Kev Xiam Hloov Hauv Cov Hluas Hauv Cov Hluas uas muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. (2011)

Ntaub ntawv thiab kev Sab saum toj

Tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb tau raug pom zoo los ntawm West China Tsev Kho Mob Subcommittee rau Human Studies thiab tau ua raws li Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki.

2.1 Yam Kawm

Raws li hloov daim ntawv Young Diagnostic Questionnaire rau kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet (YDQ) cov qauv ntawm Beard thiab Hma [16], [29], kaum yim neeg kawm qib kaum ob thiab cov sophomore cov menyuam kawm ntawv nrog IAD (12 caug, hnub nyoog hnub nyoog = 19.4 ± 3.1 xyoo, kev kawm 13.4 ± 2.5 xyoo) tau koom nrog peb txoj kev kawm. YDQ cov qauv [16] (1) Koj puas xav hais tias yog ntxig rau hauv Internet (nco txog cov kev sib tham hauv online lossis qhov xav tau tom ntej hauv online)? (2) Koj puas zoo siab nrog kev siv Internet yog tias koj nce koj cov nyiaj hauv online? (3) Koj puas tau ua txhaum kev tswj hwm, txo, lossis txiav luam yeeb siv Internet dua? (4) Koj puas xav tias ntshai, muaj kev ntxhov siab, nyuaj siab, los yog muaj kev xav thaum siv kev txo los sis txiav tawm hauv Internet siv? (5) Koj puas nyob hauv internet ntev dua qub? (6) Koj puas tau raug txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm txoj kev sib raug zoo, kev ua haujlwm, kev kawm lossis kev ua haujlwm vim yog hauv Internet? (7) Koj puas tau dag rau koj tsev neeg, tus kws kho mob, los yog lwm tus los tuav qhov tseeb ntawm koj txoj kev koom tes nrog hauv Internet? (8) Koj puas siv Internet ua ib txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm cov teeb meem los yog txo txoj kev ntxhov siab (piv txwv li, kev xav tsis muaj tseeb, kev txhawj xeeb, kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab)? Tag nrho ntawm yim cov lus nug tau muab txhais ua lus Suav. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau pom tias tsib los yog ntau dua "yog" cov lus teb rau cov nqe lus nug tau hais tias yog siv tus neeg siv internet [16]. Tom qab ntawd, Beard thiab Hma txhim kho cov kev cai YDQ [29], thiab cov neeg teb cov lus teb "yog" rau cov lus nug 1 txog 5 thiab tsawg kawg rau ib qho ntawm peb seem lus nug tau cais raws li kev txom nyem los ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet, uas tau siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov ncauj lus hauv qhov kev kawm tam sim no. Qhov kev quav ntawd yog ib qho txheej txheem zuj zus, yog li peb tau tshawb xyuas seb puas muaj kev hloov pauv tawm ntawm lub hlwb qauv. Lub sijhawm sijhawm ntawm tus kabmob tau kwv yees los ntawm kev kuaj mob yav dhau los. Peb tau thov cov ncauj lus kom rov qab khaws lawv lub neej thaum lawv nyuam qhuav pib siv Is Taws Nem. Yuav lav tias lawv raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet, peb tau sim lawv nrog YDQ cov qauv hloov kho los ntawm Beard thiab Hma. Peb kuj tau lees tias qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov ntawv qhia txog tus kheej los ntawm IAD cov kev kawm los ntawm kev tham nrog lawv niam lawv txiv hauv xov tooj. Cov IAD kawm siv 10.2 ± 2.6 teev nyob rau ib hnub ntawm online twv txiaj. Hnub ntawm kev siv internet hauv ib as thiv yog 6.3 ± 0.5. Peb kuj tau txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv no los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv chav kawm thiab cov phooj ywg kawm sib xyaw ntawm IAD cov ntsiab lus uas lawv ib txwm xav hais tias yuav tau siv is taws nem thaum tsaus ntuj, cuam tshuam rau lwm tus lub neej txawm hais tias muaj txim. Kaum yim hnub nyoog- thiab poj niam txiv neej sib phim (p> 0.01) tswj kev noj qab haus huv (12 tus txiv neej, lub hnub nyoog = 19.5 ± 2.8 xyoo, kev kawm 13.3 ± 2.0 xyoo) uas tsis muaj tus kheej lossis tsev neeg keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab ntsws tseem koom nrog peb txoj kev kawm. Raws li kev tshawb pom yav dhau los ntawm IAD [19], peb tau xaiv cov kev tswj kev noj qab nyob zoo uas siv tsawg dua 2 teev ib hnub hauv internet. Cov kev tswj kev noj qab haus huv kuj tau sim nrog YDQ cov kev hloov kho los ntawm Beard thiab Hma kom lawv tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm IAD. Txhua tus neeg tuaj koom kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau yog cov neeg hais lus Mev, tsis tau siv cov khoom txhaum cai, thiab raug cai. Ua ntej magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) kev soj ntsuam, kuaj tau cov tshuaj zis tshuaj rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus kom tshem tawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj. Cov kev cais tawm cais rau ob pawg yog (1) hav zoov ntawm ib tus mob neurological; (2) cawv, nicotine lossis kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj; (3) cev xeeb tub los yog coj khaub ncaws hauv cov poj niam; thiab (4) txhua lub cev mob xws li hlwb hlwb, kab mob siab, lossis qaug dab peg raws li kev soj ntsuam kev mob nkeeg thiab ntaub ntawv kho mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, Qhov Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej (SAS) thiab Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej (SDS) raug siv los ntsuam xyuas cov kev xav ntawm tag nrho cov neeg koom rau hnub ntawm kev soj ntsuam. Tag nrho cov neeg mob thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lwm tus neeg tau muab kev pom zoo tso cai. Muaj ntau cov lus qhia txog demographic rooj 1.

2.2 lub hlwb kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv

2.2.1 Scanning tsis.

Kev ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau ua ntawm 3T Siemens Scanner (Allegra; Siemens Kho Mob) nyob rau ntawm Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Tsev Kho Mob ntawm Sichuan University, Chengdu, Suav. Ib tug qauv qaum taub hau tau siv, nrog rau kev sib tw ua npuas kom txo qis taub hau thiab ua kom lub suab nrov scanner tsawg zuj zus. Image sequences tau kis los ntawm kev siv diffusion weighted imaging nrog ib qho txhaj tshuaj ntsuam echo planar hauv cov ntawv sib dhos nrog cov npov sab nrauv ntawm sab nrauv. Diffusion tensor dluab tau nrhiav tau nrog 2 qhov nruab nrab. Lub diffusion sensitizing gradients tau siv raws 30 non-linear cov lus qhia (b = 1000 s / mm²) ua ke nrog tus tshaaj yam tsis muaj qhov hnyav zog (b = 0 s / mm²). Tsis pom kev 45 nruam axial slices nrog ib daim thickness ntawm 3 mm thiab tsis sib txawv, pom ntawm 240 × 240 mm², repetition lub sij hawm / ncha lub sij hawm = 6800 / 93 ms, tshaaj matrix = 128 × 128. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov xias 3D T1-qhov hnyav tau tau nrog ib qho kev sib txheeb tsawv rov qab thiab cov nram qab no: TR = 1900 ms; TE = 2.26 ms; ntxeev kaum = 9⁰; hauv dav hlau matrix daws teeb meem = 256 × 256; slices = 176; pom kev = 256 mm; voxel loj = 1 × 1 × 1 mm.

2.2.2 VBM.

Cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav nrog FSL-VBM raws tu qauv [30], [31] nrog FSL 4.1 software [32]. Ua ntej, tag nrho T1 dluab tau lub hlwb-muab rho tawm lub hlwb extracting cuab tam (BET) [33]Cov. Tom ntej no, cov ntaub so ntswg-segmentation tau ua tiav siv FMRIB cov cuab yeej kaw ntu ntu (FAST) V4.1 [34]Cov. Qhov teeb meem grey teeb meem ib nrab ntawm cov duab ntim tau tom qab coj los ua ke rau MNI152 qhov chaw cov qauv siv FMRIB cov duab tso npe cov cuab yeej sau npe (FLIRT) [35], [36], ua raws qhov kev xaiv los ntawm kev siv cuv npe npe siv FMRIB's nonlinear duab cov cuab yeej sau npe (FNIRT) [37], [38], uas yog siv cov kab lis haujlwm ntawm b-spline ntawm daim ntawv sau npe phom sij [39]. Cov txiaj ntsig tau tshwm sim tau muab los ua ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav txog hom qauv, uas cov xwm txheej gray xwm txheej tau tshwm sim ces tsis yog rov-sau npe dua. Qhov kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws tau ua ib qho kev hloov rau qhov kev sib cog lus / kev loj hlob vim muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tsis sib txuas ntawm cov transformation: txhua voxel ntawm tus tso npe gray duab yog faib los ntawm Jacob Jacob ntawm lub teb chaw ua tsov rog. Thaum kawg, thiaj li xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws smoothing ntsiav, tag nrho 32 modulated, txheej txheem gray cev ntim cov duab xoom tau sib haum nrog cov isotropic Gaussian kernels nce loj (sigma = 2.5, 3, 3.5, thiab 4 hli, sib thooj rau 6, 7, 8 , thiab 9.2 mm FWHM ntsig txog). Cov kev hloov hauv cheeb tsam hauv gray teeb meem raug siv siv cov kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev txwv raws cai nrog 5000 random permutations [40]. Kev tshawb ntawm covariancece (ANCOVA) tau ua haujlwm nrog lub hnub nyoog, cov pojniam lossis txivneej los ntawm pojniam thiab lub cev ntaj ntsug li covariates. Tag nrho cov pob ntim hauv pob tshab yog xam raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov xim gray, dawb teeb meem, thiab kab mob siab ntsim dej ntawm FSL BET segmentations. Tsis ntev los no, Dong li al. pom tau hais tias kev nyuaj siab thiab ntxhov siab cov qhab nias tau yooj yim dua tom qab kev tiv thaiv piv rau ua ntej txoj kev tiv thaiv hauv qee cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab, thiab lawv pom tias cov no tshwm sim ntawm IAD, li no SAS thiab SDS tsis suav nrog cov kev ua si [41]. Kev kho rau ntau cov kev sib piv tau raug coj los siv cov khoom siv pawg ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov kab pib ua tus pib ntawm t = 2.0. Cov txiaj ntsim tau pom zoo rau p<0.05. Txog cov cheeb tsam uas IAD cov kws qhia pom muaj teeb meem sib txawv xim sib txawv los ntawm kev tswj hwm, qhov teeb meem grey ntawm cov chaw no tau muab rho tawm, ntsuas thiab ntsuas rov qab los tiv thaiv lub sijhawm ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv internet.

2.2.3 DTI.

Peb suav cov nuj nqis FA rau txhua voxel, uas tau pom txog cov degree ntawm diffusion anisotropy hauv voxel (ntau 0-1, qhov chaw me me uas qhia tau ntau dua isotropic diffusion thiab tsis sib haum thiab loj qhov kev qhia tau hais tias kev tswj ntawm kev coj ntawm Brownian yog vim muaj teeb meem dawb) [42]. FDT software nyob rau hauv FSL 4.1 tau siv rau kev xam FA [32]. Ua ntej txhua yam, kev kho rau cov kab lus thiab cov lus tsa suab yog ua los ntawm kev sau npe ntawm affine rau thawj qhov tsis-hnyav hnyav hnyav ntawm txhua qhov kev kawm. FA dluab tau tsim los ntawm haum cov diffusion tensor rau cov ntaub ntawv raw nyoos tom qab hlwb extraction siv BET [33]. Tom qab ntawd, ib qho voxel-txawj ntse kev tshawb fawb ntawm FA cov ntaub ntawv raug siv tawm raws li siv cov ntaub ntawv hauv paus raws li qaum teb (TBSS) V1.2 ib feem ntawm FSL [43], [44]. FA muaj los ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus (IAD cov ntsiab lus thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo) tau muab kho rau hauv ib qho duab FMRIB58_FA tus qauv duab los ntawm FNIRT [37], [38] siv qhov sawv cev ntawm b-spline ntawm daim ntawv sau npe sib txig [39]Cov. Qhov kev txhais tau tias FA duab tom qab ntawd tau tsim thiab nyias los tsim qhov txhais tau tias FA pob txha (qib ntawm 0.2) sawv cev cov chaw ntawm txhua qhov ntawm cov ntawv cog lus sib xws rau cov pab pawg. Tom qab ntawv kawm cov ntaub ntawv txhua yam ntawm FA tau npaj rau tom qab nws rov ua lub cev pob txha no. Dawb teeb meem FA tus nqi pauv tau raug soj ntsuam uas siv kev tso cai tsis raws li kuaj kev kuaj mob [40] nrog 5000 random permutations. ANCOVA tau ua haujlwm nrog lub hnub nyoog thiab cov pojniam lossis txivneej los ua covariariates. Kev kho rau ntau cov kev sib piv tau raug coj los siv cov khoom siv pawg ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov txheej txheem pib ua t = 2.0. Cov txiaj ntsim tau pom zoo rau p<0.05. Rau cov pawg uas qhov kev quav yeeb yaj kiab hauv internet tau qhia pom qhov sib txawv ntawm FA qhov txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov kev tswj hwm, FA ntawm cov cheeb tsam paj hlwb no tau raug muab rho tawm, ntsuas nruab nrab thiab ntsuas rov qab los tiv thaiv lub caij nyoog ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev siv internet.

2.2.4 Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm gray teeb meem thiab dawb teeb meem txawv txav.

Los tshawb xyuas cov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov gray teeb meem hloov thiab dawb teeb meem alterations, kev txheeb ze kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev txawv txav ntawm qhov teeb meem grey thiab dawb teeb meem FA qhov tseem ceeb hauv pawg IAD.

tau

3.1 VBM tau los

Regional gray teeb meem ntim cov kev hloov raug soj ntsuam tsis-parametrically siv optimized VBM. Kev kho rau ntau cov kev sib piv tau raug coj los siv cov khoom siv pawg ua haujlwm. VBM kev sib piv ntawm IAD cov kev kawm thiab kev sib phim ntawm cov kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov kev tswj tau hais tias tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm grey hauv ntau pawg, xws li dual DLPFC, qhov chaw tsav tsheb ntxiv (SMA), OFC, cerebellum thiab sab laug rostral ACC (rACC), tom qab tswj kev muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev hloov nrog rau lub hnub nyoog, cov pojniam lossis txivneej los pojniam thiab tag nrho lub cev ntaj ntsug. Grey teeb meem tag nrho ntawm DLPFC txoj cai, sab laug rACC thiab txoj cai SMA pom ib qho kev sib raug zoo nrog lub hlis ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv internet (r1 = -0.7256, p1 <0.005; r2 = −0.7409, p2 <0.005; r3 = −0.6451, p3 <0.005). Tsis muaj cheeb tsam lub hlwb pom ntau ntau xim txho ntim ntau dua li cov tswj kev noj qab haus huv zoo li pom hauv Daim duab 1 thiab rooj 2

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Daim duab 1. VBM tau los.

A. Txo cov teeb meem grey tsawg hauv IAD cov kawm, (1-p) kho p-Vim cov duab. Cov duab tom qab yog tus txheem MNI152_T1_1mm_brain template hauv FSL. B. Qhov teeb meem ntawm grey ntawm DLPFC, rACC thiab SMA tsis zoo nrog lub sijhawm tiv thaiv internet.

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cov lus 2. Regions uas pom tias tsis txawv txav zwj ceeb ntim thiab muaj teeb meem ntawm FA (fractional anisotropy) ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv internet (IAD) thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm kev tswj (p<0.05 raug kho).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708.txt

3.2 DTI tau los

Txog rau DTI cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam, kev kho rau ntau cov kev sib piv tau yog siv tawm ntawm cov khoom siv pawg ua haujlwm. Peb cov txiaj ntsig TB mob tau pom tias muaj tus nqi FA nce (IAD: 0.78 ± 0.04; tswj: 0.56 ± 0.02) ntawm sab laug posterior ntawm lub capsule (PLIC) hauv IAD cov khoom sib piv nrog cov kev noj qab haus huv tswj thiab txo tus nqi FA (IAD: 0.31 ± 0.04; tswj: 0.48 ± 0.03) nyob rau hauv dawb teeb meem nyob rau hauv txoj cai parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) raws li qhia nyob rau hauv Daim duab 2 thiab rooj 2. Txuas ntxiv, TSAB TWG tended kom sib haum xeeb zoo nrog kev tiv thaiv hauv internet ntawm sab laug PLIC (r = 0.5869, p <0.05), qhov tsis muaj qhov sib cuam tshuam tseem ceeb pom ntawm FA tus nqi ntawm txoj cai PHG thiab lub caij nyoog ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv hauv internet

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Daim duab 2. DTI cov txiaj ntsig.

A. Cov teeb meem dawb teeb meem uas nthuav qhia kev txawv txav FA hauv cov khoom IAD, (1-p) kho p-Vim cov duab. Cov duab tom qab yog qhov standard FMRIB58_FA_1mm template hauv FSL. Liab-daj voxels sawv cev rau thaj tsam hauv uas qhov FA tau poob qis hauv IAD ntsig txog kev tswj kev noj qab haus huv. Blue-Light Blue voxels sawv cev nce FA hauv IAD. B. FAIC ntawm PLIC yog qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv hauv internet.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708.g002

3.3 Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm gray teeb meem thiab dawb teeb meem txawv txav

Kev sib tham ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm grey thiab cov dawb teeb meem hauv cov IAD pawg tau qhia tias tsis muaj kev sib txheeb ntawm cov kev ntsuas ob.

kev sib tham Sab saum toj

IAD ua rau cov neeg tsis muaj peev xwm puas siab puas ntsws, kev kawm tsis tiav thiab txo kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas [12]-[18]. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no tsis muaj kev kho mob rau IAD. Kev tsim kho cov hau kev rau kev cuam tshuam thiab kev kho mob ntawm IAD yuav tsum tau xub tsim kom nkag siab txog cov tswv yim. Kev paub txog lub paj hlwb txawv hauv IAD yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nrhiav tau cov tshuaj kws kho mob kom kho tus mob no. Hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, peb pom muaj qhov hnyav teeb meem hauv lub cev thiab cov teeb meem ntawm FA dawb hloov hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas nrog IAD. Peb kuj tau qhia lub koom haum ntawm cov kev ua txawv txav thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv internet. Peb pom tias IAD ua rau lub hlwb hloov ntawm cov hluas thiab cov kev txawv txav tsis zoo no tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev puas hlwb hauv kev paub tswj.

4.1 VBM tau los

Zoo ib yam li VBM txoj kev tshawb no dhau los [21], peb pom tsis muaj hlwb thaj tsam uas pom muaj zog grey teeb meem ntim hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv internet. Lub regional gray teeb meem ntim piv qhia atrophy nyob rau hauv ntau pawg ua ke rau tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg ntawm internet addicts (p <0.05, kho), uas yog ob tog DLPFC, SMA, cerebellum, OFC thiab sab laug rACC (raws li muaj nyob hauv Daim duab 1). Tshaj ntawd, atrophy ntawm txoj cai DLPFC, sab laug rACC thiab txoj cai SMA tsis zoo nrog lub sijhawm tiv thaiv hauv internet, uas yog Zhou li al. ua tsis tau lawm [21]. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom hais tias yog kev siv internet hauv lub siab, lub hlwb atrophy ntawm DLPFC, rACC thiab SMA tau loj dua. Qee cov kev tshwm sim ntawm lub hlwb atrophy hauv peb txoj kev tshawb no tau txawv ntawm qhov tshawb pom yav dhau los [21], uas tej zaum yuav yog vim cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, qhov teebmeem ntawm lub hnub nyoog, cov poj niam txiv neej thiab lub hlwb ntim raug suav nrog covariates, uas yav dhau los txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis pom zoo. Txoj kev sib txawv ntawm txoj kev ua tau muaj peev xwm nce siab rau cov kev tshawb pom sib txawv.

Raws li cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv yeeb tshuaj yav dhau los, kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntev mus [45], [46] thiab kev siv internet [11], [20] yuav ua rau cov kev tswj hwm kev tsis taus. Cov kev tswj tuav tau taub yog qhov peev xwm los suppress prepotent tab sis tsis yog cov lus teb thiab kev muaj peev xwm los lim tawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis paub cai hauv kev tsim kho thiab tsim nyog ua kom tau raws li cov hauj lwm nyuaj thiab ua kom hloov mus rau qhov hloov chaw [47]. Muaj ntau cov kev ua haujlwm hauv lub hlwb kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias DLPFC thiab RACC tau muab kev koom tes hauv kev tswj fwm [48], [49]. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb neurocognitive tau qhia tias lub peev xwm tswj kev txheeb muaj feem xyuam rau ib qho kev cog qoob loo-subcortical Circuit Court, nrog rau rACC thiab DLPFC [50], [51]. Raws li lub siab teeb meem-kev ntsuas hypothesis [47], [52], qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog kos npe los ntawm rACC, ua rau kev nrhiav haujlwm ntawm DLPFC rau kev tswj xyuas kom paub ntau ntxiv rau kev ua tiav. Txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm DLPFC tau raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb neuroscience nrog txoj cai tswjfwm sab saum toj ntawm kev tswj kev tswj [53]. Tsis ntev los no cov kev tshawb fawb neuroimaging tau qhia tawm deactivation ntawm lub rACC nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm GO / NOGO hauv cov neeg muaj mob heroin [54], [55] thiab cov neeg siv yeeb yaj kiab [45], qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm RACC hauv kev paub tswj [46].

Hauv daim OFC kuj tseem xav tias yuav pab txhawb kev tswj hwm tus cwj pwm ntawm lub hom phiaj los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm stimuli thiab xaiv tus cwj pwm kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsim tau xav [56]. Daim OFC muaj ntau txoj kev sib txuas nrog cov kab mob hauv cheeb tsam thiab thaj chaw limb (xws li amygdala). Vim li ntawd, OFC yog zoo nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau qhov chaw limbic thiab subcortical thaj chaw nrog kev coj cwj pwm thiab cov nqi zog [57]. Qee cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj tau pom hais tias kev puas tsuaj rau ob leeg ntawm OFC thiab cov tshuaj phais plawv (Dual Psychiatric Dulmonary Dextraum) tib neeg tsis muaj teeb meem los ntawm kev tsim thiab kev hloov kho tus cwj pwm coj los ntawm cov lus teb thiab cov txiaj ntsig, qhia tias cov cheeb tsam no tseem ceeb heev rau kev txawj ntse ntawm lub hom phiaj-coj cwj pwm [56], [58].

Lub SMA tseem ceeb heev rau kev xaiv tus cwj pwm tsim nyog, txawm tias xaiv los ua lub luag haujlwm tsim nyog lossis xaiv los cuam tshuam cov lus teb tsis tsim nyog [59]. Qee cov neeg tshawb xyuas pom tau hais tias cov hauj lwm yooj yooj yim thiab complex GO / NOGO tau koom nrog hauv SMA thiab lawv tau qhia txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv SMA hauv kev sib kho kom nkag siab [46], [60].

Muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb, kev tshawb fawb physiological, thiab kev ua hauj lwm tawm tswv yim hais tias qhov teeb meem loj tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg paub ntau dua [61]-[64], nrog discrete lesions mus rau cerebellum uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm kev nco, txawm tias hauv kev hloov tus cwj pwm xws li disinhibited thiab tsis tsim nyog coj cwj pwm.

Peb xav tau (Daim duab 1) ntawm qhov hnyav zuj zus nyob hauv DLPFC, RACC, OFC, SMA thiab cerebellum tej zaum yuav yog, tsawg kawg ntawm ib feem, nrog kev paub tswj thiab lub hom phiaj txhim kho tus cwj pwm tsis zoo hauv internet kev tiv thaiv [15], [19], [20], [28], uas tej zaum yuav qhia txog cov kev mob tshwm sim hauv Internet.

4.2 DTI tau los

Peb suav qhov txiaj ntsig hauv qhov txiaj ntsig hauv txhua qhov teeb meem dawb voxel rau txhua qhov kev kawm, uas pom tias lub zog ntawm kev tswj ntawm qhov chaw hauv lub cheeb tsam microstructure. Tag nrho lub hlwb voxel-txawj sib piv dua cov dawb teeb meem skeleton siv permutation kuaj thiab stringent tawm thresholding qhia tias IAD kawm tau tsawg FA qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pawg hauv cov cai PHG (p <0.05, kho)). Ntawm qhov tod tes, tshawb txog kev ua kom muaj zog hauv FA nyob rau hauv IAD cov kev kawm qhia pom tias cov IAD muaj cov nqi siab dua FA nyob rau hauv pawg nyob hauv sab laug PLIC (p <0.05, kho)). Ntxiv mus, FA tus nqi ntawm sab laug PLIC tau zoo sib txheeb nrog lub sijhawm ntawm kev siv internet (Daim duab 2).

PHG yog thaj chaw hauv cheeb tsam uas puag ncig lub hippocampus thiab plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev cim xeeb quas kev thiab rov qab [65], [66]. Cov PHG muab cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau cov hippocampus los ntawm cov kev sib txuas entorhinal thiab yog tus neeg tau txais kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus piav qhia [67], [68], uas muaj kev koom tes hauv kev paub thiab txoj kev xav hauv siab ntsws [69]. Tsis ntev los no, qee cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau hais tias PHG txoj cai txhawb rau kev tsim thiab kho cov ntaub ntawv nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm [70]. Ua hauj lwm nco yog devoted rau qhov chaw khaws cia ntiag tug thiab on-line manipulation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab tseem ceeb rau kev tswj kev tswj [71]. Qhov pom tau tias tus nqi tsawg dua ntawm PHG hauv IAD cov kev kawm tau pom tias txawv txav dawb teeb meem cov khoom tej zaum cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv IAD [19]. Tsis ntev los no, Liu et al. [72] qhia txog ReHo nyob rau hauv ob sab PHG ob hauv IAD cov tub ntxhais kawm qib siab piv nrog cov tswj thiab pom tias qhov no tshwm sim cov kev hloov hauv lub hlwb, tej zaum muaj feem xyuam nrog cov nqi zog. Evidently, xav tau hauj lwm ntau ntxiv kom nkag siab txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm PHG hauv IAD.

Qhov quav, qhov tshuaj hauv lub nrog cev yog thaj chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb uas cais cov caudate nucleus thiab cov thalamus los ntawm lenticular nucleus, uas muaj ob qho tib si ascending thiab descending axons. Ntxiv nrog rau corticospinal thiab corticopontine fibers, lub tshuaj capsule muaj thalamocortical thiab corticofugal fibers [73], [74]. Cov pos hauv posterior hauv cov hlab ntim muaj cov corticospinal fibers, hnov ​​fibers (nrog rau lub nruab nrab ntawm lub nruab nrab ntawm lub nruab nrab ntawm lub cev thiab lub cev ntawm lub cev) ntawm lub cev thiab ob peb corticobulbar fibers [73]-[76]. Qhov pib lub cev muaj zog cortex xa nws cov axons los ntawm posterior limb ntawm lub capsule sab hauv thiab plays tseem ceeb tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv cov ntiv tes txav thiab tsav imagery [77], [78]. Qhov ua tau rau FA qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev mob hauv sab hauv yog tias cov IAD cov khoom siv ntau lub sijhawm ua si hauv computer cov kev ua si thiab cov kev xyaum ua haujlwm xws li nias ntawm nas thiab keyboard ntaus ntawv hloov cov qauv ntawm sab hauv lub capsule. Raws li cov kev tshawb nrhiav uas hloov kev hloov lub paj hlwb hauv lwm cov kev tshawb fawb [79]-[81], cov kev kawm mus sij hawm ntev no tej zaum yuav hloov tus qauv dawb ntawm PLIC. Cov ntaub ntawv sib kis ntawm cov hauv paus ntawm sab nraud thiab lub hlwb qab teb hloov modulated ntau dua kev txawj ntse thiab tib neeg tus cwj pwm [82], [83], uas tau tso rau ntawm cov teeb meem dawb ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob dhau ntawm lub khob tshuaj [83], [84]. Tej yam khoom txawv txav hauv lub hau capsule yuav ua rau cuam tshuam nrog kev paub lub luag haujlwm thiab kev nyuab siab hauv kev tswj thiab cim xeeb [85]. Qhov kev txawv txav FA ntawm lub plhaub PLIC yuav cuam tshuam cov kev xav ntawm kev hloov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ua haujlwm, thiab thaum kawg ua rau kev tsis taus nyob rau hauv kev paub tswj [86], [87]. Ntxiv mus, ua tub qaug rau hauv internet tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis zoo los yog teeb meem kev kho mob xws li: carpal tunnel syndrome, qhov muag qhuav, rov qab, thiab mob taub hau loj [88]-[90]. Qhov kev txawv txav FA ntawm sab laug PLIC tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov carpal tunnel syndrome hauv IAD cov kev kawm, uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev tshawb xyuas nrog cov qauv tsim ntau dua yav tom ntej.

4.3 Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm gray teeb meem thiab dawb teeb meem txawv txav

Peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov sib txheeb ntawm cov teeb meem grey thiab teeb meem dawb. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau yam ntawm ob qho kev ntsuas no. Qhov tshwm sim no tau qhia tias qhov hloov mADological ntawm IAD ntawm lub hlwb grey teeb meem thiab cov teeb meem dawb tsis tshua ncaj qha sib cuam tshuam. Muaj qhov ua tau hais tias qhov teeb meem grey txawv txav txuas rau cov teeb meem dawb hloov hauv lwm txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, peb qhov kev tshawb pom qhia tau hais tias cov qauv teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem grey thiab teeb meem dawb yog qhov txawv txav ntawm cov hluas nrog IAD.

Muaj qee qhov kev txwv ntawm txoj kev kawm no. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, thaum peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias qhov teeb meem grey thiab dawb hloov pauv tuaj yeem yog qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv internet ntau dhau lossis IAD, peb tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm lwm txoj kev tuaj yeem uas hais txog cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm ib txwm thiab IAD uas tej zaum yuav yog ua rau siv ntau dhau ntawm is taws nem. Qhov txawv txav ntawm cov kev paub txog kev tswjhwm ntsig txog thaj tsam ntawm lub hlwb hauv qee cov hluas ua rau lawv tsis paub txaus thiab tso cai rau lawv tau siv internet tau yooj yim. Cov teeb meem qhov tsim nyog thiab teeb meem yuav tsum raug tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev sim zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev kawm yav tom ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tau hais tias qhov kev tshawb pom hauv qhov kev tshawb pom tam sim no yog qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm IAD. Thib ob, nrog kev xav txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm thiab lub sijhawm ntawm IAD, lub hlis ntawm IAD yog qhov kev cim tag nrho los ntawm kev rov txiav ua tiav ntawm IAD cov ncauj lus. Peb tau thov cov ncauj lus kom rov qab khaws lawv lub neej thaum lawv nyuam qhuav pib siv Is Taws Nem. Yuav lav tias lawv raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet, peb tau sim lawv nrog YDQ cov qauv hloov kho los ntawm Beard thiab Hma. Peb kuj tau lees tias kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov ntawv qhia txog tus kheej los ntawm IAD cov kev kawm los ntawm kev tham nrog lawv niam thiab txiv hauv xov tooj. Lub hlwb cov kev hloov pauv hloov raws li cov txheej txheem quav yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev nkag siab tus kab mob, yog li kev sib txheeb ntawm lub sijhawm thiab lub hlwb kev teeb tsa tau ua. Cov kev sib txheeb ua ke no tau hais tias qhov kev cuam tshuam tau pom muaj nyob rau hauv qhov teebmeem qis grey ntawm txoj cai DLPFC, txoj cai SMA, sab laug rACC thiab nce teeb meem dawb hauv FA hauv PLIC sab laug. Thaum kawg, txawm hais tias peb tau hais tias cov kev teeb tsa ntawm cov teeb meem grey ntim thiab teeb meem dawb teeb meem FA tau cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv kev tswj hwm hauv IAD, qhov kev txwv loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntawm kev puas hlwb hauv kev tswj hwm hauv cov no cov hluas nrog IAD. Txawm hais tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev teeb tsa tsis zoo no thiab lub sijhawm siv yees ntev dua tau tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb hauv peb qhov kev kawm tam sim no, qhia tag nrho cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv IAD tseem xav tau tshawb fawb kom paub meej dua yav tom ntej, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm IAD rau kev ua haujlwm ntev. Hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, peb yuav muab cov kev tshawb fawb no sib piv nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev txawj ntse hauv cov ncauj lus nrog IAD. Zuag qhia tag nrho, kev hloov pauv ntawm FA thiab grey teeb meem ntim hloov raws li qhia hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia kev hloov pauv hauv lub hlwb ntawm microstructural qib, uas ua rau peb nkag siab txog IAD ntau dua.

xaus

Peb tau muab pov thawj qhia tias IAD cov kev kawm muaj ntau yam kev hloov hauv lub hlwb. Lub grey teeb meem atrophy thiab dawb teeb meem FA hloov ntawm qee lub cheeb tsam hauv lub hlwb mas muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lub sijhawm tiv thaiv hauv internet. Cov kev sib tw no tej zaum yuav raug txhais, tsawg kawg yog ib qho, raws li qhov cuam tshuam kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev tswj hauv IAD. Tus prefrontal cortex abnormalities tau zoo ib yam nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [23], [48], [80], [81], li no peb pom tias tej zaum yuav muaj ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim overlapping hauv IAD thiab siv yeeb tshuaj. Peb vam tias peb cov qhabnias yuav txhawb peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm IAD thiab pab rau kev txhim kho kev kuaj mob thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm IAD.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sab saum toj

Peb xav ua tsaug rau Qin Ouyang, Qizhu Wu thiab Junran Zhang rau cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua txoj kev tshawb nrhiav no.

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