Psychometric thaj chaw ntawm 7-khoom siv kev ua si nplai ntawm Fabkis thiab German neeg laus hais lus (2016)

 

Abstract

Tom qab

7-khoom Qus Match Kev Ua Si (GAS) yog siv los tshuaj rau kev siv yees hom kev ua si. Ob qhov cross-linguistic validation thiab validation rau Fabkis thiab German yog xav tau ntawm cov neeg laus cov qauv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog txhawm rau ntsuam xyuas lub qauv ntawm Fabkis thiab German versions ntawm GAS cov laus.

txoj kev

Ob tug qauv ntawm cov txiv neej los ntawm Fabkis (N = 3318) thiab German (N =  2665) thaj chaw hais lus ntawm Switzerland tau txheeb xyuas nrog GAS, Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Puas Siab Ntsuaj Loj (MDI), Kev Qhia Saib Xyuas Me Me, thiab Zuckerman-Kuhlman Cov Lus Nug Tus Kheej (ZKPQ-50-cc). Lawv kuj tau ntsuas rau kev ua neeg quav yeeb thiab haus dej haus cawv.

tau

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntsuas tau zoo txaus (Cronbach α = 0.85). Ib txoj kev daws teeb meem tau pom muaj nyob hauv ob qho tib si. Cov koom haum me thiab zoo yog pom ntawm GAS cov qhab nia thiab MDI, thiab cov Neuroticism-Kev ntxhov siab thiab kev ua siab phem-Qhov siab phem tshaj ntawm ZKPQ-50-cc. Lub koom haum ZKPQ-50-cc Sociability ntawm ib lub koom haum tsis zoo kuj pom muaj.

xaus

Lub Nkoj, nyob rau hauv nws Fabkis thiab German versions, yog tsim nyog rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua si ntawm cov neeg laus.

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv

Qhov online version ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm no (doi: 10.1186 / s12888-016-0836-3) muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv, uas muaj rau cov neeg siv kev tso cai.

keywords: Siv Internet, Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ua Si Hauv Internet, Kev Ua Phev Kev Ua Si

Tom qab

Kev nthuav dav ntawm Internet yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev, nrog rau kev siv rau kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo, kev xav, kev kawm, thiab kev siv kho mob [-]. Cov kev txhawj xeeb loj heev tau raug tsa, txawm li cas los xij, txog Internet thiab Internet Gaming addictions [-]. Hauv particular, hauv internet ua si tau txais kev mloog rau lawv txoj kev mus rau hom kev siv yees hauv kev siv nyob hauv lub subset ntawm cov neeg siv [-]. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv Internet los yog kev ua si thiab kev tsim kho kev puas siab puas ntsws los yog kev puas siab puas ntsws [], xws li kev nyuaj siab [-], kev ntxhov siab vim [, ], tsi ntsees teeb meem [, ], kho siab [-], introversion, neuroticism, impulsivity [, , , -], thiab kev quav tshuaj muaj yees []. Kev siv ntau hauv Internet tau sib txuas ntxiv nrog rau tsev neeg thiab cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo [, ].

Internet gaming teeb meem "(IGD) [] tau qhia nyob rau hauv seem 3 ntawm DSM-5 raws li ib qho kev kuaj mob ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam thiab kev ua ntej nws yuav raug suav hais tias yog rau kev xam nrog raws li ib qho kev tsis txaus ntseeg. Lub DSM-5 qhia tias IGD tuaj yeem siv cov kev siv internet thiab siv cov kev ua si hauv Internet uas cuam tshuam nrog kev nyuab siab los yog kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv 12-lub hlis tsawg kawg nkaus.

Nws feem ntau tau tshaj tawm tias cov tsos mob ntawm Internet Gaming Disorder muaj kev tiv thaiv nrog Internet Gaming, tsis yooj yim los tswj los yog txiav sij hawm siv rau kev ua si, kev tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev tswj hwm (dag lwm tus, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev cais kev sib cais thiab qaug zog, ), tsis muaj kev lom zem hauv lwm cov kev ua ub no, kev siv Internet hauv kev ua si kom dim los yog txo txoj kev xav tsis zoo, tshem tawm thiab ua siab ntev [-].

Txij li thaum qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet [] thiab Internet Gaming Disorder, muaj ntau qhov kev ntsuas ntawm psychometric tau tsim [, -]. 7-item Game Matchment Scale (GAS) yog ib qho kev ntsuas luv luv no. Qhov ntsuas no tau tsim los ntawm Lemmens li al. mus ntsuam xyuas kev ua si ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas [] thiab yog lub ntsiab lus raws li cov qauv hauv kev twv txiaj hauv plaub ntawm ib tsab ntawm DSM (DSM-IV). Txhua yam ntawm GAS yog preceded los ntawm nqe lus "Nyob rau hauv lub xeem rau lub hlis, ntau npaum li cas ..." thiab tau qhab nia ntawm 5-Point Likert scale (1 = tsis, 2 = tsis tshua muaj, 3 = qee zaum, 4 = feem ntau, thiab 5 = ntau zaus). Lemmens li al. [] pom ob qhov qauv rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev ua si ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua si: ib hom monothetic (tag nrho cov khoom teev saum 3) thiab hom ntawv sib luag (tsawg kawg ib nrab ntawm cov khoom xeem 3 los yog saum toj). Nws txheeb xyuas tau tias hom kev txuas ntawm monothetic yuav ua rau ib qho kev ntsuas zoo dua ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev quav tshuaj yeeb dua li cov hom ntawv zoo nkauj [].

Cov kev sib raug zoo raug pom ntawm GAS cov qhab nias thiab lub lim tiam sijhawm siv rau kev ua si. Cov qhab nias tau sib txuas nrog nrog ntau tus qauv tsim muaj kev sib tw nrog kev ua si xws li txo qis lub neej, qis kev sib raug zoo, kev kho siab dua, thiab siab zog ntau dua []. Cov qhab nias siab GAS tau txuam nrog kev thuam siab dua thiab ntau yam teeb meem hauv kev tsis txaus siab txog kev ua si cues []. Qhov kev tshawb pom yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog ntau cov kev tshawb fawb txuas kev sib txuam thiab kev ua kom muaj cu reactivated nrog lwm cov kev coj cwj pwm [-], Kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet [, ] los sis twv txiaj ntsig txog kev ntshawv siab []. Qhov laj thawj tshawb fawb tau qhia tias GAS yog unidimensional [, ]. Raws li muab piv nrog lwm cov kev ntsuas, GAS muaj kev pab zoo dua ntawm IGD cov cai hauv DSM-5 [] (saib cov lus no 1).

rooj 1 

GAS thiab nws cov lus cog tseg nrog DSM-5 npaj cov txheej txheem rau Internet gaming teeb meem

Kuj ceeb tias, tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas tsis qhia tawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas txawm tias txoj kev nthuav dav ntawm kev ua si hauv cov pejxeem [], tshwj xeeb yog cov tub ntxhais hluas [].

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog los tshuaj xyuas cov kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm 7-khoom GAS rau cov neeg laus cov tub ntxhais hluas. Lub hom phiaj thib ob ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog ua kom muaj kev sib tw ntawm ob qhov qauv ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntau hom lus hauv Switzerland-Fabkis thiab German-hais lus-thiab los ntsuam xyuas cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg lossis cov khoom vaj huam sib luag ntawm GAS nyob rau ob pawg lus ntawm cov lus.

txoj kev

Cov neeg koom nrog thiab cov txheej txheem

Cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau tsim los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav ntev los tsim kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv thiab kev ua si ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv Swiss: Cohort Study on Substance Use Fact Factors (C-SURF).

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tes, muab los ntawm C-SURF tshawb nrhiav txoj cai xNUMX / 15, tau pom zoo los ntawm Lausanne University Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Ncaj Ncees rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Tshuaj.

Tag nrho cov neeg koom tau muab lawv daim ntawv pom zoo tso cai koom rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb.

Cov neeg tuaj koom tau raug sib sau nyob nruab nrab lub Yim Hli 2010 thiab Kaum Ib Hlis 2011 hauv peb ntawm 21 ntawm lub chaw pabcuam tub rog hauv lub tebchaws. Ib ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam yog nyob hauv Lausanne (thaj chaw hais lus Fab Kis) thiab lwm qhov ob hauv Windisch thiab Mels (thaj chaw hais lus German). Cov chaw nrhiav neeg raug suav tag nrho rau cov kev hais lus rau Fab Kis thiab 26 ntawm 20 lub cantons hauv Switzerland. Cov kev xav ntawm cov tub rog yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua nyob hauv Switzerland, thiab yog li ntawd txhua tus tub hluas ntawm cov tub rog sib haum uas muaj hnub nyoog txog XNUMX xyoo tau tsim nyog rau kev koom nrog C-SURF txoj kev kawm.

Thaum lub sij hawm kawm txog kev xaiv neeg, 15,074 txiv neej qhia rau lub chaw nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm. Ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom no, 1,829 (12.1%) yeej tsis tau paub txog C-SURF (mob nyav thaum lub sijhawm teem sijhawm, tsis ceeb toom txog kev kawm los ntawm cov tub rog cov tub rog), lossis raug xaiv rau kev kawm ntxiv, hu ua CH-X []. CH-X yog ib qho kev soj ntsuam hla-ntu, uas muaj lub sijhawm tsim nyog thiab yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav ntawm 90 feeb nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev txais neeg ua haujlwm. Li no, kev koom tes nrog feem ntau hauv CH-X tsis cuam tshuam nrog peb cov txheej txheem sau npe, uas tau muaj ua ntej pib ua ntawm cov txheej txheem tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qee kis muaj qee tus neeg tuaj koom tau dhau los mus nug CH-X cov lus nug ua ntej peb tuaj yeem qhia lawv txog peb txoj kev kawm. Raws li peb tau cog lus tias yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ua tub rog, peb tsis tuaj yeem tiv tauj lawv qee. Raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb qhov kev paub, peb tsis tuaj yeem pom ib qho kev tsis muaj kab ke uas cov neeg tsis sib cuag no vim CH-X yuav tsum tau ua. Cov txiv neej no tsis qhia rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab tsis tuaj yeem suav nrog. Ntawm 13,245 (87.9%) cov txiv neej uas tau paub txog txoj kev tshawb no, 7,563 (57.1%) tau muab lawv cov ntawv tso cai los koom. Hmoov tsis zoo, peb tsis muaj xov xwm hais txog qhov laj thawj dab tsi kom pom zoo. Ib qho laj thawj tuaj yeem yog tias kos npe rau hom kev cog lus rau kev kawm mus ntev (C-SURF tau npaj tseg rau 10 xyoo) yuav txwv qee tus neeg. Kev sib piv ntawm cov neeg tso cai thiab cov uas tsis tso cai] qhia tawm tias cov neeg tsis tso cai yog cov neeg siv tshuaj ntau dua li cov neeg pom zoo, tab sis kev sib txawv feem ntau tsis tseem ceeb thiab qee zaum ua kev rov qab hais ncaj qha (piv txwv li cov neeg tso cai tau siv cov cawv ntau dua li cov tsis tso cai). Chaw txais neeg ua haujlwm tsuas yog siv rau cov neeg koom nrog xwb; cov lus nug tau muab xa mus rau cov chaw nyob ntiag tug thiab kev lees paub raug lees paub, tshwj xeeb yog hais txog kev ua tub rog. Thaum kawg ntawm tag nrho ntawm 5,990 (79.2%) cov neeg koom nrog ua tiav kev nug daim ntawv teb. Ntawm tus naj npawb no, 3,320 yog cov hais lus Fabkis thiab 2,670 yog cov neeg German hais lus.

seev

Kev ua si siv nplai (GAS)

Cov lus Askiv ntawm lub nplai ntawd txhais thiab rov qab muab txhais ua Fabkis thiab lus German. Cov lus tshaj tawm rau cov khoom teev qhia meej tau hais kom cov neeg tuaj koom los teb rau hauv lawv cov kev ua si: "Tam sim no peb xav paub seb koj siv sijhawm ntau npaum li cas rau kev ua si. Qhov no suav nrog cybergames hauv internet lossis kev ua si ntawm console "(Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv 1).

Raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm Lemmens li al. [], cov neeg uas tau qhab-nees "qee zaum" lossis ntau tshaj rau xya tagnrho yog txhais tias "gamogen gaming"), thiab cov uas tau ua "qee zaum" lossis ntau tshaj ntawm yam tsawg ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov khoom (plaub mus txog rau xya yam) tau txhais hais tias yog cov neeg ua teb sib luag (ntau tshaj li kev ua si).

Kev vam meej rau kev ua si nplai nrog Cronbach alpha ntawm .82 rau .87 tau tshaj tawm hauv kev tshawb pom thawj daim ntawv [].

Cov kev nyuab siab loj tshaj plaws (MDI)

Lub MDI raug siv los txiav txim siab txog theem kev nyuab siab hauv ob lub lis piam dhau los [, ]. Nws yog ib qho lus nug tus kheej rau tus kheej. Ib teev rau "tsis tau" (0) mus rau "txhua lub sijhawm" (5), thiab tag nrho cov qhab-nees raug suav. MDI tuaj yeem siv tau los ua ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm cov kev ntsuas uas ua rau DSM-IV los yog International Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders (ICD-10) pawg tsis muaj kev nyuaj siab, mob me ntsis mus rau kev nyuaj siab, thiab kev nyuab siab heev.

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los rau Kev Tshaj Xim Kev Nyuaj Siab loj tshaj qhia tias MDI muaj kev ntseeg zoo thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo (Cronbach's alpha coefficient: txog 0.94) thiab zoo li kev zoo, qhov tseem ceeb, thiab kev siv tau raws li kev nyuaj siab nyuaj siab ntxhov siab nrog cov qhabnias txaus txiav [, , ].

Luv luv cia siab nrhiav nplai (BSSS)

Cov BSSS [] yog ib qho kev teev-thib-yim, txhua qhov qhab-nees ntawm 5-point scale ntawm "tsis pom zoo heev" (1) los "pom zoo heev" (5). Cov BSSS muaj feem txog cov hauv qab no: kev nyuaj siab, kev nyuaj siab, kev poob siab, thiab kev nrhiav. Tag nrho cov qhab-nees yog yav dhau los txuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib qho qauv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas [].

Kev sib yeem nyob ntawm BSSS tau raug tshaj tawm yav dhau los (Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.74) [].

Cov lus nug Zuckerman-Kuhlman (ZKPQ-50-cc)

Lub ZKPQ-50-cc ntsuam xyuas ntau yam ntawm tus cwj pwm []. Peb qho qis, txhua yam ntawm 10 cov khoom, raug siv los ntsuam xyuas neuroticism / ntxhov siab vim, kev sib raug zoo, thiab kev ua phem / kev ua siab phem. Cov neeg koomtes hais tias lawv pom zoo lossis tsis pom zoo nrog txhua daim ntawv. Ib qho qhab nia raug muab xam rau txhua qhov kev ua tiav. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho mob neuroticism / kev ntxhov siab thiab kev ua phem / kev ua siab phem rau kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet []. ZKPQ-50-cc qhia tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li kev xav thiab kev hloov ntawm kev cai, nrog rau kev txaus siab nyob thoob teb chaws thiab lub teb chaws (Cronbach's alpha coefficient mus rau 0.70) [].

Cov lus nug txog kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw

Kev siv dej cawv raug soj ntsuam hauv 12-hli lub sij hawm (Table 2). Raws li, feem ntau ntawm kev haus dej haus cawv (6 khob dej qab zib lossis ntau tshaj ntawm ib lub sijhawm) thiab haus cov dej haus hauv lub limtiam (Monday txog Thursday). Hnub nyoog ntawm kev pib qaug dej qaug cawv (thawj qhov kev ua qaug dej qaug cawv) kuj raug soj ntsuam raws li European School Survey Project ntawm Dej Cawv thiab Lwm Cov Tshuaj []. Kev siv Cannabis tau soj ntsuam los ntawm kev nug txog cov hauv qab no: hnub nyoog ntawm cannabis siv pib, hnub nyoog ntawm "siab" ntawm cannabis, thiab cannabis siv thiab ntau zaus siv hauv 12 lub hlis dhau los.

rooj 2 

Cov cwj pwm kev koom nrog

Tshawb fawb tawm

Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb siv SPSS 18.0 thiab AMOS 19.0 (Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Moment Structures; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software programs. Ua ntej, cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau raug muab xam rau cov neeg koom nrog. Internal sib xws, uas yog, qhov uas qhov GAS khoom sib cuam tshuam, ces ntsuas los ntawm kev siv Cronbach lub coefficient. Streiner thiab Norman [] qhia tias alpha yuav siab tshaj 0.70, tiam sis tsis ntau dua 0.90.

Tom ntej no, cov ntsiab lus tshawb tau tshawb nrhiav (EFAs) tau siv los ntsuas qhov ruaj ntseg ntawm qhov ntsuas raws li tau ua los ntawm Lemmens thiab al []. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov cwj pwm tau muab rho tawm nrog Velicer qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ib nrab xeem (MAP) xeem ua rau ntawm qhov sib xyaw kom haum []. Tom qab no tus xov tooj raug lees paub los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb sib piv. Hauv kev ntsuam xyuas tib yam, qhov ua kom pom tseeb yog nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg ntawm cov khoom uas muaj feem xyuam rau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom uas tau muab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj tseeb, whereas hauv MAP xeem, kev ua kom pom tseeb yog ntawm cov nqi sib npaug ntawm kev sib hloov thiab tsis muaj kev sib hloov ntxiv hauv kev sib thooj hauv kev sib txheeb tom qab rho tawm ntawm ib qho zuj zus ntawm cov khoom [].

Txawm hais tias EFA tsim nyog rau cov ntawv nug tshiab, nws tsis yog ib qho tsis tshua siv los siv nws txoj kev rov qab ua dua thaum cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm lwm cov qauv los yog lwm tus neeg. Kev siv EFA nov yog los soj ntsuam kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv ob lub hauv paus lus, raws li qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ua ntej kom tshawb nrhiav qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm lwm pawg.

Rau txoj kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov neeg tsis sib haum (multigroup invariance), peb tau siv cov txheej txheem tau piav qhia hauv qhov kev ua hom kev ua piv txwv (SEM) tom qab ua haujlwm ntawm Jöreskog []. Hauv kev sojntsuam rau kev sib piv ntawm cov pab pawg, nws yog txoj cai siv cov kev tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb (CFA), ib hom ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm SEM. Raws li cov nqe lus nug tshawb fawb, kev tshawb nrhiav rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov pab pawg kuj yuav ua rau muaj kev soj ntsuam ntau hauv cov kev txwv nram qab no: kev sib npaug, kev sib npaug, thiab kev sib npaug sib npaug. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm Configural invariance tsom rua ntawm qhov uas tus naj npawb ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab cov qauv ntawm lawv cov qauv zoo sib xws ntawm pawg. Muaj nqis sau cia, yog tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib qho qauv tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj rau txhua pawg nyias muaj nyias, raws li cov qauv qauv tau muab coj los ua. Ntawm qhov kev sib tw, kev soj ntsuam kev ntsuas thiab kev sib txawv, kev xav tau tsom ntau dua li ntawm qhov uas qhov ntsuas thiab yam ntxwv ntawm tus qauv yog sib npaug ntawm cov pawg [, ]. Vim tias peb qhov kev tshawb fawb tau txhawj txog kev ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pawg, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tsom mus rau qhov kev hloov ntawm cov qauv thiab kev tsis sib thooj ntawm qhov kev xaav nce thoob hauv ob lub cheeb tsam.

Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tus qauv haum

Zoo ntawm kev haum ntawm cov qauv yog xyuas los ntawm ntau yam indices, raws li tau piav rau hauv qab no [].

  1. cov χ2 mus rau theem ntawm kev ywj pheej ratio (χ2/ df). Ob peb cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom zoo siv qhov piv txwv no los ntawm kev ntsuas kom haum los daws cov teeb meem nrog rau χ2 ntsuam xyuas statistic. Cov teeb meem no suav nrog, lwm cov, ua txhaum ntawm cov kev xav, qauv nyuaj, thiab kev vam khom ntawm tus qauv loj. Ratios li qis thaum 2 zoo li qhia tias tsim nyog haum.
  2. Qhov sib piv kev haum xeeb (CFI). Cov CFI qhov txawv ntawm 0 rau 1, nrog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhia tias haum zoo dua. Ib txoj cai ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj 0.95 tej zaum yuav raug txhais zoo li kev haum xeeb, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.90 thiab 0.95 yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim nyog kom haum rau kev ywj pheej.
  3. Lub hauv paus txhais tau hais tias square yuam kev ntawm kwv yees (RMSEA). Qhov no yog kev ntsuas kwv yees haum nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem thiab yog li muaj kev txhawj xeeb nrog qhov tsis sib xws vim kev kwv yees kwv yees. Tus RMSEA tau cog rau hauv qab 0. RMSEA tus nqi tsawg dua lossis sib luag li 0.05 tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog qhov haum zoo, nruab nrab ntawm 0.05 thiab 0.08 qhov kev haum haum, thiab ntau dua 0.8 ib qho khoom nruab nrab, qhov tseem ceeb> 0.10 tsis tuaj yeem lees txais.

Cov kev hloov hauv kev txhim kho ntawm kev zoo-tau-haum-raug-raug-txhim kho tau los xyuas txog kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv sib txawv. Ib qho tseem ceeb sib txawv hauv χ2 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv uas txhais tau hais tias txhua yam kev muaj vaj huam sib luag tsis tuav cov pawg.

Teeb pom kev zoo ntawm cov khoom siv roj GAS ntsuas los ntawm ib qho kev teev qhia tias kev ua neej zoo tshaj yog tsis muaj peev xwm. Raws li qhov pom zoo, asymptotically tis npe-dawb kev kwv yees tsis pub ntau tshaj qhov yuav kwv yees yog qhov zoo uas zoo los pab rau cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis sib thooj ntawm SEM analyzes.

Xws li, sib tw ua tiav tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev sib ntxiv tag nrho GAS qhab nia nrog cov qhab nia ntawm MDI []; cov BSSS []; thiab lub Neuroticism-ntxhov siab vim, Kev Ua Haujlwm, thiab Kev Ua Phem Suav Ntsoog ntawm ZKPQ-50-cc []. Peb kuj tau kuaj xyuas lub zog ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev teev lus nrog lwm cov kev ntsuas txog kev siv dej cawv thiab cov kwj tshuaj. Raws li Cohen txoj cai ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo, muaj kev sib raug zoo ntau tshaj 0.5 loj, 0.5-0.3 yog qhov nruab nrab, ntawm 03-0.1 me me, thiab tsawg dua 0.1 tsis tseem ceeb [].

Kev ploj zuj zus

GAS tsis nco qhov tseem ceeb muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog qhov kub qaib impute hom, uas txhua tus nqi ploj yog hloov nrog ib qho lus teb los ntawm ib chav tsev sib luag nrog txoj cai pom los ntawm ob leeg []. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov BSSS raug xaiv los ua lub "deck variable," raws li nws muaj tsawg los tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj []. Peb siv lub qij daig huab cua macro rau SPSS cov neeg siv los ntawm T. van der Weegen, uas tuaj yeem rub tawm los ntawm lub vas sab nram qab no: http://www.spsstools.net/SampleSyntax.htm.

Qauv xav txog me me

Cov qauv me me ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb hauv kev muab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tsis sib haum thiab cov qauv tseeb yog cov qauv zoo. Tom qab Bentler thiab Chou [], uas tau pom zoo yam tsawg kawg hauv 5: 1 piv ntawm cov kev hloov mus rau cov khoom siv li qub thiab elliptical, muaj zoo li kev pom zoo ntawm cov neeg tshawb xyuas rau kev saws me nyuam qhov txiaj ntsig no. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov qhab nia los yog tsis sib npaug, raws li yog qhov teeb meem ntawm no, kev kuaj loj dua yuav tsum tau ua rau cov kev hloov mus ntxiv los yog feem ntau sib npaug. Ib qho piv ntawm yam tsawg kawg nkaus 10 ib qho txawv rau hom kev faib no yog pom zoo []. Cov qauv hauv txoj kev kawm tam sim no ua tiav qhov kev ua tiav no.

tau

Ntawm qhov dhau ntawm 5,990 qhov kev soj ntsuam thaum xub thawj sau cia, GAS cov ntaub ntawv tau ploj mus rau 42 tus neeg koom (0.7%). Kev siv cov kub lawj imputation ntse ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv rau 35 ntawm lawv, tseem tshuav 7 kis tsis tiav. Tom qab ua piv txwv loj ntawm 5,983 tus neeg teb (3,318, hais lus Fab Kis thiab 2,665 tus neeg hais lus German) tau tshawb xyuas. Cov neeg tuaj koom txhais tau tias lub hnub nyoog yog 20.0 xyoo (SD = 1.2). Ntawm qhov qauv kawg no, 10.6% ntawm cov neeg Fabkis thiab 8.1% ntawm cov neeg teb ntawm German tau muab cais ua cov neeg siv tshuaj polythetic, hos 2.3% ntawm cov neeg teb hauv txhua pawg tau cais raws li cov neeg siv monothetic. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua cheeb tsam cov lus tau tshaj tawm hauv Cov Lus 2.

Cov neeg hais lus Fabkis

Lub hauv paus ntawm GAS yog zoo, raws li tau pom los ntawm Cronbach tus coefficient ntawm 0.86. EFA los ntawm Velicer's MAP test tau pom zoo txog kev daws teeb meem. Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav no tau pom zoo los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm ib tus cwj pwm no tau ntsuam xyuas hauv CFA nrog AMOS. Ua los ntawm kev hloov kho cov cim thiab cov qauv kev hloov qis dua uas tau pom zoo txog qhov kev yuam kev ntawm qhov yuam kev rau 6, peb tsim tau ib tus qauv zoo uas pom zoo haum rau qhov kev ywj pheej (χ2/ df = 2.6, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.02).

German-hais lus zej zog

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntsuas tau zoo txaus (Cronbach α = 0.85). Ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo ib qho kuj muaj nyob rau hauv EFA los ntawm Velicer's MAP thiab tau kev pom zoo los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav. Tib txoj kev yog siv los ntsuas cov lus Fab Kis uas hais lus Askiv tau siv rau pawg German. Cov qauv no ua tsis zoo tab sis tseem ua tau zoo txaus siab-of-haum qhov tseem ceeb (χ2/ df = 5.9, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.04).

Multigroup tsom xam

Kev ntsuam xyuas rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov qauv

Muaj kev txiav txim tias tus qauv zoo rau txhua pawg nyias muaj nyias, peb tau kuaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm ib yam tsis muaj dua nyob rau hauv ib qho qauv ntau. Hauv lwm lo lus, tsis muaj kwv yees rau ob pawg tib lub sij hawm. Cov kev tshwm sim muaj feem xyuam nrog no tus qauv ntawm ntau tus qauv tau tshwm sim ib χ2 tus nqi ntawm 91.53 nrog 17 degrees ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej. Cov CFI thiab RMSEA qhov tseem ceeb yog 0.97 thiab 0.02, raws li, muab kev haum xeeb. Cov kev ntseeg no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev ntsuas uas tag nrho cov kev ntsuam xyuas tom qab rau kev sib txawv.

Ntsuas qhov ntsuam xyuas pom qhov tseeb

Ib tug qauv nrog tag nrho cov kev xaav (kev xa khoom los ntawm pab pawg neeg muaj nyob rau hauv Table 3) txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib npaug zos nrog pawg. Kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev txheeb ze uas muaj feem xyuam rau qhov kev txwv ntawm ob pawg no muaj nyob rau hauv Table 4 (thib ob nkag). Nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam rau cov tsis tshuam ntawm cov qauv siv, peb piv nws χ2 tus nqi ntawm 114.59 nrog 23 degrees ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej nrog uas rau tus qauv unconstrained (χ2(17) = 91.53). Qhov kev sib piv ua tiav a χ2 qhov txawv (Δχ2) ntawm 23.06 nrog 6 degrees ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, uas yog cov lus tseem ceeb (p =  0.001). Li no, kev txwv tsis pub kom muaj kev sib txig sib luag rau txhua yam kev ua haujlwm tau raug tso tseg. Muab qhov tsis lees paub ntawm qhov tseeb qhov tseeb ntxig, peb tau soj ntsuam xyuas seb qhov twg yog yam sib txawv. Raws li qhov ntsuas-cov chaw thau khoom pom tau pom tias tsis sib thooj thoob plaws pawg, lawv cov kev txwv tsis pub sib luag tau raug tswj xyuas, sib ntxiv, thoob cov seem ntawm cov txheej txheem kuaj tshuaj tsis tseem ceeb []. Ua ntej tshaj, kev txwv tsis pub hnyav dua ntawm cov khoom kam los ua kom sib npaug zos nyob rau hauv pawg neeg tawm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tseem ceeb, tawm tswv yim lawv yog sib npaug. Rau cov hom phiaj txheeb, kev thauj khoom rau cov khoom siv yog twb yuam kom muab tus nqi 1 hauv ob qho tib si. Tom ntej no, tuav qhov sib txig sib luag thiab ntxiv qhov sib luag ntawm qhov kev hloov hauv kev xav tias tseem ua rau tsis tseem ceeb χ2 qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum peb mus txog Withdrawal, qhov tseem ceeb χ2 pom tau tias tsis muaj kev vaj huam sib luag ntawm ob pawg. Cov kev sim tau rov qab ua rau Teeb meem thiab Teeb Meem, uas rov tsis tseem ceeb. Cov txheej txheem ncauj lus kom ntxaws qhia nyob rau hauv Table 4. Tag nrho cov kev ntsuas ntsuas tshwj tsis yog Kev Thim Tawm Tuaj raug pom tias yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm sib npaug zos rau ob lub cheeb tsam.

rooj 3 

Qhov zoo ntawm kev xaav thiab kev ua siab zoo-ntawm-haum ntsuas
rooj 4 

Txoj kev zoo ntawm kev txheeb ze-zoo-haum rau cov kev xeem ntawm kev tsis sib nkag siab ntawm ntau pawg lus

Correlation tsom hauv lub zej zog hais lus Fabkis

Correlation tsom tau siv los tshawb txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm GAS thiab lwm yam zoo sib xws. Raws li qhia hauv lub rooj 5, lub koom haum GAS nrog MDI tag nrho cov qhab nia thiab nrog ZKPQ-50-cc ntxhov siab vim kev tshawb fawb me me (ρ = 0.27 thiab ρ = 0.24, feem) thiab lub koom haum GAS nrog ZKPQ-50-cc Sociability subscale yog me thiab tsis zoo (ρ = -0.20). Qhov sib txheeb nrog lwm cov kev ntsuas kev ntsuas tau raug xam tias tsis tseem ceeb.

rooj 5 

Correlation ntawm GAS thiab lwm yam kev tsim nyob rau hauv lub zej zog hais lus Fabkis txoj lus (ntawm Fra)

Correlation tsom hauv cov zej zog lus German

Raws li qhia hauv lub rooj 6, lub koom haum GAS nrog MDI thiab nrog ZKPQ-50-cc Ntxhov siab ntxhov siab tuaj subscale me me (ρ = 0.24 thiab ρ = 0.23). Lub koom haum no tau me dua nrog ZKPQ-50-cc Aggressivity subscale (ρ = 0.15) thiab nrog Kev Ua Haujlwm Societal Subscale (ρ = - 0.10).

rooj 6 

Correlation ntawm GAS thiab lwm yam kev sib tham hauv zej zog lus German

kev sib tham

Txoj kev kawm tam sim no yog thawj qhov kev ntsuam xyuas, rau peb kev txawj ntse, kev xav ntawm psychology ntawm 7-khoom GAS nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg laus ntawm Fab Kis thiab German-hais lus German.

Lub ntsiab nrhiav tau yog tias qhov qauv ntawm 7-khoom GAS muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo thiab muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si. Cov txiaj ntsig yog raws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los [, ] thiab cia lawv txoj kev txuas mus rau cov neeg laus. [, ].

Txuas ntxiv, txhua yam kev ntsuas tsuas yog rho tawm ntawm Txiav Txim raug pom tias yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm sib npaug zos rau ob lub cheeb tsam. Qhov no ntxiv rau qhov cross-linguistic validity ntawm nplai. Qhov tsis muaj zog txog qhov Txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam yuav yog vim tsis muaj qhov tseeb ntawm lub ntsiab lus no thaum siv rau kev siv kev ua si []. Nws kuj tuaj yeem qhia cov kev sib txawv hauv pawg sib txawv ntawm qhov kev tsim kho. Qhov kev ntseeg no tsis tuav, txawm li cas los xij, vim tias qhov kev txawv no tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam txog qhov loj ntawm qhov kev xaav, qhov uas qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov zoo (0.65 vs. 0.71). Kev tsis sib haum ntawm Fabkis thiab German txhais cov ntsiab lus no yuav piav qhia qhov no. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab sib tham txog qhov no dua nrog cov neeg paub ob hom lus, peb tsis tuaj yeem pom cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus siv. Txawm hais tias qhov no yog qhov sib txawv hauv qhov sib txawv hauv kev faib khoom, nws tseem tshuav nyiaj nrog cov lwm tus (0.06 hauv qho nqi). Li no, qhov tsuas yog ib qho kev piav qhia yog tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov χ2 statistics pom yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntxim yuav raug yuam los ntawm loj qauv loj ntawm yuav luag 6,000 cov neeg.

Hauv kev sib txuam nrog ntau cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua si thiab siv Internet [, , ], ib lub koom haum raug pom ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab GAS cov qhab nias. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib lub koom haum me me tau pom ntawm GAS cov qhab nia thiab ob qho tib si Neuroticism-ntxhov siab vim qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab Kev Ua Phem Suav ntawm ZKPQ-50-cc. Cov koom haum no muaj nyob rau ntawm txoj kev tshawb pom txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj muaj yees [, ] thiab nyob rau hauv kev ua nrog lwm cov kev tshawb fawb txog Internet los yog kev ua si yees [, ]. Ntxiv mus, raws li nyob rau hauv lwm cov kev tshawb fawb [], ib qho kev tsis zoo raug pom nrog Kev Pab Cuam tshuam kev lag luam. Qhov no zoo li muaj qhov tshawb pom ntawm lwm cov kev tshawb fawb uas pom kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev kho siab thiab tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev tiv thaiv kev ua si [, ].

Txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tsis tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm GAS cov qhab nias thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav. Qhov kev pom ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lwm cov kev tshawb fawb []. Qee cov neeg tshawb xyuas tau qhia tias qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav tau yog txuas rau extraversion []. Txawm li cas los, kev ua si thiab kev ntiag tug hauv internet zoo li yuav muaj feem ntau txuas rau kev nkag mus rau kev tshaj tawm [], thiab yog li ntawd nws yog plausible tias kev xav nrhiav tsis raug mob ntawm no nrog GAS cov qhab nias. Zoo sib xws, hauv kev fab ntxawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los [, , , ], qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no ua tsis tau zoo los qhia kev koom tes nrog cawv los yog cannabis siv. Cov koom haum no feem ntau muaj kev sib kho los ntawm cov kev xaiv hauv online thiab yuav txawv ntawm ib qho kev ua si rau lwm tus [].

Nrog rau tag nrho 2.3% ntawm cov neeg koom ua pawg raws li cov neeg siv monothetic thiab ib qho ntxiv 9.5% faib ua polythetical cov neeg siv (ntau dhau ntawm cov neeg siv), tus nqi nthuav dav hauv qhov kev kawm no piv nrog cov uas pom hauv qhov pib GAS txoj kev kawm [] thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm cov kev tshawb fawb Swiss thiab European [-]. Slightly qis [, ] los yog ntau dua cov nuj nqis [, ], txawm li ntawd los, tau tshaj tawm hauv lwm cov kev tshawb fawb. Qhov txawv yog qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm kev sib txawv hauv kev ntsuas cov cuab yeej, pejxeem kawm, siv cov kev cai ntawm polythetic, thiab cov lus txiav tawm [].

Txoj kev tshawb no muaj ntau cov kev ua tau zoo, xws li kev nrhiav neeg los ntawm cov neeg hluas thiab cov lus teb siab. Qhov no yog qhov kom zoo dua rau ntawm qhov kev xaiv tus kheej xaiv uas tau piav qhia hauv kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm hauv online []. Lwm lub zog tseem ceeb yog qhov xam nrog ntawm ob qho kev sib txawv thiab cov lus loj loj. Ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav no tsis muaj cov poj niam hauv kev kuaj tam sim no thiab tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov kev ua si ntawm cov neeg koom. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm GAS kuj yuav tsum muaj los mus ntsuam xyuas cov kev ua si sib txawv thiab lwm yam cwj pwm hauv Internet.

xaus

7-khoom GAS zoo li yuav yog ib qho kev ntsuas tus cwj pwm zoo. Qhov ntsuas no, yav dhau los siv rau cov tub ntxhais hluas cov qauv, pom tau tias tsim nyog rau cov neeg laus tuaj kuaj thiab muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo hauv nws cov Fabkis thiab German versions.

Ethics pom zoo thiab kev pom zoo tuaj koom

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm txhais tes, muab los ntawm C-SURF kev tshawb fawb raws cai tus lej 15/07, tau pom zoo los ntawm Lausanne University Medical School Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees rau Kev Tshawb Fawb. Txhua tus neeg koom tau muab lawv qhov kev sau ntawv tso cai los koom rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no.

Kev pom zoo rau daim ntawv luam tawm

Tsis siv.

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv

Availble thaum thov kom dhau tus sau Gefhard Gmel: [email tiv thaiv].

Acknowledgements

Rau qhov nyiaj txiag tau los.

Nyiaj

Kev txhim kho rau txoj kev tshawb no tau muab los ntawm Swiss National Science Foundation (FN 33CSC0-122679 thiab FN 33CS30-139467).

abbreviations

BSSSnyhav nyhav nyhav me ntsis
CFAkev tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb tseeb
CFIsib piv kev haum xeeb
C-SURFkev tshawb fawb txog kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw
DSM-IVdiagnostic daim ntawv qhia ntawm phau ntawv mob hlwb, plaub tsab
EFAsexploratory factor analyzes
GASkev ua si yees nplai
ICD-10thoob ntiaj teb kev faib tawm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm
DAIM NTAWV QHIAvelicer qhov ntsuas qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ib nrab
MDIkev nyuaj siab loj tshaj plaws
RMSEApaus txhais square yuam kev ntawm approximation
SEMkev ua zauv ntawm tus qauv
ZKPQ-50-ccZuckerman-Kuhlman tus neeg muaj lus nug
 

Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv

Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv 1:(73K, docx)

Txhais cov lus ntawm cov khoom ua si uas tau teev tseg (DOCX 72 kb)

 

Tshooj ntawv

 

Kev nyiam kev sib tw

Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm hais tias lawv tsis muaj kev nyiam.

 

 

Tus sau phau ntawv sau npe

GG tau tsim cov kev tshawb fawb thawj coj thiab ua ntau yam tseem ceeb rau kev xav thiab kev tsim thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshaaj, YK, GG thiab DZ parin tsim ntawm daim ntawv tam sim no thiab ua ntau yam kev koom tes rau lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev tshawb tom tes. YK sau cov ntawv sau tseg. AC tau tawm cov kev tshwm sim tawm thiab sau cov ntawv sau. GG, SR, DZ, SA thiab GT contributed los pab cov ntawv sau tseg. GG, SR, DZ, SA thiab GT tau muab kev koom tes hauv kev hloov kho cov ntawv sau rau cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txawj ntse. Tag nrho cov neeg sau ntawv tau koom tes nrog kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, kev kos thiab kho cov tshooj cai. Txhua tus neeg sau phau ntawv tau pom thiab pom zoo rau daim ntawv kawg.

 

References

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