tshawb pom no yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau cov pejxeem ntawm cov hluas Danish thiab cov hluas hauv lub tebchaws uas zoo ib yam li Denmark.
cov lus xaus
Seem:
Sab saum toj ntawm daim ntawv
Qab ntawm daim ntawv
Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tshwj xeeb nais maum kuaj cov koom haum ua ke ntawm UPPS-P qauv thiab ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj nyob rau cov hluas uas muaj kev koom tes rau hauv cov cwj pwm no. Tus qauv UPPS-P zoo zoo nrog cov ntsuas ntawm txhua tus cwj pwm tsis zoo uas tsuas yog teeb meem hauv Internet gaming. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tseem ceeb heev thiab tsis muaj siab, raws li ib los yog ob qho tib si ntawm cov yeeb yam no raug cuam tshuam nrog tag nrho cov kev coj cwj pwm kev txuam nrog (tshwj tsis yog hauv Internet gaming). Peb cov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tsis muaj qhov ua siab ntev li qhov kev twv ntxiv rau kev tsim kab mob kev nyuab siab thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob kev tiv thaiv.
Tus sau phau ntawv pab nyiaj
Seem:
Sab saum toj ntawm daim ntawv
Qab ntawm daim ntawv
KRT, MBC, MUP, thiab VV: kawm tswvyim thiab tsim thiab tau nyiaj. MUP: ua haujlwm ntawm lub teb chaws cov kev tshawb fawb uas tau tuaj koom los ntawm. KRT, MBC, thiab MMP: khaws cov ntaub ntawv. MH thiab KRT: tawm tsom xam thiab txhais lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. TLK: cov ntaub ntawv siv tau. KRT: sau cov ntawv sau. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau sau tseg thiab tau pom zoo rau daim ntawv sau. Lawv tau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab lub luag haujlwm rau kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntsuam.
Teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab
Seem:
Sab saum toj ntawm daim ntawv
Qab ntawm daim ntawv
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teebmeem dabtsi.
Acknowledgements
Cov sau phau ntawv no xav ua tsaug rau cov neeg tuaj koom rau lub sijhawm mus ncig tebchaws rau hauv nroog Aarhus thiab koom nrog txoj kev kawm, thiab Mads Jensen (Aarhus University), Nuria Donamayor (University of Cambridge), Kwangyeol Baek (University of Cambridge), thiab Daisy Mechelmans ( University of Cambridge) los pab rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, thiab Lub Chaw Haujlwm Kev Ua Haujlwm Integrative Neuroscience / MINDLab rau kev siv lawv qhov chaw zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ua tsaug rau Claire Mowat rau kev pabcuam piav qhia ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob hauv kev qhuab qhia. Lawv kuj xav ua tsaug rau Shane Kraus rau kev siv PCQ.
References
Seem:
Sab saum toj ntawm daim ntawv
Qab ntawm daim ntawv
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