Comments: Txoj kev tshawb no lees paub tias kev saib duab hauv Internet (cybersexual) yog ib qho ntawm 5 yam ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Nws kuj hais qhov teeb meem loj tuaj.
ScientificWorldJournal. 2011; 11: 2187-2196.
Luam tawm hauv internet 2011 Kaum ib hlis 3. doi: 10.1100/2011/308631
Hing Keung Ma
Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong koob
Tus tuav ntaub ntawv: Joav Merrick
Qhov no yog ib tsab xov xwm qhib kev faib tawm raws li Creative Commons Attribution Licence, uas tso cai txwv tsis pub, faib, thiab luam tawm hauv txhua qhov nruab nrab, yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb raug muab teev cia.
Abstract
Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem thiab qhov cuam tshuam txog kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv Is Taws Nem yuav raug tshawb nrhiav hauv daim ntawv no. Ntau thiab ntau tus neeg siv Is Taws Nem hauv lawv lub neej txhua hnub. Hmoov tsis feem pua ntawm cov tib neeg uas siv internet ntau ntxiv kuj nce siab. Lub tswvyim ntawm kev quav yeeb quav cawv hauv Internet lossis kev siv internet pathological tau tham txog txhua yam, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev quav yeeb quav cawv hauv Internet kuj raug cais. Kev sib raug zoo (tshwj xeeb yog kev tawm tsam) siv Is Taws Nem tau sib tham. Nws tau sib cav tias tus cwj pwm ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem yog qhov zoo sib xws nrog kev coj ua neej niaj hnub. Hauv lwm lo lus, Kev coj tus cwj pwm hauv Is Taws Nem yog qhov kev coj cwj pwm. Kohlberg txoj kev xav ntawm kev tsim kho kev coj ncaj ncees tau ua haujlwm txhawm rau txiav txim qhov kev ncaj ncees kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv Is Taws Nem. Cov cwj pwm hauv qab no suav tias yog kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo hauv Is Taws Nem: (1) kev siv Is Taws Nem los ua txoj haujlwm tsis raug cai xws li muag khoom cuav lossis cov ntaub ntawv saib duab liab qab, (2) kev siv Is Taws Nem mus thab lwm tus (piv txwv li, cyberbullying) xws li faib khoom sau nqe lus tawm tsam qee tus neeg, (3) kev siv Is Taws Nem txhawm rau dag lwm tus, thiab (4) kev siv Is Taws Nem los twv txiaj kev twv txiaj. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov theem ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees uas cuam tshuam nrog cov kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv Is Taws Nem tau tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb.
Keywords: Suav cov hluas, cov thab muag hauv internet, teebmeem hauv internet, kev txhim kho cov hluas, kev tiv thaiv
1. TAW qHIA
Raws li daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas los ntawm Internet World Stats hauv 2005 [1], txog 68.8% ntawm cov pej xeem Hong Kong, kwv yees li 4.878 lab tib neeg, yog cov neeg siv Internet. Ib yam li ntawd, hauv Hong Kong Internet Project by City University [2, nplooj 3] kuj pom tias "muaj 3.65 lab cov neeg siv Internet hauv Hong Kong thaum kawg ntawm 2008, uas suav 68.7% ntawm cov neeg (piv txwv tias, 5.31 lab li niaj zaus neeg nyob)" ntawm hnub nyoog 18 thiab 74. Kev siv Internet yog ib txoj haujlwm txhua txhua hnub rau ntau tus neeg hauv Hong Kong, thiab cov neeg siv Internet feem ntau pom txog Internet tseem ceeb rau lawv lub neej, kev ua haujlwm, lossis kev kawm [2, nplooj 21]. Hauv qee qhov kev nkag siab, Internet yog ib lub cuab yig rau ntau tus neeg. Hmoov tsis muaj qee cov neeg ua dhau los ntawm kev siv Internet hauv lawv cov kev ua txhua hnub rau lub sijhawm uas siv internet ntau dhau los ua rau kev puas tsuaj thiab teeb meem hauv lawv lub neej txhua hnub. Hauv daim ntawv no, qhov kev siv cov teeb meem siv Internet feem ntau yuav raug muab coj los tham ua ntej, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yuav raug cais tawm. Qhov kev coj ncaj ncees vim yog kev coj cwj pwm sib tham hauv Internet yuav los sib tham txog.
Tej yam ntawm Internet hauv peb lub neej ua ntau thiab tseem ceeb dua thiab tsis paub tseeb. Lub neej tsis muaj Internet yog qhov tseeb heev thiab muaj kev ntxhov siab. Lub tswv yim ntawm Internet yog zoo nkaus li nrhiav tau ntawm nuclear lub zog-nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm science thiab technology-nws ua tau zoo los yog phem tshaj plaws rau tib neeg, nyob ntawm seb peb siv nws li cas. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo yog tias peb siv nws qhov kev ncaj ncees los sis zoo, thiab nws tuaj yeem ua phem yog tias peb siv nws lub cev tsis zoo los yog kev tsis txaus siab. Tsis muaj ib txoj kev yooj yim tso tseg kev tshawb nrhiav kev lag luam thiab kev tsim txuj ci tsim ub no, tab sis kev qhia ntawm kev coj zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees hauv kev siv Internet yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog rau kev kawm niaj hnub no.
2. PATHOLOGICAL INTERNET SIV LOSSIS LOSSIS INTERNET ADDICTION
Qee cov neeg siv sij hawm ntau hauv Internet siv txhua hnub, thiab lawv cov kev siv hauv Internet ntau muaj qhov cuam tshuam thiab tsis zoo rau lawv lub neej txhua hnub. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais txog kev siv Internet ntau hauv Internet xws li kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet los yog kev siv Internet hauv Internet [3-11]. Kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet feem ntau yog suav tias yog kev saib tsis tau thiab siv tsis tau hauv Internet [12].
Shapira li al. [13, nplooj 269] nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb txog cov kev puas hlwb ntawm cov tib neeg uas muaj teeb meem siv Internet pom tau tias qhov teeb meem siv Internet yog "cuam tshuam nrog kev nyuaj siab, muaj kev sib raug zoo, kev lag luam, thiab / lossis kev tsis taus nyiaj txiag, thiab muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws." dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb, peb lub tswv yim loj ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet muaj raws li hauv qab no.
2.1. Pheej yees
Kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet raug suav ua ib hom kev siv yees, uas yog hais txog "tsis-tshuaj (cwj pwm) kev quav tshuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog neeg-tshuab kev sib txuam" [11, nplooj 31].
Griffiths [7] cav tias cov neeg siv Internet ntau dhau los tsis yog "Internet addicts" vim lawv siv Internet ntau tshaj li qhov txhais tau tias kom siv lawv txoj kev tiv thaiv thiab kev nyiam. Piv txwv, compulsive gamblers siv Internet mus twv txiaj ntev, los yog khw khw siv sijhawm ntev ntev hauv Internet rau cybershopping.
2.2. Pawg Qauv Ntxwv Internet
Hluas [8-10] qhia txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet rau hauv tsib hom kev coj cwj pwm. (1) Cybersexual tiv: tus addicts siv ntau lub sijhawm rau cov laus cov websites rau cybersex thiab cyberporn. (2) Kev sib raug zoo nrog Cyber-sib raug zoo: cov neeg raug mob koom tes nrog kev sib raug zoo hauv online. (3) Net compulsions: cov neeg quav yeeb tau pom obsessive online twv txiaj thiab mus kav khw. Lawv yog compulsive online twv txiaj thiab shopaholics. (4) Cov lus tshaj tawm: cov neeg quav yeeb-tshuaj muaj qhov qhia tawm compulsive web surfing thiab database searches. (5) Khoos Kas Siv Teeb Meem Hauv Computer: Cov phom yog cov neeg ua si hauv online.
2.3. Kev Siv Internet
Davis [5] prefers siv lub sijhawm siv Pathological Internet Siv (PIU) tsis yog siv Internet. Nws ua tib zoo xyuas cov kev xav ntawm PIU thiab muab PIU faib ua ob pawg: (1) Generalized PIU: nws "muaj feem ntau, ntau dua kev siv internet. Nws kuj yuav muaj xws li lub sij hawm hauv online tsis muaj lub hom phiaj tseeb "[5, nplooj 188]. (2) Cov PIU tshwj xeeb: cov neeg uas muaj lub PIU ntau dhau ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv Is Taws Nem, piv txwv, siv cov khoom siv hauv kev sib deev / kev pab online, kev sib tw auction online, thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online.
2.4. Lub Tswvyim ntawm Kev Txij Nkawm Hauv Internet
Qhov tseeb, tsis muaj ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet uas yog universally txais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws tshawb fawb hauv qhov chaw [4, 12]. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev tshawb xyuas ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet tseem yog ib lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav [11, 14], qhov teeb meem ntawm kev siv ntau hauv Internet, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, ua ntau dua thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam. Nws muaj txiaj ntsim zoo thiab ua tau kom zoo rau kev ua tib zoo saib cov kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg uas siv Internet ntau thiab cov tib neeg feem ntau ua, kev sib ceg lossis kev tsis txaus siab, hauv Is Taws Nem. Kev nkag siab ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem no yuav pab cov neeg tshawb nrhiav thiab cov kws qhia ntawv tsim cov kev kawm ntawv los daws cov teeb meem no, xws li, los txhawb txoj kev siv zoo thiab tiv thaiv kev siv kev siv antisocial Internet.
2.5. Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv hauv Internet
Yog tias kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet raug suav ua ib hom kev puas siab puas ntsws [12], ces kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yuav tsum yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev pabcuam teebmeem kev xav. Nws ntseeg hais tias qhov kev pab cuam holistic uas sim ua kom muaj kev qhia zoo thiab dav dav rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab lub hlwb zoo dua li ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsom feem ntau ntawm cov teeb meem hauv Internet siv.
3. CHARACTERISTICS NTAWM INTERNET ADDICTS
Shek et al. [15] tshuaj xyuas kev tiv thaiv siv cwj pwm hauv Internet hauv 6,121 Suav cov thawj thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hauv Hong Kong thiab pom tias ib feem ntawm lawv cov qauv yuav raug suav tias yog siv Internet. Fu thiab nws lug txhawb cov miv [16] pom tias 6.7% ntawm cov hluas hauv Hong Kong qhia tsib lossis ntau cov tsos mob ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem. Ib qho ntxiv, Is Taws Nem kev tiv thaiv cov tsos mob zoo li mus nrog tus tib neeg txoj kev xav tua tus kheej thiab cov tsos mob ua kom yuag. Qhov teeb meem nyob hauv Suav Teb kuj tseem ceeb heev. Txog 13.7% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas siv Internet (kwv yees li 10 lab tus tub ntxhais hluas) tuaj yeem raug cais ua cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet [17]. Qhov teeb meem hauv Taiwan kuj zoo sib xws. Lin thiab Tsai [18] pom tias 11.8% ntawm cov kawm tiav high school cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv lawv qhov kev tshawb fawb Taiwan yuav raug suav tias yog cov neeg nyob hauv Internet. Kev tshawb fawb kuj qhia tias 4.0% rau 8.1% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv kawm tau siv cov kev siv ntau hauv Internet los yog kev siv [19, 20].
Cov tsos mob ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet los yog Pathological Internet Siv muaj xws li "obsessive kev xav txog kev siv Internet, kev kam rau siab, ua tsis muaj zog, tswj tsis tau siv Internet, thiab tshem tawm" [5, nplooj 187]. Beard thiab Hma [21] tau npaj siab tawm cov txheej txheem tshawb nrhiav txog kev siv Internet. Cov cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom siv hauv Internet yog tau piav qhia hauv qab no, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev tshawb fawb dhau los.
3.1. Ntau Siv Kev Siv Internet
Cov khoom siv hauv Internet siv ntau tshaj li peb npaug ntawm cov xuab moo hauv Internet siv dua li cov neeg siv Internet tsis muaj [4]. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau pom tias qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov xuaj moos hauv ib lub lim tiam uas siv Internet los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv internet yog 38.5 cov xuab moos, thaum cov neeg tsis muaj peev xwm tsuas siv qhov nruab nrab ntawm 4.90 cov sijhawm [22]. Raws li ib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas los ntawm Hong Kong Cov Hluas Association hauv 2005 [23], cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog 10 txog 29 siv sijhawm nruab nrab 18.4 teev nyob rau ib asthiv hauv kev siv Is Taws Nem. Txog ib feem kaum (9.9%) ntawm tus qauv siv sijhawm 42 teev nyob rau ib asthiv, uas yog, nruab nrab li ntawm rau teev rau ib hnub rau ntawm kab. Hauv qee qhov kev nkag siab, kev siv Is Taws Nem yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los yog ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig hauv cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj nyob rau niaj hnub, thiab lawv ib txwm nyob rau txoj kab ntev dua li qhov lawv xav tseg.
3.2. Obsessive Kev Xav Txog Hauv Internet
Tus yees "yog ua ntej nrog Internet (xav txog kev ua lag luam hauv internet yav dhau los los sis cia siab tias yuav pib hauv online)" [21, nplooj 379] thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsis xav tawm ntawm kev xav hauv Internet feem ntau yog thaum nws tsaug zog.
3.3. Zoo Siab Xav Tau Hauv Internet
Cov neeg muaj kev lom zem ntau heev uas siv Internet. Cov kis las hauv Internet hauv Internet pom zoo ua kom txaus siab, lom zem, sib tham sib, thiab ua rau [24, 25]. Tag nrho cov lus hais, cov neeg quav yeeb nyiam hauv Internet cov kev paub, thiab kev lom zem thiab kev lom zem yuav tsav lawv los ua kev siv Internet.
3.4. Kev kam
Qhov kev kam rau ua tau zoo yog hais txog "xav tau kev siv Internet nrog ntau zuj zus kom thiaj li ua tiav" [21, nplooj 379]. Qhov tsos mob zoo li no yog muaj feem xyuam nrog kev siv ntau tshaj lossis siv ntau dua hauv Internet los ntawm cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj.
3.5. Txawj Tawm Tsi Lam Tso Tseg
Kev tswj hwm lub zog ploj zuj zus cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis kev tswj hwm tus kheej kom tswj tau ib lub siab xav kom mus txog lub hom phiaj. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov neeg quav quav yeeb quav tshuaj feem ntau yuav plam lawv txoj kev tswj hwm tus cwj pwm. Tshwj xeeb, lawv tsis tuaj yeem txiav rov qab lossis txiav kev siv Is Taws Nem.
3.6. Tshem tawm
Qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yog hais txog qhov tsis txaus siab (tsis ntshai, tsis muaj teeb meem, muaj kev ntxhov siab, muaj kev nyuaj siab, los yog chim siab) thaum siv Internet los nres lossis txo qis.
3.7. Kev cuam tshuam rau lub neej txhua hnub
Qhov cuam tshuam rau lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev kawm ntawm Internet khwv yees yog feem ntau tsis zoo [24]. Qee zaum cov neeg quav tshuaj muaj feem phom sij poob ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev kawm lossis kev ua haujlwm vim yog Is Taws Nem. Lawv yuav dag lwm tus vim tias lawv dhau nyob nrog Is Taws Nem, thiab lawv kuj siv Is Taws Nem los ua txoj hauv kev kom dim ntawm cov teeb meem lossis daws qhov tsis txaus siab xws li tsis paub pab, ntxhov siab, txhaum, lossis txaj muag [21, nplooj 379].
3.8. Kev Sib Tw Niam Txiv thiab Tsev Neeg
Internet cov neeg siv sij hawm siv sij hawm tsawg nrog lawv niam lawv txiv thiab lwm tus neeg hauv tsev neeg thiab tau muaj kev nyuab siab nrog lawv [22].
3.9. Kev Phoojywg thiab Kev Txhim Kho Kev Txawj Ntse
Cov neeg quav yau hauv Internet yuav muaj phooj ywg tsawg dua thiab nyiam kev phooj ywg [26]. Lawv yog neeg twm zeej thiab tsis muaj khub.
3.10. Kev Mob Teeb Meem
Cov neeg quav yau hauv internet tsis muaj kev noj qab haus huv dua cov tsis muaj hnub nyoog, thiab lawv kuj tsis kam txais kev kho mob nkeeg thiab tsis tshua muaj kev txhawj xeeb los tsim cov kev ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab [26].
3.11. Kev Kawm Tau Zoo
Hloov thiab txoj cai [27] pom tias qhov kev kawm tsis zoo muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov txiaj ntsig kev siv Internet.
3.12. Txoj Kev Nyuaj Siab
Morahan-Martin thiab Schumacher [28] pom tias kev nyob ib leeg kho siab nrog kev siv Internet ntau dua. Qhov nruab nrab txhua lub lim tiam rau kab ntawm cov neeg kho siab mas tau siab dua li cov neeg tsis muaj hnub nyoog. Tib neeg kho siab siv Internet thaum lawv muaj kev kho siab, nyuaj siab, lossis txhawj xeeb. "Lawv tau ua thiab sib cuam tshuam nrog cov phooj ywg hauv online, thiab siv Internet rau kev txhawb zog siab" [28, nplooj 669].
4. MORAL LI NTAWM INTERNET SIV
Kohlberg [29-31] tau npaj ib txoj kev xav txog kev ncaj ncees rau rau theem. Nws thawj tsib theem pib ua hauj lwm ntawm no los mus tsim kho cov kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev siv internet. Raws li Kohlberg [31], tsawg tsawg tus neeg ncav cuag theem 6 uas yog theem ntawm Universal Ethical Principles. Cov theem no yuav tsis tau sib tham txog ntawm no. Rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm theem 6, saib Kohlberg [30, 31].
4.1. Qib 1: Heterocracy Morality thiab Mloog Lus Ua Haujlwm
Cov neeg nyob rau theem no ua raws li qhov ua rau cov tub ceev xwm hais kom tsis txhob rau txim. Hais tau lus, yog tias tus laus tsis pub lawv siv Internet los thab lwm tus los yog khib lwm tus, ces cov me nyuam yuav xav tias nws tsis yog lawm ua li ntawd hauv Internet.
4.2. Qib 2: Tib Neeg, Lub Hauv Paus Lub Ntsiab thiab Txauv
Cov neeg nyob rau theem no yuav ua rau lawv tus kheej nyiam. Raws li Kohlberg [30, nplooj 148], lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib txauv sib npaug tuaj yeem hais ntawm nqe lus nram qab no, "koj yuav tsum tsis txhob mob siab lossis cuam tshuam nrog kuv, thiab kuv yuav tsum tsis txhob mob siab lossis cuam tshuam nrog koj." Kev sib pauv hauv lub ntiaj teb sib txawv yog tib yam li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag. Yog hais tias koj ua rau kuv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no cyber, kuv yuav tau txais pauj kua zaub ntsuab. Xwb, yog tias koj ua rau kuv muaj kev haum xeeb nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb kev sib tham, kuv kuj yuav ua koj qhov kev nyiam.
Cov lus piav txog tus kheej thiab cov hom phiaj qhia tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm cov kev xam pom tsis zoo. Cov menyuam yaus nyob rau theem no nyiam saib xyuas lawv tus kheej thiab tsis quav ntsej lwm tus nyiam. Lawv yog egocentric thiab tsis ua si ncaj thiab sib npaug. Lawv yuav dag hom phiaj tsuav yog lawv tsis raug ntes. Hauv cyber ntiaj teb, ntau txoj kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis raug thiab kev ua txhaum cai raug coj los ua vim cov neeg ua yeeb yam xav tias lawv tus kheej yog kev zais zoo thiab tej zaum yuav tsis yooj yim raug ntes los ntawm txoj cai. Hauv kev sib piv rau Theem 1 uas yog hais txog kev mloog lus rau cov neeg ua raws li txoj cai thiaj li zam dhau kev rau txim, theem no yog hais txog kev tiv thaiv ib tus neeg cov kev nyiam los ntawm kev txhob txwm ua txhaum, ua si tsis raug cai, thiab ua txhaum cai lossis tsis raug cai yam tsis raug ntes los ntawm txoj cai.
Lawv yuav ua ib yam dab tsi kom lwm tus raug mob (piv txwv li, cyberbullying, thiab ua txhaum lwm tus cov cai ntiag tug thiab cov tswv cuab ntiag tug) kom tau txais qhov lawv xav tau. Tus cwj pwm lub zog lub zog Theem 1 yog qhov muag tsis pom kev ua raws li txoj cai tab sis hais tias qhov pib theem no yog Machiavellian, uas yog, tau txais qhov koj xav tau los ntawm txhua txoj kev, suav nrog cov tsis raug cai lossis tsis raug txhais tau tias. Ib qho ntxiv, “kev ua haujlwm yog kev nkag siab zoo. Lub neej zoo yog lub neej yooj yim nrog nyiaj ntau thiab tej yam zoo ”32, nplooj 17]. Lub tswv yim yog tias ib qho yuav tsum sim ua kom tau ntau heev los ntawm kev them nyiaj tsawg los sis tsis ua. Feem ntau hais lus, tib neeg nyob rau theem no hais txog kev cai lij choj raws li lawv muaj peev xwm, tab sis yuav dais ua cov luag num tsawg. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lawv ua los yog los ntawm txoj ntsiab cai ntawm opportunistic hedonism.
4.3. Qib 3: Kev Sib Koom Siab Kev Sib Koom Siab, Kev Sib Ceg, thiab Kev Sib Cai
Qhov no yog ib theem ntawm cov tub ntxhais zoo-me nyuam yaus zoo-ntxhais. Cov neeg nyob rau theem no yuav ua neej raws li cov tswvcuab ntawm koj pawg (xws li, tsev neeg, tsev kawm ntawv, kev ntseeg lossis kev nom kev tswv) lossis cov neeg nyob ze koj. Cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb sib tham kuj tsim ib pawg los yog laib nrog rau kev nyiam. Lawv yuav ua rau lawv cov tub koom xeeb thiab zoo siab tuaj yeem ua kev fij rau lawv pawg neeg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tsis kam pab pawg nongroup hauv tib qhov xwm txheej.
4.4. Qib 4: Social System thiab Vev Xaib
Qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb yog txhawb nqa kev cai lij choj ntawm pej xeem thiab ua lub luag haujlwm ib qho kom tswj hwm txoj kev sib raug zoo. Piv txwv li, kev rub tawm txhaum cai, ua txhaum rau lwm tus neeg txoj cai luam, kev twv txiaj hauv online txhaum cai thiab kev thab plaub raws cyber yuav raug suav tias yog kev ua tsis raug thiab tsis raug cai thiab tsis raug tso cai nyob hauv ntiaj teb cyber. Nws tseem tsis ncaj ncees lawm rau tib neeg siv cov thev naus laus zis los tawm tsam tsoomfwv lossis tuam txhab lag luam loj cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia lossis lub koos pij tawj lossis txawm tias yuav ua rau nws xiam, piv txwv li kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj khoom, txhab nyiaj, kev sib txuas lus, thiab kev tub rog kom thiaj li ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv zej zog thiab kev kub ntxhov. Cov.
4.5. Qib 5: Daim ntawv cog lus los yog chaw ua dej num thiab tus kheej cov cai
Qhov no yog ib theem ntawm kev cai lij choj hauv kev sib piv rau cov theem 4 uas yog ib theem ntawm kev cai lij choj. Hauv kev kho ntawm theem 5, Kohlberg [33] hais txog kev cai tswjfwm kev cai lij choj thiab cav tias nws ua rau kev cai lij choj nyiam rau tus neeg muaj meej mom vim tias nws tso ib txoj cai yooj yim ua ntej txoj cai thiab tib neeg. Cov kev cai lij choj thiab lub luag haujlwm yog nyob ntawm "kev suav meej ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob tag nrho", "qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau tus lej loj tshaj" [34, nplooj 35].
Tsuas yog los ntawm cov cai tib neeg cov cai uas tau raug pom thiab ua raws li theem ntawm no, cov ntaub ntawv ntiag tug thiab kev ceev ntiag tug kuj tseem ceeb dua. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv tshuab ua kom muaj kev lag luam thiab kev tsim txom ntawm tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv ib qho kev ua txhaum loj hauv lub ntiaj teb kev sib tham. Txoj cai rau tus kheej tsis pub leej twg paub, txoj cai rau tus neeg ua coj tus kheej thiab tsis qhib lub neej yuav tsum muaj kev hwm thiab kev tiv thaiv.
5. LOSSIS LOSSIS LOSSIS LOSSIS INTERNET INTERNET
Raws li kev tshawb fawb dhau los [35, 36], kev tawm tsam thiab ua txhaum loj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj xws li (1) kev tsis xws luag xws li nyiag, haus cawv, ua tsis ncaj rau tshuaj ntsuam, thiab tuaj kawm ntawv lig; (2) kev siv yeeb tshuaj; (3) tsis ua phem rau niam thiab txiv (xws li, qw rau ib leej txiv lossis leej niam lossis tawm tsam koj niam thiab txiv qhov kev xav); (4) tsis ncaj ncees rau ib tus kws qhia ntawv lossis tsev kawm ntawv txoj cai; (5) kev sib deev sib deev yam tsis xav tau; (6) ua nruj ua tsiv lossis ua yeeb ncuab xws li thab lwm tus lossis pawg ntaus nrig. Nws tau sib cav tias qhov kev coj hauv Is Taws Nem yog qhov kev coj ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Qhov tseeb, Ma li al. [37] tau npaj lub Koom Haum Pab Tswv Yim Zoo (Positive Association Hypothesis) uas tau hais tias "Muaj kev koom tes zoo ntawm Internet cwj pwm thiab txhua tus cwj pwm kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub neej." Txhais tau tias, kev coj cwj pwm zoo hauv internet yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau tus cwj pwm coj zoo, txuam nrog tsis zoo txhua hnub kev coj cwj pwm. Cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj 509 cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv theem siab yeej txhawb qhov kev pom zoo. Qhov ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov hais tias lub ntiaj teb no tsis yog virtual, nws yog qhov tseeb tiag-nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Raws li kev kawm hais lus, peb yuav tsum qhia ntau txog kev siv Internet hauv kev siv internet vim qhov kev nthuav dav thiab kev muaj feem siv Internet hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas.
Cov cwj pwm hauv qab no yog kev pom zoo rau kev coj cwj pwm hauv Internet.
(1) Txhaum Cai
Tshem yeeb yaj kiab, suab paj nruag lossis video clips tsis muaj kev tso cai yog txoj cai tsis raug cai uas cov tub ntxhais hluas ua tiav hauv Internet. Nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam ntawm 559 cov neeg hluas hnub nyoog 10 rau 24 hauv Internet cov kev ua si, 57.4% ntawm cov neeg tuaj yeem lees txais tias lawv tau muab cov duab los yog suab paj nruag tsis tau kev tso cai los ntawm cov neeg muaj ntawv tso cai [38].
(2) Pornographic lossis Aggressive Information
Nyob rau hauv tib daim ntawv soj ntsuam, 37.9% ntawm cov neeg koom qhia tau hais tias lawv tau pornographic los sis qias neeg lossis kev txhoj puab heev hauv Internet [38].
(3) Cyberbullying
Nws yog kev siv Internet rau lwm tus neeg thab plaub (xws li, cyberbullying) xws li faib cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm ib tus neeg; quab yuam, txaj muag, los sis thab plaub: Cov lus hais txog 40% ntawm cov hluas tau qhia tias lawv tau raug thab plaub vim lawv nyob hauv kab [39, 40].
(4) Cheating Behaviour
Nws yog kev siv Internet los dag lwm tus. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau cheat lwm tus ntawm kab vim tias koj tsis qhia npe rau lwm tus thiab koj tus kheej yuav raug muab zais yooj yim yog tias koj xav tau.
(5) Online Kev Twv Txiaj
Koj tuaj yeem twv nrog online nrog lwm tus lossis koom nrog hauv online casinos. Kev twv txiaj hauv online muaj xws li hauv internet poker, online betting betting, online lotteries, thiab online bingo [41].
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee tus tub ntxhais hluas kuj siv Internet kom coj cov kev ua txhaum cai xws li muag cov khoom muag los yog cov khoom siv tsis zoo los yog ua kom coj tsis ncaj los yog kev ua tsis tau zoo xws li kev sib nrauj.
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm txhua qhov ntawm cov cwj pwm hauv Is Taws Nem saum toj no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm Kohlberg's [30, 31] cov theem ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees uas nthuav tawm hauv nqe lus saum toj no, "Moral Basis of Internet Use". Ma [42] tau hais tias kev ncaj ncees kev ncaj ncees yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees uas yog ib qho ntawm 15 cov tub ntxhais hluas txoj kev loj hlob tsim tau los ntawm Catalano thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm [43]. Txoj kev cai siv Internet kuj ua rau pom kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab Internet cwj pwm.
6. TIV THAIV KEV PAB THAWJ INTERNET
Feem ntau hais lus, ib qho kev pab cuam zoo li qub raws li cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj kev sib haum xeeb [43] los yog cov xeeb ceem zoo [44] yuav pab tau los txhawb txoj kev siv internet hauv kev lag luam thiab tiv thaiv kev siv internet ntawm kev siv antisocial. Tshwj xeeb yog qhov kev zov me nyuam yuav tsum ua tib zoo siv los ua cov yeeb yam nram qab no: (1) hwm tus kheej los sis kev saib tus kheej, (2) hwm rau lwm tus, (3) social and civil responsibility, thiab (4) lub luag hauj lwm thoob ntiaj teb thiab neeg ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, kev qhia txog kev tswj tus kheej, kev tswj hwm tus kheej, kev tswj tus kheej, lossis kev tswj yus tus kheej kuj pab tau tus cwj pwm zoo hauv kev siv Internet. Lub tswv yim txhawm rau tsim txoj kev qhia rau tub ntxhais kawm qeb nrab yog muab hauv Ma thiab nws cov npoj yaig [45].
7. SIB THAM REMARKS
Ntau thiab ntau tus neeg siv Is Taws Nem hauv lawv lub neej txhua hnub. Hmoov tsis feem pua ntawm cov tib neeg uas siv Is Taws Nem siv ntau dhau kuj nce. Lub tswvyim ntawm kev quav yeeb quav cawv hauv Internet lossis kev siv internet pathological tau tham txog txhua yam, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev quav yeeb quav cawv hauv Internet kuj raug cais. Qhov thaiv kev tawm tsam siv Is Taws Nem kuj tau tham txog. Nws tau sib cav tias kev qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees hauv kev siv Is Taws Nem yuav tsum dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm peb txoj kev kawm tam sim no. Nws kuj tseem ntseeg tias qhov kev pab dav dav, dav dav, tag nrho tib neeg kev qhia ntawv uas yog ua raws li Catalano et al.'s [43] cov hluas zoo tsim thiab Ma's [44] tus cwj pwm zoo yog qhov zoo rau txoj kev siv internet thiab siv tiv thaiv kev siv Internet.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Qhov kev tshawb fawb tau txhawb los ntawm Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.
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