ISRN Psychiatry. 2013 Mar 28; 2013: 961734. doi: 10.1155 / 2013 / 961734.
Ozturk FO, Ekinci M, Ozturk O, Canan F.
Tau qhov twg los
Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Health Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Qaib ntxhw.
Abstract
Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los tshuaj xyuas lub koom txoos ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm txawv thiab kev xav thiab kev coj cwj pwm nrog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv theem siab. Cov qauv kawm no muaj 303 cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab. Ib qho qauv ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua neej, kev tiv thaiv hauv internet (IAS), cov kev muaj zog thiab cov lus nug nyuaj, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas lub cev ntawm Memphis, Pisa, Paris, thiab San Diego autoquestionnaire tau siv los sau cov ntaub ntawv.
Ntawm cov qauv, 6.6% tau pom tias yuav raug siv rau hauv InternetCov. Muaj lub khoos phis tawj nyob hauv tsev (P <0.001) thiab siv Is Taws Nem tau ntau dua ob xyoos (P <0.001) tau pom tias cuam tshuam nrog cov qhab nia siab dua ntawm IAS. Qhov uas tsis raws cai coob heev thiaj li muaj kev npau taws rau cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet tau ntau dua rau cov neeg tsis muaj cai (P <0.001). Dysthymic (r = 0.199; P <0.01), cyclothymic (r = 0.249; P <0.01), hyperthymic (r = 0.156; P <0.01), chim siab (r = 0.254; P <0.01), thiab ntxhov siab (r = 0.205 ; P <0.01) temperaments; teeb meem kev coj ua (r = 0.146; P <0.05), kev tsis ua haujlwm-tsis quav ntsej (r = 0.133; P <0.05), cov kev mob siab ntsws (r = 0.138; P <0.05), thiab tag nrho cov teeb meem (r = 0.160; P <0.01) tau pom tias raug txheeb nrog IAS cov qhab nia. Raws li cov kev tshawb pom no, muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet thiab muaj kev ntxub ntxaug profiles, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog kev ntxhov siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teeb meem ntawm lub siab thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo yog cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj teeb meem siv Internet.
1. Introduction
Hauv Internet yog ib lub tshuab ua haujlwm uas yooj yim nkag mus rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib hloov yooj yim ntawm txoj kev pheej yig thiab kev nyab xeeb. Txawm hais tias cov lus txhais hauv Internet tsis tau muaj kev pom zoo, tsis tas li ntawd cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet vim tias tsis muaj peev xwm tswj cov kev ua ub no hauv Internet, poob qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm tsis muaj kev cob cog rau hauv Internet, kev siab phem thiab kev coj cwj pwm thaum poob, thiab nce zuj zus hauv kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tsev neeg thiab tsev neeg [1, 2]. Cov neeg tshawb xyuas taw tes tias kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet tuaj yeem pom thaum txhua lub hnub nyoog hauv ob qho tib si thiab pib rau cov hnub nyug ntxov dua li lwm yam khoom siv [3]. Prevalence txheeb cais ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas txawv los ntawm 2% [4] rau 20% [5] hla kev cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua.
Ib qho kev siv thaij hauv Internet feem ntau yuav siv tau 40-80 cov xuab moo hauv online [3]. Vim li no, kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yuav tsim teebmeem rau lub cev thiab kev sib raug zoo thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws [6].
Muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau hais txog cov teeb meem hauv Internet tsis zoo ntawm lub cev thiab lub hlwb zoo thiab feem ntau cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet tau qhia ntxiv tias muaj kev puas siab ntsws lwm tus [7, 8]. Cov kev puas siab ntsws, kev quav yeeb tshuaj, kev quav yeeb tshuaj, kev puas siab ntsws, kev ntxhov siab, kev mob kev nkeeg, kev noj qab nyob zoo, thiab kev qaug dab peg yog qee qhov tseeb hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet [9].
Lwm tus neeg tau sib cav hais tias kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yog ib qho kev coj tus cwj pwm uas plays lub luag hauj lwm hauv qee qhov kev tsis zoo los ntawm kev them nyiaj rau cov cheeb tsam uas plam lub neej raws li pom hauv kev nyuaj siab [10]. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, kev siv ntau hauv Internet tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog tus cwj pwm coj zoo, thiab los ntawm kev kawm cov tswv yim, nws yuav raug siv los ua ib lub tswv yim txaus los daws cov kev xav tsis zoo [11].
Lub caij nyoog zoo ntawm novelty lossis kev xav nrhiav tau raug tshaj tawm tias yuav tsum muaj kev siab dua rau cov neeg siv tshuaj yeeb dua li cov neeg tsis tuaj yeem [12]. Feem ntau cov kws sau ntawv pom zoo tias cov kev zoo no yuav ua rau kom muaj kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj feem ntau [13], tabsis vim tias muaj kev mob siab rau kev sim tshuaj. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hluas uas muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet, nws tau qhia tias cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet tau yooj yim cuam tshuam los ntawm kev xav, kev xav tsis zoo, kev xav, kev xav hauv kev xav, kev txaus siab, sim, thiab nyiam lawv cov kev txiav txim siab [7]. Cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet kuj pom tau tias muaj cov qhab nees siab tshaj plaws rau cov neuroticism thiab cov cwj pwm ntawm psychoticism hauv pawg ntau dua li ntawm pawg tswj hwm [14]. Txawm li cas los xij, rau peb txoj kev paub, tsis muaj ib txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv cov ntawv nyeem txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov xeeb ceem ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet.
Thawj lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los tshuaj txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Turkish cov tub ntxhais hluas. Qhov thib ob, nws tau tsom mus piv rau tus cwj pwm coj zoo thiab cov kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nrog lossis tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet.
2. Txoj kev
2.1. Tsim thiab Qauv
Qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tshawb fawb. Cov neeg kawm ntawv tau muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv theem siab uas kawm Erzurum Ataturk High School hauv Turkey hauv 2010-2011 xyoo kawm ntawv (n = 325). Cov qauv kawm no muaj 303 cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tau tuaj kawm hauv cov hnub kawm ntawv thaum tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, leej twg pom zoo los koom rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, thiab leej twg tau teb cov lus nug tag nrho (teb lus = 93.2%).
2.2. Cov Kev Sib Thooj Zog
Lub koom haum raug cai tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm Ataturk University. Kev pom zoo tau txais los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Erzurum Ataturk High School. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv uas tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg txais kev koom tes hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tau muab tso rau. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev pom zoo tau txais los ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tsev Kawm Ntawv, nrog rau Ministry of Education.
2.3. Ntawv Sau
Plaub yam seev tau raug siv los mus sau cov ntaub ntawv: ib daim ntawv teev cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev siv internet npliag, kev ua tau zoo thiab nyuaj nyuaj, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas lub cev ntawm Memphis, Pisa, Paris, thiab San Diego autoquestionnaire. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau muab lawv cov lus teb thaum nyob hauv chav kawm tawm tswv yim. Kev ua tiav ntawm cov twj paj nruag coj qhov nruab nrab ntawm 40 feeb.
2.4. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Sib Sau No
2.4.1. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Qhia Txog Cov Ntaub Ntawv Soj Ntsuam
Peb tsim muaj 12-khoom sib tham nrog cov lus nug nrog cov khoom uas hais txog lub hnub nyoog, kev sib daj sib dee, qib, qhov nruab nrab tsev neeg cov nyiaj khwv tau los, qhov twg thiab hom kev siv internet (piv txwv, "Koj siv qhov Internet?") hauv tsev.
2.4.2. Kev Siv Phom Rau Hauv Internet (IAS)
Tus IAS [15] yog ib qho khoom ntsuas tus kheej uas muaj 31 cov khoom (piv txwv li, "Kuv tau nyob hauv Internet ntev tshaj li qhov kuv xav tau," "Kuv xav tias lub neej tsis muaj Internet yuav tho txawv thiab tsis muaj dabtsi," Kuv tau sim siv sijhawm sij hawm nyob hauv Internet tiam sis kuv tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau li ntawd. ") raws li Kev Ntseeg thiab Kev Ntsuas ntawm Cov Kev Xiam Hlwb, Qhov Tshaj Plaub 4, cov khoom siv raws cai, thiab 2 tus txheej xwm ntxiv los ntawm Griffiths [16]. Tus IAS yog ib qho kev txhim khu thiab ntsuas kev nyab xeeb ntxiv (Cronbach α =. 95). Cov nplai tau muab txhais ua lus Turkish, thiab psychometric cov khoom ntawm Turkish version ntawm qhov kev ntsuas tau raug soj ntsuam ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv uas qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xeem-kev xeem rov tau zoo [17]. Tus interitem reliability txo cov txheej txheem pib ntawm 31 rau 27 khoom (nrog Cronbach α ntawm .94). Cov khoom ntawm nplai yog nyob rau ntawm 5-Point Likert scale (1, tsis muaj; 2, tsis tshua muaj 3, qee zaus; 4, nquag; 5, ib txwm), nrog cov qhab nia ntau dua Internet. Ib qho txiav tawm ntawm 81 (3 × 27 cov khoom) tau pom zoo raws li qhia txog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet.
2.4.3. Cov Lus Coj Thiab Cov Kev Nyuaj Siab (SDQ)
Tus SDQ [18] tau tsim los txiav txim siab txog cov neeg hluas ntawm qhov ua tau zoo thiab cov cwj pwm muaj teeb meem. Cov cuab yeej muaj 25 lus nug uas nug txog tus cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm, qee qhov yog qhov zoo, thiab qee qhov tsis zoo. Cov lus nug no tau teev hauv qab tsib nqe hauv qab: (1) coj teeb meem; (2) hyperactivity-inattention; (3) cov kev mob siab ntsws; (4) Cov phooj ywg teeb meem; thiab (5) tus cwj pwm dhau mus. Thawj thawj plaub ntu tau muab cais raws li “tag nrho cov qhab nia nyuaj.” Qhov qhab nias no sib txawv ntawm 0 txog 40. Qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev ntseeg tau ntawm tus Turkish version ntawm SDQ tau ua los ntawm Güvenir et al. [19] nrog kev haum tau sab hauv (Cronbach's alpha = 0.73).
2.4.4. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Memphis, Pisa, Paris, thiab San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A)
Tus pib ua tiav ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas lub siab ntawm Memphis, Pisa, Paris, thiab San Diego (TEMPS-A) yog ib qho khoom ntsuas tus kheej uas tsim los ntawm Akiskal li al. [20]. Nws tau txais kev pom zoo siv rau ob tus tib neeg mob hlwb thiab noj qab haus huv. Cov lus nug ua tiav ntsuas kev cuam tshuam txog kev coj tus yam ntxwv, tam sim no hauv cov ncauj lus lub neej tag nrho, sawv cev hauv tsib seem ntsuas: kev nyuaj siab, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, chim siab, thiab ntxhov siab. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no, kev siv lus Turkish tau siv [21].
2.5. Cov Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Cov Ntsiab Lus
Cov Ntaub Ntawv Tshaj Lij rau Social Sciences software (SPSS 15, Chicago, IL, USA) tau siv rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas. Cov lus qhia tsis tau muaj tshwm sim raws li tus qauv = tus qauv sib txawv los yog hauv feem pua. Cov kev hloov mus ntxiv tau muab sib piv nrog Tus Neeg Kawm Ntawv t xeem ntawv. Pearson's chi-square test tau siv los tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov txhais tau tias thiab sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg. Spearman's lossis Pearson cov kev ntsuas sib raug zoo tau siv los ntsuas cov koom haum ntawm IAS thiab cov subscales ntawm SDQ thiab TEMPS-A. A P tus nqi ntawm <0.05 tau pom tias tseem ceeb.
3. Ntsiab lus
Tag nrho cov tub ntxhais 210 (69.2%) thiab 92 cov ntxhais (30.8%) ua tiav cov lus teev tseg thiab cov lus nug. Ntawm cov qauv, 20 (6.6%) tau pom tias yuav raug siv rau hauv Internet raws li IAS. Qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov tub hluas uas tau muab cais ua rau hauv Internet addicts yog 6.2%. Rau cov menyuam ntxhais, qhov sib npaug haj yam 7.6%; qhov txawv tsis yog cov lus tseem ceeb. Muaj lub computer nyob hauv tsev tau pom tias nws muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. rooj 1 teev cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus los ntawm kev kuaj pom los yog tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov menyuam yaus raws li txoj cai tiv thaiv hauv Internet (chi-square test).
Cov qhab-nees ntawm IAS txhais tau tias cov menyuam hluas uas muaj lub computer nyob hauv tsev tshaj li cov uas tsis tauP <0.001). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas tau siv Is Taws Nem ntau dua li ob xyoos pom tias tau qhab nia siab dua ntawm IAS dua li cov uas tau siv Is Taws Nem ob xyoos los sis tsawg dua (P <0.001). IAS cov qhab nia tau nce siab dua rau cov neeg hluas uas tau siv Is Taws Nem hauv tsev dua li cov uas tau siv Is Taws Nem hauv lwm qhov chaw (P <0.001).
Tus prevalence feem ntawm kev ntxhov siab rau Internet addicts yog 15%, whereas rau cov nonaddicts, nws yog 2.8% (P <0.001). Kev raug mob me me thiab lawv raug faib raws li kev tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb yaj kiab hauv Is Taws Nem rooj 2. Cov qhabnias IAS txhais tau pom tias yuav ua rau siab qis dua rau cov hluas thaum XYUMX ± 63.9 dua li cov tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab (25.3 ± 47.9) (P <0.05). Qhov kuaj pom lossis qhaj lwm yam kev npau taws tsis tau cuam tshuam nrog cov qhab nias sib txawv ntawm IAS. Raws li Pearson's correlation coefficient, tseem ceeb kev sib raug zoo tau tshawb pom ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv Internet thiab dysthymic (r = 0.199; P <0.01), cyclothymic (r = 0.249; P <0.01), hyperthymic (r = 0.156; P <0.01), chim siab (r = 0.254; P <0.01), thiab ntxhov siab (r = 0.205; P <0.01) temperaments.
Lub caij nyoog zoo rau cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas raws li txoj cai tiv thaiv hauv Internet.
Cov hluas uas nrog thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet kuj piv rau lawv raws li lawv cov qhab-nees TEMPS-A thiab SDQ (rooj 3). Txawm tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cov ntawv xeem TEMPS-A, cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj yees siv hauv Internet tau qhab nia dua ntawm teeb meem kev coj ua (P <0.05) thiab tag nrho cov teeb meem (P <0.05) subscales ntawm SDQ dua li cov tub ntxhais kawm yam tsis muaj yees hauv Is Taws Nem. Ntxiv mus, muaj qhov zoo thiab kev pom zoo sib raug ntawm IAS thiab kev coj ua teeb meem (r = 0.146; P <0.05), kev tsis ua haujlwm-tsis quav ntsej (r = 0.133; P <0.05), kev mob siab ntsws (r = 0.138; P <0.05), thiab tag nrho cov teeb meem (r = 0.160; P <0.01).
Kev sib piv ntawm TEMPS-A thiab SDQ txhais tau cov qhab nia ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv internet.
4. Kev sib tham
Hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet tau pom tias yog 6.6%, uas zoo ib yam li cov nqi uas muaj nyob hauv lwm cov kev tshawb fawb uas ntsuas cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog [22, 23]. Raws li peb cov kev tshawb pom, txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev dhau Internet muaj kev nce qib nrog kev nce qib hauv Internet. Txuas ntxiv, Kev siv Internet nrog ib ntu ntau tshaj li ob lub xyoos los kuj tseem pom tias muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv Internet muaj yees ntau dua.
Nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, txawm tias vim tsis muaj kev koom nrog cov ntxhais, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab ntxhais raws li cov qhab-nees IAS. Contrary to peb nrhiav tau, Qaib Cov Pej Xeem Sib Txuas Lus tau hais tias lub computer thiab Internet siv ntau tshaj cov tub hluas dua li cov ntxhais hauv 2010 cov ntaub ntawv [24]. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv kuj pom tau tias cov tub ntxhais hluas tau nquag sim rau cov teebmeem ntawm kev siv Internet Internet [17, 25].
Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav uas soj ntsuam 535 lub tsev kawm ntawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas siv Child Behavior Checklists, cov qhab nia ADHD tau pom tias muaj feem ntau rau cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj yees hauv Internet dua li cov tsis muaj [26]. Txuas ntxiv, Yen et al. [27], kev soj ntsuam 2793 cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab, qhia tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet thiab kev paub tsis meej tsis haum (ADHD). Lawv kuj tau pom tias feem ntau cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yog nrog cov ntse ntse mob tshwm sim. Ib yam li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm tam sim no, cov qhab nees hauv Internet tau pom tias yuav tsum muaj txiaj ntsim zoo rau cov qhab nia thiab qhov ua tau zoo dua. Raws li "nqi thim tawm tuaj," vim yog D2 receptor deficiency, cov me nyuam nrog ADHD tau mob siab rau txoj kev xav txog kev twv txiaj, kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab kev quav dej caw, thiab kev coj tsis tus thiab kev coj tsis tus [28]. Kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet, raws li "kev tsis txaus siab tsis pom zoo," kuj yuav ua tau ib qho "nqi tsis zoo" thiab nrog tau ADHD cov tsos mob ntawm no [26].
Cov kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo tau pom tias muaj feem xyuam nrog kev poob siab, kev nrhiav kev xav, kev xav ntawm psychoticism, thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib raug zoo hauv ntau cov kev tshawb fawb [29, 30]. Landers thiab Lounsbury [31] soj ntsuam 117 cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv kawm tiav thiab pom hais tias kev siv Internet tsis zoo nrog peb ntawm tsib yam loj, kev pom zoo, kev pom zoo, thiab extraversion nrog rau ob qho tseem ciav; kev zoo siab thiab kev tsav tsheb, thiab muaj feem xyuam nrog kev nyuaj siab. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv Turkey, psychoticism tau pom tias tsuas yog tib neeg kev sib raug zoo nrog tsim cov kev sib raug zoo tshiab thiab muaj cov "Internet tsuas" cov phooj ywg. Ntxiv mus, extroversion yog tus cwjpwm nkaus xwb uas muaj feem xyuam nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab txhawb kev sib raug zoo rau kev sib tim lus tim ntsej tim muag [32]. Hauv peb txoj kev kawm, kev sib raug zoo thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo yog pom ntawm cov qhab nia ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet thiab kev nyuaj siab, kev nyuaj siab, kev nyuaj siab, kev txob siab, thiab kev mob siab ntxhov siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm kev ntxhov siab ntxhov siab yeej pom tias cov menyuam kawm ntawv muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet ntau dua li cov tsis muaj.
Kev coj cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm qhia tau hais tias tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev thiab kev xav ntawm lub hlwb xws li kev xav txog kev puas hlwb, kev hloov siab rau lub siab, kev vam meej, kev thim, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab kev rov qab [33]. Raws li "kev pom zoo ntawm yus tus kheej," cov neeg mob feem ntau siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv los hloov lawv txoj kev siab quaj ntsuag, kom txo lawv txoj kev ntxhov siab, thiab paub daws teeb meem [34]. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet, uas yog kev tiv thaiv tus cwj pwm. Namely, rov qab ua dua tshiab hauv online yuav yog ib txoj kev txo qis cov kev mob tshwm sim xws li kev ntxhov siab. Ntxiv thiab, qhov kev piav qhia txog kev siv yees hauv Internet kom muaj zog tuaj yeem rau cov neeg uas muaj kev ntxhov siab txog kev ntxhov siab yuav muaj feem xyuam nrog "kev siv tshuaj rau yus tus kheej."
Cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas uas tsis tau txais kev txhawb nqa kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm lub hlwb tau raug tshaj tawm tias yuav tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet [35]. Morahan-Martin thiab Schumacher [36] qhia tias 22.7% ntawm cov neeg siv Internet tau muaj teeb meem nrog cov phooj ywg thiab tsev neeg kev sib raug zoo thiab muaj teeb meem hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab tsev kawm ntawv cov kev ua ub ua no vim hais tias siv Internet. Hauv peb cov kev tshawb nrhiav, cov qhab nias ntawm lub zog thiab kev coj ua teeb meem ntawm SDQ tau raug pom tias yuav tsum muaj ntau dua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv uas muaj kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet thiab muaj teeb meem tag nrho, muaj teeb meem, ua kom tsis muaj zog, thiab cov kev xav ntawm kev xav hauv lub siab. Raws li cov kev tshawb pom no, muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov teeb meem siv Internet thiab teeb meem kev xav thiab tus cwj pwm.
Cov kev txwv. Muaj ntau cov kev txwv ntawm txoj kev kawm tam sim no. Ua ntej, txij li qhov piv txwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev tshawb no tsis tuaj yeem thoob plaws rau cov pej xeem coob nyob hauv Turkey. Qhov thib ob, qhov loj me me yog coj tus cwj pwm tsis txaus sau cov lus xaus. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kawm tsis tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab tsis yuam thaum ua qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Cov tsev neeg nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Turkey tau nqis siab ntxiv rau txoj kev kawm ntawm lawv cov tub tshaj lawv cov ntxhais [37]. Yog li, peb cov kev kawm muaj xws li 69.2% cov tub thiab 30.8% ntxhais. Thaum kawg, qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yuav tsis paub tseeb tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm nrog kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet.
5. Cov lus xaus
Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev kawm tam sim no, kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet yog ib qho kev tshwm sim feem ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas. Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet thiab qhov ntsej muag tsis zoo thiab muaj kev vam meej thiab ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teeb meem coj cwj pwm muaj ntau zaus rau cov hluas uas muaj teeb meem siv Internet. Vim hais tias ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no, nws tsis muaj peev xwm los txhais tau cov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim. Muaj kev xav tau ntxiv rau cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv uas ntsuas cov kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hluas uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet hauv kev kawm ntau dua.
Teeb meem ntawm Cov Ntxhais
Tsis tas li cov sau phau ntawv muaj kev sib txuas nyiaj ncaj qha nrog cov khoom lag luam uas hais hauv daim ntawv uas yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm kev nyiam.
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