Kev txo Striatal Dopamine Transporters hauv Cov Neeg Uas Muaj Kev Tiv Thaiv Tus Kheej Hauv Internet (2012)

COV LUS QHIA: Tshawb fawb nqi zog circuitry dopamine transporter theem hauv Internet addicts (IAD). Cov qib tau muab piv rau ib pawg tswj hwm uas lawv cov tswv cuab tau siv Internet. Theem ntawm dopamine transporters hauv cov khoom uas muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet tau piv rau cov neeg quav tshuaj yeeb. Kev poob rau dopamine transporters yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Nws qhia tau hais tias qhov poob ntawm cov hlab ntsha uas tso tawm dopamine.

Interestingly, qhov kev tshawb suav Suav no hais tias kev saib duab liab qab yog ib qho ntawm 3 daim ntaub ntawv siv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog IAD.

Phau Tshuaj Biomedicine thiab Biotechnology

Volume 2012 (2012), Tshooj ID 854524, 5 nplooj ntawv

doi: 10.1155 / 2012 / 854524

Haifeng Hou, 1,2,3,4 Shaowe Jia, 5 Shu Hu, 5 Rong ntxuam, 5 Wen Sun, 5 Taotao Tshav, 5 thiab Hong Zhang1,2,3,4

1Department of Nuclear tshuaj, Ob Affiliated tsev kho mob ntawm Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, Suav teb

2Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou 310009, Suav

3Institution of Nuclear tshuaj thiab Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Suav teb

4Key Laboratory ntawm Kev Kho Mob Mob Nroj Tsuag Ntawm Nroog Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310009, Suav

5Department ntawm Nuclear tshuaj, Peking University Shenzhen tsev kho mob, Shenzhen 310009, Suav teb

Tau txais 5 Lub Ib Hlis 2012; Txais 31 Lub Ib Hlis 2012

Tus tuav ntaub ntawv: Mei Tian

Copyright © 2012 Haifeng Hou li al. Qhov no yog ib tsab xov xwm qhib kev faib tawm raws li Creative Commons Attribution Licence, uas tso cai txwv tsis pub, faib, thiab luam tawm hauv txhua qhov nruab nrab, yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb raug muab teev tseg.

Abstract

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev tiv thaiv hauv internet (IAD) tau dhau los thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev lees paub ntawm nws txoj kev puas tsuaj rau cov neeg siv thiab lub neej tau nce ntau zog. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hlab ntsha hauv neurobiological ntawm IAD tsis tau muv tag nrho. Qhov kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no yog tsim los xyuas seb tus steratal dopamine transporter (DAT) theem ntsuas los ntawm 99mTc-TRODAT-1 ib zaug photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) lub hlwb scans tau hloov rau cov neeg uas muaj IAD. SPECT lub hlwb kev soj ntsuam tau nrhiav tau ntawm 5 txiv neej IAD cov ntsiab lus thiab 9 noj qab haus huv muaj hnub nyoog zoo sib xws. Qhov ntim (V) thiab qhov hnyav (W) ntawm ob sab corpus striatum thiab 99mTc-TRODAT-1 nce nqi ntawm corpus striatum / lub hlwb tag nrho (Ra) raug xam siv cov qauv ua zauv. Nws tau tshwm sim tias DAT qhia theem ntawm striatum tau ho poob thiab V, W, thiab Ra tau zoo heev txo cov neeg uas muaj IAD piv rau cov ntawm lwm yam. Ua ke, cov ntsiab lus no qhia tias IAD yuav ua rau mob loj rau lub paj hlwb thiab cov kev tshawb nrhiav txog neuroimaging ntxiv qhia txog IAD muaj feem xyuam nrog cov kab mob hauv cov tshuab hlwb hlau dopaminergic. Peb cov kev tshawb nrhiav kuj txhawb qhov kev thov tias IAD yuav muab cov kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov neurobiological nrog lwm hom mob.

1. Introduction

Kev siv ntawm lub internet tau nthuav dav incredibly thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no dhau los ntawm ob peb lub xyoos dhau los. Hauv internet muab kev nkag mus rau lwm tus neeg thiab cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm nyob hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab. Hleej twg, kev siv internet tsis raug zoo tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb kev noj qab nyob zoo, kev kawm tsis ua haujlwm, thiab txo qis kev ua haujlwm thiab, tshwj xeeb yog ua rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet (IAD) [1-4]. IAD twb xub tsa ceg hauv 1990s [5] thiab raws li Dais phau ntawv txhais ntawm IAD, "ib tus neeg raug quav thaum tus tib neeg lub siab lub ntsws, uas suav nrog ob lub hlwb thiab kev xav, nrog rau lawv kev kawm, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib raug zoo, raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev siv ntau dhau ntawm nruab nrab. ” [6]

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los, IAD tau dhau los thoob ntiaj teb; qhov kev lees paub ntawm nws txoj kev puas tsuaj rau cov neeg siv thiab lub neej tau nce ntau zog [7]. Tseem ceeb heev, kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no pom tau tias cov IAD tsis txawv txav yog zoo li lwm hom kab mob kev nyuab siab, xws li kev quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw thiab kev quav twv txiaj [7-10]. People ntsib IAD pom clinical nta xws li yees, thim thiab kam rau ua [7, 8], nce impulsiveness [9], thiab ua tsis tau zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm uas muaj kev pheej hmoo siab [10].

Zoo ib yam li qhov txawv txav hauv dopaminergic neural system rau cov neeg uas muaj kev quav tshuaj muaj yees [11], lub luag hauj lwm ntawm dopaminergic neural system hauv IAD kuj tau raug tshuaj los ntawm ob peb qhov kev tshawb fawb [12-14]. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no, cov neeg uas muaj tus mob IAD tau pom muaj hloov kho hauv xeev thaj chaw hauv qab zib hauv ob peb lub cheeb tsam hauv hlwb xws li cov cheeb tsam loj hauv cheeb tsam xws li cov cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov cheeb tsam orbitofrontal [12]. MOreover, lwm txoj kev tshawb pom pom tias cov hluas uas muaj cov kab mob genetic polymorphisms hauv cov noob coding rau dopamine D2 lub chaw txais tos thiab dopamine degradation enzyme tau raug rau ntau hauv internet gaming piv nrog lub hnub nyoog matched cohort ntawm controls [14]. Nyob rau hauv cov positron emission tomography (PET) kev tshawb fawb, txo theem ntawm dopamine D2 tus neeg tau txais kev pab hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kev hloov hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tw nrog ob sab daj caudate thiab cov cai putamen muaj nyob hauv cov neeg uas muaj IAD [13]. Tawm tswv yim ua ke, cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau tias IAD tej zaum kuj yog ib nrab vim yog tsis pom kev dopaminergic neural systems zoo li kev quav tshuaj muaj yees [15].

Dopamine transporter (DAT) yog ib qho protein nyob hauv lub davhlau ya nyob rau hauv presynaptic thiab cov DAT txhawm rau lub dopamine reuptake rau hauv presynaptic neuron thiab plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov kev ua ntawm striatal synaptic dopamine [16-18]. Hloov DAT cov concentration hauv cov kab mob hauv qab ntawm kev tswj xyuas tshuaj xyuas kab mob tau qhia yav tas los [19-24]. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias DAT kuj tsis tshwm sim los ntawm IAD tsis tau muab piav qhia ua ntej.

Hauv cov xyoo dhau los, kev pom DAT tau raug siv los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov chaw kho mob kom pom cov kev hloov hauv lub paj hlwb ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv [21-24]. Ntxiv mus, cov radiotracer 99mTc-TRODAT-1, ib tug technetium-99m (99m(2 - 2-chlorophenyl) -3-methyl-4-azabicyclo [8, 8, 3] oct-2-yl] -methyl] ((1- (2-chlorophenyl) 2-mercaptoethyl) amino] ethyl] amino] ethanethiolato (3 -)] - oxo- [1R- (exo-exo)]), yog ib qho chaw ruaj ntseg thiab tsis tsim muaj kev txheeb xyuas kev ntsuam xyuas DAT xwm txheej rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas tib neeg [21, 25, 26]. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, peb siv tib lub photon emission tomography (SPECT) nrog rau cov radiotracer 99mTc-TRODAT-1 los soj ntsuam Dat qhov teebmeem kom paub cov teeb meem ntawm presynaptic hauv IAD cov khoom piv rau cov kev tswj ntawm lub hnub nyoog kom zoo. Qhov kev kawm no xav kuaj cov kev xav tias qhov hloov ntawm DAT yog txuam nrog cov kev sib tw ntawm IAD.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab txoj kev

2.1. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Cov Kev Ntsuas ntawm IAD

Lub IAD raug soj ntsuam siv Young's Is Taws Nem Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuam Xyuas (IADDQ) [4] thiab Goldberg's qhov muaj yees siv tsis txaus rau kev tshuaj xyuas kab mob (IADDC) [27]. Tag nrho cov lus nug ntawm IADDQ thiab IADDC txhais ua lus Suav. Yuav kom tsim nyog, cov neeg koom hauv pawg IAD tau raug lees paub tias tsib los yog ntau dua "teb" rau cov lus nug ntawm IADDQ thiab ua rau kuv los yog ntau dua IADDC (xws li, kev kam rau siab, tawm, kev ntxias thiab siv tsis tau siv, kev siv ntau dua, kev txi cov kev ua ub no siv, thiab lub cev thiab lub hlwb muaj teeb meem nrog kev siv).

2.2. Yam Kawm

Tsib tus txiv neej (mean SD, 20.40 ± 2.30 xyoo) nrog IAD raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg nrhiav kev kho mob ntawm Peking University Shenzhen Tsev Kho Mob. Tnws IAD cov ntsiab lus siv hauv internet yuav luag txhua txhua hnub, thiab siv ntau dua 8 cov xuab moos (txhais tias±SD, 10.20 ± 1.48 teev) txhua hnub nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub monitor, feem ntau yog sib tham nrog phooj ywg phooj ywg, ua si hauv internet, thiab saib cov pornographies hauv internet los yog cov laus laus tsos. Cov kev kawm no tau pib paub nrog internet feem ntau nyob rau thaum ntxov ntawm lawv cov hluas (mean age ± SD, 12.80 ± 1.92 xyoo) thiab muaj cov cim ntawm IAD rau ntau tshaj 6 xyoo (txhais tau hais tias SD, 7.60 ± 1.52 xyoo).

Cov cuaj ciam uas muaj hnub nyoog cuaj-matched (mean ± SD, 20.44 ± 1.13 xyoo) recruited recruited los ntawm kev tshaj tawm hauv kev tshawb fawb no. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tshwm sim rau cov muaj hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg koom ntawm ob pawg (P = 0.96). Cov neeg koom hauv pawg tswj hwm hauv Internet siv qee zaus los sis nquag siv tab sis siv tsis tshaj 5 cov xuab moos ib hnub rau kab (mean ± SD, 3.81 ± 0.76 cov sij hawm) thiab tsis txaus siab rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas IAD [4, 27].

Txhua tus neeg tau txais kev koom tes yog cov neeg hais lus Suav, tsis siv cov tshuaj txhaum cai (qee zaus, qee tus neeg tau haus luam yeeb lossis haus dej haus cawv, tiam sis tsis muaj leej twg ntsib cov kev kuaj mob ntawm cov khoom uas muaj feem xyuam nrog cov khoom [28]), tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev kho mob loj, kev nyuab siab los yog kev puas hlwb, thiab tau muaj cai-tes. Tag nrho cov neeg koom tau muab kev pom zoo tso cai ua ntej kev koom tes tom qab qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau raug piav qhia tag nrho, xam nrog rau kev pheej hmoo tuaj yeem thiab cov kev mob tshwm sim. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem rau txoj kev tshawb no tau raug pom zoo los ntawm pawg neeg saib xyuas ntawm Peking University University Shenzhen Hospital.

2.3. Kev pom

TRODAT-1 ligand (kua) tau muab los ntawm Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University (Beijing, Tuam Tshoj). Lub tshuab hluav taws xob 99mTc-TRODAT-1, 740MBq (20mCi) nrog kev coj dawb huv> 90% tau muab tso ua ke raws li tau piav yav tas los [25]. Thiab SPECT cov kev tshawb fawb nrog 99mTc-TRODAT-1 tau siv tawm los siv Siemens DIACAM / E.CAM / ICON ob chav ntes SPECT nrog qis zog tagnrho cov ntsiab lus collimator (Siemens, Erlangen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees). Txoj kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua tiav raws li tau piav qhia yav tas los [25, 29]. Cov khoom raug txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog 740MBq (20mCi) ntawm 99mTc-TRODAT-1. Kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua 2.5h tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm 99mTc-TRODAT-1. Tus tsis tau muaj 64 views dhau 18s ib saib thiab ib 128 × 128 txhoj dhau 360 ° nrog kev sib hloov hauv 5.6 ° nce. Kev rov tsim kho vaj huam sib luag rov qab tau thov rau cov ntaub ntawv nyoos. Ib lub Butterworth lim tau siv nrog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 15 thiab kev txiav tawm ntawm 0.33 Nyquist zaus. Photon attenuation correction tau siv Chang thawj qhov kev txiav txim siab kho txoj kev siv tus lej ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm 0.15cm-1 [30]. Lub transverse duab tuab yog 2.7hli (1 pixel). Tag nrho cov duab tau ua tiav thiab rov qab siv tib txoj kev.

2.4. Ntaus duab

Duab teeb pom kev siv tau ua tiav thaj av nruab nrab ntawm software E-Cam. Regions ntawm kev txaus siab (ROIs) tau kos rau 12 transverse dluab, cov pixels tau muab rho tawm thiab suav ntawm tag nrho lub hlwb thiab ob sab sib dhos corpus striatum tau nqa tawm. Qhov ntim (V) thiab hnyav (W) ntawm ob sab sib dhos corpus striatum raws li qhov sib piv ntawm corpus striatum / lub hlwb tag nrho (Ra) tau xam siv cov zauv ua qauv raws li tau piav rau hauv daim ntawv dhau los [21, 31].

2.5. Kev Txheeb Xyuas Cov Ntsiab Lus

Cov ntaub ntawv hauv ntawv tam sim no tau nthuav tawm raws li txhais tau tias ± tus qauv (txhais tau tias ± SD). Zaj Xov Xwm Zej Tsoom rau Social Sciences rau Windows, version 11 (SPSS 13.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA) tau siv los tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg tau soj ntsuam los ntawm Tus Tub Ntxhais Kawm t-tej. Rau tag nrho cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua tiav, qhov ntsuas rau qhov tseem ceeb tau teem tseg P <0.05.

3. Ntsiab lus

DAT cov duab ntawm ob sab corpus striatum nyob rau hauv pawg tswj tau pom ib lub panda-qhov muag zoo thiab DATs raug muab faib tawm thiab tsis sib xws hauv cov corpus striatum. Tus neeg sab nraud corpus striatum tau nyob rau ntawm 8-12 txheej, raws li qhia hauv Daim duab 1 (b). Txawm li cas los xij, DAT cov dluab ntawm IAD cov kev kawm tau tshwm sim ntau theem ntawm kev txawv txav, uas cov corpus stratums tau ntau me me thiab pom ntau yam duab, dumbbell, nyias sawb, lunate duab, los yog cov nqaij caij nplooj ntoos hlav (Daim duab 1 (a)).

Daim duab 1 

(a, b) tus sawv cev 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT cov duab ntawm IAD kev kawm nrog rau kev tswj hwm hnub nyoog noj qab nyob zoo ((a) ib tus poj niam 20-xyoo laus IAD; (b) ib tus txiv neej 20-xyoo kev noj qab nyob zoo). Sab laug hemisphere yog nyob sab xis ntawm daim duab. IAD kawm ...

Raws li tau qhia nyob rau hauv Daim duab 1 thiab rooj 1, DAT qhia txog theem ntawm striatum tau ho poob hauv IAD cov kawm. Luv luv, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog cov tswj, muaj tsawg dua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm V (cm3), W (g) thiab Ra ntawm corpus striatum hauv pawg IAD, tawm tswv yim tias tsawg dua 99mTc-TRODAT-1 khi rau DAT lossis qhov kev puas tsuaj thiab tsis ua haujlwm ntawm tus mob corpus striatum tshwm sim. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv li tau muab piv txwv V or W ntawm ob sab corpus striatum (sab laug sab xis thiab sab xis) hauv pawg IAD (P = 0.67 thiab P = 0.68 resp.) Los yog hauv pawg neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv (P = 0.10 thiab P = 0.11 resp.).

rooj 1  

Sib piv ntawm corpus striatum V(cm3), W(g), thiab Ra ntawm IAD cov kawm thiab cov tswj.

4. Kev sib tham

IAD ua rau cov neeg tsis muaj peev xwm puas siab puas ntsws, kev kawm tsis tiav, thiab txo kev ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tub ntxhais hluas [1-4]. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no tsis muaj kev kho mob rau IAD. Txhim kho txoj hauv kev rau kev kho mob thiab kev kho mob ntawm IAD, nws yuav xub tsim kom muaj kev nkag siab meej txog cov hauv paus paj hlwb hauv qab. Hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, peb soj ntsuam DAT qhia qib hauv IAD cov kev kawm thiab kev tswj kev noj qab haus huv 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT. Peb pom tau tias DAT kev qhia theem ntawm striatum tau ho poob thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm V, W, thiab Ra ntawm lub corpus striatum hauv IAD kawm tau zoo heev txo. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tau muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov hloov ntawm DAT hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov neeg uas muaj IAD.

DATs ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov kev sim ntawm drium staphatal synaptic dopamine [16-18] thiab tau muab siv ua cov cim ntawm dopamine terminals [32]. Tus txo cov xov tooj ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm lub cev DATs tej zaum yuav muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam cov lus piav qhia qis qis qis qis los yog lub hlwb dopaminergic tsis zoo uas tau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov quav tshuaj yeeb dawb [21-23]. PET kev tshawb xyuas kev pom tau pom muaj kev tso tawm ntawm dopamine nyob rau hauv cov kev ua si thaum lub caij ua si video [33]. Cov neeg mob nrog cov kev twv txiaj ntsig kuj pom tau hais tias muaj theem siab ntawm dopamine hauv ventral striatum thaum kev twvtxiaj [34]. Vim hais tias muaj zog ntxiv dopamine nyob rau hauv striatum yog txuam nrog cov cim piav qhia txog kev qhuas (siab, zoo siab) [11, 35], cov neeg uas muaj IAD tej zaum kuj muaj kev zoo siab ua rau cov mob extracellular dopamine nyob hauv kev mob qog nqaij hlav ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, ntev-ntev thiab siab ntau ntawm dopamine tau pom tias ua rau lub qhov nqaij ntuag xeeb ntawm dopamine terminals [32, 36] thiab tsawg ntawm dopaminergic ntawm lub cev [20]. Ua ke, cov txo DATs uas pom hauv peb txoj kev tshawb no kuj qhia tau tias cov kev puas hlwb neuropathologic rau lub dopaminergic neural system los ntawm IAD.

Raws li peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj qhov kev ntsuam xyuas txoj kev tshawb xyuas qhov txawv txav ntawm DAT hauv lub hlwb ntawm IAD cov kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tshwm sim hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no yog qhov tseeb cov pov thawj uas siv lub vas nthiv siv internet yuav ua teeb meem loj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, yuav tsum muaj qee cov kev txwv. Ua ntej, qhov kev piv txwv me me ntawm peb txoj kev tshawb no kuj yuav txwv tsis pub kom pom ntawm peb cov kev tshwm sim. Cov koom haum zoo hauv peb txoj kev tshawb no tej zaum yuav muaj vim los sis cov nyhuv stratification hauv cov qauv qiv, thiab cov kev kawm ntxiv hauv cov qauv ywj siab lossis cov pej xeem loj dua yuav tsum tau. Thib ob, cov kev kawm IAD hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tau qhia ntau yam dej num thaum lawv zaum ntawm lub monitor (xws li sib tham nrog phooj ywg phooj ywg, ua si hauv online games, saib cov pornographies hauv online lossis cov laus cov tsos neeg laus, thiab lwm yam). Peb txoj kev tshawb no tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb cov yeeb yam hauv Internet muaj peev xwm ua rau ntau lub hlwb DAT hloov. Yog li, txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tuaj yeem lees paub tias kev tshawb nrhiav thiab thawj, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntau dua yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej peb tau txiav txim siab tshaj plaws.

5. xaus

Cov txiaj ntsim ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau muab pov thawj tias IAD yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj DAT hauv lub hlwb thiab cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau tias IAD muaj feem xyuam nrog cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hlwb dopaminergic thiab muaj cov xwm txheej dhau los hauv ntau hom kev quav tshuaj nrog lossis tsis muaj cov tshuaj [21-23, 37]. Peb cov kev tshawb pom txhawb qhov kev thov tias IAD yuav sib npaug zoo li cov mob neurobiological nrog lwm hom mob [15].

Sau tus sau

H. Hou thiab S. Jia muab kev koom tes rau txoj haujlwm no.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Kev ua haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Grants los ntawm Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation ntawm Tuam Tshoj (Z2110230), Health Bureau of Zhejiang Province (2010ZA075, 2011ZDA013), National Science Foundation ntawm Tuam Tshoj (NSFC) (tsis muaj 81101023, 81170306, 81173468), thiab Ministry ntawm Science thiab Technology ntawm Tuam Tshoj (2011CB504400, 2012BAI13B06).

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