Cov Hauv Paus Ntawm Tus Neeg Coj Tus Cwj Pwm
volume 90, Lub Ib Hlis 2019, Nplooj ntawv 246-258
highlights
Kev tiv thaiv rau cov khoom siv smartphone muaj ntau tshaj qhov kev tiv thaiv rau kev pab cuam sib txuas lus hauv zej zog (SNS).
Smartphone tshuaj muaj yees txawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv; SNS tsis ua li.
Cov neeg siv cov khoom siv rau kev lag luam hauv smartphones thiab SNS muaj kev paub ntau dua.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub qab hau yog qhov ntau dua rau SNS dua smartphones.
Kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj los ntawm SNS.
Abstract
Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev kawm tam sim no yog los tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg siv yees smartphone cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj rau cov kev pabcuam hauv lub network (SNS), thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg siv kev xav. Thaum lub sijhawm txhim kho lub cev ua haujlwm tau pom tias muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntau ntawm kev siv smartphone, kev tshawb fawb tsawg dhau los sib txawv ntawm kev quav rau lub ntaus ntawv tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav cawv rau cov kev pabcuam hauv lub network lossis ntsuas tus neeg siv txoj kev xav ntawm lub xov tooj yees. Txhawm rau pab txhawb kev paub txog cov ncauj lus no, qhov kev kawm tam sim no muaj peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. Thawj yog los tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yees kev yees thiab kev pab cuam sib ntxiv. Qhov laj thawj thib ob yog nkag siab txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg siv kev nkag siab rau kev quav (ntsuas los ntawm kev nkag siab kom nkag siab txog cov neeg siv lub xeev ntawm kev koom tes thiab koom nrog software thiab technology). Peb lub hom phiaj kawg yog txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv rau demographic yam rau smartphone thiab kev pabcuam kev sib txuas lus thiab cov neeg siv kev xav. Raws li cov lus nug ntawm ua lag ua luam cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv nyob hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv Mid-Atlantic cheeb tsam hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, cov txiaj ntsim tau qhia tias kev tiv thaiv rau cov khoom siv smartphone muaj ntau dua li kev tiv thaiv kev sib tham kev sib txuas lus thiab txawv ntawm kawm kev kawm, thaum siv kev pab cuam sib txuas lus tsis sib txawv los ntawm poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog lossis kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg siv addicted smartphones thiab social networking cov kev pab cuam ntau dua ntawm kev paub lub haum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov pojniam thaum siv kev sib tham kev pabcuam thiab ntau dua rau kev sib txuas lus tshaj li kev tshaj lij smartphone. Thaum kawg, peb pom tau hais tias feem ntau ntawm kev paub txog lub peev xwm ntawm smartphone yees yog kho kom haum rau SNS cov kev pabcuam.
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1. Introduction
smartphones yog nyob rau niaj hnub niaj hnub no; Cov pov thawj pom tias muaj 3.9 lub ntiaj teb no smartphones hauv 2016, uas kwv yees los mus rau 6.8 lub nyiaj los ntawm 2022 (Ericsson, 2017). Smartphone technology, txawm li cas los, yog ib qho piv txwv txog yam dab tsi Mick thiab Fournier (1998) xa mus ua ib qho 'paradox of technology', uas tuaj yeem tsim tau kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm tib lub sijhawm. Smartphones them peb txoj kev ywj pheej rau kev sib txuas lus, sib koom tes thiab tshawb nrhiav cov lus qhia txog txoj kev yuav luag tsis ntev txog lub xyoo dhau los; smartphone technology kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg siv kev cia siab thiab cov neeg siv cov txiaj ntsim thiab kev tawm tsam.
Kev siv kab lig kev cai hauv Internet tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv cuab yeej thev naus laus zis thiab teeb meem kev coj tus cwj pwm (De-Sola Gutiérrez, Rodríguez de Fonseca, & Rubio, 2016). Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no, txawm li cas los, cell technology technology - thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub advent ntawm smartphone - tau pib supplant Internet raws li ib tug muaj peev xwm qhov chaw ntawm hom kev coj cwj pwm (Lane & Manner, 2011; Lin et al., 2015). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev yees siv smartphone feem ntau kuj tseem ceeb tshaj rau txoj kev kawm ntau tshaj qhov siv internet uas muaj teeb meem li cov xov tooj ntawm tes pub dawb xam platform (nrog Web browsers thiab GPS navigational cov kev pab cuam) nrog ntau dua kev tsiv dua lwm xam cov khoom siv xws li laptops thiab ntsiav tshuaj thiab yees li no tej zaum yuav mob ntau dua (Demirci, Orhan, Demirdas, Akpinar, & Sert, 2014; Jeong, Kim, Yim, & Hwang, 2016; Kwon, Kim, Cho, & Yang, 2013).
Kev sib cav uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov kev sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv mus rau ib qho khoom tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv rau cov kev siv thiab cov ntsiab lus, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm obDe-Sola Gutiérrez li al. 2016), ua ke ntawm yav dhau los kev sib tham txog Internet (Griffiths, 1999). Txawm tias muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam xyuas kev yees duab smartphone, muaj tsawg tsawg tau suav cov khoom siv tiv thaiv rau cov kev pabcuam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev pabcuam hauv lub network (SNS), uas yog online platforms rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsev raws li tus kheej qhov ntev sib koom. Thaum ib tug neeg me me ntawm kev kawm ntawv tau tshawb xyuas kev tiv thaiv rau ntau hom ntsiab lus (xws li xov xwm, lom ze, social networking) (Bian & Leung, 2015; Rosen, Whaling, Carrier, Cheever, & Rokkum, 2013; van Deursen, Bolle, Hegner, & Kommers, 2015), nrog rau kev zam Jeong li al. (2016), tsis muaj txoj kev kawm ua ntej tau sib piv ntau hom ntsiab lus ntawm txhua yam, los yog, ntxiv, sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kom ntaus ntawv tiv tiag rau kev siv. Qhov sib txawv me me sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov kev pabcuam hauv smartphone, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj qee tus xuvtooj hauv xov tooj ntawm tes yuav ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau tshaj lwm tus (Roberts, Yaya, & Manolis, 2014).
Hauv kev tawm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los, qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tshuaj xyuas ob txoj kev sib cav sib txawv pib tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv nyeem, uas yog kev quav yeeb tshuaj rau lub cuab yeej tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb tshuaj rau SNS, hauv kev kawm ib zaug. Ntxiv mus, peb kuaj xyuas cov neeg siv cov theem ntawm kev nkag siab kev nkag - lawv lub xeev ntawm kev koom tes thiab kev sib koom tes nrog software thiab technology - nrog lub xov tooj smartphone thiab SNS kev quav, los pab kom nkag siab txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg siv kev pom zoo hauv kev siv computer. Thaum kawg, peb xav txog lub peev xwm ntawm demographic yam on smartphone thiab SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv.
cov kev tshawb nrhiav tsim tau ua raws li ib qho kev ua ntu ib qho thiab ib tus kheej qhia daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas. Kev ntsuas tau txais los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los, tab sis tau yoog thiab txuas ntxiv rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev tshawb no. Qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv online thiab muab faib rau ua lag ua luam cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv Mid-Atlantic cheeb tsam hauv tebchaws Meskas. Kev ntsuam xyuas tau qhov kev sim siab ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm t-tests, kev ntsuas ntawm qhov txawv (ANOVA), regression, thiab xeem Sobel.
Txoj kev tshawb no yog teeb tsa txoj hauv kev hauv qab no. Ua raws li cov lus qhia no, peb xav txog hom kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev tshawb fawb tshuaj xyuas cov teeb meem siv smartphone. Tom ntej no peb xyuas cov ncauj lus ntawm cov neeg siv kev nkag siab los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev nkag siab. Peb mam li tig mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev ntsuas txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Qhov seem ntawm txoj kev tshawb no tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm cov kev sojntsuam, suav nrog kev sib tham, cov lus xaus thiab cuam tshuam ntawm cov kev tshawb pom.
1.1. Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv nyeem
Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev kawm no yog peb zaug: los tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yees thiab yees SNS sib ntxiv; nkag siab txog cawv ntawm cov neeg siv kev nkag siab rau kev quav (ntsuas los ntawm kev nkag mus rau lub cev kom soj ntsuam cov neeg siv lub xeev ntawm kev koom tes thiab koom nrog software thiab technology); thiab tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pej xeem yam tseem ceeb rau lub xov tooj smartphone thiab SNS kev quav thiab cov neeg siv kev xav. Ntu no tshawb txog keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov ncauj lus no, tsom mus rau kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis, kev siv smartphone muaj teeb meem thiab kev xav kom nkag siab.
1.2. Siv yees duab yees
Merriam-Webster Cov Ntawv Kho Mob Phau Ntawv Teev Lus (1995: 273) txhais cov kev siv yees li "... ib qho kev paub ntawm tus cwj pwm uas tau los ua lossis tsis tshuav kiag li," thaum lub Gale Encyclopedia ntawm tshuaj (1999) suav hais tias "kev vam khom los ntawm ib tus cwj pwm los yog yam khoom uas tus neeg tsis muaj peev xwm nres." Feem ntau, kev quav tshuaj yog suav hais txog kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej cawv (xws li haus dej cawv thiab tshuaj), tiam sis kawg tau nthuav dav ntxiv nrog rau teeb meem muaj teeb meem (nrog rau kev sib ntau sib deev thiab kev twvtxiaj). Tsis tas li ntawd, qee leej tau sib cav hais tias kev coj cwj pwm tsis txav los yog siv dhau los yog kev ua si yuav tsum raug saib raws li kev quav tshuaj (Peele, 1985).
Lub koom haum American Psychiatric Association txheeb xyuas thiab Phau Qhia Tawm of Kev Puas Siab Puas Ntsws (DSM), tam sim no hauv nws qhov thib tsib tsab ntawv (DSM-V, 2013), captures feem ntau pom zoo rau hlwb mob. Cov kws kho mob tau sim ua ntej ntawm lub sijhawm muaj kev yoojyim siv technology, txawm tias DSM tsis tau lees paub tias nws yog qhov mob, tswj qhov nws ua tau tshwm sim los ntawm lwm yam kev mob hlwb, xws li txo impulse tswj (Yellowlees & Cim, 2007). Qhov no hais li cas los xij, kev siv rau ntau lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv tshuab muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog thoob plaws ntau yam ntawm kev paub txog cov kev cai rau qee lub sij hawm, thiab tau hu rau nws cov kev lees paubThaiv, 2008).
Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub xov xwm systems kev qhuab qhia, Carillo, Scornavacca, & Za, 2017 xyoo cov ntsiab lus tawm tias lub hlwb kev quav tshuaj (quav) xov xwm thiab kev sib txuas lus kev sib txuas lus yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog lub hom phiaj-oriented vam khom. Thaum ob lub tswv yim yuav cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam rau cov tib neeg lub laj thawj kev siv IT kev txiav txim siab, kev tso siab rau lub hom phiaj raws li qhov uas ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm ua kom mus txog nws cov hom phiaj nyob ntawm kev siv txuj ci siab tshwj xeeb. Nws tseem ua rau siab xav rau qhov ntau dua kev zoo ntawm kev siv technology. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev tiv thaiv nyhav siab rau qhov tsis zoo cov teebmeem ntawm kev siv tshuab siv raws li nws koom rau ib tug puas siab puas ntsws lub xeev ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev siv dag zog rau kev siv technology los ua ib qho kev kawm uas cov tsos mob ntawm obsessive-compulsive cwj pwm tshwm sim. Tsab ntawv no tsom rua qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tshwm sim.
Ib lub cev loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau taw kom muaj kev tiv thaiv rau ntau hom ntaub ntawv siv tshuab (Barnes & Pressey, 2014; Carillo li al. 2017; Griffiths, 2001; Lin, 2004; Turel, Serenko, & Giles, 2011; Turel & Serenko, 2010). Turel li al. (2011) qhia txog tias kev pabcuam hauv lub cev neurobehavior tau muab rau lub neej ntawm kev coj cwj pwm, nrog rau kev siv technology, thiab taw rau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom thiab kev coj cwj pwmHelmuth, 2001). Ib txoj hauj lwm nrhiav hauj lwm haumxeeb magnetic resonance imaging nyob rau hauv online gaming pom tias kev yaum / yees rau hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab kev yaum / yees hauv kev ua si hauv online gaming muaj analogous neurobiological mechanisms (Ko li al. 2009). Li no Turel li al. (2011, p. 1045) xaus tias "Nws yog, yog li ntawd, tsim nyog siv lub ntsiab lus, qauv thiab kev xav ntawm thaj chaw quav tshuaj mus rau qhov chaw tshiab ntawm kev coj cwj pwm".
Cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam qhov teeb meem kev siv technology ntawm kev muaj ntau dua; piv txwv li, Hadley Cantril thiab Gordon W. Allport tau nug txog qhov xwm txheej uas muaj yees xov tooj cua nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntawv nyeem Lub Psychology ntawm Xovtooj cua luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1935. Tom qab ntawv tau txais kev pabcuam vamkhom txog tej yam yees siv xws li ntau dhau saib TV (Hnyav, 2004; Mcllwraith, 1998), ntau video ua si (Keepers, 1990), 'kev siv computer' (Shotton, 1991), thiab cov peev txheej ntawm kev siv Internet (Brenner, 1997; Griffiths, 1996, 1997; Cov hluas, 1998), nrog rau yav tas los lub ntsiab lus muaj attracted tseem ceeb empirical mloog (Bozoglan, Demirer, & Sahin, 2014; Txuas hniav & Florsheim, 2008; Charlton & Danforth, 2007; Demirer & Bozoglan, 2016; Kuss, van Rooij, Txawv Tebchaws, Griffiths, & van de Mheen, 2013; Lehenbauer-Baum et al. 2015; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000; Pontes & Griffiths, 2016; Turel li al. 2011). Ib pawg ntawm Siv Internet kev tshawb xyuas kuj tau xyuas tshwj xeeb kev ua hauv online, suav nrog kev tiv thaiv online auctions (Turel li al. 2011) thiab virtual worlds (Barnes & Pressey, 2014). Ib qho kev txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov kab ntawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav uas tau txais kev paub txog cov ntsej muag yog qhov teeb meem siv smartphone.
1.3. Teeb meem siv smartphone
Thawj qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes yog ntaus nqi rau tus tswv lub thesis (Jang, 2002), ua nyob rau hauv South Kauslim. Muaj ntau lub luag haujlwm ntawm smartphone yees siv tau tshawb xyuas thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los (saib rooj 1 hauv qab), nrog rau kev pom zoo rau cov tsav tsheb ntawm teeb meem siv smartphone. Smartphone kev siv yees yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau txoj kev kawm dua Internet los yog siv computer los ua ib qho kev lag luam uas muaj kev lag luam hauv xov tooj ntawm smartphones thiab muaj kev tshaj li lwm cov kev lag luam xws li laptops thiab ntsiav tshuaj, thiab kev tiv thaiv yuav mob ntau dua (Demirci li al. 2014; Jeong li al. 2016; Kwon li al., 2013), uas ua rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub cuab yeej (Lis, 2015; Oulasvirta, Rattenbury, Ma, & Raita, 2012). Ib co commentators muaj speculated tias smartphones yuav sawv cev rau lub preeminent technology ntaus kom txhawb yees rau peb lub sijhawm (Shambare, Rugimbana, & Zhowa, 2012).
rooj 1. Lub loj hlob corpus ntawm empirical kev tshawb fawb tshuaj xyuas txawb lub xov tooj kev quav tshuaj.
| Sau (s) | ua kom pom tseeb | Kev Tshawb Fawb Kawm |
|---|---|---|
| Lin li al. (2017) | Diagnosing smartphone yees los ntawm daim ntawv thov (app) -qhov ntaub ntawv. | Soj Ntsuam Psychiatry |
| Jeong li al. (2016) | Cov neeg siv cov yam ntxwv hauv lub siab thiab cov hom ntsiab lus uas tau siv. | Cov kev tshawb xyuas computer |
| Sapacz, Rockman, thiab Clark (2016) | Cwm pwm thiab siv xov tooj txawb siv. | Cov kev tshawb xyuas computer |
| Samaha thiab Hawi (2016) | Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaib smartphone, kev ntxhov siab, kev kawm ntawv, thiab kev txaus siab nrog lub neej. | Cov kev tshawb xyuas computer |
| Cho thiab Lee (2015) | Kev paub txog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv cov kws saib mob txog kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov smartphone hauv chaw kho mob thiab lawv cov kev xav txog kev siv cov cai ntawm cov xov tooj. | Kev kho mob (kev mob) |
| Jeong thiab Lee (2015) | Smartphone kev siv yees thiab kev xam phaj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm qib siab. | Kev tshawb fawb, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kho mob |
| Al-Barashdi, Bouazza, thiab Jabur (2015) | Smartphone yees ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab. | General science |
| Kibona thiab Mgaya (2015) | Smartphone yees thiab kev kawm ntawv. | Engineering thiab tshuab |
| Pearson thiab Hussain (2015) | Smartphone siv, kev tiv thaiv, kev siv yeeb yam thiab tus cwj pwm. | Cyber-psychology thiab kev kawm |
| Wang, Wang, Gaskin, thiab Wang (2015) | Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev txhawb siab rau kev siv smartphone siv cov menyuam kawm ntawv qib siab. | Cov kev tshawb xyuas computer |
| Demirci, Akgongul, thiab Akpinar (2015) | Smartphone siv heev, pw zoo, kev nyuaj siab thiab kev ntxhov siab. | Cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm |
| Van Deursen li al. (2015) | Smartphone kev pab hom, kev txawj ntse kev xav, kev ntxhov siab thiab kev tswj tus kheej. | Cov kev tshawb xyuas computer |
| Bernroider, Krumay, thiab Margiol (2014) | Kev cuam tshuam ntawm smartphone yees rau smartphone siv. | Cov lus qhia |
| Bian thiab Leung (2014) | Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev kho siab, khaus khaus, kev tiv thaiv smartphone muaj yees thiab kev ua lag luam. | Cov kev tshawb xyuas computer |
| Davey thiab Davey (2014) | Smartphone yees ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Indian. | Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv |
| Demirci li al. (2014) | Smartphone yees ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv Turkish. | Soj ntsuam psychopharmacology |
| Kim, Lee, Lee, Nam, thiab Chung (2014) | Smartphone yees ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ntxhais hluas. | Science thiab tshuaj |
| Lee, Chang, Lin, thiab Cheng (2014) | Smartphone yees tswj kev tswj hwm. | Cov kev tshawb xyuas computer |
| Mok et al. (2014) | Siv Internet thiab smartphone yees ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv Kauslim. | Neuropsychiatry |
| Chaw Ua Si thiab Chaw Ua Si (2014) | Smartphone yees nyob rau hauv thaum yau. | Kev tshawb fawb thiab tib neeg kev tshawb fawb |
| Zhang, Chen, thiab Lee (2014) | Motives rau cov yees siv yees duab. | Cov lus qhia |
| Hlaub thiab Dey (2013) | Soj ntsuam teeb meem siv smartphone. | software engineering thiab computer science (ubiquitous xam) |
| Kwon li al. (2013) | Smartphone yees ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ntxhais hluas. | Science thiab tshuaj |
| Kwon li al. (2013b) | Ib qho ntsuas ntawm tus kheej seb puas muaj kev siv yees smartphone. | Science thiab tshuaj |
| Takao, Takahashi, thiab Kitamura (2009) | Cwm pwm thiab siv xov tooj txawb siv. | Cyber-psychology |
| Ehrenberg, Juckes, Dawb, thiab Walsh (2008) | Cwm pwm, kev saib tus kheej thiab kev siv xov tooj ntawm tes. | Cyber-psychology |
| Bianchi thiab Phillips (2005) | Kev xav txog kev puas hlwb ntawm kev siv xov tooj ntawm tes. | Cyber-psychology |
Collectively, cov kev tshawb fawb no qhia txog ntau hom kev kawm xws li ntaub ntawv xov xwm, kev siv computer, kev kho mob, kev kawm, thiab kev xav txog kev xav, thiab lwm cov. Tsuas yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb, txawm li cas los, muaj kev tshuaj xyuas cov motives, tsav tsheb los yog cov neeg siv kev pom ntawm kev siv lub xov tooj thiab kev tiv thaiv (Bian & Leung, 2014; Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; Ehrenberg li al. 2008; Jeong & Lee, 2015; Pearson & Hussain, 2015; Takao li al. 2009; Van Deursen li al. 2015; Zhang li al. 2014). Ntawm no subset ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, neeg txoj kev xav txog kev siv lub xov tooj ntawm smartphone thiab kev quav tshuaj muaj tau ntsia ntawm qhov chaw sib tham ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb (xws li qis tus kheej, neuroticism, extraversion) (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; Ehrenberg li al. 2008; Pearson & Hussain, 2015; Takao li al. 2009; Zhang li al. 2014), influencing factors (xws li xov tooj ntawm cov phooj ywg, kev kawm tau ntawv, thiab nyeem ntau npaum li cas) (Jeong & Lee, 2015), txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua (piv txwv li, kev siv smartphone siv, kev xav txawj ntse, kev ntxhov siab, thiab kev tswj tus kheej) (Van Deursen li al. 2015), thiab kev tshawb xyuas kev sib tw (piv txwv) tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab cov qauv ntawm smartphone siv) (Bian & Leung, 2014).
Cov nyhuv ntawm cov neeg siv kev xav thiab qhov txuas mus rau kev tiv thaiv smartphone yog thaj tsam ntawm qhov kev nug raws li nws hais txog cov neeg siv kev koom tes nrog cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau mob siab heev nrog nws - qee zaus yuav muaj teeb meem. Kev nkag siab cov neeg siv kev pom lossis kev ntseeg yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum lawv cuam tshuam cov neeg siv cwj pwm, thiab pab piav qhia txog cov neeg siv kev ua haujlwm li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev to taub dab tsi ua rau cov neeg siv chaw nres nkoj tej kev ntseeg pab peb nkag siab vim li cas lawv tuav cov kev ntseeg ntawd; Thaum ua ntej kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev siv xov tooj ntawm tes tau npaj siab hnyav rau kev siv thiab cwj pwm, tsis tshua mloog tau muab tso rau kev ntseeg tsim. Qhov no yog qhov kev kawm uas peb tam sim no tig, tshwj xeeb yog los ntawm kev qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev paub qab hau.
1.4. Lub peev xwm nqus dej
Thaum muaj ntau lub tswv yim pab taws teeb rau neeg siv thiab lees txais cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm - nrog rau diffusion ntawm nrhav kev tshawb xav, tus txoj kev xav ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm, txoj kev xav ntawm vim li cas, Thiab cov technology txais kev pom zoo (TAM) (Ajzen, 1985, 1991; Brancheau & Wetherbe, 1990; Davis, 1989; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Rogers, 1995) - lawv tau txwv tsis pub muaj zog yuav ua li cas kev ntseeg nyob ib ncig ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yees duab (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000). Agarwal thiab Karahanna (2000) qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev paub lub cev (CA) thiaj li yuav pab txhawb tau qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg no. CA sib koom nrog lub hauv paus cuav nrog qee tus thawj loj IT neeg siv-lees txais kev xav nrog TAM los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej cuab tam los ua tus neeg tsav tsheb cov neeg siv kev ntseeg, thiab qhov kev coj cwj pwm ua rau kev mob siab los ntawm "... kev xav tsis sib haum xeeb" (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000, p. 666).
CA kuj muaj qhov kom zoo dua rau hauv kev ua tus loj hauv kev lag luam hauv lub peev xwm thiab social psychology phau ntawv CA, qhov twg CA coj los ua raws nws qhov theoretical ntawm peb cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem: tus cwj pwm kev haum xeeb ntawm kev nqus mis (Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974; Tellegen, 1981, 1982), lub xeev kev khiav (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Trevino & Webster, 1992), thiab qhov kev xav ntawm kev sib koom tes (Webster & Hackley, 1997; Webster & Ho, 1997).
Txhais raws li "... lub xeev kev sib koom tes nrog kev sib txuas lus" (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000, p. 673), kev nkag siab lub ntsej muag tuaj yeem ua qhov kev txhawb nqa zoo rau kev ntseeg ntsig txog IT, qhov kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev paub dhau los ua rau cov neeg siv 'tob tob' thiab ua tiav kev nkag siab thiab koom nrog kev ua si (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974; Vallerand, 1997).
Agarwal thiab Karahanna (2000) npaj CA yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev ntseeg uas muaj feem xyuam nrog IT, qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm tau ua rau 'mloog zoo'. CA yog tsav los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb kev xav (piv txwv li kev lom zem, txaus siab thiab txaus siab vim yog ib qho kev ua tau) raws li kev tsis pom zoo extrinsic kev xav (piv txwv li qhov kev cia siab ntawm ib qho nqi zog txuas nrog ib tus cwj pwm coj). Raws li "... qhov kawg ntawm lawv tus kheej" (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntsiab lus muaj ntau dua lub hwjchim piav qhia hauv kev siv intentions dua extrinsic motivators (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1992). Kev paub kev haum yog ib qho multidimensional dlaim hla tsib qhov ntev:
- i.
Temporal dissociation ("tsis tuaj yeem sau npe rau lub sij hawm thaum koom nrog kev sib txuas lus");
- ii.
Tsom-iav ("kev paub tag nrho cov kev koom tes uas lwm qhov xav tau xav tau yog, hauv qhov tseeb, tsis quav ntsej");
- iii.
Heightened kev lom zem ("txoj hauv kev zoo siab ntawm kev sib txuas lus");
- iv.
Tswj ("tus neeg siv txoj kev xav tias nws yog tus saib xyuas kev sib cuam tshuam"); thiab
- v.
Xav paub (“Qhov kev paub dhau los ua rau tib neeg lub siab xav thiab xav paub”).
Peb yuav cia siab tias cov tib neeg muaj teeb meem smartphone thiab SNS cov kev pabcuam, lossis kev tivthaiv, yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm CA, vim qhov no muab qee yam piav qhia ntawm tob tob hauv kev koom tes, kev koom tes thiab kev ua haujlwm uas tej zaum yuav muaj los ntawm qee tus neeg thaum sib tham nrog lub computer-mediated environment, uas yuav txhawb nqa tus cwj pwm coj tsis zoo ntawm qee cov neeg siv. Yog li, cov neeg siv tshuaj tua kab mob yuav ntxim muaj qee yam perceptual distortion.
Muaj qee yam pov thawj los txhawb qhov kev lees paub no. Qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev quav tshuaj thiab kev pleev ploj tsis zoo yuav ua rau theem siab dua CA, tshwj xeeb yog kev tiv thaiv yuav tsim ib framing nyhuv uas tau tshwm sim rau cov neeg siv qhov pom tau cov websites zoo dua cov uas tsis yog siv yees (Barnes & Pressey, 2017; Turel li al. 2011). Kev sib tw ua rau hauv kev hloov kho ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm ib qho kev paub. Yog li, cov neeg siv khoom muaj feem ntau ntawm kev quav yeeb quav ntsej muag tuav txoj kev pom zoo ntawm qhov system (txawm tias yog li kev xam pom los ntawm kev tsis tsim nyog), yog li ua rau theem siab nyob rau hauv lub cev. Piv txwv, Turel li al. (2011) nrhiav tau cov pov thawj uas cov neeg siv nrog kev tiv thaiv rau online auction qhia ntau dua ntawm qhov tau siv txiaj ntsim, kev lom zem thiab yooj yim ntawm kev siv ib qhov chaw auction, thaum Barnes thiab Pressey (2017) qhia tias kev quav yeeb quav ntawm virtual worlds muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev paub lub cev.
Hauv kev sibtham, kev tshuaj xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm CA thiab qhov kev tivthaiv txhawb peb lub peev xwm los nkag siab txog cov kev uas cov kev coj ua rau kev siv technology thiab ua rau cov tib neeg siv txoj kev ntseeg txog IT, thiab "ua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntseeg "(Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000, p. 666). Qhov no yuav zoo li ob qho tseem ceeb thiab raws sij hawm muab qhov kev txawj ntse ntawm smartphone technology thiab cov lus ceeb toom ntawm cov teeb meem siv teeb meem, thiab yuav pab peb to taub txog yog vim li cas ib txhia cov neeg siv kev paub ib lub xeev tob zog ntawm kev koom tes nrog ib qho technology tshaj li lwm tus. Hauv seem hauv qab no peb piav qhia txog peb cov kev xav txog kev yees rau smartphone technology.
2. Hypothesis kev loj hlob
Seem no yog muab tso rau hauv rau thaj chaw. Pib, peb kuaj xyuas smartphone kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv tiv thaiv rau SNS, thiab qhov no ua raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, thiab demographic yam ntsig txog kev tiv thaiv smartphone. Tom ntej no, peb xav txog qhov kev paub ntawm lub peev xim ntawm smartphone, thiab thaum kawg kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub txog kev haum xeeb los ntawm txiv neej, hnub nyoog thiab kev kawm.
2.1. Smartphone tiv thaiv tiv thev rau SNS
Feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam teeb meem technology siv tsom rau cov khoom siv los yog ntaus nws tus kheej (xov tooj cua, TV, computer, xov tooj ntawm tes), tsis yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv technology (ib qho kev pab cuam, software, lub website, lossis daim ntawv thov). Raws li Roberts thiab Pirog (2012: 308) Lus cim: "kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau khawb hauv qab cov cuab yeej siv los ua cov dej num siv rau tus neeg siv tshuab." Muaj kev tawm tswv yim tam sim no hais tias kev tiv thaiv yog xov tooj los yog cov kev pab cuam muaj; raws li Pearson thiab Hussain (2015, p. 19) tau pom tias: "Muaj ntau hom kev siv yees uas muaj nyob rau hauv smartphone, nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau decipher ua rau thiab muaj txiaj ntsig kev sib raug zoo ntawm problematic siv. Lub ntsej muag muaj ntau lub ntsej muag functionality tej zaum yuav muaj yees lossis nws kuj yog tias cov neeg siv muaj yees rau ib qho kev tshaj tawm. "Ntxiv mus, tej zaum nws yog ib qho teeb meem tshwm sim, qhov twg ib tug neeg muaj yees rau ob lub smartphone thiab SNS qhov chaw.
As De-Sola Gutiérrez li al. (2016: 2) Lus cim: "Muaj pov thawj qhia tias smartphone, nrog nws qhov dav ntawm daim ntawv sau npe thiab siv, nyhav tshaj qhov tsim txom ntau tshaj li niaj zaus xov tooj ntawm tes" (saib hauv Taneja, 2014). Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib rooj plaub ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau lub cuab yeej (xws li smartphone) los yog tiv thaiv rau cov khoom thiab cov ntawv sau? Txoj kab ntawm kev nug no chimes nrog cov kev sib tham dhau los ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau hauv Internet uas nws pom tau tias muaj "qhov sib txawv ntawm kev quav tshuaj rau hauv Internet thiab kev siv khoom on hauv Internet "(Griffiths, 2012, p. 519). Raws li Griffiths (2000) cav, kev ua hauv online yuav txawv hauv lawv lub peev xwm los ua tus cuj pwm tsim (saib tseem Cov hluas, 1999).
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj txoj kev kawm tau sib txawv ntawm qhov yees ntawm smartphone los yog yees rau cov kev ua ub no lawv them cov neeg siv los sis tau siv cov kev pom ob los no, txawm ua rau cov kev tshawb nrhiav ua ntej. De-Sola Gutiérrez li al. (2016: 1) hais txog: "Kev tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no feem ntau yog hloov zuj zus los ntawm lub ntiaj teb pom ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes los ua ib qho cuab yeej los ntawm nws cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntsiab lus." Qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev sib cav tswv yim - thiab German mus rau tam sim no - yog seb qhov teeb meem yog smartphone los nws cov ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv (De-Sola Gutiérrez li al. 2016).
Roberts li al. (2014) paub hais tias tshuav rau ntau yam kev ua ub no uas yuav ua tau ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes, nws tseem ceeb heev uas peb to taub tias cov kev ua ub no yuav yog kev coj cwj pwm txawv dua li lwm tus. Ua ntej nws yuav ua li qhov kev tshawb fawb no nws yuav zoo li qhov pib tsim taw tes los tsim kom muaj yog tias muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev tiv thaiv rau lub tshuab tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv mus rau txheej cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb (xws li SNS). Kev siv SNS tau pom tias nws yog ib qho khwv yees ntawm kev tiv thaiv smartphone, thiab muaj zog dua lwm lub khoos phis smartphone siv xws li gaming (Jeong li al. 2016), thiab yog lub hauv paus rau nws kev koom nrog hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no. Nws puas yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev siv smartphone, SNS, los yog nws yog ib rooj plaub uas muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dua lossis thoob ntiaj teb? Peb xav tias txoj kev tiv thaiv rau kev ntaus ntawv feem ntau yuav mob hnyav dua li tiv thaiv SNS dua; thiaj li tsis muaj ib daim ntawv thov yuav ntau hom ntau tshaj qhov ntaus ntawv hauv tag nrho. Thiaj li peb tawm tswv yim hauv qab no:
H1
Kev tiv thiav rau Smartphone yuav ntau dua li tiv thaiv SNS.
2.2. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub lub ntsej muag ntawm smartphone thiab SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv
Peb tam sim no xav txog kev cuam tshuam kev paub txog kev yees rau SNS thiab smartphones nyias. Cov kev xaiv nrov tshaj plaws ntawm app siv hauv smartphones yog dav qhia raws li SNS, uas tau tsav los ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv kev them nyiaj (Barkhuus & Polichar, 2011; Pearson & Hussain, 2015; Salehan & Negahban, 2013), thiab SNS siv yog raug tshaj qhia tias yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev siv yees duab (Salehan & Negahban, 2013)). Txog ntawm qhov kawg no, ib qho kev piav qhia rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm SNS muaj thiab kev siv thiab kev siv smartphone thiab kev quav tshuaj xyuas yuav yog qib ntawm kev nkag siab kev paub los ntawm cov neeg siv thiab cov kev kawm siab thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam uas ua rau cov neeg siv 'tob tob' thiab ua tiav kev nkag siab (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974; Vallerand, 1997), tshwj xeeb yog SNS nthuav dav thiab loj hlob hauv kev tshawb nrhiav. Li no, peb pom tias qhov kev paub txog lub peev xwm yuav muaj ntau dua rau SNS dua smartphones, raws li ib qhov ntawm cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev paub txog kev nqus siab yog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm tswj tau tus kheej txoj kev phom sij los yog ua rau tus cwj pwm, tshwj xeeb yog cov uas tau tsav los ntawm kev muaj npe ntawm SNS.
H2
Qhov ncaj qha ntawm kev paub lub peev xwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv yuav ntau dua rau SNS dua smartphones.
2.3. Demographic factors thiab smartphone yees
Cov neeg hluas thiab cov pojniam yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv smartphone, thaum cov pov thawj hais txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev kawm ntawv ntau dua. Pib, cov poj niam yuav siv sijhawm ntau dua rau lawv cov xov tooj tshaj li cov txiv neej (Roberts li al., 2014), thiab muaj kev pov thawj pom tseeb tias cov poj niam tau paub ntau dua ntawm xov tooj ntawm tes thiab qhov teeb meem siv dua li cov txiv neej (Beranuy li al. 2009; Geser, 2006; Hakoama & Hakoyama, 2011; Jackson li al 2008; Jenaro, Flores, Gomez-Vela, Gonzalez-Gil, & Caballo, 2007; Leung, 2008; Lopez-Fernandez, Honrubia-Serrano, & Freixa-Blanxart, 2012; Sanchez Martinez & Otero, 2009). Cov poj niam (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas tsis tshua pom yus tus kheej) yog tus tshaj plaws pab pawg neeg tsis muaj zog hais txog kev siv yees duab (Pedrero li al. 2012), thiab yuav cia siab tshaj rau cov smartphone tshaj cwj pwm kom txo tau kev ntxhov siab (Lee et al. 2014). Kuj pov thawj kuj pom zoo tias cov maum xa ntau ntawv xov xwm tshaj li lawv tus txiv neej cov tub txawg thiab tseem yuav ua rau cov ntawv sau ntau dua li cov cwj pwm (Pawłowska & Potembska, 2012). Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kev tshawb fawb pom muaj tsawg los sis tsis sib txawv hauv xov tooj ntawm tes vim yog txiv neej (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; Junco, Merson, & Salter, 2010; Pearson & Hussain, 2015).
Muaj cov pov thawj qhia tias cov txiv neej thiab poj niam siv lawv cov xov tooj hauv kev sib txawv thiab sib txawv. Geser (2006, p. 3) qhia tias "kev txhawb zog thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv xov tooj ntawm iav xov tooj ntawm tes pojniam tus cwj pwm. "Txawm tias cov poj niam zoo siab rau cov kev xav thiab kev sib pauv ntawm lub xov tooj uas cia, thiab qhov no muaj nuj nqis rau cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej ntau dua li cov txiv neej - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog social networking sites (xws li Facebook) (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; De-Sola Gutiérrez li al. 2016; Geser, 2006; Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickuhr, 2010) - Cov txiv neej yuav pom cov kev sib tham txog kev sib tham (xws li LinkedIn) (Lenhart li al. 2010). Ntxiv mus, hauv lawv txoj kev kawm txog cov menyuam kawm ntawv qib siab hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Roberts li al. (2014) pom tias poj niam siv sijhawm ntau dua Facebook tshaj li lawv cov txiv neej cov npoj yaig, thiab tias qee qhov chaw sib tham tau ua tus tsav tsheb tseem ceeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Li no peb tuaj yeem sib cav tias qhov kev xav yog tus thawj tsav tsheb tseem ceeb hauv poj niam siv kev siv smartphone.
Cov tub ntxhais hluas hluas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tub ntxhais hluas, nws nyiam siv xov tooj hauv kev siv xov tooj, thaum lub sij hawm siv tag nrho ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes txo rau hnub nyoog (De-Sola Gutiérrez li al. 2016), vim muaj peev txheej txo rau tswj yus tus kheej (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005). Kev tshawb fawb kuj tau taw qhia rau lub hnub nyoog ib tus neeg tau txais ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes thiab muaj zog ntxiv ntawm qhov teeb meem siv pab yav tom ntej (Sahin, Ozdemir, Unsal, & Temiz, 2013).
Pov thawj hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kawm kev kawm thiab teeb meem siv xov tooj ntawm tes yog qhov muaj kev ncaj ncees. Thaum qee cov kev tshawb fawb taw tes rau qhov sib txuas ntawm cov teeb meem siv xov tooj ntawm tes thiab qib kev kawm (tshwj xeeb yog cov uas tau kawm ntev ntev) (Tavakolizadeh, Atarodi, Ahmadpour, & Pourgheisar, 2014), lwm tus refute qhov no (Billieux, 2012), thiab txawm qhia txog qhov kev sib txuas ntawm tsawg theem kev kawm thiab teeb meem siv xov tooj ntawm tes (Leung, 2007). Li no cov lus piav qhia uas tau ua los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov teeb meem siv xov tooj ntawm tes thiab kev kawm ntawv tsis tau raug tshwj xeeb tshaj yog.
Peb pom cov hauv qab no:
H3
SNS qhov kev pabcuam yuav sib txawv raws li: (a) pojniam; (b) muaj hnub nyoog; thiab (c) kev kawm.
H4
Smartphone cov kev sib txuam yuav sib txawv ntawm: (a) poj niam / txiv neej; (b) muaj hnub nyoog; thiab (c) kev kawm.
2.4. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub lub ntsej muag ntawm kev siv yees ntawm smartphone
Txij li thaum SNS suav tau tias yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm thiab cov kev pabcuam hauv Smartphones, thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm siv ntawm lub tshuab, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub qab hau rau hauv xov tooj ntawm ib tus neeg yuav tsum tau ua (kev tawm tswv yim) yuav tsum tau kev sib haum xeeb los ntawm SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv. Hauv lwm lo lus, yees kom SNS (xws li Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, thiab lwm yam) yuav ua raws li kev kos los yog kev ntxias rau kev tiv thaiv tag nrho rau lub cuab yeej thiab kev sib txuas rau kev txawj ntse nqus dej.
Muaj kev txhawb nqa rau txoj kev sib raug zoo no hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Raws li tau sau tseg ntxov, los ntawm cov kev xaiv nrov tshaj plaws ntawm smartphone app yog SNS (Barkhuus & Polichar, 2011; Pearson & Hussain, 2015; Salehan & Negahban, 2013), thiab cov pov thawj hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv xov tooj ntawm tes thiab SNS. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev nce qib hauv kev mloog me nyuam nce qib thiab kev pab tau sib haum nrog qhov tseem ceeb proliferation ntawm SNS, qhov twg SNS siv drives smartphone yees (Salehan & Negahban, 2013). Li no, ntau dua qhov rub rub ntawm SNS, qhov ntau dua rau theem ntawm kev quav tshuaj rau lub cuab yeej. Muab hais tias peb yuav cia siab tias yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm kev paub lub peev xwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv yuav muaj ntau dua rau SNS dua smartphones, raws li tau hais ua ntej peb xav tias yuav txo qis rau SNS mus kho cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev paub qab hau thiab kev siv yees smartphone. Yog li, peb pom zoo:
H5
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev xav ntawm kev siv yees ntawm smartphone yuav raug kho los ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau SNS.
2.5. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev nkag siab los ntawm kev sib deev, hnub nyoog thiab kev kawm
Qee cov pov thawj pom tias txawv genders perceive thiab cim nrog technology hauv ntau txoj kev. Cov pojniam raug xav hais tias yuav tsum muaj kev pabcuam rau cov neeg uas muaj kev ncaj ncees thiab kev coj noj coj ua, vim tias cov txiv neej raug suav ua haujlwm ntau tshaj (Claisse & Rowe, 1987). Them rau qhov kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, sib txawv ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov poj niam sib txawv ntawm cov neeg siv puas siab puas ntsws thiab siv compulsive smartphone. Lee et al. (2014) pom tias peb qhov kev xav ntawm lub hlwb (xav tau kev kov, locus ntawm kev tswj, Thiab kev sis raug zoo ntxhov siab vim) tau sib txawv ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam smartphone.
Raws li tau sau tseg, piv rau cov txiv neej, poj niam zoo siab rau qhov kev xav thiab kev sib pauv uas siv xov tooj, thiab qhov no muaj nuj nqis rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntaus nqi, tshwjxeeb cov kev sib tham (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; De-Sola Gutiérrez li al. 2016; Geser, 2006; Lenhart li al. 2010). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov maum yuav siv cov xov tooj rau cov tub ntxhais vim sib luag, thaum cov txiv neej nyiam cov tswv yim ua dej num (Lenhart li al. 2010). Li no, cov maum poj niam puas muaj kev nyuab siab dua (lossis kev paub lub cev) nrog SNS dua li caug?
thaum Agarwal thiab Karahanna Cov (2000) kev kawm txog kev paub qab hau ntawm kev siv hauv Internet pom tsis txawv los ntawm poj niam txiv neej, lawv txoj kev kawm tau ua nyob rau hauv pre-SNS ntiaj teb. Yog hais tias, raws li tau lam ua dhau los, cov neeg siv cov poj niam yuav tau paub ntau dua SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv dua caug vim lawv txoj kev xav thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev cia siab thiab cov kev ua haujlwm, ces peb tuaj yeem posit tias cov neeg siv cov poj niam yuav muaj kev paub ntau dua txiv neej cov neeg.
Raws li cov hnub nyoog thiab kev kawm, tsis muaj pov thawj qhia tias qhov teeb meem zoo li feem ntau plays lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov qib paub ntawm cov neeg siv. Peb thiaj li xav tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev paub ntawm lub hnub nyoog los yog kev kawm ntawm kev kawm.
Muab cov saum no, peb xav tias:
H6a
Cov nyhuv ntawm qhov kev paub qab hau yuav muaj zog rau cov pojniam ntau dua li cov txiv neej thaum siv SNS.
H6b
Cov nyhuv ntawm kev paub lub haum thaum siv SNS yuav tsis txawv thaum muaj hnub nyoog.
H6c
Cov nyhuv ntawm kev paub qab hau thaum siv SNS yuav tsis txawv ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawv.
2.6. Kev paub qab hau thiab kev thaij neeg siv
Peb zaum kawg ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov neeg siv smartphone thiab SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv thiab qib ntawm kev paub txog kev haum xeeb. Raws li tau hais tseg, peb yuav cia siab tias cov neeg siv cov teeb meem muaj teeb meem ntawm smartphone thiab SNS pab kev siv, lossis kev tivthaiv, yuav muaj ntau dua CA. Qhov no yuav piav qhia txog yog vim li cas cov neeg siv kev paub ib lub xeev sib luag ntawm kev koom tes, kev koom tes thiab kev sib tham thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog lub computer-mediated environment thiab lwm cov neeg siv tsis. Li no tus degree degree heightened CA yog tsav tsheb thiab fostering teeb meem muaj teeb meem nrog qee cov neeg siv, thiab ua yeeb yam ua ib daim ntawv perceptual distortion. Yog li, peb pom zoo:
H7
Cov neeg siv nrog tiv yees rau lub smartphone yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm CA.
H8
Cov neeg siv nrog kev tiv thaiv rau SNS yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm CA.
3. Kev Tshawb Fawb
3.1. Kev tshawb nrhiav tsim
cov kev tshawb nrhiav tsim tau saws kev koom tes rau ib qho kev sib txig sib luag hauv ib qho kev siv ib qho tus kheej qhia daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav hauj lwm los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los los ntsuas cov kev tsim hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb, tab sis cov no raug muab kho thiab txuas ntxiv rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb - kev siv network thiab smartphones. Kev ntsuas ntawm txoj kev nqhis dej tau txais los ntawm Agarwal thiab Karahanna (2000) thiab muaj tsib yam tseem ceeb: temporal dissociation ("Tsis tuaj yeem sau npe rau lub sij hawm thaum koom nrog kev sib txuas lus"), npaj kev qhia ("Qhov kev paub ntawm tag nrho cov kev koom tes uas lwm qhov kev xav tau xav tau yog, hauv qhov tseeb, tsis quav ntsej"), kev lom zem siab ("Lub hauv kev zoo siab ntawm kev sib txuas lus"), tswj ("Tus neeg siv txoj kev xav tias nws yog tus saib xyuas kev sib cuam tshuam"), thiab xav paub (“Qhov kev paub dhau los ua rau tib neeg lub siab xav thiab xav paub”). Lo lus ntawm cov lus nug kev nkag siab raug tsom mus rau focal kev ua si ntawm "siv social networking apps ntawm kuv smartphone ". Qhov kev ntsuas rau tiv rau smartphone thiab kev tiv thaiv mus rau kev sib tham sib pab raug coj los ntawm Charlton thiab Danforth (2007). Cov kev ntsuas rau txhua tus zoo tib yam hauv cov ntsiab lus, tab sis txawv ntawm qhov kev tsom ntawm "kuv smartphone" lossis "social networking apps". Tsib yam raug sau los ntawm Charlton thiab Danforth (2007), ntxiv nrog ob yam ntxiv kom haum zoo rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev kawm "Kuv xav tias tsis muaj [tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus / kuv smartphone]" thiab "Kuv yuav tau txais kev cuam tshuam yooj yim los ntawm [kev sib tham hauv kev sib tham / kuv smartphone]. cov khoom raug ntsuas ntawm xya-point Likert nplai los ntawm 1 = Tsis Tshua Txaus Siab rau 7 = Txaus Siab Kawg Nkaus, qhov twg 4 = Tsis Pom Zoo lossis Tsis Pom Zoo. Cov khoom siv uas teev hauv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas no muaj nyob hauv Lus Qhia Ntxiv. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog pej xeem thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los rau tus poj niam los txiv neej, hnub nyoog, qib siab tshaj plaws kawm tau ntawv zoo, kev siv SNS txhua hnub, thiab kev siv lub xov tooj txhua hnub.
3.2. Cov ntaub ntawv sau thiab tshawb xyuas
Qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv online ntawm Qualtrics, thiab tau muab faib rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv kawm ua lag ua luam ntawm ib lub tsev kawm hauv Mid-Atlantic cheeb tsam hauv teb chaws Asmesliskas hauv lub Ob Hlis 2015. Ib qho tag nrho ntawm 140 cov lus teb tau muab khaws cia. Tus qauv 68.6% poj niam thiab 31.4% txiv neej. Ib qho tag nrho ntawm 75% ntawm cov qauv no 34 xyoo nyoog lossis qis, txawm tias 42.9% tau muaj Bachelor's degree thiab 13.6% a Master's degree.
Peb tau soj ntsuam qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm kev ntsuas siv Cronbach's Alpha; cov nplai rau kev quav tshuaj rau lub smartphone thiab kev quav rau cov kev sib tham ntawm cov apps muaj Cronbach's Alphas ntawm 0.835 thiab 0.890 feem, zoo tshaj qhov 0.7 pib ua kom pom zoo los ntawm Nunnally (2010)Cov. Lub Cronbach's Alpha rau qhov ntsuas kev xav txog kev ntsuas yog 0.909, whilst cov rau nws cov ntu ua haujlwm yog li ntawm 0.722 txog 0.949, txhua tus suav tias yog siv tau. Txoj cai tsis txaus ntseeg kuj tau kuaj xyuas los ntawm kev sib tw ntawm qhov txawv txav. Kev soj ntsuam Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) rau cov kev ntsuas hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, peb pom tias tag nrho cov VIF qhov tseem ceeb zoo tshaj 10, xws li 1.032 rau 1.404, qhia tias ntau tus neeg tsis muaj peev xwm tsis yog teeb meem (Cov plaub hau, Dub, Alarm, & Anderson, 2014)). Hom kev tsis ncaj ncees tau siv los ntsuas Harman qhov kev ntsuas ib qho. Thawj qhov tau piav qhia tsuas yog 35% ntawm qhov sib txawv rau tus qauv thiab yog li cov txheej txheem kev ntxub ntxaug tsis tshwm sim los muaj.
Yuav kom ntsuam xyuas cov theem ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj rau ANOVA siv los soj ntsuam H7 thiab H8, peb tsim peb pab pawg neeg uas siv ib txoj kev zoo sib xws Morahan-Martin thiab Schumacher (2000). Peb pawg neeg quav tshuaj yog saib raws li cov cim "active" los ntawm xya-yam khoom nplua. Rau cov tsos mob yuav tsum "ua ub ua no", lub suab ntawm Likert yuav tsum tshaj ntawm qhov nruab nrab, 4 (Charlton & Danforth, 2007; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000). Peb pawg neeg quav tshuaj yog: tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv (tsis muaj tsos mob), tsis quav tshuaj (ib los yog ob tus tsos mob) thiab siab tiv (3 los sis ntau tshaj cov tsos mob).
Feem ntau ntawm cov tawm tsom tawm tau ua hauv SPSS 22. Lub tswvyim kev xeem ntawv siv ntau cov txheej txheem: t-xeem, tsom xam cov kev hloov (ANOVA), regression thiab Sobel xeem xam siv cov qauv ntawm Baron thiab Kenny (1986).
4. Ntsiab lus
4.1. Smartphone tiv thaiv tiv thev rau SNS
Peb thawj zaug ntawm cov kev kuaj mob nrhiav los txheeb xyuas qhov txawv ntawm cov neeg siv kev tiv thaiv rau smartphone thiab kev tiv thaiv kom SNS los ntawm txoj kev kuaj kabmob t-tshov ntawm cov qhab-nees rau kev siv yees duab thiab SNS kev tiv thaiv (saib rooj 2). Cov txiaj ntsim tau qhia tias muaj ib qho teeb meem loj nruab nrab ntawm ob hom kev quav no, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 3.44 thiab t-tus nqi ntawm 7.303 (p <.001, Msmartphone_addiction = 25.43, MSNS_addiction = 21.99). Li no H1 - yees rau smartphone yuav ntau dua li tiv rau SNS - yog kev txhawb nqa.
rooj 2. Tshawb xyuas kev sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv.
| nce mus nce los | Txhais tau tias | SD | SE | Txhais qhov txawv | SD (Qhov txawv) | SE (Qhov txawv) | t | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smartphone Siv yees | 25.43 | 9.19 | 0.78 | 3.44 | 5.57 | 0.47 | 7.303 | 139 | <.001 |
| SNS Siv yees | 21.99 | 9.75 | 0.82 |
4.2. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj
Yuav kom kuaj xyuas qhov feem ntawm kev paub lub cev (CA) rau ntawm ob hom kev tiv thaiv, peb khiav ob lub qhov muag regression qauv: ib qho kev soj ntsuam cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm CA ntawm smartphone yees thiab lwm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm CA rau SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia nyob rau hauv rooj 3. Raws li peb pom, SNS siv kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua los ntawm CA dua lub xov tooj siv yees, nrog ib tus loj tshaj beta coefficients thiab ntau dua F-tus nqi (SNS siv kev tiv thaiv: R2 = 0.254; F = 47.061; p <.001; β = 0.746, p <.001; smartphone siv yees: R2 = 0.240; F = 43.444, p <.001; = 0.683, p <.001).
rooj 3. Cov qauv kev hloov regression rau SNS thiab smartphone kev quav tshuaj.
| Ywj Pheej Hloov Ntxiv | β | SE | β (Std.) | t-tus nqi | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qauv 1. DV: SNS Siv Kev Yeeb Tshuaj R2 = 0.254 (F = 47.061, p <.001, dfregression = 1, dfseem = 138, dftag nrho cov = 139) | Kev Tsim Nyog Txaus | .746 | .109 | .504 | 6.860 | <.001 |
| Qauv 2. DV: Smartphone Siv Cuav R2 = 0.240 (F = 43.444, p <.001, dfregression = 1, dfseem = 138, dftag nrho cov = 139) | Kev Tsim Nyog Txaus | .683 | .103 | .490 | 6.599 | <.001 |
Los kuaj seb qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas beta yog qhov tseem ceeb uas peb siv rau kev sim Paternoster, Lom kab, Mazerolle, thiab Piquero (1998) thiab cov qauv hauv qab no:
Qhov tshwm sim yog Z = 1.766, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 5% theem, lees tias CA muaj ntau dua tseem ceeb heev nyob rau SNS qhov kev tiv thaiv tshaj rau ntawm kev siv yees smartphone. Yog li ntawd, H2 - qhov feem cuam ntawm kev paub lub peev xwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv yuav ntau dua rau SNS dua smartphones - yog kev txhawb nqa.
4.3. Demographic factors thiab kev quav tshuaj
Peb tig tam sim no rau cov pej xeem sib piv ntawm cov neeg quav smartphone. Txhawm rau ntsuam xyuas qhov sib txawv raws li poj niam txiv neej, kev kawm ntawv thiab hnub nyoog, peb siv ANOVA los kuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg rau cov ntsiab lus sib pauv hloov rau ob lub xov tooj smartphones thiab SNS. Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas cov quav los ntawm pawg hnub nyoog nws yuav tsum tau rov qab txiav pawg hnub nyoog laus rau hauv ib pawg rau 35 + xyoo vim cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus. Vim li no peb muaj peb pawg hnub nyoog: 18-24 xyoo, 25–34 xyoo thiab 35 + xyoos. Ib yam li ntawd, kawm kev kawm tau rov qab los ua peb pawg vim tias tsis muaj ntaub ntawv txaus: High School Graduate los yog hauv qab no, Bachelor's degree lossis Sib Npaug, thiab Master's Degree lossis Sib Npaug.
Cov kev ntsuam xyuas ANOVA rau SNS qhov kev pab cuam qhia tsis muaj qhov txawv loj raws li lub hnub nyoog (F = 1.368; p =. 258), yog tub los ntxhais (F = 0.327, p =. 568) lossis kev kawm ntawv (F = 1.488, p =. 229). Yog li, H3 - SNS qhov kev pabcuam yuav sib txawv raws li: (a) pojniam; (b) muaj hnub nyoog; thiab (c) kev kawm - raug tsis lees paub.
Hais txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm smartphone thiab demographic yam, Cov kev ntsuam xyuas ANOVA pom pom qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg rau kev kawm tiav (F = 3.098, p = .048). Ib qho kev ntsuas tom qab siv cov txheej txheem Bonferroni pom tias cov pab pawg kawm qis tshaj plaws, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Qib Siab lossis qis dua, muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li Bachelor's Degree lossis Sib npaug (sib txawv = 4.093, MHighSchool = 27.462, MBachelors = 23.333, p = .042). Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tau qhia tawm raws li poj niam txiv neej (F = 0.102, p = .750) lossis hnub nyoog (F = 1.008, p = .368). Li no, H4 - kev tiv thaib smartphone sib txawv los ntawm: (a) pojniam; (b) muaj hnub nyoog; thiab (c) kev kawm - yog ib feem lees txais, nrog rau cov pov thawj rau cov yees siv yees siv sib txawv rau kev kawm.
4.4. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub lub ntsej muag ntawm kev siv yees ntawm smartphone
Txoj kev sib kho kom haum ntawm kev sib thooj rau SNS ntawm txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov kev paub qab hau thiab kev siv yees ntawm smartphone tau tshawb xyuas siv Sobel test (Baron & Kenny, 1986; Sobel, 1986). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev xeem no yog muaj nyob rau hauv rooj 4, qhia tias qhov nkag siab ntawm kev nkag siab yog qhov tseeb tau sib kho los ntawm kev quav rau SNS (Z = 6.865, SE = 0.063, p <.001). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev nkag siab kev nkag siab yog nthuav dav los ntawm kev quav rau SNS thiab coj mus los ntawm kev quav mus rau lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Yog li, H5 - kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev quav dej quav cawv ntawm kev siv yees ntawm smartphone yuav kho kom haum rau SNS - yog kev txhawb nqa.
rooj 4. Tshawb ntawm kev sib hais kom haum ntawm SNS siv kev tiv thaiv.
| Kev txheeb ze kev sib raug zoo | a | SEa | b | SEb | Sobel | SE | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Absorption → SNS Siv yees Xov tooj siv kev tiv thaiv | 0.573 | 0.072 | 0.760 | 0.056 | 6.865 | 0.063 | <.001 |
Nco ntsoov: Path a: Absorption Absorption → SNS Siv Kev Yeeb Tshuaj; txoj kab b: SNS Siv Tshuaj Teebmeem → Phem Siv Tshuaj.
4.5. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev nkag siab los ntawm kev sib deev, hnub nyoog thiab kev kawm
Peb cov txheej txheem tom ntej ntawm CA thiab cov kev sib txawv cov neeg paub txog los ntawm poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog thiab kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm poj niam txiv neej, peb pom tias cov poj niam tau paub ntau dua CA ntawm cov txiv neej thaum uas siv SNS (MCA_Male = 4.517; MCA_Female = 4.925; saib rooj 5a). Piv txwv kev vaj huam sib luag ntawm kev sib txawv, piv txwv ywj siab t-tsis sib txawv hauv CA ntawm cov txivneej thiab pojniam raug pom tseem ceeb (txhais tau tias qhov txawv = 0.408; t = 2.421; p =. 017). Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntsuam xyuas ntxiv los ntawm CA yuav pom tau hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm no tau tsav los ntawm lub sijhawm sib txuas, tsuas yog lub caij CA xwb uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov poj niam txiv neej, qhov txawv ntawm 0.735 (t = 2687; p =. 008; rooj 5b). Yog li, H6a - Cov nyhuv ntawm kev paub lub cev yuav muaj zog rau poj niam dua li txiv neej thaum siv SNS - yog kev txhawb nqa.
Cov lus 5a. Tub Ntxhais thiab CA - piav qhia.
| nce mus nce los | Tub los ntxhais | N | Txhais tau tias | SD | SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA | Txiv neej | 44 | 4.517 | 0.861 | 0.130 |
| Poj niam | 96 | 4.925 | 0.953 | 0.097 | |
| FI | Txiv neej | 44 | 4.046 | 0.825 | 0.124 |
| Poj niam | 96 | 4.413 | 1.123 | 0.115 | |
| TD | Txiv neej | 44 | 4.859 | 1.567 | 0.236 |
| Poj niam | 96 | 5.594 | 1.472 | 0.150 | |
| CU | Txiv neej | 44 | 4.466 | 1.464 | 0.221 |
| Poj niam | 96 | 4.625 | 1.496 | 0.153 | |
| CO | Txiv neej | 44 | 4.432 | 1.039 | 0.157 |
| Poj niam | 96 | 4.646 | 1.130 | 0.115 | |
| HE | Txiv neej | 44 | 4.790 | 1.054 | 0.159 |
| Poj niam | 96 | 5.159 | 1.222 | 0.125 |
Cov lus 5b. Tuaj kuaj T-kuaj rau txiv neej thiab CA.
| Levene Kev Xeem rau Txoj Cai Sib Xws ntawm Variances | t-tsis rau kev muaj vaj huam sib luag | |||||||
| F | Sig. | T | df | Sig. (2-tailed) | Txhais qhov txawv | Std. Qhov txawv txawv | ||
| CA | Sib npaug sib npaug sib txawv | .027 | .870 | -2.421 | 138 | .017 | -XXUMX | .16849 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sib npaug sib npaug tsis muaj kev xav | -2.515 | 91.786 | .014 | -XXUMX | .16220 | |||
| FI | Sib npaug sib npaug sib txawv | 3.048 | .083 | -1.940 | 138 | .054 | -XXUMX | .18918 |
| Sib npaug sib npaug tsis muaj kev xav | -2.170 | 110.830 | .032 | -XXUMX | .16911 | |||
| TD | Sib npaug sib npaug sib txawv | 1.919 | .168 | -2.687 | 138 | .008 | -XXUMX | .27346 |
| Sib npaug sib npaug tsis muaj kev xav | -2.624 | 78.928 | .010 | -XXUMX | .27999 | |||
| CU | Sib npaug sib npaug sib txawv | .000 | .991 | -XXUMX | 138 | .557 | -XXUMX | .27052 |
| Sib npaug sib npaug tsis muaj kev xav | -XXUMX | 85.141 | .555 | -XXUMX | .26839 | |||
| CO | Sib npaug sib npaug sib txawv | .913 | .341 | -1.066 | 138 | .288 | -XXUMX | .20072 |
| Sib npaug sib npaug tsis muaj kev xav | -1.100 | 90.264 | .274 | -XXUMX | .19452 | |||
| HE | Sib npaug sib npaug sib txawv | 1.238 | .268 | -1.730 | 138 | .086 | -XXUMX | .21334 |
| Sib npaug sib npaug tsis muaj kev xav | -1.828 | 95.834 | .071 | -XXUMX | .20194 | |||
Txhawm rau kuaj xyuas qhov kev nkag los ntawm pawg hnub nyoog nws yuav tsum tau rov qab ua cov pab pawg hnub nyoog rau hauv ib pawg rau 35 + xyoo vim tsis muaj ntaub ntawv zoo (raws li tau hais los saud) Vim li no peb muaj peb pawg hnub nyoog: 18-24 xyoo, 25–34 xyoo thiab 35 + xyoos. Cov vaj huam sib luag tau muab coj los sib luag rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ANOVA. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas ANOVA tau qhia pom qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hnub nyoog, uas yog rau Xav paub thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas (F = 4.444, p = .013; thiab F = 5.008, p = .008 feem). Cov kev kuaj mob tom qab siv lub txheej txheem Bonferroni pom tias rau Kev Xav, cov pab pawg hnub nyoog 18-24 xyoo yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li 25–34 xyoo pab pawg (qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv = 0.800, p = .016). Rau Kev Tswj, cov pab pawg hnub nyoog 35 + xyoo tau pom tias muaj ntau qib loj dua pawg hnub nyoog 25–34 xyoo (qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv = 0.731, p = .006). Tsis muaj lwm qhov sib txawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. Yog li, peb pom tias H6b - cov nyhuv ntawm lub peev xwm thaum lub sijhawm siv SNS yuav tsis txawv raws hnub nyoog - yog ib ntus txaus siab.
Cov kev ntsuam xyuas ANOVA los xyuas txog qhov txawv ntawm kev nkag siab raws qhov kev kawm tau pom tias tsis muaj kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, H6c - cov nyhuv ntawm qhov kev paub haum thaum siv SNS yuav tsis txawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv - yog kev txhawb nqa.
4.6. Kev paub qab hau thiab kev thaij neeg siv
Peb zaum kawg ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm theem ntawm kev quav tshuaj thiab tus neeg siv ntawm cov neeg paub txog ntawm cov neeg siv cov xov tooj ntawm tes thiab SNS. Txhawm rau coj cov kev ntsuam xyuas no peb tsim cov pab pawg ntawm cov neeg siv muaj siab, qis thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, raws li tau hais tseg hauv seem kev qhia.
Peb cov kev xeem thawj zaug ntawm ANOVA kuaj xyuas CA kev sib txawv thiab kev siv yees smartphone (saib rooj 6), pom tias CA muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg rau qib kev yees ntawm smartphone (F = 19.572, p <.001). Thaum lub sij hawm Tswj Fwm ntawm CA tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb (F = 2.359, p = .98), tag nrho lwm cov subcomponents ntawm CA tau tseem ceeb, qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws yog tias lub sijhawm distortion (F = 35.229, p <.001), tom qab ntawd tsom mus rau kev siv dag zog (F = 7.514, p = .001), xav paub (F = 5.255, p = .006), thiab siab ua kom txaus siab (F = 4.484, p = .009). Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov neeg siv ceeb toom theem siab ntawm smartphone yees qhia ntau dua CA ntawm cov neeg siv qhia txog cov qib qis qis dua, thaum cov neeg siv cov qis qis qis dua qhia txog CA ntau dua li cov neeg siv tsis muaj kev tiv thaib smartphone. Li no H7 - cov neeg siv nrog yees rau lub ntsej muag yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm kev paub lub haum - yog kev txhawb nqa.
rooj 6. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev paub qab hau thiab kev siv xov tooj siv kev tiv thaiv.
| Yam ntxwv | 1. Siab tiv thaiv (n = 67) | 2. Txo tsawg (n = 47) | 3. Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv (n = 26) | P (F-tus nqi) | ANOVA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kev Tsim Nyog Txaus | 5.15 | 4.76 | 3.94 | <.001 (19.572) | 1> 2**, 1> 3***, 2> 3*b |
| Tsom Xaiv Kev Kawm | 4.58 | 4.24 | 3.69 | 001 (7.514) | 1> 3**a |
| Control | 4.77 | 4.48 | 4.26 | 098 (2.359) | Non-sig.b |
| Lub sij hawm qaug zog | 6.06 | 5.33 | 3.62 | <.001 (35.229) | 1> 2**, 1> 3***, 2> 3**b |
| Xav paub | 4.87 | 4.60 | 3.79 | 006 (5.255) | 1> 3**a |
| Heightened Kev lom zem | 5.23 | 5.08 | 4.43 | 009 (4.854) | 1> 3*b |
Nco ntsoov: a Bonferroni; b Tamhane lub T2 siv vim yog qhov heteroscedasticity; ***p <.001; **p <.01; *p <.05; dfbetweengroups = 2, dfnrog cov pawg = 137, dftag nrho cov = 139.
Tom ntej no, peb tau soj ntsuam CA qhov sib txawv thiab cov neeg siv 'theem ntawm SNS kev quav (saib rooj 7)). Peb pom tias CA muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg quav (p <.001). Cov neeg siv qhia txog qib siab ntawm SNS tiv thaiv tshaj qhia txog qib siab dua ntawm CA dua li cov neeg siv uas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv SNS tsawg thiab cov neeg siv tsis muaj qib SNS kev quav. Ib zaug ntxiv, Chaw Tswj ntawm subcomponent ntawm CA tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb, thiab tsis yog rau kev tsis haum xeeb Txoj Cai. Cov kev tshwm sim no, H8 - cov neeg siv nrog kev tiv thaiv kom SNS yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm kev paub lub haum - yog qhov kev txhawb nqa.
rooj 7. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev hloov ntawm kev paub qab hau thiab SNS siv kev tiv thaiv.
| Yam ntxwv | 1. Siab tiv thaiv (n = 53) | 2. Txo tsawg (n = 37) | 3. Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv (n = 50) | P (F-tus nqi) | ANOVA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kev Tsim Nyog Txaus | 5.25 | 4.82 | 4.35 | <.001 (13.902) | 1> 2*, 1> 3***b |
| Tsom Xaiv Kev Kawm | 4.72 | 4.25 | 3.94 | 001 (7.871) | 1> 3***a |
| Control | 4.85 | 4.40 | 4.45 | 092 (2.425) | Non-sig.a |
| Lub sij hawm qaug zog | 6.14 | 5.55 | 4.50 | <.001 (18.777) | 1> 2**, 1> 3***b |
| Xav paub | 4.91 | 4.58 | 4.26 | 080 (2.571) | Non-sig.a |
| Heightened Kev lom zem | 5.38 | 5.18 | 4.63 | 004 (5.827) | 1> 3***a |
Nco ntsoov: a Bonferroni; b Tamhane lub T2 siv vim yog qhov heteroscedasticity; ***p <.001; **p <.01; *p <.05 dfbetweengroups = 2, dfnrog cov pawg = 137, dftag nrho cov = 139.
rooj 8 muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev soj ntsuam kev ntseeg siab. Raws li peb tau pom, ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas lub kaum, qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm peb txoj kev kawm pab txhawb nqa xya leej ntawm lawv (H1, H2, H5, H6a, H6c, H7 thiab H8). Peb kuj pom ib feem ntawm kev txhawb nqa rau ob qho kev ntsuam xyuas ntxiv (H4 thiab H6b); tshwj xeeb, kev yees ntawm smartphone tau pom sib txawv los ntawm kev kawm (txhawb H4b), nrog rau kev quav ntawm cov neeg hauv tsev kawm theem siab ntau dua li cov uas muaj qib Bachelor, thaum lub peev xwm nqus tau hauv SNS tau pom tias sib txawv ntawm pawg hnub nyoog rau kev xav paub thiab tswj. Ib qho kev xav yog tsis txaus siab los ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv (H3).
rooj 8. Txoj kev ntsuam xyuas cov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tseeb.
| Hypotheses | tshwm sim |
|---|---|
| H1: Kev tiv thaiv rau lub smartphone yuav ntau dua li tiv yees rau SNS. | Txhawb kev |
| H2: Qhov ncaj qha ntawm kev paub lub peev xwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv yuav ntau dua rau SNS dua smartphones. | Txhawb kev |
| H3: SNS kev pabcuam yuav sib txawv raws li: (a) pojniam; (b) muaj hnub nyoog; thiab (c) kev kawm. | Tsis txaus siab |
| H4: Cov khoom siv yees siv smartphone yuav sib txawv ntawm: (a) tub los ntxhais; (b) muaj hnub nyoog; thiab (c) kev kawm. | Cov txaus siab |
| H5: Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev paub lub ntsej muag ntawm kev siv yees ntawm smartphone yuav muab kho kom haum rau SNS. | Txhawb kev |
| H6a: Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev paub lub cev yuav ua rau cov pojniam ntau dua li cov txiv neej thaum siv SNS. | Txhawb kev |
| H6b: Cov nyhuv ntawm kev paub lub peev xwm thaum siv SNS yuav tsis txawv thaum muaj hnub nyoog. | Cov txaus siab |
| H6c: Kev siv lub peev xwm ntawm lub peev xwm thaum siv SNS yuav tsis txawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv. | Txhawb kev |
| H7: Cov neeg siv uas muaj yees rau ib lub smartphone yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm kev paub lub cev. | Txhawb kev |
| H8: Cov neeg siv nrog kev tiv thaiv rau SNS yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm kev paub txog kev nqus mis. | Txhawb kev |
5. Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab sib tham
Tam sim no daim ntawv pov thawj txhawb cov pov thawj txog kev tiv thaiv smartphones tiv tiag tiv social networking apps. Thaum lub sij hawm muaj cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev tiv thaiv rau ib qho khoom siv smartphone thiab tiv thaiv social networking sites Cov no tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo, tab sis qhov teeb meem yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no (De-Sola Gutiérrez li al. 2016; Jeong li al. 2016; Pearson & Hussain, 2015). Tsis muaj txoj kev kawm, tiam sis, tau paub qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau cov tub ntxhais ntse dhau rau kev ua ub no rau cov kev ua ub no uas lawv them cov neeg siv, los yog lwm tus tau sim ua ke rau ob qhov kev xam pom. Peb pom tau tias cov neeg siv yees siv rau kev lag luam yog ntau dua li tiv thaiv SNS; li no nws tseem muaj ntau theem ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv feem ntau tshaj rau txhua qhov kev pabcuam tau muab rau nws.
Thaum peb pom tias SNS pabcuam kev sib txawv tsis sib txawv los ntawm pojniam los txivneej, hnub nyoog lossis kev kawm, peb pom tias kev siv yees ntawm smartphone txawv ntawm kev kawm. Tshwj xeeb peb pom tias cov neeg siv nrog theem qis tshaj plaws kawm kev kawm tshaaj tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom yees ntaus qig siab tshaj plaws. Vim li cas cov neeg siv smartphone uas muaj qis dua theem kev kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau paub ntau dua ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsis yog meej meej; kab tias pawg no tau txo kom muaj peev xwm tswj tau lawv tus kheej cov kev siv compulsive smartphone.
Cov kev pom no hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nkag siab ntau ntawm smartphone yees nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej thiab theorizing ntawm teeb meem siv smartphone, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev quav rau smartphones tiv tiag on smartphones. Raws li Emanuel (2015) Cov lus sau tseg: peb "muaj kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv, kev lom zem, thiab kev sib txuas ntawm tus kheej [uas muaj lub xov tooj] muab kev pab, tab sis qhov teeb meem yog qhov teeb meem yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm. Raws li smartphones ua puas tau ntau dua - thiab raws li qhov kev paub tab lawv ua tau tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej - peb yuav tsum to taub qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm smartphones thiab SNS (zoo li ntau lwm yam dej num).
Ib lo lus nug tseem ceeb nug yog li cas ua kev yees rau cov ntawv xov tooj ntawm smartphone thiab SNS? Cov cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm (xws li kev yees siv smartphone) muaj feem xyuam thuam los yog kev vam khom yog siv cov kab mob uas raug tsav los ntawm kev quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw (xws li tshuaj, cawv, luam yeeb), los yog hauv smartphone, kev sib txuas lus thiab cov kev pab cuam lom ze uas lawv muab. Ua ib haiv neeg, muaj coob tus neeg muaj qhov kev nyiam rau kev lom zem thiab kev sib txuas sib txuas, thiab smartphones yog arguably qhov nrov tshaj plaws los ua qhov no. Tiam sis txawm ntau npaum li cas cov xov tooj ntawm tes "... tau hloov kev coj noj coj ua thiab hloov txoj kev peb ua ua lag ua luam ... kuj ceeb tias peb muaj kev xav me ntsis rau lawv cov nyhuv hauv peb [neej] "(Katz & Akhus, 2002). Qhov no yog ib qho tsimnyog uas tau muab cov lus teb rau cov neeg siv los siv lub smartphone kom tsis txhob muaj teebmeem kev sib raug zoo, los yog lwm tus neeg siv lawv cov cuab yeej hauv a kev chaw (Belardi, 2012; Merlo, Pob Zeb, & Bibbey, 2013). Txuas ntxiv tau los ua ib tus tsav tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm hloov; thaum muaj huab cua, tab sis, raug dej nyab los ntawm cov ntawv, cov ntawv, emails, thiab cov xov xwm tshiab yuav ua rau peb tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm peb, kho lawv li digital cov chaw (Turkle, 2017).
Kev siv cov cuab yeej xws li cov xov tooj smartphones kuj tau tsav los ntawm qhov kev ntshai ntawm qhov tawm ntawm lub tebchaws (Baral, 2017). Cwj pwm tsis zoo los ntawm kev ua ntawm kev txhawb zog kev kawm nyob ib ncig ntawm tej yam coj cwj pwm uas tau muab rau peb; smartphones yog pab kom ntseeg tau tias cov neeg siv tsis nco cov xwm txheej lossis kev hloov tshiab, yog li txo kev sib raug zoo. Raws li Elliot Berkman - xibfwb ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Oregon - sau ntawv, "smartphones yuav yog kev khiav dim ntawm laj vim hais tias lawv yog ib lub qhov rais rau hauv ntau lub ntiaj teb uas tsis yog ntawm ib txoj cai nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj "(Baral, 2017). Kev tiv thaiv kev siv xov tooj ntawm cov ntse rau qee cov neeg siv yuav ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab kev tsiv siab. Cov neeg siv tswv yim tseem tuaj yeem ua si lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsav tsheb, uas peb xav tau ntau yam ntxiv tom ntej.
Txoj kev kawm tam sim no yog thawj txoj kev kawm tseem ceeb rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg siv kev xav (ntsuas los ntawm theem ntawm kev paub qab hau (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000)) ntawm kev siv yees duab. Peb pom tau hais tias txoj kev ncaj nceeg ntawm CA rau kev tiv thaiv muaj ntau dua rau SNS dua smartphones, tej zaum yuav tau ua rau ib qho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qib siab ntawm kev paub lub cev - tsis muaj peev xwm tswj tau tus kheej qhov teeb meem los yog ua rau tus cwj pwm, tshwj xeeb yog cov uas tau tsav los ntawm SNS. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb pom tau hais tias feem ntau ntawm kev paub txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yog kev kho kom haum rau SNS. Hauv lwm lo lus, yees kom SNS (xws li Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, thiab lwm yam) yuav ua raws li kev txhawb lossis kev ntxias rau kev tiv thaiv tag nrho rau lub cuab yeej thiab kev sib txuas rau kev txawj ntse nqus dej. Li no, ceev ceev hauv smartphone adoption thiab pab tau hnov nrog qhov tseem ceeb proliferation ntawm SNS, qhov twg SNS siv drives smartphone yees.
Peb pom tias cov neeg siv nrog kev tiv thaiv rau lub ntsej muag kuj muaj qis dua qib CA dua cov neeg siv uas qis los tsis muaj theem ntawm cov khoom siv yees smartphone. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb kuj pom tias cov neeg siv nrog kev tiv thaiv kom SNS muaj ntau dua CA. Cov kev tshawb pom no muaj cov pov thawj ua tau vim li cas qee cov neeg siv tau kev quab yuam thaum lwm tus tsis pom muaj teeb meem siv, txawm tias muaj kev tshawb fawb ntau ntxiv los tshawb txog cov neeg tsav tsheb uas siv cov khoom siv smartphone thiab SNS.
Tig mus rau demographic yam ntawm kev paub lub cev, peb pib nrhiav tau hais tias qhov kev paub ntawm kev paub lub haum yog muaj zog rau cov pojniam ntau dua caug thaum siv SNS; lub sij hawm sib cais ncua ntawm CA tau pom tias yuav tsum tau tsav tsheb no, qhia tias poj niam muaj kev tsis tuaj yeem tso npe rau lub sij hawm thaum koom nrog SNS kev pabcuam piv rau cov txivneej. Qhov no tshwm sim raws li lub sij hawm tshwm sim kom sai dua, poob khiav ntawm lub sij hawm, thiab siv sij hawm ntau dua ntawm kev sib tham kev tshaj tawm. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm CA thiab hnub nyoog, qee qhov sib txawv tau pom tab sis cov no yog cov me nyuam yaus me me thiab li no tsis muaj kev pom tseeb tseeb. Thaum kawg, cov nyhuv ntawm CA thaum siv SNS tsis txawv ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawv.
Hauv qab, daim ntawv no ua rau peb qhov theoretical contributions. Pib, peb nyob rau ntawm 'ntaus ntawv tiv tiag cov ntsiab lus' sib cav ntawm smartphone yees, yog li, teb rau tsis ntev los no hu mus soj ntsuam qhov phenomenon (De-Sola Gutiérrez li al. 2016; Jeong li al. 2016; Pearson & Hussain, 2015). Tsis tau muaj kev kawm yav dhau los piv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv txhua yam kev nthuav dav, los yog, ntxiv, sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv mus rau ib lub cuab yeej tiv tiag rau kev siv rau kev siv; qhov sib txawv me ntsis sib txawv tseem ceeb heev li nws yuav pab peb kom nkag siab txog kev tiv thaib smartphone (Jeong li al. 2016). Qhov thib ob, peb tau soj ntsuam cov poj niam txiv neej sib txawv thiab kev siv yees smartphone nrog cov neeg siv kev xav. Thib peb, txoj kev kawm tam sim no txuas ntxiv rau peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm kev paub qab hau thiab cov neeg siv cov kev xav ntsig txog kev tiv thaiv smartphone. Collectively, qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no muaj kev txhawb rau sab tsaus nti ntawm cov xov tooj txawb xov tooj thiab neeg siv yees, thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg siv kev pom hauv computer-mediated environment.
Tawm tswv yim ua ke, cov kev tshawb pom no tseem ceeb heev rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav txog qhov tej kev sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom siv nrog lub computer ua fais fab thiab nws daim ntawv sau los yog cov ntsiab lus. Yav tom ntej kev tshawb fawb ntawm smartphone yees thiab teeb meem siv smartphone siv yog li ntawd yuav tsum muaj kev sib txuas ntxiv thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account cov kev sib txawv tseem ceeb no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muab cov kev txawj ntse ntawm kev kawm xam cov khoom siv. Hais txog qhov no yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg siv khoom; cov neeg siv tswv yim thaum nkag nrog nrog smartphones yuav tsum txawv nyob ntawm cov hauj lwm tab tom ua, qhia tias cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej no yuav tsum ua qhov no rau hauv tus account thaum tshawb nrhiav sib txawv ntawm qhov teeb meem siv smartphone.
6. Cov lus xaus
Raws li Rudi Volti (1995) tau pom "[peb] tsis muaj peev xwm nkag siab txog kev siv tshuab thiab pom nws cov teeb meem ntawm peb lub koom txoos thiab ntawm peb tus kheej yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws, yog tias feem ntau tsis pom kev, muaj teeb meem ntawm ib lub hnub nyoog uas tau hnyav dhau los ntawm hloov kho. "Qhov sib txawv ntawm smartphone technology yog tias nws muaj lub peev xwm ntawm ib txhij tso liberating cov neeg siv thiab kuj subjugating lawv, uas yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem rau tus neeg siv coj tus cwj pwm thiab tej kev tiv thaiv. Raws li xws li, nws yuav zoo li yuav tsum to taub cov nyhuv uas smartphone technology muaj rau cov neeg siv thiab zej zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sab tsaus nti ntawm kev siv tshuab. Txoj kev tshawb xyuas no txuas ntxiv rau lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv technology thiab smartphone yees hauv ntau cov lus qhia. Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev kawm tam sim no qhia tias muaj txawv qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm cov quav rau cov khoom siv smartphone thiab SNS hais txog cov neeg siv quav; kev yees rau lub xov tooj khoom siv hluav taws xob yog ntau dua li kev quav rau SNS (t = 7.303, p <.001), cov khoom siv smartphone sib txawv los ntawm kawm kev kawm (F = 3.098, p = .048), thaum SNS siv tsis sib txawv, tub los ntxhais, hnub nyoog lossis kev kawm. Cov txiaj ntsig no hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tsis txwv txiav txoj kev tshawb fawb mus rau kev kawm ntawm cov neeg siv kev coj tus cwj pwm nrog lub cuab yeej nws tus kheej hauv kev rho tawm, tab sis kuj yuav tsum them qhov lees paub rau nws txoj kev siv thiab cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Peb tseem pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg siv; cov neeg siv quav hauv lub xov tooj ntse thiab SNS kev paub ntau dua ntawm kev nkag siab kev nkag siab (F = 19.592, p <.001; thiab F = 13.902, p <.001 feem), kev nkag siab zoo yog xav paub ntau dua los ntawm poj niam ntau dua li txivneej thaum siv SNS (t = 2.421, p = .017), qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev nkag siab kev nkag siab yog ntau dua rau SNS dua li cov xov tooj (Z = 1.766, p = .039), thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev haus tshuaj smartphone yog sib kho los ntawm kev quav rau SNS (Z = 6.865, p <.001).
6.1. Qhov cuam tshuam
Txoj kev tshawb no ua rau ntau txoj kev koom tes rau txoj kev xav, txoj cai thiab kev xyaum. Txawm tias muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb xyuas txog kev tiv thaiv lub xov tooj ntawm smartphone (saib, piv txwv, Bian & Leung, 2015; Rosen li al. 2013; Van Deursen li al. 2015) ob peb tau sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov kev siv kom thiaj li to taub zoo dua qhov teeb meem siv smartphone. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb xyuas tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab kev siv compulsive smartphone (Lee et al. 2014; Wang li al 2015), cov neeg siv tswv yim tau raug tso tseg. Ntsuas los ntawm kev paub lub cev, peb pom tias cov neeg siv cuab yeej txuas mus rau kev tshaj tawm txoj hauv kev hauv lub xeev muaj kev sib koom tes thiab kev koom tes - qhov yuav piav qhia li "txoj kev nkag siab". Yog li ntawd, los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, txoj kev tshawb no yog thawj kauj ruam kev tshawb nrhiav los kos cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov kev siv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov teeb meem siv smartphone, thiab cov neeg siv kev pom zoo.
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm txoj cai siv tuaj yeem raug twv tau. Pib, peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo pov hwm piav txog kev ua ub ua no xws li 'yees ", tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev siv smartphone, uas tej zaum yuav yog vim muaj cov teeb meem loj (xws li impulse tswj mob). Qhov no tau hais li cas los xij, ntau tshaj li ntawm kev siv lub tshuab hlwb hlau yuav ua rau kev sib nrauj thiab puas tus kheej kev sib raug zoo. Zoo ib yam li kev sib cav sib ceg Siv Internet thiab nws cov cai (Barnes & Pressey, 2014), cov kev cai ntawm kev siv smartphone yog teeb meem thiab ib qho kev qhia txog kev sib cav sib ceg tsis ntev los no nyob rau hauv xov xwm, txawm tias dhau qhov txoj kev kawm tam sim no. Tsis muaj daim ntawv sau dab tsi los ntawm kev siv cov tshuab siv technology ntau heev - kev quav tshuaj, kev siv compulsive and habitual, los yog quav tshuaj - yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb hauv feem ntau tsim lub teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muab smartphone siv yog yuav luag tus kheej-tswj. Raws li cov khoom siv thiab cov kev sib tw ua cov neeg ntse, lawv muaj peev xwm txhawb kom neeg siv kev koom tes thiab kev koom tes, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav ua rau ntau pab. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias compulsive smartphone yuav ua rau 'technostress' (Lee et al. 2014) - qhov tsis muaj peev xwm tswj tau nrog tshiab xam tshuab (Brod, 1984), thiab cov neeg siv kev pom muaj kev ntxhov siab vim kev sib txuas lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm (Ragu-Nathan, Tarafdar, Ragu-Nathan, & Tu, 2008).
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no kuj muaj kev ua tau zoo. Smartphones tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub neej txhua hnub rau ntau tus neeg, thiab whilst qhov kev siv tshuab ua lub peev xwm los koom rau hauv social networking, kev lom zem, thiab kev kawm txuj ci, nws tseem tuaj yeem ua tau, ua rau muaj kev vam khom thiab kev siv compulsive, thiab thaum kawg puas siab puas ntsws nyuaj siab rau qee cov neeg sivJames & Drennan, 2005; Lee et al. 2014). Kev lag luam kev siv rau cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm uas yuav pab txhawb tau qis tshaj ntawm kev paub qab hau yog muaj kev sib tw, nrog cov xov xwm tawm xov xwm seb cov tub ntxhais yuav tsum muaj kev ceeb toom kev mob nkeeg, thiab kev txhawj xeeb ntawm teeb meem siv smartphone ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas (Peel, 2017; Siddique, 2015). Ib daim ntawv thov ntxiv los txhawb cov tib neeg uas muaj teeb meem siv smartphone uas yog siv xov xwm mobile app uas teev cov ntawv thov rau nws cov neeg siv, uas yuav tsum pab nrog kev tswj tus kheej.
6.2. Cov kev txwv thiab kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej
Txoj kev tshawb no muaj ntau qhov kev txwv. Hais txog Internal validity, kev tshawb fawb yog raws tus neeg tuaj koom ' tus kheej hais tawm, uas tej zaum yuav yooj yim rau kev sib txawv raws li tus qauv. Qhov no tau hais, cov lus ceeb toom ntawm tus kheej yuav yog qhov siv tau tshaj plaws los mus ntsuas tus tib neeg tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev xav, raws li cov ncauj lus raug muab tso zoo tshaj plaws los muab kev nkag siab txog lawv tus kheej kev ntseeg dua li cov neeg soj ntsuam sab nraud. Cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv siv sib txawv, txawm li cas los xij, tej zaum yuav ua rau yog exaggerated (Spector, 2006). Secondly, hais txog lwm cov validity, qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog nyob ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam cov kab lus daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, muab kev pab rau ib tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas, uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev txheeb xyuas pej xeem cov kev sib raug zoo hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav siv sijhawm ntev kev tshawb nrhiav thiab cov qauv dav dav ntxiv rau hauv kev sim kom siv cov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov kev kawm tam sim no. Yuav kom ua tau li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum tsom xyuas cov kev pabcuam thiab nrhiav cov qauv uas ua haujlwm ntau dua tus sawv cev ntawm cov pej xeem SNS. Thib peb, yog tias ob qhov kev sib tw ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov kev paub ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab thiab qhov ob qhov kev tiv thaiv, peb yuav pib nug seb qhov kev paub ntawm qhov kev yoojyim tam sim no puas tsim nyog rau nws daim ntawv rau kev kawm txog kev quav tshuaj rau kev sib raug zoo, thiab ua li cas kev tes hauj lwm sib txawv yuav txawv ntawm immersion rau lwm tus muaj yees yeeb yam. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev txhawj xeeb hauv qhov no lub ntsiab lus qhia lwm txoj hau kev rau txoj kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej los txhim kho nyob nrog kev ua haujlwm.
Muaj ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab rau kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej ntawm kev quav tshuaj rau smartphone thiab lawv cov ntawv thov thiab sab tsaus nti ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis ntau dua, tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg hauv zej zog uas muaj kev pheej hmoo nrog rau cov hluas thiab cov los ntawm cov hnub nyoog yau. Ib lo lus nug uas xav tau kev saib xyuas ntxiv yog seb kev siv lub xov tooj smartphone txuas ntxiv tau tiag tiag kom txuas txoj kev siv Internet. Ntxiv mus, qee qhov teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem siv smartphone (piv txwv, sib hu ntawm smartphone zombies), tseem tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas ntxaws. Peb yuav tsum txav mus los ntawm kev kawm ntawm 'thoob ntiaj teb' kev quav rau ib qho cuab yeej mus rau kev kawm paub ntxiv uas pom qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab nws cov ntawv thov thiab cov neeg siv quav, nrog rau kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg siv kev nkag siab ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis. Thaum kawg, muab qhov ubiquity ntawm cov khoom siv smartphone nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nkag siab qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ob qho tib si hauv nws lub peev xwm los tso tawm thiab txo qis.
Cov ntawv ntxiv. Tshawb nrhiav khoom
Kev Tsim Nyog Txaus
Temporal Dissociation
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Tsom Xaiv Kev Kawm
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Heightened Kev lom zem
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Control
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Xav paub
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Tiv Thaiv rau Dais
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Kuv qee zaus tsis quav ntsej txog tej yam tseem ceeb vim kuv nyiam kuv smartphone.
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My kev sib raug zoo muaj qee zaum raug kev txom nyem vim yog kuv cuam tshuam kuv lub smartphone.
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Siv kuv lub xov tooj qee zaum cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov kev ua ub no.
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Thaum twg kuv tsis siv kuv lub smartphone, Kuv pheej hnov ntxhov siab.
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Kuv tau ua tsis tau npaj siab txo lub sijhawm siv kuv lub xov tooj.
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Kuv xav tias ploj tsis muaj kuv social networking apps.
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Kuv yuav tau txais kev cuam tshuam yooj yim los ntawm kev sib tham kev sib tham.
Kev sib tw rau App
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Kuv qee zaum tsis quav ntsej txog tej yam tseem ceeb vim kuv nyiam nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus sib tham.
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Kuv lub neej kev muaj qee zaum raug kev txom nyem vim kuv tau koom nrog kev sib tham kev sib tham.
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Siv cov kev sib tham sib tham nrog qee lub sij hawm cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov kev ua ub no.
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Thaum kuv tsis siv cov kev sib tham txog kev sib tham, kuv pheej hnov ntxhov siab.
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Kuv tau ua tsis tau npaj siab kom txo tau cov sij hawm uas kuv tau txais nrog kev sib txuas lus.
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Kuv xav tias ploj tsis muaj kuv lub smartphone.
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Kuv yuav tsum tau yooj yim los ntawm smartphone.
References
- Agarwal thiab Karahanna, 2000
- R. Agarwal, E. KarahannaLub sij hawm ya thaum koj muaj kev lom zem: Kev nkag siab kev nkag siab thiab ntseeg txog cov ntaub ntawv siv cuab yeej technologyMIS Peb Lub Hlis, 24 (4) (2000), pp. 665-694
- Ajzen, 1985
- I. AjzenLos ntawm kev xa mus rau kev ua: Ib qho kev xav ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwmJ. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (Eds.), Kev tswj kom ua: Los ntawm kev nkag siab mus rau tus cwj pwm, Springer-Verlag, New York (1985), pp. 11-39
- Ajzen, 1991
- I. AjzenQhov kev tshawb xav ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwmKev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm thiab Kev Txiav Txim Siab Rau Tib Neeg, 50 (2) (1991), pp. 179-211
American Psychiatric Association, 2013
Cov Barnes thiab Pressey, 2014
Cov Barnes thiab Pressey, 2017
Brancheau thiab Wetherbe, 1990
Txuas hniav thiab Florsheim, 2008
De-Sola Gutiérrez li al., 2016
Txoj kab thiab Tus Cooj Pwm, 2011
Lehenbauer-Baum thiab Fohringer, 2015
Merriam-Webster Phau Ntawv Teev Cov Kws Kho Mob, 1995
Morahan-Martin thiab Schumacher, 2000
Chaw Ua Si thiab Chaw Ua Si, 2014
Pawłowska thiab Potembska, 2012
Sanchez Martinez thiab Otero, 2009
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