J Behav Addict. 2017 Nov 13: 1-10. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.075.
Abstract
Tom qab thiab aims
Cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los tsom xyuas cov kev sib tham ntawm kev sib tham ntawm social networking (SNS) tiv thaiv thiab Internet gaming teeb meem (IGD) hauv kev sib cais. Tshaj li, me ntsis yog paub txog cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov sib txawv ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Txoj kev tshawb no tshawb xyuas qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob qhov kev thev naus laus zis thiab paub txog seb lawv yuav ua li cas thiaj li muaj peev xwm sib txawv thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ua rau muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev siv technology.
txoj kev
Ib qho qauv ntawm 509 cov hluas (53.5% txiv neej) muaj hnub nyoog 10-18 (txhais tau tias = 13.02, SD = 1.64).
tau
Nws tau pom tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem muaj peev xwm ua si tau lub luag haujlwm hauv kev piav qhia SNS kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau pom tias SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov tsos mob ntawm ib leeg, thiab ib txhij pab txhawb kev puas siab puas ntsws tag nrho ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws nyob rau hauv ib qho kev zoo sib xws, ntxiv cov ntsiab lus feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob etiological thiab clinical ntawm ob qho no. Thaum kawg, qhov teebmeem ntawm IGD ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsoog tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg ua los ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv, kev tshawb nrhiav tias kev tshawb xyuas kev tshawb xyuas ntxiv.
Sib tham thiab xaus
Qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus no tau tham ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj thiab cov kev sib cav txog cov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom siv yees siv ua thawj thiab qib ob.
KEYWORDS: Kev ua si hauv Internet gaming; kev coj tus cwj pwm; kev mob hlwb; kev sib tham txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov chaw; kev siv technology
PMID: 29130329
Introduction
Cov kev tsim tawm tshiab hauv kev tsim tawm tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov cov tib neeg kev paub sib koom ua ke (SNS) thiab video games. Txawm hais tias cov kev tsim kho kom cov neeg siv qhov kev paub dav dav ntawm ob qho kev ua ub no, lawv tau pab cuam ntxiv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm SNS siv thiab kev ua si video (Rikkers, Lawrence, Hafekost, & Zubrick, 2016; Starcevic & Aboujaoude, 2016).
Kev sib raug hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib txuas lus sib txawv yog hnyav hnyav ntawm ntau hom kev ua si, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev ua si hauv multiplayer hauv internet (MMORPGs), uas cov neeg siv tau ua si hauv kev ua neeg ntiaj teb. Ib daim ntawv soj ntsuam ntawm 912 MMORPG players ntawm 45 lub teb chaws pom tau tias kev sib raug zoo hauv kev sib koom ua si hauv qhov kev ua si yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev ua si li gamers tuaj yeem ua rau cov phooj ywg thiab cov neeg koom hauv kev ua neej thoob plaws hauv lawv qhov kev ua si (Cole & Griffiths, 2007). Xwb, cov kev tshaj lij hauv kev paub hauv cov Web site 2.0 muaj xws li nrov kev tshaj tawm ua si uas nce siab nyob rau hauv tej chaw (Bright, Kleiser, & Grau, 2015), nrog cov lus tseeb los ntawm Facebook tawm tswv yim tias hauv 2014, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 375 lab neeg tau ua si Facebook txuas nrog txhua lub hli, thiab cov ntawv xa xov xa tawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm 735 lab xa tawm mus ua si txhua hnub (Facebook, 2014).
Txawm hais tias muaj qhov dav dav tau tshaj tawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm ob qho SNS thiab kev ua yeeb yaj kiab yeeb yaj kiab hauv ntau qib (piv txwv, kev paub lub luag haujlwm, kev ua zoo nyob, thiab lwm yam) (piv txwv li, Chopik, 2016; Heo, Chun, Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2015; Howard, Wilding, & qhua, 2016; Stroud & Whitbourne, 2015), muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias SNS thiab yees duab ua si tuaj yeem ua rau lub hlwb tsis zoo thiab kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo hauv ib haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg siv, nrog rau cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas siv tau cov kev yees cov kev lag luam thiab kev tsis tsim nyog rau lawv qhov kev loj hlob tam sim no (Andreassen, 2015; Bányai li al., 2017; Qaib dib et al., 2014; Morioka li al., 2016; Pápay li al., 2013). Tsis ntev los no, Sioni, Burleson, thiab Bekerian (2017) ua qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm 595 MMORPG players ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab pom hais tias kev yees duab yees ua si zoo yog txuam nrog cov tsos mob ntawm kev phobia txawm tias tom qab tswj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib tw gaming cov xuab moos, ntxiv qhia tias cov tib neeg phob nyhav Cov hom ntawv online ntawm kev sib raug zoo (Lee & Stapinski, 2012) raws li lawv muab cov neeg siv nrog txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb los ua kom lawv xav tau kev sib raug zoo, thaum tib lub sijhawm cia lawv tawm ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv zej zog uas lawv tsis xis nyob (piv txwv li, los ntawm kev tawm ntawm qhov kev ua si). Txog kev siv SNS ntau dhau, qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no ua los ntawm Xanidis thiab Brignell (2016) nyob rau hauv ib qho qauv ntawm 324 social media pom tau tias SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg pw tsaug zog tsawg zog thiab nce xwm txheej ntawm kev paub tsis tiav. Txuas ntxiv, Xanidis thiab Brignell (2016) sau tseg tias SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ua rau kev paub tsis meej vim nws qhov tsis zoo los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog, ntxiv qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev thev naus laus zis hauv kev kawm txuj ci li SNS thiab kev ua si yees duab siv tau ob lub cev thiab lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv ntau yam ntsiab lus thiab hnub nyoog.
Ntawm qhov theoretical level, yees duab kev ua si yees [tseem hu ua Internet gaming disorder (IGD)] yog ib qhov kev kuaj mob uas ua rau muaj kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis txaus ntseeg thiab siv cov kev ua si hauv kev ua si, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj lossis kev nyuab siab dhau ib lub sijhawm ntawm 12 lub hlis qhia los ntawm kev pom zoo tsib (lossis ntau tshaj) ntawm 9 yam nram qab no: (i) kev cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tw; (ii) cov tsos mob thaum tshem tawm mus; (iii) kev kam rau siab, ua rau muaj kev xav siv sijhawm ntau ntxiv nrog rau kev ua si; (iv) tsis tau kev pab cuam los tswj kev koom tes hauv kev ua si; (v) tsis nyiam kev nyiam ua yav dhau los thiab kev lomzem vim yog, thiab tsis suav, kev ua si; (vi) tau siv ntau dua kev ua si txawm paub txog cov teeb meem kev nyuab siab; (vii) deceiving cov neeg hauv tsev neeg, kws kho mob, los yog lwm tus neeg hais txog qhov ntaus nqi; (viii) kev siv kev ua si kom dim lossis txo txoj kev xav tsis zoo; thiab (ix) yuav tsim teebmeem lossis poob ib txoj kev sib raug zoo, kev ua haujlwm, lossis kev kawm lossis kev ua haujlwm vim yog kev koom nrog kev ua si (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Raws li kev siv SNS, qhov no txua txhais tau hais tias yog "muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog SNSs, kom muaj kev txhawb zog rau kev nkag mus siv lossis siv SNSs, thiab siv sij hawm ntau thiab siv zog rau SNSs uas cuam tshuam lwm yam kev ua si, kev kawm / kev ua haujlwm, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg, thiab / lossis kev mob hlwb thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo "(Andreassen & Pallesen, 2014, p. 4054).
Txij thaum pib ntawm IGD yog ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb los ntawm APA nyob rau hauv qhov thib tsib tsab ntawm Diagnostic thiab Statistical Manual ntawm Mental Disorders (DSM-5; APA, 2013), ntau cov kev sib cav tswv yim nthuav tawm txawv txav thiab tsis sib haum txog cov kev ua tau zoo thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm IGD raws li ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau luam tawm (Aarseth li al., 2016; Griffiths, Van Rooij, li al., 2016; Lee, Choo, & Lee, 2017; Petry et al., 2014, 2015; Sau Sau et al., 2017). Qee qhov kev txhawj xeeb no tau tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tus mob IGD tau muab ntau los ntawm cov kev kuaj kab mob thiab cov tsis raug cai xws li: kev quav twv txiaj, kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kev tiv thaiv siv Internet (Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017). Dua li ntawm qhov tseeb tias IGD thiab SNS qhov kev pabcuam tsis muaj kev paub txog kev mob hlwb, lub koom haum World Health (2016) ua rau kev sib cav sib ceg nyob rau hauv kev yees duab yees ntawm vim nws qhov kev txiav txim siab kom muaj kev ua si hauv gaming (GD) raws li ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau tom ntej kho dua ntawm International Classification of Diseases. Lwm qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam rau kev coj tus cwj pwm, xws li SNS qhov kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab IGD, muaj feem xyuam rau qhov tseeb uas muaj kev pauv ntau tuaj yeem tshwm sim tau ntau zaus. Kev tshawb nrhiav kev soj ntsuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv IGD tau tshaj tawm hais tias kev mob plab muaj peev xwm tshwm sim tau txog li 50% ntawm tus neeg mob (xws li, Lwm Haiv Neeg li al, 2011; Scharkow, Festl, & Quandt, 2014; Van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, Van den Eijnden, & Van de Mheen, 2011).
Txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm yam tseem ceeb xws li kev teeb tsa ua qauv thiab cov teeb meem kev pom zoo raws li yav tas los (Griffiths, Király, Pontes, & Demetrovics, 2015; Griffiths, Kuss, & Pontes, 2016; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015), cov kev tshawb fawb muaj zog (piv txwv li, kev tshawb fawb hauv teb chaws tus neeg sawv cev) tau qhia txog kev nthuav dav ntawm SNS kev tiv thaiv los ntawm 2.9% hauv Belgian cov neeg laus (Qaib dib et al., 2014) rau 4.5% ntawm cov neeg hluas hauv Hungarian (Bányai li al., 2017). Txawm hais tias IGD prevalence cov nqi ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb robust pom cov nqi ntau ntawm 2.5% hauv Slovenian cov hluas (Pontes, Macur, & Griffiths, 2016) rau 5.8% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hauv Dutch thiab cov laus (Lemmens & Hendriks, 2016), lwm cov kev tshawb fawb loj loj qhia cov kev pabcuam raws li qis thaum 0.3% (Scharkow li al., 2014). Txawm hais tias kev tshawb pom txog kev pom dav yuav zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb fawb muaj zog, qee yam tseem ceeb yuav ua rau kev nce nqi ntawm kwv yees. Piv txwv li, nws tau raug pom tias kev txhoj puab thiab kev txawv ntawm kev ua rau muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm kev kwv yees tawm ntawm cov kev mob nkeeg (Przybylski, 2017). Ib yam li ntawd, hom kev ntsuas kev puas siab puas ntsws siv tau pom tias yuav pab txhawb rau kev tshaj tawm cov kev mob tsis tshua mob heev, xws li IGD (Maraz, Király, & Demetrovics, 2015).
Txij li cov kev txawj ntse ntawm SNS thiab kev ua si hauv video ua si ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj kev sib cav sib txawv, kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias ob qho no tshwm sim muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm yam khoom muaj nqi thiab kev coj cwj pwm (Griffiths, 2015; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2004), thiab kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog rau kev sib tw ua rau txhua tus muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg hluas thaum hampering siab ntsws (Kowert, Domahidi, Festl, & Quandt, 2014).
Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los (xws li, Andreassen li al., 2016; Qaib dib et al., 2014; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015b; Yu, Li, & Zhang, 2015) pom tias poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej rau ob qho tib si SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD. Yog li ntawd, txij li thaum txiv neej poj niam txiv neej muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog IGD thiab poj niam txiv neej poj niam nrog SNS tiv (Andreassen li al., 2016), txoj kev tshawb no pom tias txivneej thiab hnub nyoog yuav kwv yees ntau dua SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab cov tsos mob IGD (H1). Ntxiv mus, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb (xws li, Andreassen li al., 2013, 2016; Sussman et al., 2014) tau tshaj tawm cov koom haum zoo ntawm ntau hom kev siv tshuab, uas tawm tswv yim feem ntau sib xws. Li no, nws yog hypothesized tias SNS tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab IGD yuav zoo sib thooj (H2). Txawm hais tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv, IGD, thiab kev mob hlwb yog txoj thiab tseem muaj teeb meem ntawm qhov zoo (Pantic, 2014), ib lub cev loj ntawm cov pov thawj qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv yees, xws li kev nyuaj siab, kev ntxhov siab, thiab kev nyuab siab (xws li, Király li al., 2014; Lehenbauer-Baum li al., 2015; Ostovar li al., 2016; Pontes & Griffiths, 2016). Yog li, nws yog hypothesized uas SNS tiv thaiv thiab IGD yuav ob leeg los pab txhawb tshwj xeeb thiab sib txawv rau txhua theem ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws (H3). Tag nrho ntawm peb qhov kev xav tau hais tias yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam cov kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev siv ntau hauv Internet thiab kev ua si hauv kev siv ua si raws li lub sij hawm siv rau hauv cov kev ua ub no uas muaj feem xyuam nrog hom kev sib nyiamPontes & Griffiths, 2015a; Pontes, Suab paj nruag, Demetrovics, & Griffiths, 2014; Stubblefield li al., 2017; Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung, 2013).
txoj kev
Tej zaum cov neeg koom rau qhov kev kawm no yog tag nrho cov tub kawm ntawv (N = 700) cuv npe hauv qib rau, xya, yim, thiab qib cuaj hauv tsev kawm theem nrab uas nyob hauv Algarve (Portugal). Tau kev tso cai los ntawm tus thawj coj tsev kawm ntawv thiab niam txiv tau txais, thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ua tiav daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv lub tsev qiv ntawv thaum cov haujlwm ntxiv. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Kawm Qib Siab ntawm Nottingham Trent University, qhia txog kev pom zoo tau txais los ntawm txhua tus neeg tuaj koom nrog txoj kev tshawb no, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm lub Tsib Hlis txog Lub Rau Hli 2015, thiab lub tsev kawm raug xaiv los ntawm muaj, thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm raug txais los ntawm cov qauv ntawm pawg ntawm qib rau, xya, qib yim, thiab qib cuaj (piv txwv li, hnub nyoog 10-18 xyoo) kom ua tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sawv cev ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv koom nrog. Cov ntaub ntawv tau khaws los ntawm 509 cov tub ntxhais kawm (72.7% ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem ua piv txwv). Lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm tus qauv yog 13.02 xyoo (SD = 1.64) thiab muaj qhov sib luag sib luag li poj niam txiv neej sib cais nrog 53.5% (n = 265) ua txiv neej (Rooj 1).
|
rooj 1. Cov qauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov qauv siv technology, theem kev siv technology, thiab kev xav hauv lub hlwbN = 495)
| nce mus nce los | Yam tsawg kawg nkaus | Maximum | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hnub nyoog (xyoo) (txhais hais tias, SD) | 13.02 (1.64) | 10 | 18 |
| Tub los ntxhais (txiv neej,%) | 265 (53.5) | - | - |
| Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib raug (n,%) | 99 (20) | - | - |
| Txhua lub lim tiam siv hauv Internet (txhais tias, SD) | 17.91 (23.34) | 1 | 49 |
| Lub lim tiam txhua lub sijhawm siv gaming (txhais hais tias, SD) | 10.21 (17.86) | 1 | 52 |
| SNS qhov quav ntau ntau (txhais tau tias, SD) | 10.70 (4.83) | 6 | 30 |
| IGD qib (txhais tau tias, SD) | 15.92 (6.99) | 9 | 41 |
| Kev nyuaj siab ntau ntau (txhais tau tias, SD) | 3.12 (3.94) | 0 | 21 |
| Ntxhov siab vim theem (txhais tias, SD) | 2.66 (3.78) | 0 | 21 |
| Kev nyuaj siab ntau theem (txhais tias, SD) | 3.32 (3.97) | 0 | 21 |
Ceeb toom. Txhua lub sijhawm siv sijhawm hauv Internet thiab gaming qhia txog tus kheej qhia cov xuab moos uas tau siv rau cov kev ua ub no hauv lub asthiv. SD: qauv sib txawv; SNS: qhov chaw sib tham; IGD: Kev ua si hauv Internet gaming.
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia cov pej xeem tau sau nyob rau hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, thiab kev sib raug zoo Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev siv SNS tau sau los ntawm kev nug rau cov neeg tuaj koom 'lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm lub sijhawm hauv Is Taws Nem siv mus ncig ua si thiab tsis hais tshwj xeeb (dav dav) cov hom phiaj (piv txwv li, cov xuab moos). Gaming zaus raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev nug rau cov neeg koom 'thaj tsam nruab nrab lub sijhawm siv kev twv txiaj (piv txwv li, cov sijhawm).
Lub BFAS (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012) soj ntsuam SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Facebook siv thiab tau raug qhia kom muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo hauv ntau lub teb chaws (Phanasathit, Manwong, Hanprathet, Khumsri, & Yingyeun, 2015; Salem, Almenaye, & Andreassen, 2016; Silva li al., 2015), xws li Portugal (Pontes, Andreassen, & Griffiths, 2016)). Qhov BFAS muaj rau (XNUMX) yam khoom uas hais txog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj tus cwjpwm (xws li, kev hloov siab, kev hloov siab, kev pom zoo, thim rov qab, kev tsis sib haum, thiab rov qab ua haujlwm) (Griffiths, 2005). Cov khoom tau qhab nees ntawm 5-point scale, ie, ranging from 1 (heev tsis tshua muaj) rau 5 (ntau zaus) hauv ib lub sijhawm ntawm 12 lub hlis. Tag nrho cov qhab nias tau los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg koom siab ntawm txhua qhov khoom (xws li 6 rau 30 cov ntsiab lus), nrog cov qhab nias siab uas qhia tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kom siab dua rau Facebook. Lub BFAS tau qhia tias tsim nyog muaj kev sib ntseeg txaus rau qhov kev kawm no (α = 0.83).
Lub IGDS9-SF (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a) yog ib lub tswv yim me me uas yog tsim los txheeb xyuas qhov teeb meem ntawm IGD ntau dua 12 ib lub hlis raws li lub tswv yim pom zoo los ntawm APA hauv DSM-5 (APA, 2013). Cov IGDS9-SF tau qhia txog cov kev tsim nyog muaj zog ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev cai sib txawv ntawm ntau lub teb chaws (Monacis, De Palo, Griffiths, & Sinatra, 2016; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a; Pontes, Macur, li al., 2016), xws li Portugal (Pontes & Griffiths, 2016). Qhov cuaj nqe lus uas muaj qhov IGDS9-SF raug siv los siv 5-point scale, xws li, xws li 1 (yeej tsis) rau 5 (ntau zaus), thiab cov qhab nia xeem tau los ntawm cov lus teb (xws li 9 rau 45 cov ntsiab lus), nrog cov qhab nia siab dua uas qhia tau qib siab dua GD. Qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm IGDS9-SF hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau zoo heev (α = 0.87).
Tag nrho cov kev puas siab puas ntsws raug tshuaj xyuas siv Kev Nyuaj Siab Kev Nyuaj Siab thiab Kev Nyuaj Siab - 21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), uas muaj peb qhov 7-subscales uas npog peb cov tsos mob uas nyob rau ntawm 4-point scale, xws li, xws li 0 (tsis siv rau kuv txhua lub sijhawm) rau 3 (thov rau kuv ntau heev lossis ntau lub sijhawm). Daim ntawv DASS-21 uas siv rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau pom yav dhau los kom muaj cov kev tsim nyog ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv kev tshawb nrhiav pej xeem (Pais-Ribeiro, Honrado, & Leal, 2004). Cronbach's α coefficients rau qhov ntsuas no hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no .84 (kev nyuaj siab),. 86 (ntxhov siab vim), thiab. 86 (kev nyuab siab).
Kev tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv koom tes nrog (i) tu cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa los ntawm kev kuaj xyuas cov teeb meem uas ploj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm 10% hauv txhua qhov cuam tshuam; (ii) kev kuaj xyuas rau qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam khoom ntawm BFAS thiab IGDS9-SF siv cov txheej txheem qauv (piv txwv li, kev txawj ntse> 3 thiab kurtosis> 9) (Kline, 2011); (iii) kev ntsuam xyuas rau cov neeg tsis muaj hnub nyoog uas tsis muaj kev sib tw uas yog xeem 3.29 tus qauv hloov ntawm BFAS IGDS9-SF z-tawm tau (Teb, 2013); thiab (iv) kev soj ntsuam rau ntau qhov kev tawm tsam siv Mahalanobis ncua kev thiab qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua qhov teeb meem raws li χ2 faib qhov tseem ceeb. Cov txheej txheem no tau ua rau kev cais 14, yog li tsimnyog muab cov ntaub ntawv kawg ntawm 495 cov ntaub ntawv uas tau tsim nyog rau kev soj ntsuam tom ntej. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas tshwm sim nrog (i) kev piav qhia ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb, (ii) kev sib txheeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev kwv yees ntawm Pearson cov khoom muag-coordination correlation coefficients nrog 95% bias-kho thiab -accelerated (BCa) CI) thiab nrog cov coefficients ntawm kev txiav txim siab (R2), thiab (iii) kev sib piv ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm tus qauv (SEM) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub luag hauj lwm sib txawv ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thaum tswj rau qhov teebmeem, hnub nyoog, tub los ntxhais, thiab kev siv ua si hauv Internet. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas tshwm sim tau siv Mplus 7.2 thiab IBM SPSS Txheeb Ze Kev 23 (IBM Corporation, 2015; Muthén & Muthén, 2012).
Cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb tau muab coj los ua raws li Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki. Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Nottingham Trent University tau pom zoo rau txoj kev tshawb fawb. Txhua yam kev kawm raug qhia txog txoj kev kawm thiab txhua tus neeg tau txais kev pom zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev pom zoo los ntawm niam txiv thiab cov neeg saib xyuas raug cai tau txais los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom hauv 18 xyoo nyoog.
tau
rooj 1 xaus cov ntsiab lus tshawb pom ntxiv txog cov qauv tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm kev ua neej, cov qauv siv thev naus laus zis, nrog rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev siv cuab yeej tawm tshiab (piv txwv li, SNS quav thiab IGD) thiab kev mob hlwb. Txuas ntxiv mus, ob qho tib si IGD (txhais tau = 15.92 [95% BCa = 15.31 - 16.56], SD = 6.99) thiab SNS kev quav (txhais tau tias = 10.70 [95% BCa = 10.28 - 11.15], SD = 4.83) nthuav tawm nrog qib sib nrug hauv tus qauv. Raws li rau cov koom ntawm kev mob hlwb, kev nyuaj siab (txhais tau tias yog 3.12 [95% BCa = 2.78 - 3.47], SD = 3.94), kev ntxhov siab (txhais tau tias = 2.66 [95% BCa = 2.33 - 2.99], SD = 3.78), thiab kev nyuaj siab (txhais tau tias yog 3.32 [95% BCa = 2.98 - 3.67], SD = 3.97) tsis dhau mus ntau.
Lub tswv yim sib txuas nrog rau txoj kev tshawb fawb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau muab los muab cov tswv yim ua ntej thiab cov ntsiab lus sib ntxiv rau kev sib piv SEM. Vim li ntawd, qhov kev soj ntsuam no tau qhia tias SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv tau zoo nrog IGD (r = .39, p <.01, R2 = .15), kev ntxhov siab (r = .36, p <.01, R2 = .13), thiab kev nyuaj siab (r = .33, p <.01, R2 = .11). Kev xav txog IGD, cov koom haum ua tau zoo tshwm sim nrog txhua lub sijhawm siv sijhawm ua si (r = .42, p <.01, R2 = .18), poj niam txiv neej (r = .41, p <.01, R2 = .17), thiab kev ntxhov siab (r = .40, p <.01, R2 = .16) (Rooj 2).
|
rooj 2. Bootstrappeda correlation matrix nrog kev thiav thiab -accelerated (BCa) 95% kev ntseeg siab (CI) ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv, IGD, thiab cov kev tshawb nrhiav (N = 495)
| Thib ob | SNS kev tiv thaiv | R2 | 95% BCa CI | IGD | R2 | 95% BCa CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muaj hnub nyoog | 0.02 | - | -0.07-0.10 | -0.07 | - | -0.16-0.02 |
| Tub los ntxhais | 0.04 | - | -0.05-0.12 | 0.41* | .17 | 0.34-0.48 |
| Txoj kev txheeb ze | 0.20* | .04 | 0.11-0.29 | 0.13* | .02 | 0.03-0.23 |
| Txhua lub sijhawm siv sijhawm hauv Internet | 0.03 | - | -0.05-0.12 | 0.12* | .01 | 0.03-0.22 |
| Txhua lub lis piam siv gaming | 0.05 | - | -0.05-0.14 | 0.42* | .18 | 0.34-0.50 |
| Kev nyuaj siab | 0.33* | .11 | 0.23-0.43 | 0.36* | .13 | 0.26-0.46 |
| Ntxhov siab vim | 0.31* | .10 | 0.22-0.41 | 0.33* | .11 | 0.24-0.42 |
| Kev nyuaj siab | 0.36* | .13 | 0.25-0.44 | 0.40* | .16 | 0.32-0.49 |
| IGD | 0.39* | .15 | 0.30-0.48 | - | - | - |
Nco ntsoov. SNS: qhov chaw sib tham; IGD: Kev ua si hauv Internet gaming.
aBootstrap tau los ntawm 10,000 bootstrap cov qauv.
* Correlation yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.01.
Los soj ntsuam txoj kev tshawb fawb lub ntsiab lus, kev sib piv SEM sib piv tau los ntsuam xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm SNS kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Ntxiv dua thiab, Ntau Yam Kev Ua Ntau Yam, Cov Qauv Ua Ntau Yam (MIMIC) raug sim siv ntau hom kev txhim kho txoj kev txhim kho nrog txoj kev ruaj ntseg uas tsis zoo. Kev haum rau haum thiab cov ntawv cim xeeb tau pom zoo los kuaj xyuas tus qauv kev zoo ntawm haum: χ2/df [1, 4], hauv paus txhais tau hais tias square kev ua yuam kev ntawm kwv yees kwv yees (RMSEA) [0.05, 0.08], RMSEA 90% CI nrog nws qis qis ze rau 0 thiab sab saud qis dua 0.08, qhov tshwm sim theem tus nqi ntawm kev ntsuas qhov ze ze (Cfit )> .05, hauv paus cag txhais tau tias yog square residual (SRMR) [0.05, 0.08], sib piv sib piv (CFI), thiab Tucker – Lewis haum Performance index (TLI) [0.90, 0.95] (Bentler, 1990; Bentler & Bonnet, 1980; Hooper, Coughlan, & Mullen, 2008; Hu & Bentler, xyoo 1999). Cov txiaj ntsim ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau muab cov txiaj ntsim tau los nram no: χ2(722) = 1,193.40, χ2/df = 1.65; RMSEA = 0.036 [90% CI: 0.033–0.040], Cfit = 1.00; SRMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91, tawm tswv yim tias tus qauv nthuav tawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws haum rau cov ntaub ntawv (Daim Duab 1).
Daim duab 1. Teeb duab sawv cev ntawm cov teeb meem sib txawv ntawm kev sib tham ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab Internet gaming ntshawv siab rau kev puas siab puas ntsws (N = 495). Ceeb toom. Zuag qhia tag nrho kev zoo: haumxeeb2(722) = 1,193.40, χ2/df = 1.65; RMSEA = 0.036 [90% CI: 0.033–0.040], Cfit = 1.00; SRMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91. β = kev lag luam tus qauv ncaj qha; r = kev sib txheeb co co. *p <.0001
Raws li rau lub luag haujlwm lub luag haujlwm ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog hauv kev ntxiv rau cov tsos mob ntawm SNS kev quav thiab IGD (piv txwv li, H1), tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa tau pom rau cov txiaj ntsig ua ke ntawm ob txoj kev hloov pauv ntawm SNS kev quav. Txawm li cas los xij, poj niam txiv neej (β = 0.32, p <.001) thiab hnub nyoog (β = −0.11, p = .007) pab txhawb kom IGD cov tsos mob nce ntxiv. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, txiv neej poj niam txiv neej tau txuam nrog ntau dua qhov tshwm sim ntawm IGD cov tsos mob (txhais tau tias = 18.60 [95% BCa = 4.59 - 5.97], SD = 5.32) hauv kev sib piv nrog poj niam (txhais tau tias = 12.83 [95% BCa = 6.60 - 7.70], SD = 7.17), thiab cov hluas tau pom tias nce tag nrho theem ntawm IGD. Ntawm tag nrho, cov kev tshawb pom pom ntawm H1.
Cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas no tau them nyiaj yug rau H2 raws li cov teebmeem uas tau txais los ntawm kev sib koom ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD pom tias cov teeb meem no tshwm sim zoo (r = .53, p <.001), kev tshawb pom uas sib cuam tshuam nrog cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov txuas nrog cov hloov pauv tau ua haujlwm raws li kev ntsuas pom (r = .39 [95% BCa = 0.30 - 0.48], R2 = .15, p <.01) (Rooj 2).
Thaum kawg, qhov ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD rau cov tub ntxhais hluas lub hlwb kev xav hais tias ob qhov kev thaij thev naus laus zis yuav muaj txiaj ntsim zoo los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm nce siab zuj zus. Yog xav paub ntxiv, IGD tau tshwm sim ua rau cov kabmob muaj kev nyuaj siab (β = 0.28, p <.001), kev ntxhov siab (β = 0.26, p <.001), thiab kev ntxhov siab (β = 0.33, p <.001). Ntxiv rau, SNS quav kuj pab txhawb kom muaj qhov nyuaj siab heev (β = 0.27, p <.001), kev ntxhov siab (β = 0.25, p <.001), thiab kev ntxhov siab (β = 0.26, p <.001), tab sis rau qee yam tsawg me ntsis. Txawm hais tias cov txiaj ntsig no txhawb H3, kev cuam tshuam ntawm SNS kev quav thiab IGD rau kev noj qab haus huv kev noj qab haus huv tej zaum yuav tsis muaj qhov txawv txav dhau li cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib txwm muaj sib piv.
kev sib tham
Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no tshawb nrhiav qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab cov IGD thiab qhov ob qhov kev tawm tswv yim zoo li cas thiaj muaj peev xwm pab tau rau kev puas siab puas ntsws rau cov tub ntxhais hluas ntau dua thiab tshaj qhov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm cov kev hloov los ntawm kev lag luam. Nrog rau H1 (piv txwv li, pojniam los txivneej thiab lub hnub nyoog yuav ua rau kev txhawb nqa SNS kev tiv thaiv thiab cov tsos mob IGD), qhov kev tshawb fawb no muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li qhov kev pom zoo no txuas rau IGD, ntxiv txhawb lub cev loj ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas tau pom cov hluas thiab poj niam txiv neej yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw twv IGD (Qaib dib et al., 2014; Guillot li al., 2016; Rehbein, Staudt, Hanslmaier, & Kliem, 2016).
Txawm li cas los xij, H1 tsis tau ua raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv, qhov kev tshawb pom ntxiv tsis yooj yim rau cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas tau qhia tias SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv tau ntau dua ntawm cov neeg hluas (Andreassen li al., 2013, 2012; Turel & Serenko, 2012), cov neeg laus dua (Floros & Siomos, 2013), cov pojniam (Andreassen li al., 2012), thiab txiv neej (Npe & Işbulan, 2012). Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsim tau los ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau los nrog cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los uas tau nrhiav SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj hnub nyoog (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013; Wu li al., 2013) thiab poj niam txiv neej (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013; Tang, Chen, Yang, Chung, & Lee, 2016; Wu li al., 2013). Raws li tau hais yav dhau los, qhov no yuav yog cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los rau SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv, kev tshawb nrhiav, kev ntsuam xyuas, thiab cov qhab nia txiav tawm (Andreassen, 2015). Interestingly, lub sij hawm hauv txhua lub sij hawm siv hauv Internet tsis tau khwv yees SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv. Ib qho kev piav qhia rau qhov kev txheeb xyuas no yuav muaj feem xyuam nrog qhov tseeb uas SNS siv tau dhau los ua qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj nqis nyob hauv lub neej niaj hnub no, ua rau nws nyuaj rau ntau tus tub ntxhais hluas kom ntsuas lawv cov kev siv, ntxiv kev nyuaj rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau lub sijhawm siv rau cov cov yees thiab yees theem. Vim li no, nws yuav tsum tau lees paub qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib koom tes thiab kev tiv thaiv SNS vim qee tus tub ntxhais hluas siv sijhawm ntau siv SNS raws li ib qho kev noj qab haus huv thiab niaj hnub ua (Andreassen, 2015; Andreassen & Pallesen, 2014; Turel & Serenko, 2012).
Cov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no kuj kam txhawb kev txhawb zog rau H2 (piv txwv li, SNS tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab IGD yuav zoo sib thooj), qhov tseeb ntawm ntau cov kev tshawb fawb uas tau qhia zoo sib xws (Andreassen li al., 2013, 2016; Chiu, Hong, & Chiu, 2013; Dowling & Xim av, 2010). Qhov kev pom no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias ntau tus neeg, nrog rau cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas tam sim no ua si los ntawm SNS (Griffiths, 2014). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau ntev ntev tias txoj kev sib tw ntawm kev ua si ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ua si raws li pom los ntawm ntau cov kev tshawb fawb (Demetrovics li al., 2011; Fuster, Chamarro, Carbonell, & Vallerand, 2014; Yee, 2006). Ntawm cov theem soj ntsuam, qhov kev txhawj xeeb no yuav taw rau kev sib yeem sib yeem ua raws li cov kev siv ob lub tswv yim (Griffiths, 2015; Griffiths & Pontes, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2004). Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv siv cov cuab yeej siv los tsim kev tshawb fawb ntawm IGD thiab SNS ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tuaj yeem pab cov neeg tsim cai tsim cov cai tswjfwm kom muaj kev cuam tshuam cov teeb meem tsis zoo ntawm kev siv technology hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas cov hluas.
Thaum kawg, H3 (ie, SNS tiv thaiv thiab IGD yuav ob leeg los pab txhawb tshwj xeeb thiab sib txawv rau txhua theem ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws) kuj tau kho thiab sau tshiab txog cov lus tshiab txog kev sib txuam sib luag ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD rau cov tub ntxhais hluas txoj kev puas siab puas ntsws. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav no, SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab IGD tau pab rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm kev nce qib kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab, thiab kev ntxhov siab. Qhov kev nrhiav pom cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas tau pom muaj ob qhov kev siv yees los kho kev puas hlwb ntawm nws tus kheej (Kim, Hughes, Chaw Ua Si, Quinn, & Kong, 2016; Primack et al., 2017; Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis, 2015; Sarda, Bègue, Bry, & Gentile, 2016)). Cov kev tshawb pom no tuaj yeem siv tau los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij mob hlwb thiab cov kws pab tswv yim hauv tsev kawm ntawv uas xav txhim kho cov kev pabcuam cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho txoj kev nyob zoo ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv los ntawm kev txo qis kev siv cuab yeej technology. Txawm hais tias qhov kev tshawb pom no muaj kev cia siab thiab tsim nyog ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej, nws tsim nyog sau cia cov pov thawj uas cuam tshuam txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev puas siab ntsws thiab kev coj cwj pwm ntxiv tseem tsis txaus ntseeg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau tshaj tawm tias kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj tuaj yeem kwv yees (piv txwv li, thawj cov ntsiab lus kev tsis sib haum) thiab kwv yees los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws (piv txwv li, lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm theem ob) (piv txwv li, Ostovar li al., 2016; Snodgrass li al., 2014; Zhang, Brook, Leukefeld, & Brook, 2016). Yog li, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev txiav txim siab txog qhov kev coj hais txog kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev mob hlwb nyuaj siab.
Tshaj li, nws tau pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav no tias qhov teebmeem ntawm IGD ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws yog ib qho me ntsis ntau tshaj li cov uas ua los ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv. Vim tias cov ntsiab lus nthuav tawm tau pom los ntawm gamers nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev noj qab haus huv, qhov kev tshawb pom no yog nyob rau hauv kab nrog cov lus ceeb toom qhia tias IGD yuav muaj kev xav loj tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam nrog SNS qhov quav (Leménager li al., 2016), uas yog ib nrab txhawb cov kev txiav txim siab los ntawm APA (2013) txiav txim siab IGD ua qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv los ntawm kev siv ntau dua thiab ntau tus neeg sawv cev piv txwv yuav tsim nyog los txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv cov kev kwv yees no. Ntxiv rau lub peev xwm los pab kho cov kev cai, cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg tsis tu ncua seb puas muaj yees, xws li IGD thiab SNS kev quav, yuav tsum yog lub tswv yim ua thawj lossis theem ob cuam tshuam. Raws li cov kev tshawb pom tau qhia nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, kev nkag mus rau txoj kev thev naus laus zis ib yam li kev tsis sib haum xeeb (piv txwv li, qhov teeb meem uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub hlwb) yog qhov tseeb ntawm txoj kev tsis lees paub txog kev sib tham yav dhau los uas pom zoo ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov yees thaum muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb. (piv txwv li, cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev mob hlwb thiab cov teeb meem nyob zoo) (Kardefelt-Winther, 2016; Snodgrass li al., 2014; Thorens li al., 2014).
Txawm hais tias cov txiaj ntsig tau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog lub suab zoo, nws muaj peev xwm yuav txwv tau. Ua ntej, cov ntaub ntawv txhua yam nws tus kheej tshaj tawm thiab nquag paub qhov tsis zoo (piv txwv li kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub neej, kev nco qab kev tsis ncaj ncees, thiab lwm yam). Thib ob, cov kev tshawb fawb siv cov qauv tsim muaj zog dua (piv txwv li, kev tsim cov lus qhia ntev ntev) yuav muaj peev xwm muab cov lus teb ntau dua rau cov kev tshwj xeeb ntawm SNS kev quav thiab IGD thiab kev mob hlwb. Thib peb, vim tias txhua tus neeg koom nrog tau xaiv tus kheej, kev hais dav dav ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom tam sim no rau cov pej xeem dav dav tsis tuaj yeem ncaj qha. Muab piv rau lub hnub nyoog tseem yau ntawm cov qauv raug tshawb nrhiav, nws muaj peev xwm hais tias kev tswj hwm niam txiv tau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus kheej kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab tag nrho qib kev siv. Yog li, kev kawm yav tom ntej uas ntsuas kev siv thev naus laus zis hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas thaum ntxov yuav tsum coj tus lej no sib txawv, yog li kev kwv yees zoo txog kev sib ntxiv qib tuaj yeem tau txais. Txawm li cas los ntawm cov kev txwv no, cov kev kawm no txuas ntxiv rau kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev quav yees thiab lawv raug cuam tshuam txog kev puas siab ntsws los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm kev tsim lub luag haujlwm uas cov kev siv thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntxiv. Hauv kev xaus, qhov kev tshawb pom tam sim no txhawb txoj kev xav ntawm kev hloov yees uas yog thawj qhov kev muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev mob hlwb.
Sau tus sau
Tus neeg sau ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog lub luag haujlwm rau tag nrho txhua theem ntawm txoj kev tshawb no thiab nws yog tib tug sau phau ntawv no.
Teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab
Tus neeg sau ntawv tsis tshaj tawm txog kev txaus siab.
Acknowledgements
Tus neeg sau ntawm txoj kev tshawb no xav ua tsaug rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, niam txiv, thiab cov xib fwb uas tau tuaj yeem pab tsim kho kev tsim khoom hauv kev sib sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb no.
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