Kev soj ntsuam ntawm Malay Version ntawm Smartphone Tias Nplai ntawm Cov Tub Kawm Ntawv Kho Mob hauv Malaysia (2015)

2015 Oct 2;10(10):e0139337. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.

Ching SM1, Yee A2, Ramachandran V.3, Sazlly Lim SM4, Wan Sulaiman WA4, Foo YL4, Hoo FK4.

Abstract

TAW QHIA:

Txoj kev tshawb no tau pib los txiav txim txog kev puas siab ntsws ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag Kev Nyab Xeeb (SAS) los ntawm kev txhais lus thiab kev kho qhov kev ntsuas no rau hauv Lus Malay (SAS-M), uas yog hom lus hais hauv tebchaws Malaysia. Txoj kev tshawb no tuaj yeem paub qhov ntse ntse thiab xov tooj hauv internet ntawm ntau haiv neeg cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv Malaysian. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ntseeg tau thiab kev siv tau ntawm SAS kuj tau qhia.

COV NTAUB NTAWV THIAB COV KEV HLOOV:

Tag nrho cov neeg 228 tau xaiv ntawm Lub Xya hli ntuj 2014 thiab Cuaj hli 2014 kom tiav cov lus nug, nrog rau SAS thiab kev hloov kho Kimberly Young Siv Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv (IAT) hauv Malay.

COV LUS QHIA:

Muaj 99 tus txiv neej thiab 129 poj niam nrog lub hnub nyoog txij li 19 txog 22 xyoo (21.7 ± 1.1) suav nrog qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Piav qhia thiab qhov txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj ntsuam, cov qauv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv ib leeg, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas t thiab kev txheeb ze tau txheeb los ua pov thawj qhov tseeb thiab kev siv tau ntawm SAS. Bartlett kev xeem txog kev txij nkawm yog qhov tseem ceeb (p <0.01), thiab Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin ntsuas ntawm kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas rau qhov yooj yim rau SAS-M yog 0.92, qhia tias meritoriously hais tias qhov ntsuas tshuaj xyuas yog qhov tsim nyog. Sab hauv xwm yeem thiab qhia qhov tseeb ntawm SAS-M tau tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94). Tag nrho cov subscales ntawm SAS-M, tshwj tsis yog kev cia siab, tau muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov Malay version ntawm IAT.

TXHEEJ XWM:

Txoj kev tshawb no tau tsim thawj lub xov tooj ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm kev ntaus nqi ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob. Qhov ntsuas no tau qhia tias yuav tsum muaj kev ntseeg thiab siv tau rau lus Asfiskas.

Citation: Ching SM, Yees A, Ramachandran V, Sazlly Lim SM, Wan Sulaiman WA, Foo YL, li al. (2015) Kev soj ntsuam ntawm ib tug Malay version ntawm Smartphone Kev Nplai ntawm Cov Tub Kawm Ntawv Kho Mob hauv Malaysia. PLOOS IB 10 (10): e0139337. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337

editor: Aviv M. Weinstein, University of Ariel, ISRAEL

Tau txais: Peb Hlis 18, 2015; Tau txais: Cuaj hlis 11, 2015; Luam tawm Lub kaum hli ntuj 2, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Ching li al. Qhov no yog ib qho khoom qhib qhib raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm Creative Commons Attribution Licence, uas tso cai siv, kev faib khoom, thiab kev tsim tawm hauv txhua qhov nruab nrab, los ntawm tus thawj tus kws sau ntawv thiab qhov chaw muaj npe

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Muaj Peev Xwm: Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thiab nws Cov Ntaub Ntawv Cov Lus Qhia Cov Lus Qhia.

Nyiaj: Cov sau phau ntawv kuj xav ua tsaug rau UPM kev tshawb fawb (qhov tsis pub muaj: UPM / 700-2 / 1 / GP- IPM / 2014 / 9436500) rau kev pab nyiaj txiag. Qhov URL yog http://www.rmc.upm.edu.my/.

Kev nyiam kev sib tw: Cov sau phau ntawv tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj kev sib tw txaus siab.

Introduction

Qhov no tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb tias lub smartphone tau muab peb nrog loj yooj yim nyob rau hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub, raws li nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau tshaj lij thiab kev sib txuas tau tshaj cov xov tooj hauv kev yooj yim [1]. Kev siv cov smartphone muaj lawv cov hom phiaj thiab cov hom phiaj. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias smartphone muaj ntau cov kev pab rau kev sib raug zoo thiab kev noj qab haus huv [2-5]. Txawm hais tias lub smartphone tau ua ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej nrov tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb sib txuas lus, nws cov kev siv ntau dhau los tau sawv los ua ib qho teeb meem hauv ntiaj teb thiab tsim ib qho kev txhawj xeeb txog kev nyuaj siab tshiab, nyob rau tus neeg siv ntawv nthuav tawm kev cia siab rau nws [6-8].

Smartphone tus yees kuj hu ua "txawb xov tooj ntawm kev siv", "compulsive mobile phone overuse" los yog "mobile phone overuse". Cov ntsiab lus no mas piav qhia txog qhov teeb meem ntawm cov xov tooj siv teeb meem siv [9, 10]. "Smartphone Addiction" yog lub sij hawm siv feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Qhov kev tiv thaiv no yog feem ntau dhau los ntawm kev siv sij hawm ntau los sis tsis zoo, tswj hwm, lossis kev coj cwj pwm hais txog kev siv smartphone, rau cov neeg tsis saib xyuas lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub neej [11-13]. Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias ntau lub xov tooj ntawm tes pab cuam nrog kev ntxhov siab, kev ntxhov siab, kev haus luam yeeb thiab cov tsos mob ntawm kev nyuaj siab [14-16].

Tsis ntev los no cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Malaysia pom tias smartphone nkag mus ntxiv los ntawm 47% hauv 2012 rau 63% hauv 2013. Nyob rau hauv 2014, 10.13 lab Malaysians tau cov neeg siv smartphone smartphone, piv nrog 7.7 lab hauv 2012 [17-20]. Kev siv kab mob ntawm lub smartphone yog zoo li kev tiv thaiv hauv internet. Kev siv ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv internet ua dhau ntawm cov hluas thiab cov laus thoob ntiaj teb [21]. Tiv thaiv ntau hauv internet ua rau cov kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev txo tus kheej, kev nyuaj siab thiab kev tsis pom kev kawm ntawv thiab kev ua hauj lwm [22-25]. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv zos qhia tau hais tias qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev siv internet muaj 43% [26], thiab muaj ntau tshaj li 4.2 lab tus neeg siv cov tswvcuab hauv Facebook; nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, Facebook yog lub sab saum toj networking nyob hauv lub teb chaws no. Muab hais tias muaj kev nce ceev hauv smartphone siv nyob rau Malaysia, muaj ib qho mob ceev heev los ntsuas lub nplaj los ntsuas kev tiv thev naus laus zis hauv zos pejxeem los txiav txim siab txog nws qhov kev pom zoo thiab txheeb xyuas cov neeg uas muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsim yees smartphone kom cov neeg tsim kev cai muaj peev xwm npaj tau ib txoj kev pabcuam rau yav tom ntej.

Zoo li lub qauv qauv npaj rau kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet [27], Smartphone Kev Ntsuas Nplai (SAS) tsim los ntawm Min Kwon li al. yog thawj nplai rau kev siv yees siv smartphone rau kev kuaj mob [28]. Cov nplai no muaj 33 cov khoom thiab tau raug tshaj tawm tias yuav tsum ntseeg tau, nrog kev zoo nyob rau hauv (Cronbach's alpha = 0.967), thiab cov lus sib luag ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm qis dua rau ntawm 0.32 rau 0.61 [28].

Txoj kev tshawb no tsom tau txhais SAS rau lus Malay thiab kawm txog cov Psychometric cov khoom ntawm Malay version ntawm SAS (SAS-M) los pab nws siv kev tshawb fawb ntxiv hauv qhov chaw hauv zos.

Vib this

Kawm Tsim thiab Kawm

Qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawv thib ib thiab thib ob ntawm Universiti Putra Malaysia. Cov tub ntxhais kawm no tau tuaj mus kawm txog kev tshawb xyuas txij thaum Lub Xya hli ntuj 2014 mus rau Cuaj hlis 2014. Lub tsev kawm ntawv no yog nyob rau hauv Serdang, ntawm Malaysia tus thawj coj hauv lub nroog, Putrajaya. Peb kwv yees tus qauv loj kom tsawg kawg yog 165 raws li qhov muab xam ntawm tsib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom hauv SAS (uas muaj tag nrho 33 yam khoom) [29]. Vim li no, tus qauv loj ntawm 228 hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog tsim nyog.

Tus txheej txheem.

theem 1: Tus sau tau daim ntawv Askiv ntawm SAS ntawm Kwon thiab al. Cov neeg txhais lus los ntawm Lus Askiv rau lus As-lam tau ua dua los ntawm ob tug kws txhais lus ob yam lus, thiab ib phau ntawv txhais lus tau ua los ntawm ib tug kws txhais lus ob yam lus. Kev tsis sib haum ntawm tus thawj version thiab cov lus hauv qab no tau sib tham, thiab cov kev hloov kho tau raws li. Ib qho kawg ntawm SAS txhais, uas peb hu ua ib daim qauv ntawm SAS-M, tau tsim los ntawm ib tug kws lij choj los ntawm ib tus kws kho mob, ob tug kws kho mob thiab ib tsev neeg tus kws kho mob, tag nrho cov neeg muaj peev xwm paub txog kev siv cov cuab yeej puas hlwb thiab tag nrho cov neeg tau txais kev soj ntsuam nrog kev mob nyav.

theem 2: Thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm SAS-M tau sim xeem cov 20 cov menyuam kawm ntawv hais lus Hmoob hais txog cov lus qhia hauv cov ntawv no. Cov lus uas cov neeg teb pom tias tsis zoo los yog tsis tsim nyog rau hauv qhov version no tau muab sau tseg thiab kho. Cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau tsis yooj yim rau kev txais khoom 15: "Ua npau taws thiab chim siab thaum kuv tsis muaj smartphone". Cov khoom no tau muab kho dua thiab muab txhais ua "Xav tias tsis xis nyob thiab tsis muaj dab tsi thaum kuv tsis muaj smartphone" hauv lus Asfiskas. Qhov xaus ntawm SAS-M tau rov xyuas dua los ntawm ob tug kws pab tswv yim psychiatrists nrog ntau dua 10 xyoo ntawm kev los ntsuam xyuas cov ntsiab lus validity thiab kom muaj lub luag haujlwm zoo txaus siab thiab cov ntsiab lus zoo, cov ntsiab lus, thiab qhov sib npaug zoo sib xws.

theem 3: Txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tau txais kev pom zoo tso cai tom qab tau txais kev piav qhia ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab tsis pub lwm tus paub txog txoj kev tshawb fawb, thiab 228 cov tub ntxhais kawm pom zoo los koom nrog txoj kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau cov lus tsis raug teb ntawm 9%. Cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam (hnub nyoog, pojniam txiv neej, haiv neeg thiab tsev neeg cov nyiaj tau los) tau txais los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv siv smartphone raws li lawv qhov kev kwv yees, xws li cov xuab moos siv hauv ib lub lis piam, cov xyoo dhau los ua tus neeg siv smartphone thiab lub hnub nyoog uas lawv pib siv lub smartphone, tau sau tseg. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais cov lus nug nram qab no:

  1. Lub SAS thiab SAS-M (Table A hauv S1 ntawv nyeem).
  2. Malay version ntawm Kev Sib Tham Hauv Internet.

seev

Smartphone yees nplai [28].

Lub SAS yog tus kheej tiav, 6-point Likert-ntaus nplai nrog 33 cov khoom. Ib lo lus nug muaj qhov teev lus teb los ntawm 1 rau 6 (1 = tsis pom zoo heev rau 6 = pom zoo heev), qhia txog cov zaus ntawm cov tsos mob. Tus neeg teb lus voj voog lus tshaj tawm tias feem ntau piav txog lawv cov smartphone siv yam ntxwv. Tag nrho cov qhab nia ntawm SAS yog txij li 48 rau 288. Qhov siab tshaj qhov qhab nias yog, qhov ntau dua qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev siv lub smartphone.

Kev Tiv Thaiv hauv Internet [26].

Cov lus nug IAT, uas yog tsim los ntawm Kimberly Young nyob rau hauv 1998, yog lub cuab tam uas siv ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas kev tiv thaiv hauv internet. Lub Malay version tau raug siv kho lub zos, nrog kev zoo nyob (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91) thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ruaj ntseg (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.88, P <0.001). Nov yog daim ntawv teb cov lus nug ntawm tus kheej muaj 5-qhov Likert-yam nplai muaj 20 yam khoom, qhov tsawg kawg yog tus nqi ntawm 20 thiab qhov siab kawg ntawm tus nqi 100. Qhov ntsuas ntawm txhua lo lus nug nyob ntawm 1 txog 5 (1 = yeej tsis txog 5 = txhua zaus), rov ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsos mob. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau xaiv nqe lus uas piav tau zoo tshaj plaws txog yam ntxwv ntawm lawv kev siv is taws nem. Qhov qhab nia siab dua yog, qhov ntau dua ntawm qhov kev siv pathological ntawm kev siv internet yog. Thaum tus qhab nia ntawm Malay version ntawm IAT yog ntau dua 43, ces tus neeg yuav raug tshuaj xyuas tias muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv hauv internet [26].

statistical Analysis

Txhua qhov kev soj ntsuam tau ua tiav siv pob Cov Ntawv Teev Tseg rau Social Science version 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Cov ntawv piav qhia tau zoo raug suav los ntawm cov qauv hauv paus ntawm cov neeg koom. Cronbach's alpha tau siv los ntsuas qhov xwm txheej sab hauv ntawm SAS-M, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm tau raug soj ntsuam siv Kolmogorov-Smirnov tsom. Qhov homogeneity ntawm cov khoom teev tau txheeb xyuas raws li kev cuam tshuam kev sib hloov ntawm cov khoom thiab cov qhab nia tag nrho yog tias ib qho khoom raug muab lwv. Tsim kev siv tau raug tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev tshawb xyuas qhov kev tshawb xyuas thiab qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm nrog Kaiser Kev Li Feem. Koom xwm kev thauj khoom ntawm> 0.30 tau siv los txiav txim cov khoom rau txhua yam. Raws li txoj cai Guttman-Kaiser, cov xwm txheej nrog eigenvalue loj dua 1 tau tuav [30, 31]. Tus ICC tau siv los soj ntsuam qhov sib luag ntawm qhov SAS-M thiab cov lus Askiv ntawm SAS thiab qhov xeem-kev xeem rov los ntawm SAS-M. Pearson txoj kev sib raug zoo yog siv los tshuaj xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm SAS-M thiab Malay version ntawm IAT. Qhov kev pom zoo SAS-M kev txiav tawm ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm qhov teeb meem raug txiav txim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txuam thaum tus qhab nia ntawm tus IAA ntawm tus IAT yog ntau tshaj 43 [26], thaum uas taw tes rau cov kev paub tseeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib tw ua haujlwm cwj pwm (ROC) ntsuas. Lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkhaus (AUC) tau txiav txim siab rau qhov kev cob qhia ROC.

Lus txhais

Cov neeg siv li niaj zaus txhais tias cov neeg siv smartphone tsawg kawg 6 lossis ntau zaus hauv 6 lub hlis [32]

Ethical Approval

Ethics kev pom zoo rau qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau txais los ntawm pawg Ethic Committee ntawm Universiti Putra Malaysia (FPSK-EXP14 P091).

tau

Tag nrho 228 cov tub ntxhais kawm tau raug nrhiav tau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no. rooj 1 qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg mob. Qhov tseeb, lub hnub nyoog li cas yog kwv yees li 22 xyoo ± 1.1. Ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau poj niam (56.6%), thiab feem ntau yog cov haiv neeg ntawm cov haiv neeg (52.4%). Lub lim tiam ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm lub lim piam siv lub lim tiam ntawd 36.5 teev. Qhov nruab nrab, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau pib siv lub xov tooj smartphone thaum muaj hnub nyoog 19, thiab pes tsawg xyoo ntawm kev siv smartphone siv 2.4 xyoo.

Xais  

 
Cov lus 1. Yam ntxwv ntawm kev kawm pejxeem (N = 228).

 

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.txt

Factor Structure thiab Sab Nrauv Zoo ntawm SAS-M

Bartlett qhov kev sim ntawm sphericity yog qhov tseem ceeb (p <0.01), thiab Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin ntsuas ntawm kev ntsuas qhov piv txwv rau SAS-M yog 0.92, uas qhia tias qhov ntsuas yog ua ntau dua [33], uas nyeg qhia tias kev txheeb xyuas tus kheej tau tsim nyog. Rau rau yam raug rho tawm (eigenvalue> 1.00) los ntawm qhov kev tshawb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev soj ntsuam thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm oblique kev sib hloov nrog Kaiser normalization uas suav rau 65.3% ntawm qhov sib txawv. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau sib xws nrog daim tseem hauv SAS [28].

SAS-M tshaaj tawm zoo nyob hauv; Cronbach's alpha coefficient rau tag nrho cov teev yog 0.94, thiab cov coefficients rau cov yam tseem ceeb muaj 0.877, 0.843, 0.865, 0.837, 0.865 thiab 0.861. Qhov teeb meem loj rau SAS no yog hu ua "kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib txuas lus", "lub neej niaj hnub cuam tshuam", "primacy", "overuse", "positive expectation" thiab "withdrawal" (rooj 2). Tag nrho cov khoom tau kho-tag nrho cov lus sib npaug ntawm ntau dua 0.9. Kev rho tawm ntawm ib yam ntawm cov khoom tsis nce lub ntsiab lus sib npaug ntawm tag nrho cov qhab nia (rooj 3). Kev sib koom siab ntawm kev sib tw ntawm SAS-M thiab SAS yog siab, raws li pom los ntawm ICC ntawm 0.95 (95% Caw qoob qis qeeb = 0.937-0.962). Kev xeem-rov pib dua ntawm SAS-M tom qab 1-lub lim tiam raug siab heev, nrog rau ICC ntawm 0.85 (95% Caw qoob qis qeeb = 0.808-0.866).

Xais  

 
Cov lus 2. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub SAS-Malay version.

 

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.txt

Xais  

 
Cov lus 3. Cov khoom kho-Total correlations thiab Cronbach's alpha yog khoom raug muab tshem tawm rau SAS-M.

 

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.txt

Qhov sib thooj ntawm SAS-M: Correlations ntawm lub Subscales ntawm SAS-M thiab Malay Version ntawm IAT

Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm Pearson correlation tsom xam uas tau ua ntawm qhov kev sib tw ntawm SAS-M thiab cov lus Malay ntawm IAT yog muaj nyob hauv rooj 4. Cov kev tshwm sim qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov me me ntawm SAS-M, tshwj tsis yog tias "qhov kev cia siab zoo", tau muaj feem xyuam nrog cov Malay version ntawm IAT.

Xais  

 
Cov lus 4. Txaus txim siab ntawm SAS-M (Pearson's correlation): Cov npe ntawm SAS-M thiab Malay version ntawm IAT.

 

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.txt

Tus AUC rau txoj kev curve ROC yog xNUMX (0.801% CI = 95 rau 0.746). 0.855%, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 98%, ib qho kev kwv yees zoo (PPV) ntawm 71.43% thiab ib qho kev ntsuas tsis zoo (NPV) ntawm 71.03 %. Lub prevalence ntawm ib rooj plaub uas muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev tiv thaiv smartphone hauv kev tshawb nrhiav no 64.10%, raws li tus qhab nia ntawm 77.44.

kev sib tham

Txoj kev tshawb xyuas no tau kuaj xyuas kom muaj kev sib raug zoo, sib txawv, thiab sib koom tes thiab tsim kom muaj qhov tseeb ntawm SAS-M. Cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau tias SAS-M yog ib qho cuab yeej siv tau thiab siv tau los tshuaj xyuas kev tiv thaiv smartphone nyob rau hauv cov neeg hais lus Malay.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, lub SAS-M tau pom kev zoo nyob rau hauv; Cronbach's alpha coefficient rau tag nrho cov teev yog 0.94, thiab cov coefficients rau cov yam tseem ceeb muaj 0.877, 0.843, 0.865, 0.837, 0.865 thiab 0.861. Kev sib koom tes ntawm SAS-M thiab kev xeem-kev thim rov tom qab 1-lub limtiam nruab nrab tau pom zoo, nrog ICCs ntawm 0.95 thiab 0.85, feem ntau, uas yog zoo dua li cov thawj version ntawm SAS [28]. Rau hnub no, qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb ntawm nws zoo txog smartphone yees, thiab nws qhia tau hais tias SAS-M yog zoo li cov lus Askiv version.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 6 yam uas tau piav qhia txog kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm SAS-M tau zoo ib yam li cov neeg SAS. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, lub tswv yim yog "kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib txuas lus", "lub neej niaj hnub cuam tshuam", "primacy", "overuse", "positive expectation" thiab "withdrawal". Cov khoom nyob hauv SAS tseem yog "lub neej niaj hnub cuam tshuam", "positive expectation", "withdrawal", "kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo", "overuse" thiab "tolerance". Tsis yog tas nrho cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov sib ntxiv ntawm qhov sib ntxiv nrog rau cov xwm txheej tau los hauv SAS thawj. Nws yog ntau dua vim yog qhov tseeb tias qhov no qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm cov Malay thiab Korean cov qauv. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm SAS tseem tau hloov thaum lub sijhawm txhais lus.

Feem ntau ntawm cov cheebtsam qhia nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm tam sim no yog tib yam, tshwj tsis yog rau feem "primacy", uas txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv "kev kam rau siab" hauv SAS thawj. Vim li cas thiaj ua rau peb cov neeg kawm ntawv tseem hluas (21.7 ± 1.1 xyoo uas muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 20 rau 27) piv rau cov neeg Kauslim Teb (26.1 ± 6.0 nrog lub hnub nyoog ntawm 18 rau 53). Tom qab peb txoj kev kawm ntawv pejxeem yog homogenous tagnrho txhua yam kev kawm yog cov tub ntxhais kawm kev noj qab haus huv cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv piv rau ntau yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev kawm ntawm SAS txoj kev tshawb nrhiav. Qhov kev txhais lus txawv kuj yuav nyuaj rau cov neeg nyob hauv keeb kwm thiab kev kawm ntawm cov neeg kawm tiav.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, tag nrho cov kev sib tw ntawm SAS-M, tshwj tsis yog tias "qhov zoo", muaj feem xyuam nrog cov neeg Asmeskas ntawm IAT. Qhov no yog qhov tsuas yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog IAT vim tias IAT tsuas yog siv cov kev siv phom sij hauv internet, yog li tsis muaj cov khoom nug txog kev cia siab tias yuav zoo. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis txo qhov concurrent validity vim hais tias lwm 5 subscales muaj zog heev.

Feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej muaj feem yuav raug txheeb xyuas tias yog siv yees siv smartphone no siv 46.9%. Muaj ntau ntau cov lus piav qhia txog qhov no. Lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov yees siv yees smartphone yuav tsum yog raws li qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv zos tau qhia tias 85% ntawm Malaysians tus kheej txawb tes [18]. Smartphones yog qhov kev xaiv uas nyiam tshaj plaws vim tias cov neeg txheeb ze yuav ua raws li cov qauv hauv zej zog [20]. Tsis tas li ntawd, smartphone muab dawb instant messaging los ntawm tej lub platforms, piv txwv li, WhatsApp thiab WeChat, uas txhawb lub neej ntawm cov neeg siv. Lom ze yog lwm tus tau piav qhia txog lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv yees smartphone vim nrog cov xov tooj, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv kho mob tuaj yeem mloog suab paj nruag, saib yeeb yaj kiab thiab ua si ua si kom txo tau kev ntxhov siab [34]. Yog li, lawv kuj yuav siv sij hawm ntau nrog lawv cov smartphone thaum xaus rau hnub ntawd thiab thaum kawg ua cov neeg mob ntsws.

Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev txhawj xeeb hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum yog SAS-M kev txiav tawm ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm qhov teeb meem raug txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib npaug thaum tus qhab nia ntawm tus IAA muaj ntau dua 43. Qhov no tsis yog kom zoo-raws li kev txiav tawm ntawm IAT. Ib yam li ntawd tsis muaj kev tshawb nrhiav kev lag luam ntawm kev siv internet los yog smartphone yees raws li DSM V hauv lub spectrum ntawm kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv [21, 25]. Yog li, qhov kev txiav tawm txiav tawm los ntawm peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog tej zaum kuj tsis tshua muaj txoj hau kev ua rau muaj yees qis tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv yees ntawm smartphone. Los ntawm txoj cai kuaj xyuas kev tiv thaiv hauv internet yuav tsum yog raws li peb yam raws li tau piav qhia los ntawm Ko, li al, 2012 [25].

SAS-M kev ua haujlwm zoo li kev kuaj lossis kev ntsuas rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov kev siv lub xov tooj ntawm kev siv ntau tshaj li qhov ntsuas. Ua ib qho kev kuaj mob ntawm kev siv yees ntawm smartphone yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej. Peb npaj siab tias yav tom ntej txoj kev paub txog kev yees duab ntawm smartphone yuav tsum muaj ntau cov txheej txheem uas muaj xws li cov qauv A, B, thiab C. Kuaj Ib qho muaj rau yam ntxwv ntawm smartphone yees xws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev ua neej tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm, kev thev tsis taus, thiab tshem tawm. Kauj Vuam B yuav tsum muaj xws li lub cev tsis zoo nruab nrab ntawm kev siv smartphone. Kuaj C yuav tsum tshem tawm lwm cov kev puas siab puas ntsws xws li kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar lossis lwm yam tsis zoo. Cov kev kawm uas ua tiav tag nrho cov kev txwv A, B, thiab C tsuas yog yuav raug suav hais tias yog muaj kev tiv thaiv smartphone.

Muaj zog thiab cov kev txwv

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev kawm no yuav tsum tau txhais rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev tshawb no cov kev txwv: Ua ntej, tsis muaj kev soj ntsuam cov qauv rau kev siv internet lossis smartphone kev phua yees raws li DSM V nyob rau hauv qhov pom ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj [21, 25]. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pom cov kev tshawb fawb hauv smartphone yees hauv lub zos qhov chaw, cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev tshawb no tseem tuaj yeem muab qee qhov kev pom zoo rau pawg kws kho mob. Thib ob, txawm tias qhov qauv loj txaus tsim nyog tab sis nws tsis yog khov kho. Tus poj niam los txiv neej thiab haiv neeg tsis tau sib npaug zos. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw xwb, yog li cov qauv pej xeem tau homogenous thiab tej zaum yuav tsis cuam tshuam cov pejxeem hauv Malaysia.

Dua li ntawm qhov kev txwv no, cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no tau pom zoo tias SAS-M siv tau rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev siv yees smartphone ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv uas txawj ntse Malaysian.

xaus

Txoj kev tshawb no tau tsim thawj lub xov tooj ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm kev ntaus nqi ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob. Txoj kev tshawb no tseem muab pov thawj tias SAS-M yog ib qho siv tau thiab siv tau, siv tus kheej rau kev ntsuas rau cov neeg muaj feem cuam tshuam muaj kev tiv thaiv smartphone.

Cov Lus Qhia Txhawb

S1_Text.doc
 
 

S1 ntawv nyeem. Ntse xov tooj yees Malay Version Questionnaire.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.s001

(DOC)

Sau cov tswv yim

Xeeb thiab tsim cov kev sim: SMC AY FKH. Tau ua cov kev sim: VR SMSL PAWG YLF. Tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv: SMC AY. Pab cov khoom reagents / cov ntaub ntawv / cov cuab yeej tsom xam: SMC AY. Sau ntawv: SMC AY VR.

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