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Kev siv thev naus laus zis nrog cov neeg nrhiav kev kho rau cov teeb meem kev mob hlwb: cuam tshuam rau kev soj ntsuam hauv chaw kho kev mob hlwb
Aswathy Das1, Manoj Kumar Sharma1, P Thamilselvan1, P Marimuthu2 1 Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Xiam Hlwb, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Hauv Tebchaws ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Is Nrias teb
2 Chav Haujlwm ntawm Biostatistics, Lub Tebchaws Lub Tebchaws ntawm Mental Health thiab Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Is Nrias teb
| Hnub Cov Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Web | 24-Jan-2017 |
Los ntawm Kev Txhawb: Tsis muaj, Teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab: tsis muaj leej twgNtawv Pov Thawj Chaw Nyob:
Manoj Kumar Sharma
SHUT Clinic (Kev pabcuam rau Kev Siv Tshuab Noj Qab Haus Huv Zoo) Govindaswamy Thaiv, NIMHANS, Txoj Cai Hosur, Bengaluru, Karnataka
Is Nrias teb
DOI: 10.4103 / 0253-7176.198939
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Tom qab: Kev siv cuab yeej thev naus laus zis tau pom ntau yam ntxiv ntawm cov neeg siv. Kev siv nws txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo, tus kheej, thiab lub laj thawj. Cov neeg siv ib txwm nquag siv los kov yeej cov kev xav hauv lub xeev zoo li tswj xyuas lwm lub xeev txoj kev xav. Qhov haujlwm no yog tshawb txog cov ntaub ntawv siv thev naus laus zis siv nrog cov neeg muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws.
Cov Khoom Siv thiab Cov Ntawv: Ib qho ntawm 75 cov kev kawm tau raug ntsuas siv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los, kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg rau hauv internet, tus qauv siv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab, kev siv yees duab yeeb yaj kiab, kev saib xyuas kev quav yeeb yaj kiab thiab kev soj ntsuam kev siv xov tooj ntawm tes, los ntawm tus neeg mob sab nraud thiab sab nraud ntawm lub chaw teeb tsa kev mob hlwb.
tau: Nws qhia txog kev muaj yees rau txawb, internet, saib game, thiab saib duab liab qab. Lub hnub nyoog tau pom tias cuam tshuam tsis zoo nrog qhov kev quav tshuaj no. Qhov nruab nrab lub sijhawm siv tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm cov xeev siab ntsws. Kev quav rau cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis tau cuam tshuam nrog kev ncua ntawm kev pw tsaug zog.
xaus: Qhov kev ua haujlwm no muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau kev soj ntsuam thev naus laus zis kev quav ntawm cov neeg kawm tshawb nrhiav kev kho mob puas siab ntsws thiab txhawb lawv kom siv cov thev naus laus zis zoo siv.
keywords: Cov quav, cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis, mob hlwb
| Yuav ua li cas hais qhov no: Das A, Sharma MK, Thamilselvan P, Marimuthu P. Kev siv cuab yeej technology nrog cov neeg nrhiav kev kho rau cov teeb meem kev xav: cuam tshuam rau kev soj ntsuam hauv chaw kho kev puas siab puas ntsws. Indian J Psychol Med 2017; 39: 21-7 |
| Yuav ua li cas txheeb tus URL no: Das A, Sharma MK, Thamilselvan P, Marimuthu P. Kev siv cuab yeej technology nrog cov neeg nrhiav kev kho rau cov teeb meem kev mob hlwb: cuam tshuam rau kev soj ntsuam hauv chaw kho kev puas siab puas ntsws. Indian J Psychol Med [xaij online] 2017 [raug nplua 2017 Jan 27]; 39: 21-7. Muaj los ntawm: http://www.ijpm.info/text.asp?2017/39/1/21/198939 |
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Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Kev Siv Is Taws Nem nyob rau ob xyoo dhau los, tau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm nws txoj kev siv thiab ntxiv rau qhov uas tau muaj cuam tshuam los ntawm kev siv cov khoom uas cuam tshuam txog nws siv ntau dhau. Cov neeg siv hais qhia poob kev tswj hwm lawv kev siv Is Taws Nem, teeb meem kev sib raug zoo nrog tsev kawm ntawv thiab / lossis haujlwm nyuaj.[1],[2] Kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv hauv zej zog tau tshwm sim txog qhov sib piv ntawm kev siv compulsive Internet siv txhim kho mus rau hauv txoj kev coj tus cwj pwm.[3] Txog 20% thiab 33% ntawm cov neeg siv Internet koom nrog qee yam kev sib deev hauv online.[4] Ze li ntawm 80% ntawm cov neeg twv txiaj hauv online tau ploj mus tsawg kawg ib qho ntawm lawv lub neej, xws li pw tsaug zog, ua haujlwm, kev kawm, koom nrog phooj ywg, tsev neeg, thiab kev cuam tshuam nrog tus khub. Cov tub ntxhais hluas yau, ntev dua lawv lub sijhawm lawv mob siab rau ua si online games, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv hauv lawv lub neej.[5] Kev siv ntau dhau kuj ua rau muaj cov teeb meem kev puas siab ntsws.[6] Kev daws tsis tau zoo thiab kev paub tab kuj sib kho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv internet ntau dhau yog tias lwm yam kev pheej hmoo muaj xws li kev ntxhov siab, kev ntxhov siab ntawm tus kheej, kev ntseeg tus kheej qis, kev ua tau tus kheej qis, thiab kev ntxhov siab siab.[7] Kev ntxhov siab, social phobia, kev ua siab phem, thiab cov tsos mob ntawm ADHD tau pom raws li kev mob hlwb rau qhov muaj teeb meem hauv kev siv internet.[3],[8] Cov tib neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab txog kev sib raug zoo tshaj qhia tias nws tau txais kev nplij siab zoo dua thiab qhia tus kheej thaum kev sib tham hauv online piv rau kev sib tham tim ntsej tim muag.[9] Txog 8% ntawm cov neeg siv pathological tau siv internet los ntsib cov neeg tshiab rau txoj kev xav thiab txhawb kev ua si sib tham.[10] Txog 9% kev kuaj mob (n = 300) muaj cov teeb meem siv ntawm cov chaw sib tham.[11]
Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los ua nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus Indian tau qhia teeb meem rau qhov siv yees siv thev naus laus zis. Feem ntau ntawm cov ncauj lus muaj kev puas siab ntsws raws li qhov kev mob comorbid. Cov neeg siv kuj tau siv cov thev naus laus zis los tswj hwm lawv txoj kev ntxhov siab, kom tsis txhob muaj qhov xwm txheej ntxhov siab, thiab txoj kev tswj hwm kev tsis txaus siab. Muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv siv thev naus laus zis ntawm cov pej xeem kev puas hlwb nrog rau nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm cov kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog.
 Ntaub ntawv thiab kev | |
Aim
Txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis siv nrog cov ncauj lus nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws.
Kawm kev tsim
Cov txheej txheem soj ntsuam tau siv los nrhiav cov 75 cov neeg kawm (txiv neej / poj niam) los ntawm cov neeg mob sab hauv thiab sab nrauv kev kho mob hlwb ntawm National Institute ntawm Mental Health thiab Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka nrog cov ntsiab lus suav nrog cov hnub nyoog ntawm 16 xyoo thiab siab dua, siv internet rau yam tsawg kawg ntawm 1 xyoo thiab muaj peev xwm nyeem thiab sau lus Askiv. Cov ncauj lus nrog lub hlwb ua haujlwm (psychopathology) nquag, tsis paub ntawv, thiab tsis kam koom nrog raug tshem tawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no.
cuab yeej
Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los tsim los ntawm tus neeg tshawb xyuas los sau cov ntaub ntawv sau txog cov neeg nyob sab hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, kev noj qab haus huv, kev kawm, kev ntseeg, kev ua txij ua nkawm thiab hom tsev neeg, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws (raws li sau ib daim ntawv kuaj mob raws li International Kev faib tawm ntawm Cov Kab Mob-10 [ICD-10] lossis Kev Tshuaj Xyuas thiab Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Puas Siab Puas Ntsws (cwj pwm tsis xws luag) xws li sijhawm mob, qhov xwm txheej thiab mob ntawm kev mob, kev kho mob, thiab tus yam ntxwv ua ntej. cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog kev siv cuab yeej thev naus laus zis, hnub nyoog uas ib tug neeg pib siv nws, hom ntaub ntawv siv thev naus laus zis, vim li cas pib siv cov ntaub ntawv siv thev naus laus zis, kev siv ntau npaum li cas, cov chaw nkag, tam sim no nkag mus rau cov chaw, tus kheej / pab pawg cov haujlwm, lub sijhawm siv, muaj ntse xov tooj nrog internet, muaj nyob hauv tsev, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv xov xwm thev naus laus zis, xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov xov xwm thev naus laus zis, ib qho keeb kwm ntawm kev sim txo kev siv xov xwm thev naus laus zis, kev nkag siab txog kev siv, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm (los tswj kev tsis txaus siab, lub xeev kev xav thiab lwm yam.) / mob hlwb nrog kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab mus nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv kev noj qab haus huv, hom haujlwm; kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis rau ib lub neej, kev saib xyuas kev xav thiab qhov xav tau hloov.
Is Taws Nem txo kev sib deev kev ntsuas yog nees nkaum cov lus nug raws li 5-point Likert nplai los ntsuas kev quav rau internet.[12],[13] Is Taws Nem txo qhov ua yees kev tuaj yeem siv tau los pab kev faib tawm tus cwj pwm ntsig txog qhov tsis taus me me thiab mob hnyav. Cov nplai npog cov degree uas lawv siv internet cuam tshuam rau lawv cov kev ua txhua hnub, kev ua neej nyob rau lub neej, kev pw tsaug zog, thiab lub siab xav. Qhov qhab nia tsawg kawg ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog nees nkaum thiab siab tshaj plaws yog 100. Qhov ntsuas pom qhov nruab nrab mus rau sab hauv zoo sib xws. Nws tau ua kom pom tseeb los ntawm nws tus kheej thiab kev siv internet dav dav.
Cov qauv siv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab, txhawm rau ntsuas cov tib neeg siv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab siv qauv hauv 9-yam teev nrog ob daim ntawv ntsuas nws tus kheej ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab video siv tus qauv, thiab cov kev ntxhov siab los cuam tshuam nrog.[5]
Cov duab liab qab saib xyuas kev saib xyuas muaj yees yog nees nkaum yam lus nug raws li 5-point Likert nplai los ntsuas kev quav rau saib duab liab qab thiab kev sib deev online.[14]
Kev soj ntsuam rau kev siv lub xov tooj ntawm tes uas tau hloov kho cov lus nug tsim kho rau ICMR kev coj cwj pwm yees tus cwj pwm yuav raug siv.[15] Nws muaj thawj ntawm kev tswj hwm, kev yuam, kev ntshaw, thiab kev rau txim. Nws muaj cov ntsiab lus siv tau. Cov no yog siv rau kev soj ntsuam cov xov tooj ntawm tes. Cov qhab-nees ntawm peb thiab qib saud qhia tau ntau dhau los rau kev siv thev naus laus zis.
Tus txheej txheem
Cov ntsiab lus raug coj los ntawm kev kho mob sab hauv / tawm-mob hlwb ntawm NIMHANS Bengaluru, Karnataka. Kev pom zoo ua ntej tau txais los ntawm pawg saib xyuas kev txhawj xeeb zoo li ntawm tus neeg siv. Cov txheej txheem thiab cov hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no tau piav qhia rau cov neeg mob thiab tau txais kev pom zoo paub. Cov ntaub ntawv tsis pub lwm tus paub. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub zej zos tau raug sau raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau muab los ntawm cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg zov me nyuam nrog rau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov lus nug txog kev quav yeeb yaj kiab hauv Is Taws Nem, kev siv yeeb yaj kiab game siv qauv lus nug, kev siv Facebook cov lus nug, kev tshuaj xyuas quav muaj yees, thiab kev soj ntsuam cov lus nug txog kev tiv thaiv lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau raug tswj hwm hauv ib qho chaw.
Kev Tshawb Fawb Tsom
Cov ntaub ntawv tau cim rau lub koos pis tawj tshawb xyuas thiab Daim Ntawv Pob Khoom Siv rau Social Science 16.0 version (2008) tau siv los ua qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ntau npaum li cas. Cov ntsiab lus piav qhia xws li lub txiaj ntsig, qhov feem pua sib txawv ntawm cov qauv, thiab ntau zaus tau siv los tshuaj xyuas cov tib neeg cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws. Pearson cov khoom lag luam lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam tau muab xam los xyuas qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov hloov pauv. Pearson's Chi-square test raug suav los kuaj xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txheeb ntawm cov sib txawv. Tag nrho cov nuj nqis tau muab faib tawm mus rau ob qhov chaw decimal thiab rau theem ntawm tseem ceeb qhov tshwm sim theem ntawm 0.05 thiab 0.01 tau siv.
| tau | |
Lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm tus qauv yog 26.67 nrog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm 6.5. Lub hnub nyoog faib tau 16 xyoo txog 40 xyoo. Cov qauv muaj 45 cov txiv neej (60%) thiab 30 Cov Poj niam (40%). 17 tau sib yuav (22.67%), 57 tsis tau muaj txij nkawm (76%), thiab 1 tau sib nrauj (1.33%). Txhua yam kev kawm muaj 10 thiab ntau xyoo kev kawm. 36% yog los ntawm thaj chaw nyob deb nroog thiab 64% yog los ntawm lub nroog loj [Lub Rooj 1].
 | Cov Lus 1: Cov lus qhia txog neeg lub neej zoo li cas ntawm cov qauv |
[Lub Rooj 2] qhia pom qhov kev kuaj mob ntawm cov qauv neeg thiab nws qhov ntau zaus, 32 txawv kuaj mob hauv ntau zaus sib txawv tau tshwm sim. Kev kuaj mob tau ua raws li ICD 10 cov qauv. Zaus thiab feem pua sib txawv nyob hauv txhua qeb. Feem pua ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws yog los ntawm 1.3% rau 10.7%.
 | Cov Lus 2: Feem ntau thiab feem pua ntawm cov ncauj lus nrog kev paub mob hlwb raws li International Classification of Disease-10 (F-code) |
[Lub Rooj 3] qhia txog qhov pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev siv lub xov tooj ntawm tes (18.67%), kev quav yeeb yaj kiab hauv internet (16%), cov duab liab qab (4 – 6.67%), thiab cov vis dis aus (14.67%).
 | Cov Lus 3: Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tev naus laus zis ntawm cov qauv |
[Lub Rooj 4] qhia pom lub sijhawm mob ntawm tus qauv (n = 75), sib txawv ntawm 6 lub hlis txog 21 xyoo, thiab qhov txhais tau yog 6.4 xyoo nrog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm 4. 85 xyoos. Txog 49.33% tau tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov nyuaj hauv kev hloov kho thiab cov xeeb ceem.
 | Cov Lus 4: Tus qauv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lub siab lub ntsws thiab mob hlwb ua ntej ntawm tus qauv |
[Lub Rooj 5] qhia tau hais tias 58.7% ntawm cov tib neeg hauv qhov piv txwv tag nrho tau tshaj tawm tias lawv tau siv sijhawm ntau dua nrog cov ntaub ntawv siv technology "zoo." 14.7% tau siv los zam qhov kev xav tsis zoo, 2.7% (2 neeg) tau siv los tswj cov xwm txheej thiab 24% ntawm tag nrho cov qauv siv sijhawm rau lwm cov laj thawj nyiam kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv dav dav lossis ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev kawm. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv siv thev naus laus zis kom tsis txhob muaj kev xav tsis zoo / raws li txoj kev daws teebmeem tau ntau dua ntawm cov neeg siv uas muaj 5 h lossis ntau dua siv nyob rau ib hnub.
 | Cov lus 5: Kev sib txheeb ntawm lub sijhawm nruab nrab siv rau is taws nem hauv ib hnub thiab cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog kev siv internet |
[Lub Rooj 6] qhia tau hais tias kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev pw tsaug zog tau (ncua ntawm kev pib ntawm kev pw tsaug zog) ntau dua hauv kev tswj hwm mus rau kev siv ntau yam.
 | Cov lus 6: Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv internet thiab pw tsaug zog (qeeb hauv kev pib pw tsaug zog) |
[Lub Rooj 7] qhia tau hais tias lub hnub nyoog muaj qhov tsis zoo sib xws nrog lub sijhawm mob, qhov nruab nrab siv sijhawm nyob hauv internet, kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet, kev quav yeeb tshuaj, kev siv game game, thiab kev saib duab liab qab. Lub sijhawm mob tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev siv tshuaj yeeb thev naus laus zis. Qhov nruab nrab siv sijhawm ib hnub hauv is taws nem qhia kev sib raug zoo nrog lub xov tooj ntawm tes, Is Taws Nem, videogame, thiab cov yees muaj yees. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo nrog kev siv internet, kev siv yeeb yaj kiab, thiab kev saib duab liab qab. Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem muaj qhov tsis sib raug zoo nrog cov yees yees yees yees thiab yees yees duab yees siv yees.
 | Cov lus 7: Kev sib txheeb ntawm cov tsis sib xws ntawm ntau yam kev hloov pauv thiab kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv internet |
| Sib tham thiab qhov xaus | |
Txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia txog kev mus rau lub cev muaj yees (18.67%), kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet (16%), cov duab liab qab (4 – 6.67%), thiab kev yees duab ua si (14.67%) ntawm cov ncauj lus nrhiav kev kho mob hlwb [Lub Rooj 3]Cov. Lub hnub nyoog muaj qhov tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv internet, kev ua yeeb yaj kiab yees duab yees kev siv lub tshuab yees, thiab saib duab liab qab. Ib qho zoo sib xws tau pom nyob hauv lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb. Lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm tus qauv yog 26.67 nrog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm 6.5 [Lub Rooj 1] thiab [[Lub Rooj 7]Cov. Lub sijhawm mob ntawm tus qauv (n = 75), sib txawv ntawm 6 lub hlis txog 21 xyoo, thiab qhov txhais tau yog 6.4 xyoo nrog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm 4. 85 xyoos. 49.33% tau tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov nyuaj hauv kev hloov kho thiab cov xeeb ceem [Lub Rooj 4]Cov. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis tau pom kom tsis txhob muaj lub siab tsis zoo / raws li txoj kev daws teeb meem tau ntau dua ntawm cov neeg siv uas muaj 5 h lossis ntau dua siv nyob rau ib hnub [Lub Rooj 5]Cov. Kev siv rau kev siv thev naus laus zis sib txig sib luag nrog kev ncua sij hawm pw tsaug zog [Lub Rooj 6]Cov. Lub hnub nyoog muaj qhov tsis zoo sib xws nrog lub caij mob, cov sij hawm nruab nrab siv nyob rau hauv internet, quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet, quav tshuaj, yees siv game, thiab saib duab liab qab. Lub sijhawm mob tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev siv tshuaj yeeb thev naus laus zis. Qhov nruab nrab siv sijhawm ib hnub nyob rau hauv is taws nem qhia qhov sib raug zoo nrog lub xov tooj ntawm tes, internet, videogame, thiab cov duab liab qab (VII). Ib qho zoo sib xws tau corroborated los ntawm lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb. Kev muaj yees hauv Is Taws Nem tau pom muaj ntau nyob rau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas.[16] Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet tau tshwm sim los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua neej nyob ntawm 12 – 18 pawg hnub nyoog.[17] cov tib neeg koom nrog cov hnub nyoog ntawm 20 – 29 tau siv Is Taws Nem ntau dua, thaum cov qhab nia sib xyaw is taws nem ntawm cov neeg tau koom nrog cov pab pawg ntawm 19 thiab qis dua tau siab dua lwm pab pawg thiab qhov xwm txheej no sib txawv raws poj niam txiv neej.[18] Kev siv internet muaj teeb meem tsom pom qhov sib txheeb ntawm 75% nrog kev nyuaj siab; 57% nrog kev ntxhov siab, 100% nrog cov tsos mob ntawm ADHD; 60% nrog cov tsos mob tsis sib xws thiab sib zog thiab 66% nrog kev sib cav / ua phem. Teeb meem siv internet muaj koom nrog kev nyuaj siab thiab ADHD.[3] Cov tub ntxhais hluas hluas uas ua si ntau dua 1 h ntawm console lossis hauv Internet game games yuav muaj ntau dua lossis ntau cov tsos mob ntawm ADHD lossis kev tsis ua haujlwm zoo dua li cov uas tsis ua.[19]
Cov neeg uas tsis muaj tus kheej, kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus kheej, thiab kev muaj peev xwm txhawj xeeb txog kev ntxhov siab yog qhov muaj feem ntau kev twv txiaj hauv internet.[7] Kev tsis txaus ntseeg tau pom tias yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ua kom nce kev sib deev hauv online kev twv txiaj.[20],[21] Kev pw tsaug zog zoo li yog ib qho teeb meem loj ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv internet thiab ua rau tuaj lig hmo ntuj.[22],[23]
Cov ntaub ntawv sau ua haujlwm tam sim no muaj cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis ntawm cov ncauj lus nrog cov teeb meem kev xav. Kev quav rau hauv is taws nem thiab cov duab liab qab kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev ncua ntawm kev pib pw tsaug zog. Txawm hais tias qhov kev nthuav dav tau txais tsawg nyob rau hauv kev sib piv rau kev nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb, nws tuaj yeem hais tawm hauv kev sim ua piv txwv ntau. Cov kev sib txuas lus niaj hnub no muab txoj hauv kev sib txuas lus nrog cov hnub nyoog / nruab nrab cov sij hawm siv rau ib hnub nrog kev muaj yees rau kev siv thev naus laus zis kev siv cov thev naus laus zis ua ib txoj kev daws teeb meem. Nws muaj cov kev txwv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov tsis muaj corroboration los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas. Kev ua haujlwm tam sim no muaj qhov cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam thev naus laus zis kev yees yog qhov kev mob siab ntawm cov neeg hlwb. Kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej tuaj yeem tsom mus rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov hlwb kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ncauj lus nrog cov teeb meem kev xav, tus neeg saib xyuas cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj kev quav yeeb tshuaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv technology nrog rau kev hloov kho cov kev cuam tshuam rau kev txhawb nqa kev siv thev naus laus zis.
Kev them nyiaj yug nyiaj txiag thiab kev txhawb nqa
Nil.
Teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab
Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam dab tsi.
| References | |
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