Tej Yam Muaj Feem Xyuam (Neurobiological Risk Factors) rau Kev Tsim Txom ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv hauv Internet hauv Cov Hluas (2019)

Behav. Sci. 2019, 9(6), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9060062

Review
Sergey Tereshchenko * thiab Edward Kasparov
Tshawb fawb lub koom haum ntawm kev kho mob teeb meem ntawm sab qaum teb, Tsoom fwv teb chaws tshawb fawb Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Centre ntawm lub Siberian ceg ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences", Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia

Abstract

Kev pom zoo thiab kev sib kis ntawm Internet yees hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas, nrog rau kev ceev nrawm ntawm cov khoom siv Internet thiab muaj ntau tshaj li ntawm smartphones thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj siv Internet, yog qhov teeb meem tshiab rau cov khoos phis ntxiv uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev daws teeb meem. Zoo li feem ntau ntawm lwm cov kev mob hlwb, kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv Internet yog nyob ntawm ib pawg ntawm ntau cov neeg mob polygenic. Rau txhua qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb, muaj kev sib txuam nrog kev sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu (kev tsim muaj cov tawv nqaij, kev qaug zog, kev quab yuam, thiab kev txais tos ntawm cov neuromediators), thiab muaj ntau yam ntxiv hauv cheeb tsam (tsev neeg, kev sib raug zoo, thiab haiv neeg-kab lis kev cai). Ib qho ntawm cov kev cov nyom loj tshaj hauv kev tsim cov qauv bio-psychosocial ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yog los txiav txim xyuas seb cov noob thiab cov leeg neuromediators muaj feem xyuam rau qhov kev tiv thaiv muaj zog. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav ua rau pib tshawb nrhiav cov hom phiaj tshiab thiab kev txhim kho cov tswv yim tiv thaiv ntxov, nrog rau kev txheeb xyuas cov kev mob caj ces. Cov kev rov ntsuam xyuas no nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov kev paub tam sim no muaj feem xyuam rau cov teeb meem txog kev siv roj ntsha hauv Internet txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet rau cov hluas. Cim, cov ntaub ntawv neurochemical thiab neuroimaging cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau cov kev sib txuas mus rau qhov tseeb pathogenetic hypotheses raws li tus qauv bio-psychosocial ntawm IA txoj kev ua.
Keywords: kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet; cov tub ntxhais hluas; comorbidity; neurobiology; neuroimaging; neurotransmitters; noob polymorphism

1. Introduction

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv Internet hauv peb lub neej-tau-hnub yog tsim tau ntau qhov kev tsim txiaj ntsig. Tib lub sij hawm, nws tau muaj ntau yam kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam rau kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev mob nkeeg, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau ib lub cev loj thiab tsis ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb. Kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet (IA) yog ib qho tshiab ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, feem ntau tshwm sim hauv kev sib koom ua ke (xws li, cov hluas thiab cov laus). IA yog ib qho ntawm 11 cov qauv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm. Tamsim no, nws tau pom tias qhov kev kuaj xyuas pom tias tso cai rau qhov kev sib txuam ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj nrog nws cov cim ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Kev ua si hauv internet yog muaj nyob hauv Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws mob hlwb, thib tsib tsab ntawv (DSM-V), tab sis muab tso rau hauv tshooj ntawv hu ua "Conditions for further study". "Feem ntau hauv online gaming teeb meem" yog npaj los ua ib qho chaw nyob hauv International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) [1].
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm classical psychology thiab psychiatry, IA yog ib qho tshiab tshwm sim. Cov ntawv nyeem siv cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv xws li siv "siv internet", "problematic Internet usage", "pathological Internet use", thiab "Internet addiction".
Los ntawm lub sijhawm thaum IA phenomenon thawj zaug tau piav nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb fawb [2,3,4] mus txog rau tam sim no, kev sib tham txog qhov qhia meej txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xav hauv psychopathological no tab tom [5,6]. Psychologist Mark Griffiths, yog ib tus neeg lees paub tias muaj kev ywj pheej zoo tshaj plaws, yog tus sau phau ntawv txhais tau hais tias: "Kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yog siv yeeb tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog tshuaj, uas muaj neeg siv tshuab (computer-Internet) sib cuam tshuam" [7].
Txawm tias cov ntsiab lus thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm IA tsis tu ncua hauv kev sib cav, cov kws kho mob thiab cov kws kho mob tau pom zoo rau plaub yam tseem ceeb rau qhov kev kuaj mob no [8,9].
(1)
Kev siv ntau hauv Internet (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ua cim los ntawm lub sij hawm poob los sis tsis ua haujlwm): compulsive striving rau kev siv Internet, loj hlob tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv Internet hauv tus tub ntxhais hluas txoj kev siv tus kheej qhov tseem ceeb;
(2)
Cov tsos mob ntawm kev tshem tawm: kev vam meej voj voos (tshem tawm cov kev mob tshwm sim) thaum tsis muaj Internet (npau taws, kev nyuab siab, thiab kev ntxhov siab);
(3)
Kev Tiv Thaiv: Yuav tsum siv sij hawm ntau hauv Internet, ua qauv siv los ntawm kev xav tau kev siv hauv Internet kom txo tau cov kev mob siab ntsws tsis zoo; thiab
(4)
Kev Cuam Tshuam Zoo: cuam tshuam ntau dhau hauv Internet siv, tsis zoo rau qhov tsis zoo los ntawm kev xav ntawm psychosocial; tsis dhau kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los thiab kev lom zem xws li ntawm kev sib koom tes; kev tsis sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev kawm, thiab kev sib tw kev sib tw ua rau kev siv Internet; quarrels thiab lies nrog regards mus siv hauv Internet; rov mob dua: kev tswj tus kheej tsis ua hauj lwm hauv kev siv internet.
Tam sim no, ntau yam tshuaj etiopathogenetic tau npaj tseg rau IA tsim rau cov tub ntxhais hluas [10]. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais txog cov me nyuam hluas thaum lub caij pib IA vim tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, kev xav tsis zoo, thiab kev ua lag luam muaj txiaj ntsim zoo heev, uas yog feem ntau yog vim li cas tsis ua kom tiav cov tub ntxhais hluas lub hlwb [11,12]. Lwm tus neeg sau ntawv npaj tau ib "kev sib txuas ntawm lub tshuab bio-psychosocial" los ua ke los yog cov teeb meem-hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov phooj ywg thiab / lossis cov laus- nrog rau kev sib kis ntawm kev sib kis ntawm psychopathological [10]) thiab cov teeb meem txog kev puas hlwb neurobiological rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm IA [13,14]. Qee yam ntawm cov teeb meem neurobiological rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm IA rau cov hluas thaum raws li tus qauv bio-psychosocial yuav tau muab los tham hauv zaj lus qhia no.

2. Epidemiology kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet

Hauv kev soj ntsuam cov pejxeem, IA cov kev kuaj yuav tsum tau muaj tseeb los ntawm cov lus nug txog kev puas siab ntsws uas tau tsim tshwj xeeb tsim thiab ua tiav rau cov hluas. Cov lus nug thawj, tsom rau IA cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, yog Kimberly Young Internet Kev Txheeb Xyuas, uas tau muaj nyob hauv 1998; nws tau tsim los qhia txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. Cov tub ntxhais hluas txoj kev tshawb nrhiav teeb meem ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv IA kuaj mob siv cov cuab yeej tsim kho. Txij thaum ntawd los, ib chav ntawm cov lus nug tshiab tau tshwm sim, txuam nrog kev nthuav dav ntawm kev soj ntsuam thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas kev xav txog ntau dua. Tus nplua nuj Internet Nplhaib Nplhaib (CIAS) nyob ntawm lawv [15], tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov tub ntxhais hluas.
Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thoob ntiaj teb rau IA cov tub ntxhais hluas qhia tau hais tias muaj ntau nyob rau ntau qhov ntawm 1% rau 18% [6], nyob ntawm cov haiv neeg kev sib raug zoo thiab cov kev ntsuas thiab cov lus nug uas siv rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe, IA muaj feem cuam rau cov tub ntxhais hluas yog 1-11%, nrog rau nruab nrab ntawm 4.4% [16]. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, IA muaj nyob rau hauv cov laus yog 0.3-8.1% [17]. Cov hluas thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob rau hauv Esxias teb chaws (Suav Teb, Kaus Lim Kauslim, thiab lwm tus) qhia tias muaj ntau dua IA prevalence 8.1-26.5% [18,19]. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, Russia, Malygin li al. soj ntsuam 190 cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm qib 9-11 (uas muaj hnub nyoog 15-18 xyoo). Cov kev tshawb xyuas pom tau hais tias 42.0% cov tub ntxhais hluas tau siv cov kev siv hauv Internet ntau (ua ntej cov theem ua ntej, raws li tus neeg sau phau ntawv txhais) thiab 11.0% tau tshwm sim ntawm IA. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, tus Lavxias teb sab version ntawm CIAS cov lus nug, tau lees paub los ntawm cov sau phau ntawv, tau siv [20]. Nyob rau lwm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntxhais hluas, cov sau phau ntawv pom tau tias cov 1,084 cov hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm 15.56 xyoo, 4.25% tau IA raws li kev kuaj mob thiab 29.33% pom ntau hauv Internet siv (pre-addictive theem, raws li tus sau phau ntawv txhais)21].

3. Comorbidity ntawm Internet Addiction

Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau convincingly qhia IA comorbidity nrog ib tug broad ntau ntawm psychopathologic tej yam kev mob. Ho li al nyob rau hauv lawv qhov kev ntsuas-hlau ua rau kuv kev ntxhov siab nrog kev nyuab siab (LOSSIS = 2.77, CI = 2.04-3.75), kev muaj kev ntxhov siab (LOSSIS = 2.70, CI = 1.46-4.97), qhov ntsej poob ntsej muag-qhov tsis taus (ADHD); LOSSIS = 2.85, CI = 2.15-3.77) [22]. Hauv lawv txoj kev rov xyuas, Carli li al. pom tias kev nyuaj siab thiab ADHD muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog IA. Lub koom haum tsawg dua, tiam sis tseem muaj kev koom tes nrog kev ntxhov siab, obsessive compulsive mob, kev phobia, thiab kev cwj pwm nruj [23]. Tib cov lus xaus tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm lwm qhov kev rov ntsuam xyuas dua [24]. Durkee li al. Tus [25] kev tshawb fawb koom nrog tus qauv 11,356 cov tub ntxhais hluas los ntawm 11 European cov teb chaws thiab pom tias IA yog txuam nrog kev ua phem rau tus kheej thiab kev ua phem xws li kev nyuaj siab thiab kev ntxhov siab. Tib yam tau los ntawm Jiang thiab al. [26]. Lwm cov neeg tshawb fawb tau npaj siab tias IA muaj feem xyuam nrog meej ntiag tug nta, xws li "xav nrhiav". Qhov no yog nquag piav los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Western uas yog siv zog, tshiab, thiab nyuaj, uas feem ntau pheej hmoo ua [27]. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev kawm longitudinal, Guillot li al. qhia cov koom haum IA nrog anhedonia rau cov neeg laus (ie, tsis muaj zog txaus siab kom muaj kev lom zem, uas yog raug rau kev nyuaj siab) [28].
Cov koom haum IA nrog cov kab mob hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws tsis meej, tab sis lawv tej zaum yuav muab tau tias cov kab mob comorbid tej zaum yuav muaj kev sib raug zoo (xws li, ntxhov siab vim, kev nyuaj siab, thiab obsessive-compulsive mob). Wei li al. pom tau hais tias IA yog txuam nrog mob mob syndromes [29]. Cerutti li al. pom tsis muaj cov koom haum muaj txiaj ntsig sib txawv ntawm IA thiab nro taub hau / yastes yau, tab sis muaj cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob somatic, feem ntau, tau nquag pom hauv IA cov neeg mob [30]. Lwm cov neeg sau npe pom muaj kev koom tes ntawm IA nrog kev mob pw tsaug zog hauv cov hluas [31]. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li tau raug muab qhia rau ib tus qauv ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv Japanese [32].

4. Pathogenesis ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet hauv Cov Ntsiab Lus ntawm Neurobiology

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub paj hlwb thaum lub caij nyoog tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev tsim nyob hauv lub cev limbic thiab prefrontal cortical regions ntawm ntau lub sijhawm [33]. Hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas, qhov kev txhim kho ntawm prefrontal cortex txhim kho sij hawm ntev dua rau ntawm qhov kev limbic tau ua rau tsis muaj zog tsis txaus ntseeg los ntawm sab qaum teb cortical rau sab hauv subcortical cov qauv, uas ua rau ntau tus neeg muaj peev xwm,34].
Tam sim no, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua los kawm txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet uas siv cov kev siv ntau hom paj hlwb, nrog rau ntau hom kev txawv ntawm lub paj hlwb ntawm cov qauv ua muaj zog magnetic resonance tomography (xws li, voxel-based morphometry, diffusion tensor imaging, thiab muaj zog magnetic resonance imaging) thiab nuclear magnetic resonance tomography (xws li, positron emission tomography thiab ib qho photon emission computed tomography). Raws li cov txheej txheem uas tau muab teev tseg, cov lus hauv qab no hloov hauv cov paj hlwb hauv IA-kev txuam nrog [35,36,37]: txo qis ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm grey hauv ntau thaj tsam, nrog rau prefrontal, orbitofrontal cortex, thiab ntxiv qhov chaw tsav tsheb [38]; txawv txav ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm hlwb hauv cheeb tsam txuam nrog kev tso siab ntawm kev ntshaw [11]; ua kom muaj kev sib txuas lus qoj cev nrog lub sijhawm simultaneous ntawm kev sib tham ntawm audiovisual [39]; qhib lub hlwb hauv cheeb tsam uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev tsim muaj lub siab xav tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev poob siab; glucose-nce metabolism hauv hlwb hauv thaj tsam nrog impulsivity; vam khom rau nqi zog thiab kev cia siab rau txoj kev rov qab ua dua ntawm kev xav paub meej somatic [40]; thiab dopamine-enhanced secretion nrog ntxiv qis ntawm dopamine receptor muaj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam striatal [41]. Kev tsom pom ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub hwj chim tau pom tias tsawg lub sij hawm ntawm cov lus teb, uas tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev yeem tswj kev ywj pheej [42].
Tag nrho ntau hom neuromediators tuaj yeem koom tes rau hauv cov kabmob neurobiological ntawm IA tsim rau cov hluas. Piv txwv li, oxytocin-qhov hormone ntawm kev ntseeg siab, kev sib raug zoo, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo-ua rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kev ncaj qha kev sib raug zoo hauv cov hluas. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom cov koom haum ua ke ntawm cov cheeb tsam txawv polymorphic ntawm oxytocin receptor thiab CD38 noob nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab mob neurodevelopmental, xws li autistic spectrum ntshawv siab. Qhov no tau soj ntsuam cov kev qhia hauv kev ntsuam xyuas los ntawm Feldman et al. [43]. Oxytocin ntau ntawm cov qaub ncaug tau pom tias yuav tsis sib haum nrog cov kev xav ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm, uas tau txheeb xyuas tau siv cov Lus Cog Tseg thiab Cov Lus Teeb meem [44]. Cov kws sau tib yam tau teev tias cov khoom siv oxytocin tsawg dua hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj kev vam meej. Sasaki li al. tsis pom cov koom haum nruab nrab ntawm oxytocin concentration hauv qaub ncaug thiab ua kom pom cov kev mob tshwm sim rau cov hluas, tab sis cov neeg mob uas muaj kev nyuaj siab kho tau pom muaj ntau dua oxytocin dua li kev tswj hwm nrog kev nyuaj siab uas tsis muaj zog [45]. Qis oxytocin plasma tau poob rau hauv cov me nyuam uas muaj kev txhawj ntse / mob siab tsis zoo, thiab nws tsis zoo rau kev lam ua thiab kev tsis pom kev [46,47].
Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia txog txoj kev txuas ntawm cov kab mob oxytocinergic thiab kev tsim ntawm cov cwj pwm sib txawv hauv cov hluas thiab cov laus [48]. Kev siv ntawm kev siv oxytocin hauv kev kho rau ntau hom kev quav tshuaj (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev tsim kua cawv) tau pom zoo siv cov tsiaj sim [49] thiab kev tshawb nrhiav [48]. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev kho mob oxytocin nyob rau hauv kev quav tshuaj muaj yees yog cov kev ua rau lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab kev nce siab hauv kev siab ntsws nyob rau hauv kev tsis txaus siab, qis txhawj xeeb, kev loj hlob ntawm kev xaav rau kev hais lus, rov ua dua ntawm kev sib raug zoo, thiab kev txo ntawm kev ua siab ntev. Vim kev puas siab ntsws nyuab siab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim tawm ntawm kev quav tshuaj, qhov hypothesis txog oxytocin los tiv thaiv kev nyuab siab nyuab ua rau qhov kev tiv thaiv tau tshwm tuaj yeem [50]. Oxytocin los tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm kev txwv tsis pub dhau lub tswv yim ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, kev cai ntawm lub cev nruab nrab ntawm lub cev mesolimbic dopamine, thiab cov corticotropin-release hormone ntau lawm.
Yog tseem hais txog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev xeeb ceem rau tus cwj pwm uas tshwm sim tau tshwm sim. Qhov kev ntsuas no tau pom muaj txuam nrog kev ua tsis tiav ntawm oxytocinergic system. Yog li, kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic tests rau 593 cov hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoo ua rau nrhiav kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov dej cawv ntau heev thiab tsim cawv yees hauv cov tub (tsis nyob rau hauv cov menyuam ntxhais) txog rau lub hnub nyoog 25 nrog homozygosity ntsig txog A allele variant ntawm rs53576 polymorphic thaj av ntawm oxytocin receptor gene [51]. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus tub ntxhais hluas suicidal tus cwj pwm thiab hom kev hloov homozygosis ntawm tus OXTR noob tau raug qhia los ntawm Parris li al. [52].
Kev koom tes ntawm cov khoom nram qab no hauv cov kev ua rau tus neeg hluas tus cwj pwm tsis txaus ntseeg muaj peev xwm heev, tiam sis tseem tsis tau kawm zoo. Ntxiv nrog rau oxytocin, muaj cov nram qab no cov ntsiab lus neuromediators:
(1)
Melanocortin (α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)): Orellana li al. [53] npaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm melanocortin nyob rau hauv qhov kev tsim tawm ntawm kev quav tshuaj nyob rau cov hluas.
(2)
Neurotensin: Neurotensin khwb khuav muab kev koom tes hauv cov tes taw ntawm dopamine signaling thiab tsim tawm ntawm kev quav tshuaj muaj yees; muaj qee zaum muaj kev kho mob zoo ntawm qee hom kev tiv thaiv nrog cov khoom cua neurotensin [54].
(3)
Orexin: Orexin tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam rau hauv qhov tsim teebmeem ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thiab tsim kom muaj tus cwj pwm uas muaj yees [55].
(4)
Cov tshuaj P (neurokinin A): Kev cuam tshuam rau cov khoom tsim tau tus kabmob P yog xav kom muaj feem xyuam rau kev tsim ntau hom kev quav tshuaj muaj yees; tam sim no, muaj cov kev sim soj ntsuam qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov dej neurokinin receptor kev ua haujlwm hauv kev kho rau kev quav tshuaj [56,57].

5. Cov noob caj noob ces hauv Internet

Hauv kev sib piv rau nws lwm hom kev coj tus cwj pwm (xws li kev twv txiaj thiab kev quav yeeb tshuaj), kev tshawb xyuas me me tau tsom mus rau qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Internet. Piv txwv, hauv thawj qhov kev tshawb nrhiav hauv 2014, cov sau phau ntawv tau tshawb xyuas 825 Cov Hluas thiab cov kev sib raug zoo nrog cov khoom faib hauv 58-66% ntawm cov pejxeem [58]. Tom qab ntawd, cov kws soj ntsuam ntawm kev sib tw sib txuas los ntawm Netherlands (48% hauv 2016 [59], Australia (41% hauv 2016 [60], thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees (21-44% hauv 2017 [61]) tuaj rau cov lus xaus zoo li no. Yog li ntawd, qhov muaj cov caj ces tivthaiv hauv IA uas tau tsim muaj tseeb los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav ntxaib rau ntau tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, tej yam noob qoob noob nyoog uas tej zaum yuav txuam nrog cov kabmob ntawm qhov qub txeeg qub teg tseem tsis tau paub. Kev tshawb xyuas plaub qhov kev tshawb xyuas tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov cheeb tsam polymorph ntawm tsib tus neeg sib tw noob:
(1)
rs1800497 (dopamine D2 receptor noob (DRD2), Taq1A1 allele) thiab rs4680 (methionine variant ntawm dopamine degradation enzyme catecholamine-o-methyltransferase (COMT) Gene): Thawj cov kev tshawb fawb tau hais txog cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas nyob rau hauv South Kauslim. Txoj kev tshawb no pom hais tias qhov nyiaj ntawm cov me alleles yog txuam nrog dopamine qes tsawg zuj zus (rs4680) thiab tsawg tus dopamine receptors hauv prefrontal cortex (rs1800497) nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib cov pathological obsession rau kev ua si hauv Internet [62]. Cov kev sib txawv hais txog kev sib haum xeeb muaj peev xwm ua tau ib txhij nrog rau kev sib tw txog kev quav dej caw, kev twv txiaj, thiab ADHD.
(2)
rs25531 (serotonin transporter noob (SS-5HTTLPR), tsis tshua muaj tus kabmob (allelic variants): Lee et al. [63] tsom tias cov kev sib txawv ntawm txhua tus kab mob ntawm serotonin transporter noob tuaj yeem txuam nrog txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv Internet. Raws li tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm ntau cov kev tshawb fawb, hais tias kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic variants kuj tau txuam nrog ib qho kev xav rau kev nyuab siab-feem ntau tus mob comorbid teeb meem hauv Internet-hom kev kawm [64].
(3)
rs1044396 (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 4 (CHRNA4) gene): ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas me me ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Montag thiab al. [65] pom muaj cov koom haum nrog cov koom haum CC genotype ntawm lub polymorphism rs1044396, uas yog tseem muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tiv thaiv nicotine thiab kev tuaj yeem cuam tshuam.
(4)
rs2229910 (neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3 (NTRK3) Gene): Ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm Jeong li al. [66] tau tsom rau kev tshwj xeeb thiab 30 cov laus nrog Internet kev tiv thaiv thiab 30 cov kev noj qab nyob zoo. Cov kev tshawb fawb xws li kawm 83 polymorph regions thiab qhia cov lus teb haum cov lus teb nrog ib cheeb tsam: rs2229910. Tej zaum, qhov no yog cuam tshuam nrog kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab, kev mob obsessive-compulsive ntshawv siab, thiab kev noj qab haus huv-kev noj qab haus huv cov kab mob.
Lub prevalence ntawm ib co polymorphic regions supposedly txuam nrog tsim ntawm Internet yees muaj peev xwm muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv cov haiv neeg sib txawv. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm haiv neeg hauv kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov koom haum ua teb no tau muab rau lawv txaus. Kev rov xyuas dua los ntawm Luczak li al. [67] feeb nyob rau ntawm cov neeg txawv ntawm lub 11 cov qauv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm. Tsuas muaj ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pom (hais yav tas los hauv kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm Kuss thiab al. [16]) qhov twg IA haiv neeg raug txiav txim siab [68]. Cov sau phau ntawv tau tshawb xyuas 1470 cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. Lawv tau qhia ntau zaus ntawm IA hauv cov neeg sawv cev Asian (8.6%) piv rau cov tsis yog Asian (3.8%) cov tebchaws. Ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas tib lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb, qhia txog kev sib tw ntawm lub computer kev ua si nyob hauv cov neeg Mis Kas tsis yog neeg European (piv txwv li, cov neeg Amelikas thiab cov Amelikas dub) piv rau Caucasian (dawb) haiv neeg [67]. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws (11 lub teb chaws) muaj kev sim rau cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv Europe, cov sau phau ntawv tau pom tias nws yog kev tshaj tawm nrog kev tua tus kheej, kev nyuab siab, thiab kev txhawj xeeb, tiam sis kev koom tes ntawm txhua tus comorbidity txawv hauv txhua lub teb chaws. Cov sau phau ntawv xaus lus tias kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog tsim nyog nrog txoj kev ntshaw ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev coj noj coj ua, thiab, tej zaum, haiv neeg (caj) cov cwj pwm [25,69]. Los ntawm peb qhov kev xam pom, kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm haiv neeg thiab thaj chaw sib txawv hauv Internet kev tiv thaiv, uas tib lub sij hawm ua rau cov neeg txawv lwm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov kev noj qab haus huv txawv ntawm cov pej xeem, yog ib thaj chaw uas muaj nuj nqis rau cov paj hlwb uas niaj hnub hais txog cov tub ntxhais hluas kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj.

6. Cov lus xaus

Kev pom sai thiab kev tsim kho ntawm kev siv Internet hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas yog txuam nrog kev ceev ceev hauv Internet-content spectrum hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev muaj nyob thoob plaws hauv kev nkag mus rau hauv Internet. Cov teeb meem no yuav tsum tau ceev nrooj los nrhiav kev kho mob thiab kev tiv thaiv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm genetic tivthaiv hauv IA tsim yog cov lus qhia los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav ntxaib los ntawm kev kawm ntau tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, txog li tam sim no, cov noob uas koom rau hauv cov mechanisms ntawm tej yam qub txeeg qub teg tseem tsis tau txheeb xyuas. Kev tsom xam ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet, nrog tib lub sij hawm tshawb xyuas raws li kev sib txawv ntawm cov haiv neeg ntawm cov pej xeem cov kab mob ntawm cov pejxeem, yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yog tias cov kws kho mob sib txawv ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse sib koom tes (piv txwv li, cov kws kho mob, cov kws kho mob, cov kws kho mob, cov kws kho mob hlwb, cov kws kho mob hlwb, cov kws kho mob hlwb, thiab cov kws kho mob), ces cov kab mob tshiab ntawm cov kab mob IA tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis ntev. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm kev tshawb fawb no yuav ua rau kev nrhiav pom cov kev xam pom tshiab nrog rau kev txheeb xyuas cov kev tsim kho ntawm kev tsim kho kev tsim kho hauv Internet thiab kev siv tus kheej kho cov kev pab cuam rau cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv Internet.
Sau cov tswv yim

ST tsim thiab tsim qhov kev ntsuam xyuas, sau daim ntawv; EK nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshawb thiab tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyiaj

Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau raug nyiaj los ntawm Lavxias Foundation rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Txawj Ntse (RFBR) raws li txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm Tsab Ntawv 18-29-22032 \ 18.
Tsis sib haum xeeb

Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teebmeem dabtsi.

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