Lub tswv yim kev xav ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev siv online ntawm kev saib duab liab qab thiab kev sib txuas lus sib tham raws li kev xav ntawm kev nkag siab txog kev twv txiaj hauv internet (2020)

Tom qab

Cov teeb meem siv online kev sib tw, kev sib tham ntawm cov chaw sib tham (SNS) thiab cov duab liab qab online (OP) yog qhov teeb meem tshwm sim. Txwv tsis pub siv qhov teeb meem siv ntawm SNS thiab OP, Internet kev ua si tsis sib haum (IGD) tau suav nrog qhov kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Diagnostic thiab daim ntawv qhia ntawm phau ntawv mob hlwb (DSM-5) yog qhov zwj ceeb rau kev kawm ntxiv. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tau hloov cov qauv rau IGD rau qhov kev siv daws teeb meem ntawm SNS thiab OP los ntawm kev kho cov lus nug siv tau rau IGD (Cov Lus Nug Txog Kev Ua Yeeb Yam hauv Is Taws Nem: IGDQ) thiab tshawb xyuas cov kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm cov qauv hloov kho, SNSDQ thiab OPDQ.

txoj kev

Ob qho qauv online (SNS: n = 700, 25.6 ± 8.4 xyoo, 76.4% poj niam; OP: n = 700, 32.9 ± 12.6 xyoo, 76.7% txiv neej) ua tiav SNSDQ / OPDQ, Cov Ntawv Qhia Cim luv luv (BSI) thiab Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam ສັ້ນ hauv Is Taws Nem (sIAT) thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv kev siv SNS / OP. Txheem cov khoom thiab kev cia siab rau kev tshuaj ntsuam, tshawb xyuas thiab cov pov thawj tau txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb thiab cuam tshuam nrog sIAT tau suav. Cov neeg siv daws teeb meem thiab cov tsis muaj teeb meem tau muab piv rau.

tau

Qhov sib xyaw nrog sab hauv yog ω_tsa = 0.89 (SNS) thiab ω_tsa = 0.88 (OP). Qhov txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig tau txheeb xyuas ib qho rau ib qho rau ob lo lus nug cov lus nug. Kev lees paub cov ntsiab lus tsom xam paub qhov ua tiav tau. SNSDQ / OPDQ cov qhab nia tau sib cuam tshuam nrog cov qhab nia sIAT thiab muaj sij hawm sib xyaw nrog SNS / OP siv sijhawm. Ntawm cov neeg siv, 3.4% (SNS) thiab 7.1% (OP) nteg sab saud kev txiav rau cov teeb meem siv. Cov neeg siv cov teeb meem muaj cov qhab nia sIAT siab dua, siv cov ntawv thov tau ntev dua thiab muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau dua.

xaus

Zuag qhia tag nrho, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev kawm tau qhia tias qhov hloov kho ntawm IGD cov txheej txheem yog ib txoj hauv kev los mus ntsuas qhov teeb meem SNS / OP siv.

Hauv 2017, 3.5 txhiab tus tib neeg siv Is Taws Nem [1]. Ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev siv nws, kev ua si hauv online, kev sib tham hauv chaw (SNS) thiab cov duab liab qab online (OP) yog qhov nrov heev. Txhua yam ntawm cov ntawv thov tseem tab tom tshawb nrhiav, vim tias lawv qhov teeb meem siv zoo li cuam tshuam nrog kev puas siab ntsws thiab teeb meem nrog kev ua haujlwm, kev kawm tau zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Nrog rau nws suav nyob rau hauv cov ntawv txuas ntxiv ntawm tsib tsab ntawm Diagnostic thiab daim ntawv qhia ntawm phau ntawv mob hlwb (DSM-5), Kev ua si hauv Internet gaming (IGD) tau raug lees paub tias yog kev cuam tshuam kev tsis txaus ntseeg tshawb fawb ntxiv [8]. Nov yog thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev txhais cov qauv txheem rau nws. 9 lub hauv paus yog los ntawm cov uas rau kev quav yeeb tshuaj thiab cuam tshuam kev twv txiaj thiab yuav tsum ua kom tiav rau 12 lub hlis dhau los: (1) xav ua si nrog kev twv txiaj, (2) rho tawm thaum tsis tuaj yeem ua si, (3) kam rau ua, (4) tsis ua haujlwm kom txwv / txo qis kev ua si ntawm kev twv txiaj, (5) muab lwm yam kev ua si uas nyiam kev twv txiaj, (6) txuas ntxiv mus ua si txawm tias muaj teeb meem, (7) dag lwm tus txog nws cov nyiaj, (8) kev twv txiaj kom khiav tawm ntawm txoj kev xav phem thiab (9) ) cuam tshuam qhov kev sib raug zoo, ib txoj haujlwm lossis ib qho kev kawm vim kev twv txiaj.

Thaum IGD tau xam nrog rau hauv DSM-5 uas yog qhov kev mob rau kev kawm ntxiv, cov teeb meem siv SNSs thiab OP tsis yog. Petry and O'Brien (2013) [9] cav tias nws tsis muaj qhov tseeb thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov teeb meem no (SNS thiab OP). Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev sib cav tswv yim tsis tu ncua txog kev muaj, kev faib tawm thiab kev kuaj pom ntawm kev siv cov teeb meem hauv kev siv Internet li SNSs lossis OP [10] thiab ntau zuj zus ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb qhia qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv cov teeb meem tsis zoo ntawm SNS thiab OP [3, 5, 11, 12], tsis yog tsawg kawg vim yog lawv cov kev sib txuas nrog kev nce qib hauv kev puas siab ntsws. Qhov no yuav suav nrog cov kev puas siab puas ntsws xws li kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab ntxhov plawv, tsis txaus siab thiab hyperactivity tsis meej los yog obsessive-compulsive tsis meej [2, 11, 13,14,15].

Kev ntsuas cov teeb meem SNS thiab OP siv

Muaj ntau cov khoom siv sib txawv los soj ntsuam cov teeb meem siv ntawm SNS thiab OP. Lawv feem ntau yog ua raws li kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tus cwj pwm kev quav yeeb yam (SNS: e Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale [16] | OP: xws li muaj teeb meem saib duab liab qab kev suav [17]) lossis Kuaj Ntsuas Kev Siv Internet [18] (SNS: Piv txwv li cov cuam tshuam rau SNSs Nplai [19] | Ib OP: sib deev [20]). Nco ntsoov, tias qhov no yog los ntawm tsis muaj txhais tau tias kev suav sau ntawm txhua qhov ntsuas mob. Txog cov ntawv qhia ntxaws ntxaws saib Andreassen (2015) [2] rau SNS thiab Wéry & Billieux (2017) [21] rau OP. Tsis muaj ib qho tsis txaus ntawm cov twj siv tau zoo, tab sis cov teeb meem hauv qab no tseem nyob: (i) cov tswv yim sib txawv ntawm cov teeb meem SNS thiab OP siv nrog qhov tsim nyog tau txais (ii) uas tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke, cov qauv txheej txheem muaj los mus ntsuas qhov teeb meem siv ntawm peb cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv online (Gaming, SNS, OP) hauv kev sib piv.

Cov qauv theoretical tshiab tshaj plaws rau cov teeb meem siv Internet tshwj xeeb yog I-PACE qauv [22]. Nws yog los ntawm qhov tshawb pom qhov tseeb thiab kev sib koom ua ke kev xav yav dhau los los ntawm lwm cov qauv hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm, ib yam li Tus Qauv Qauv Mob [23] lossis Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv [24]. I-PACE tus qauv xav tias aetiology ntawm kev siv cov teeb meem zoo ib yam rau kev siv Internet sib txawv. Yog li, nws qhia txog kev siv ntawm cov teeb meem txheeb xyuas kev tsis sib luag rau txhua daim ntawv thov, yog li ua cov txheej txheem kev kuaj mob thiab tso cai rau kev sib piv ntawm lawv cov feem ntau. Txij li lub koom haum American Psychiatric Association tau tawm tswv yim cov qauv txheej txheem rau IGD, nws qhia nws tus kheej siv cov qauv no rau qhov kev siv teebmeem ntawm lwm cov kev siv Is Taws Nem thiab muaj ob peb tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom zoo nrog txoj kev no [25,26,27]. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv txoj hauv kev no los tsim cov cuab yeej psychometric los ntsuam xyuas cov teeb meem siv internet [26, 28, 29] Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg sau kev paub, muaj tsuas yog ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav uas siv txoj hauv kev no rau kev siv teebmeem ntawm SNS [27] thiab tsis muaj rau qhov muaj teeb meem siv OP.

Aim ntawm qhov kev kawm tam sim no

Vim li no lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog txhawm rau soj ntsuam kom txog rau qhov twg lub tswvyim ntawm Internet Gaming Kev Tsis Txaus Siab tuaj yeem hloov kho rau cov teeb meem kev siv SNS thiab OP. Petry li al. (2014) [30] - uas yog cov tswv cuab ntawm Pab Pawg Siv Yeeb Yam Siv Tsis Taus Ua Si uas pom zoo kom suav nrog IGD hauv DSM-5 - tau tshaj tawm cov lus nug (Internet Cov Kev Ua Haujlwm Kev Ua Tsis Taus Sijhawm: IGDQ) los ntsuas IGD. Rau qhov kev kawm no, peb siv lus German, uas tau raug siv los ntawm Jeromin, Barke and Rief (2016) [31] thiab yoog nws rau qhov muaj teeb meem SNS thiab OP siv los ntawm kev rov nyeem cov khoom (kom paub cov ntsiab lus saib “Kev ntsuas” ntu). Txhawm rau soj ntsuam thiab ntsuas rau qhov txheeb xyuas lub tswv yim ntawm IGD tuaj yeem npaj cov txiaj ntsig pib rau kev txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem siv SNS thiab OP, peb tshawb xyuas cov khoom puas siab puas ntsws ntawm ob hom hloov kho, SNSDQ thiab OPDQ.

Cov neeg koom nrog thiab cov txheej txheem

Cov ntaub ntawv raug khaws los ntawm kev tshawb fawb online (Kaum Hlis 2017 - Lub Ib Hlis 2018). Cov kab txuas rau daim ntawv nug tau muab tso rau dav dav (piv txwv li reddit) thiab thov kev sib tham hauv Is Taws Nem (piv txwv li facebook pawg), SNS thiab cov npe xa ntawv. Ntawm qhov qhia, cov neeg tuaj koom teev meej seb lawv siv SNS lossis OP thiab raug xa mus rau cov lus nug uas tsis sib xws (SNS / OP). Raws li qhov kev txhawb siab, cov neeg tuaj koom yuav yeej ib ntawm tsib daim ntawv qhia khoom plig rau cov khw hauv online (tus nqi voucher: € 20). Cov txheej txheem suav nrog: kev pom zoo tso cai, hnub nyoog ≥ 18 xyoo. Qhov tsis suav yog: tsis muaj tus neeg hais lus (German), feem pua ​​ntawm cov sijhawm siv online siv SNSs / OP ≤5%.

SNS tus qauv

Tag nrho ntawm 939 tus neeg koom ua tiav cov txheej txheem suav nrog. Ntawm cov no, 239 (25.45%) yuav tsum raug cais tawm: 228 vim tias lawv tsis muaj ntaub ntawv rau SNSDQ, 7 vim tias lawv tsis tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb (piv txwv li Klingon raws li lawv yam lus) thiab 4 vim tias lawv muaj lub sijhawm teb tsis tau zoo ( 2 SDs hauv qab lub sijhawm txhais tau). Thaum kawg, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 700 tus neeg koom tau tshawb xyuas (Rooj 1).

OP cov qauv

Tag nrho ntawm 1858 tus neeg koom nrog cov txheej txheem suav nrog. Ntawm cov no, 669 (36.01%) yuav tsum raug cais tawm: 630 vim tias lawv tsis muaj ntaub ntawv rau OPDQ, 25 vim tias lawv tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug, 9 vim yog lub sijhawm tsis teb sai thiab 5 vim muaj cov lus pom tias lawv tau ua tsis tiav nkag siab cov lus nug. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev sib piv ntawm ob ntu kev sib piv (SNS / OP), cov qauv ntawm 700 tus neeg tuaj koom tau raug kos los ntawm cov seem 1189. Thaum kawg, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 700 tus neeg koom tau tshawb xyuas (Rooj 1).

Kev ntsuas

Cov lus qhia txog neeg nyob hauv zej zog

Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, kev kawm, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib raug zoo raug sau.

Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev siv dav dav thiab cov kev siv internet

Cov neeg koom qhia tau hais tias siv sijhawm li cas (teev) lawv siv online hauv lub lim tiam. Ntxiv rau, lawv tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb hais txog lawv qhov kev siv SNS lossis OP, xws li SNS / OP cov chaw uas lawv siv feem ntau thiab ntev li cas lawv siv SNSs lossis OP (teev / teev).

Kev siv teeb meem

Qhov cwj pwm ntawm cov teeb meem SNS lossis OP siv tau raug soj ntsuam nrog German cov qauv ntawm SNSDQ thiab OPDQ. Cov lus nug no yog hloov kho ntawm IGDQ. IGDQ muaj cuaj yam khoom, uas yog hais txog cov txheej txheem DSM-5 rau IGD. Nws muaj dichotomous cov lus teb hom suav nrog 'tsis muaj' (0) thiab 'tau muaj' (1). Qhov qhab nias yog tau los ntawm kev ntxiv cov lus teb (qhab nia ntau: 0-9). Qhov qhab nia ntawm ≥ 5 tau txhais tias yog qhov txiav tawm rau kev tau txais kev paub mob ntawm IGD [30]. Txog nws txoj kev yoog txog SNS thiab OP, cov khoom qub tau raug hloov dua tshiab los ntawm kev hloov tag nrho cov ntawv xa mus rau hauv online twv txiaj nrog xa mus rau SNS lossis OP. Piv txwv li, 'Koj puas xav tias nyob tsis tswm, npau taws, chim siab, npau taws, ntxhov siab lossis tu siab thaum sim txo qis lossis tsis siv SNS lossis thaum koj siv tsis tau SNS?' hloov chaw 'Koj puas xav tias nyob tsis tswm, npau taws, chim siab, npau taws, ntxhov siab lossis tu siab thaum sim txo lossis nres qhov kev ua si lossis thaum koj tsis tuaj yeem ua si?'

Kuaj qhov qhia tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv internet luv

SIAT yog tsab ntawv luv luv ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Taws Yeeb hauv Internet thiab muaj 12 nqe lus hais txog qhov tshwm sim muaj teeb meem ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem Siv Is Taws Nem (piv txwv 'Feem ntau koj pom koj tus kheej hais li cas "tsuas siv ob peb feeb ntxiv" thaum online?') [18]. Rau peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, peb tau siv cov ntawv pom zoo los ntawm German thiab tau hais rov qab cov khoom rau SNS thiab OP siv (piv txwv 'Koj tau sim ntau npaum li cas txiav lub sijhawm koj siv kev saib duab liab qab online thiab swb?') [32]. Cov neeg koom nrog yuav tsum ntsuas qhov zaus uas lawv tau ntsib txhua cov tsos mob nyob rau lub lim tiam dhau los ntawm 5-point nplai xws li ntawm 1 ('yeej tsis') txog 5 ('ntau zaus'). Hauv cov txiaj ntsig sau ua tiav (12-60 ntsiab lus), cov qhab nia siab dua qhia tau tias muaj teeb meem siv ntau dua. Cov xwm txheej sab hauv ntawm cov qhab nia sib txawv hauv qhov kev kawm tam sim no tau zoo (SNS: ω = 0.88 | OP: ω = 0.88).

Qhia tau me me yam khoom nyuab

Cov ntawv German Cov Lus Sau Tseg Cov Ncauj Lus Sau Tseg (BSI) tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov kev mob tshwm sim hauv chaw kho mob ntawm cov neeg koom nrog [33, 34]. Qhov BSI muaj 53 cov lus uas qhia txog cov kev mob siab ntsws (xws li 'Hauv 7 hnub dhau los, koj ntxhov siab npaum li cas los ntawm kev ntxhov siab lossis khaws cia?'). Cov khoom raug teb rau ntawm 5-point nplai los ntawm 0 ('tsis yog txhua') txog 4 ('tsis tshua muaj'). Tag nrho cov qhab nia nyob nruab nrab ntawm 0 txog 212, nrog cov qhab nia siab dua qhia tias muaj kev ntxhov siab dua. Kev sib xyaw nrog sab hauv cov piv txwv tam sim no tau zoo heev, nrog ω = 0.96 (SNS) thiab ω = 0.96 (OP).

Cov ntaub ntawv ntsuam xyuas

Cov kev ntsuas suav tau ntsuas tau siv SPSS 24 (IBM SPSS Statistics), SPSS Amos, R version 3.5.1 [35] thiab FACTOR rau txoj kev tsom xam muab cais tawm (EFA) [36]. Rau cov khoom txheem kev txheeb xyuas rau txhua cov lus nug, SNSDQ thiab OPDQ, cov teeb meem thiab cov khoom item tag nrho cov kev sib txheeb tau suav. Raws li kev ntsuas ntawm kev ntseeg tau, coefficient omega lossis ordinal omega (yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv binominal) tau suav. Cov coefficients raug pom zoo raws li ntau txoj hauv kev tseeb rau Cronbach's alpha, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum qhov kev xav ntawm tau-kev sib txig sib luag [37,38,39,40]. Hais txog kev siv tau, peb tau tshawb fawb los ntawm kev teeb tsa los ntawm kev ua EFAs thiab kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb (CFA). Rau cov no, txhua qhov qauv (SNS thiab OP) tau sib faib faib ua ob qho me me (SNS1, SNS2 thiab OP1, OP2; txhua ntu ntu hauv qab: n = 350). Cov subsamples SNS1 thiab OP1 tau siv rau EFAs thiab SNS2 thiab OP2 rau CFAs. Tag nrho lwm cov kev xam yog raws li tag nrho cov qauv. Txhawm rau ntsuas seb cov ntu puas sib txawv ntawm cov qhob tseem ceeb (hnub nyoog, SNSDQ / OPDQ qhab-nees), kev ntsuas tus kheej t tau ua tiav. Txhawm rau kom paub meej txog cov ntaub ntawv kev haum rau EFA, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin kuaj (KMO) thiab Bartlett cov kev xeem ntawm tus kheej tau ua haujlwm. Vim yog dichotomous cov lus teb ua qauv ntawm SNSDQ thiab OPDQ, EFAs ua raws Jeromin et al. (2016) [31] thiab siv tetrachoric kev sib txheeb raws li kev tawm tswv yim thiab qhov kev sib tw yam tsawg kawg nkaus li qhov kev txiav txim siab [41]. Tus lej ntawm cov xwm txheej yuav tau txiav txim siab tau txiav txim siab siv Velicer qhov kev kuaj MAP [42].

CFA tau ua ntawm SNS2 thiab OP2 los ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb. Kev ntsuas tus qauv raug kwv yees siv qhov kwv yees qhov siab tshaj plaws. Vim tias qhov kev ua txhaum ntawm qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg ib txwm muaj Bollen-Stine Bootstrapping tau thov [43]. Txhawm rau ntsuas tus qauv haum, qhov sib piv haum ntsuas qhov ntsuas (CFI), cov hauv paus txhais tau tias xwm txheej yuam kev ntawm kev kwv yees (RMSEA) thiab cov hauv paus cag txhais tau tias square square residual (SRMR) tau suav. Raws li Hu thiab Bentler (1999) [44], kev txiav cov qauv rau ib qho qauv zoo uas pom zoo yog CFI ntawm> 0.95, RMSEA nruab nrab ntawm 0.06 thiab 0.08 thiab SRMR ntawm <0.08.

Bivariate kev sib raug zoo ntawm SNSDQ thiab OPDG cov qhab nia thiab lub sijhawm siv Internet nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub sijhawm siv cov kev thov siv tau zoo (SNS / OP) thiab sIAT cov qhab nia tau kuaj nrog Pearson cov kev sib txheeb.

Txhawm rau muab thawj zaug ua pov thawj ntawm kev kuaj xyuas qhov tseeb, peb muab cov neeg siv teeb meem siv nrog cov tsis siv cov teeb meem. Analogously rau IGDQ, cov neeg siv cov qhab nia ntawm ≥ 5 cov ntsiab lus tau muab cais raws li cov neeg siv teeb meem thiab tag nrho lwm cov neeg siv yog cov tsis muaj teeb meem [30, 31]. Kev ntsuam xyuas twm ywj siab (nyob rau qhov tsis zoo sib xws: Welch cov kev ntsuam xyuas) tau suav los sib piv cov pab pawg hais txog lub hnub nyoog, siv sijhawm siv Is Taws Nem, sijhawm siv lawv cov ntawv thov uas nyiam thiab sIAT thiab BSI cov qhab nia. Vim yog cov pab pawg tsis sib xws ntau thiab tsawg, Hedges ' g yog qhia raws li kev ntsuas ntawm cov nyhuv loj [45]. Cov nyhuv ntawm g = 0.20 pom qhov me me, g = 0.50 raws li nruab nrab thiab g = 0.80 loj li [45].

SNS, OP thiab siv Is Taws Nem

SNS

Cov neeg koom nrog siv Is Taws Nem ib nrab rau 20.9 ± 14.8 teev / lub lis piam thiab SNSs rau 9.4 h 10 h / lub lis piam (44% ntawm lub sijhawm online nyob rau hauv), nrog Facebook yog cov neeg nyiam SNS (n = 355; 50.7%), tom qab ntawm Instagram (n = 196; 28%) thiab YouTube (n = 74; 10.6%). Qhov qhab nia txhais tau tias SNSDQ thiab sIAT yog 1.2 ± 1.5 thiab 23.6 ± 7.3 cov ntsiab lus. Zuag qhia tag nrho, 24 cov neeg tuaj koom (3.4%) muaj SNSDQ tus qhab nia ntawm ≥5 cov ntsiab lus thiab yog li nteg saum toj kev txiav tawm rau cov teeb meem siv (saib Daim Duab. 1 kom paub meej). Lub ntsiab lus txhais BSI tag nrho cov qhab nia hla txhua tus neeg tuaj koom yog 9.8 ± 16.7.

Feem pua ​​ntawm cov neeg koom ua tiav cov lej sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm IGDQ hloov kho (SNS thiab OP)

Daim duab loj loj

OP

Cov neeg koom nrog siv Is Taws Nem ib nrab rau 21.9 ± 15.6 teev / lub lis piam thiab siv OP rau 3.9 ± 6.1 teev / lub lis piam (18.9% ntawm tag nrho lub sijhawm online. Daim ntawv ntawm OP zoo tshaj yog cov yeeb yaj kiab (n = 351; 50.1%), tom qab nrog cov duab (n = 275; 39.3%) thiab webcams (n = 71; 10.1%). Lub ntsiab OPDG thiab sIAT yog 1.5 ± 1.7 thiab 22.3 ± 7.9. Tag nrho ntawm 50 cov neeg tuaj koom (7.1%) ua tiav OPDQ cov qhab nia saum toj no kev txiav tawm ntawm ≥ 5 cov ntsiab lus (saib Daim Duab. 1 kom paub meej). Qhov qhab nia txhais BSI thoob plaws txhua tus neeg tuaj koom yog 25.6 ± 27.6.

Yam khoom tshuaj ntsuam thiab nrog xwm yeem

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom tau tshuaj ntsuam tau nthuav tawm hauv Cov Ntxhuav 2 thiab 3.

SNS

Txog SNS version, yam 7 muaj qhov pom zoo qis tshaj (tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus teb lees paub (naa) = 21), thaum khoom 6 muaj qhov siab tshaj (naa = 247). Qhov no translates rau hauv ib yam khoom nyuaj ntawm p_i = 0.03 (khoom 7) thiab p_i = 0.35 (khoom 6), nrog lub ntsiab lus nyuaj hla txhua yam khoom ntawm p_i = 0.13. Cov khoom kho uas muaj tseeb – tag nrho cov kev sib txheeb ze ntawm r_itc = 0.28 (khoom 3) to r_itc = 0.39 (khoom 4, 5 thiab 6), nrog txhais tau tias r_itc = 0.36. Sab hauv kom sib xws yog ω_tsa = 0.89, thiab cov nplai yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tshem tawm ib qho twg.

OP

Hauv seem OP ntawm cov lus nug, nqe 9 (naa = 24) muaj qhov pom zoo qis kawg, qhov khoom 7 muaj qhov siab tshaj (naa = 286). Lub ntsiab lus nyuaj nyuaj yog p_i = .17, nrog nqe 9 yog qhov tshaj plaws (p_i = 0.03) thiab cov khoom 7 (p_i = 0.41) qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Cov khoom kho uas muaj tseeb – tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam rau ntawm r_itc = 0.29 (khoom 7) thiab r_itc = 0.47 (khoom 5), nrog lub ntsiab txhais raug – tag nrho cov cuam tshuam ntawm r_itc = 0.38. Sab hauv kom sib xws yog ω_tsa = 0.88. Tshem tawm cov khoom yuav tsis tau nce ntxiv hauv lub sijhawm.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm tus qauv

Cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws (SNS1 thiab SNS2; OP1 thiab OP2) tsis txawv nrog kev sib piv ntawm lub hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, siv Internet, SNS / OP siv, sIAT, SNSDQ / OPDQ thiab BSI cov qhab nia (saib Lus Qhia Ntxiv).

SNS

Bartlett kev xeem ntawm sphericity (Χ² = 407.4, df = 36, p <0.001) raws li KMO cov txheej txheem (0.74) qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv no haum rau EFA. Velicer lub MAP kuaj pom zoo kom rho tawm ntawm ib qho. Qhov kev ntsuas tau piav qhia txog 52.74% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv sib txawv. Qhov kev thauj khoom tau txog ntawm 0.54 (khoom 3) thiab 0.78 (khoom 9) (Cov lus 2)). A CFA nrog cov subsample SNS2 tau laij tawm los ntsuas qhov ntsuas-qhov daws tau. Cov ntsiab lus haum tau yog CFI = 0.81, RMSEA = 0.092 [CI = 0.075–0.111] thiab SRMR = 0.064 (rau daim duab kab kev, saib Daim Duab. 2).

Daim duab qhia txog kab kev rau lub pov thawj tau txheeb xyuas qhov ntsuas nrog subsample SNS2 (n = 350). Txhua txoj kab coefficients cov txheej txheem thiab cov lus sau sib txawv (p <0.001)

Daim duab loj loj

OP

Bartlett kev xeem ntawm sphericity (Χ² = 455.7, df = 36, p <0.001) thiab KMO cov txheej txheem (0.80) tau qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv tau haum rau EFA, thiab MAP qhov kev xeem tau hais tawm ib qho kev daws teebmeem. Qhov muab rho tawm tau piav qhia txog 53.30% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv sib txawv. Cov khoom 3 thiab 7 muaj qhov ntsuas qis tshaj (0.52), thaum khoom 9 muaj qhov siab tshaj (0.93) (Cov Lus 3)). Ib-daws kev daws teeb meem tau sim nrog CFA (ntu qis: OP2). Cov qauv ntsuas kev haum yog CFI = 0.87, RMSEA = 0.080 [CI = 0.062–0.099] thiab SRMR = 0.057 (rau daim duab kab kev, saib Daim Duab. 3).

Daim duab kab qhia kev rau lub pov thawj qhov ntsuas xyuas tau tseeb nrog subsample OP2 (n = 350). Txhua txoj kab coefficients cov txheej txheem thiab cov lus sau sib txawv (p <0.001)

Daim duab loj loj

Cov kev sib txheeb nrog SNS / OP / kev siv internet thiab sIAT cov qhab nia

SNS

SNSDQ cov qhab nia sib cuam tshuam nrog SNS siv sijhawm (r = 0.32, p 0.01), siv sijhawm Internet txhua lub limtiam (r = 0.16, p 0.01) thiab sIAT cov qhab nia (r = 0.73, p 0.01).

OP

OPDQ cov qhab nia sib cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm OP siv (r = 0.22, p <0.01) thiab qaug zog nrog rau kev siv Is Taws Nem hauv ib lub lis piam (r = 0.08, p <0.05). Qhov kev sib raug zoo tshaj plaws tau pom nrog sIAT cov qhab nia (r = 0.72, p <0.01).

Kev sib piv ntawm cov neeg muaj teeb meem thiab tsis muaj teebmeem SNS / OP siv

SNS

Piv nrog rau cov neeg siv tsis raug, cov teeb meem siv SNS siv SNS muaj ntau dua thiab muaj cov qhab nia sIAT siab dua. Lawv kuj zoo li tau ntsib dua kev nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv, tab sis, txawm hais tias cov nyhuv loj npaum li cas ntawm qhov sib txawv, qhov no tsuas yog nyiam (p = 0.13). Kom paub meej pom ntawm Rooj 4.

OP

Piv nrog cov neeg siv khoom tsis raug cai, cov neeg tuaj koom pom tias muaj teeb meem OP cov neeg siv sijhawm ntau nyob hauv Is Taws Nem siv dav dav thiab siv sijhawm ntau dua ntawm OP, muaj ntau cov qhab nia sIAT siab dua thiab tau muaj kev nyuaj siab ntau dua (cov lus qhia 4).

Hauv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, peb tau hloov kho German hom ntawm IGDQ rau kev siv SNSs thiab OP thiab soj ntsuam cov khoom hauv lub siab ntawm cov qauv hloov kho txhawm rau soj ntsuam mus rau qhov twg IGD cov qauv tsim nyog rau kev soj ntsuam cov teeb meem siv ntawm SNS thiab OP.

Khoom tsom xam

Qhov kev pom zoo nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom tau tsawg rau ob lo lus nug, uas xav tau thiab xav tau vim tias cov ntawv txheeb xyuas tau ntsuas cov txheej txheem ntawm cov teeb meem siv hauv ib qho tsis siv hauv chaw kuaj mob. Txog SNS, qhov kev pom zoo tshaj plaws, yam khoom 6, txhawj xeeb ncua sijhawm. Qhov no zoo li plausible, vim tias SNS feem ntau siv los ncua sijhawm [46, 47]. Tshooj 7 (dag / npog) tau txais qis tshaj plaws pom zoo, uas tseem zoo li tsim nyog tau txais vim tias ntau tus neeg siv SNS nyob rau txhua hnub thiab hauv kev sib raug zoo, ua dag txog nws tsis tsim nyog [12]. Rau OP, yam khoom 7 (dag / npog tau) muaj qhov pom zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog kis tau vim tias kev lees txais ntawm OP yog tsawg txawm tias nws tau siv qee zaum thiab ntau tus neeg yuav txaj muag txog nws [48]. Cov ntawv pom zoo qis qis tshaj rau cov khoom 9, uas zoo li tsim nyog, vim nws cuam tshuam loj heev (muaj kev pheej hmoo / poob ntawm kev sib raug zoo / caij nyoog). Cov khoom kho uas muaj tseeb – tag nrho cov kev sib txheeb tau yog nruab nrab rau ob qho kev nug thiab siab tshaj qhov ntsuas ntawm r_itc = 0.30 [43]. Tsuas yog kev zam tsuas yog cov khoom 3 rau SNS thiab khoom 7 rau OP. Nqe lus 3 yog hais txog kev ua siab ntev, ib qho kev ntsuas uas yog ib txwm muaj kev quav yeeb tshuaj tab sis zoo li nyuaj rau siv nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm SNSs [49]. Cov khoom siv kho qis – tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam rau yam khoom 7 (OP) zoo li tsim nyog, vim tias, raws li tau tham, kev siv ntawm OP feem ntau yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev txaj muag, yog li dag lwm tus txog ib qho kev siv tsis muaj kev sib cais zoo ntawm cov muaj teeb meem thiab tsis tsim nyog siv.

Kev ntseeg tau

Lub SNSDQ thiab OPDG qhia tau qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo nyob rau sab hauv (SNS: ω_tsa = 0.89; OP: ω_tsa = 0.88). Cov txiaj ntsig tau sib piv rau lwm cov lus nug ntsuas qhov ntsuas SNS (piv txwv li Bergen Social Media Scale: α = 0.88) lossis OP siv (piv txwv sIAT-sex: α = 0.88) [16, 20].

Kev siv tau

Hauv chav kawm ntawm EFAs, ib qho tib qho raug muab rho tawm rau SNS zoo li OP version ntawm daim ntawv nug cov lus nug. Qhov no yog nyob hauv txoj hauv nrog qhov tshwm sim rau tus thawj IGDQ [31]. Cov khoom muaj 3 muaj qhov qis tshaj plaws kev thauj khoom hauv ob qho tib si, tej zaum vim tias qhov ntsuas mob tsis haum yuav tsis haum rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm SNS thiab OP. Thaum kawg, cov txheej txheem thev taus txais keeb kwm nrog kev quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawd, nws lub ntsiab lus tau hais meej meej ntau dua li tau hais txog qhov teeb meem siv OP, SNS lossis, muaj tseeb, kev twv txiaj online, rau cov uas nws muaj txiaj ntsig tseem tau sib tham txog qhov tsis zoopro: [30, 50] | Ib tawm tsam: [51, 52]). Hauv qhov OP version, yam khoom 7 (dag / npog) kuj muaj qhov qis dua chaw thau khoom dua li lwm yam khoom. Qhov no qhia txog kev sib cav saum toj no hais txog vim li cas cov khoom tsis zoo siv rau kev sib txawv ntawm cov neeg siv tsis muaj teebmeem thiab cov tsis muaj teebmeem (37.4% ntawm cov tsis muaj teebmeem thiab 86% ntawm cov neeg siv teeb meem pom zoo rau nws). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev coj ua npog tsis meej meej cuam tshuam nrog cov muaj teeb meem dhau los ntsuas los ntawm OPDG tab sis tej zaum nrog kev coj xeeb ceem zoo rau OP feem ntau.

Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov txiaj ntsig tau rau CFAs tau qhia tias kev daws teeb meem ib-feem rau ob lo lus nug yog muaj lus nug thiab tsis sawv cev rau lub cev zoo. Thaum SRMR ua tau zoo rau ob qho qauv, CFI thiab RMSEA tau nyob hauv qab thiab feem rau saum toj qhov kev txiav tawm. Raws li nyob rau hauv EFA, Yam Khoom 6 rau SNS thiab Khoom 7 rau OP muaj qhov cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kev sib txawv zuag qhia tag nrho yog qhov tsawg thiab, vim li ntawd, lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kev siv teeb meem cuam tshuam muaj tsawg. Thaum qhov no tsis tas yuav ua teeb meem, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov kev tshawb fawb txuas tom ntej saib seb cov khoom no yuav tsum tau hloov kho, hnyav dua li sib txawv lossis txawm tias tshem tawm.

Ob lo lus nug tau cuam tshuam txog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov sib xws sIAT, qhia tau tias cov ntseeg tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. SNS version tau qhia me me mus rau nruab nrab sib cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem dav dav thiab SNS siv sijhawm (ib lim tiam). Lub OP version kuj tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam me me nrog OP siv sijhawm (ib asthiv). Qhov loj me ntawm kev sib txheeb ntawm cov muaj teeb meem siv nrog lub sijhawm siv lub sijhawm siv yog nyob rau ntawm cov ntawm cov xwm yeem qhia53,54,55].

Txhawm rau ntsuas kev kuaj mob tau tseeb ntawm SNSDQ thiab OPDQ, peb ua ntej piv cov kev ntsuas pom nrog cov uas pom hauv lwm cov kev tshawb fawb. Rau SNSs, 3.4% ntawm cov neeg koom tau dhau qhov kev txiav, thiab, hais txog OP, 7.1% tau raws li cov qauv rau kev siv teebmeem. Txawm hais tias sib piv cov feem ntau tsis sib xws los xij yog qhov nyuaj vim muaj ntau ntawm cov khoom siv kuaj mob sib txawv, cov nqi tau pom ntawm no yog piv rau qee qhov hauv cov ntawv uas twb muaj lawm. Hauv lawv txoj kev kawm txog lub teb chaws piv txwv piv txwv ntawm cov neeg hluas Hungarian, Bányai li al. (2017) [3] pom tias tus lej ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm 4.5% rau cov teeb meem siv SNS. Hais txog cov teeb meem tseem ceeb siv ntawm OP, Giordano and Cashwell (2017) [55] qhia txog kev nthuav dav ntawm 10.3% hauv ib qho piv txwv ntawm Asmeskas cov tub ntxhais kawm qib siab thiab Ross thiab cov npoj yaig (2012) [15] pom qhov feem pua ​​ntawm 7.6% hauv ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov neeg laus Swedish.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj kev kuaj mob tuaj yeem siv cov twj paj nruag no. Ua ntej, tsis yog tus DSM-5 thiab ICD-11 tsis muaj kev kuaj pom rau qhov muaj teeb meem ntawm kev siv OP lossis SNS. Thib ob, txawm tias lawv tau ua, kev sib tham hauv chaw kho mob los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij yuav tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas qhov muaj pov thawj qhov mob hnyav thiab ua rau lub cev tsis ua haujlwm thiab tsis muaj ib qho kev zam rau ib tus neeg kis, uas yog qhov yuav tsum ua rau kev kuaj mob hlwb Kev txiav txim siab tsis ua haujlwm ywj pheej no tsis tau sau rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, yog li peb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb cov neeg saum toj ntawm kev txiav tawm no puas lees tau kev kuaj mob. Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav txiav txim siab lawv yog cov neeg tuaj yeem xaiv rau kev kuaj mob xws li no. Txhawm rau ntxiv mus soj ntsuam kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb, peb piv rau cov neeg siv sab saud thiab hauv qab txiav thiab pom cov cim sib txawv. Cov neeg siv teeb meem siv sijhawm nyob online ntau dua nyob rau ib lub lim tiam (tsuas yog rau OP) thiab siv lawv daim ntawv thov kom ntev dua. Txawm hais tias lub sijhawm siv ntau ntxiv tsis yog ib qho kev ntsuas txaus rau ua tiav qhov muaj teeb meem siv, ob peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau pom ib qho - tab sis tsis muaj zog - cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv lub sijhawm thiab cov teeb meem siv [53,54,55]. Ntxiv rau, cov neeg siv cov teeb meem tau muaj sIAT ntau dua cov qhab nia thiab zoo li muaj kev nyuaj siab dua ntawm kev puas siab ntsws (tsuas yog rau OP). Tshaj tag nrho, cov txiaj ntsig no - tshwj xeeb yog qhov sib txawv loj heev ntawm BSI tag nrho cov qhab nia thaum muaj teeb meem OP cov neeg siv - yuav suav tau tias yog thawj qhov ntsuas ntawm cov txheej xwm siv tau ntawm cov twj paj nruag thiab hais tias IGD cov qauv yuav tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas cov tib neeg nrog muaj teeb meem siv SNS lossis OP [56].

Cov kev txwv

Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau raug txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm nws cov kev txwv. Ib qho kev txwv yog tsuas yog cov neeg laus koom nrog sim, txawm hais tias SNS tshwj xeeb kuj tseem siv tau los ntawm cov neeg hluas [3]. Ib qho kev txwv ntxiv yog tsis yog txhua tus neeg tuaj koom teb tau tag nrho cov lus nug txog kev siv teebmeem (SNS, OP thiab IGD). Qhov no yuav tau tso cai tshawb xyuas ntxaws ntxiv ntawm kev sib tshooj ntawm qhov teeb meem siv ntawm cov kev siv cuam tshuam. Ntxiv mus, tsuas sau cov ntaub ntawv qhia tus kheej tau khaws, uas cuam tshuam rau kev cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam, zoo li kev sib raug zoo txoj kev xav tau lossis hom qauv sib txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv tsis suav nrog kev txiav txim khomob. Xav tias lub hom phiaj ntawm cov ntawv txheeb xyuas tus kheej yog txheeb xyuas cov neeg siv cov teebmeem, cov kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv yuav tsum tshuaj xyuas lawv qhov kev siv tau nrog cov piv txwv ntawm cov neeg uas tau txiav txim los ntawm cov chaw kuaj mob los qhia qhov teeb meem siv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tsis hais txog cov qauv rau kev kuaj mob, thiab tsis muaj tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom lossis ib qho kev txiav tawm tau pom zoo. Peb tsis xav tawm tswv yim sib cav txog seb cov qauv coj cwj pwm no puas tuaj yeem ua raws li "xwm txheej". Peb zoo dua rau kev txhawb nqa cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev txheeb xyuas qhov teeb meem ntawm kev siv SNS thiab OP los ntawm kev muab cov cuab yeej sib txawv uas yuav pab tau nrog kev ntsuas kev sib piv thiab tawm tswv yim siv qhov ntsuas no los ua ib qho chaw pib rau kev tshawb nrhiav xws li, txhim kho lawv li kev tshawb fawb ntxiv qhia qhov no Cov.

Raws li qee qhov kev xav ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov lus nug kuaj tsis txaus siab, nws zoo li IGD cov qauv tsis yooj yim pauv mus rau qhov muaj teeb meem siv SNS / OP. Txawm li cas los xij, peb cov txiaj ntsig tag nrho qhia tau hais tias qhov no yog qhov pib tau zoo thiab txhawb qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv IGD cov kev cai yooj yim los ua tus qauv los ntsuam xyuas cov teeb meem SNS / OP siv. Txoj kev tshawb fawb no pab txhawb rau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov muaj teeb meem SNS thiab OP siv thiab tej zaum yuav yog thawj kauj ruam mus rau kev ntsuas kev ntsuas tus qauv thiab pab rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kev tsim tshiab no. Cov kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej yuav tsum tshawb xyuas ntxiv txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm DSM-5 cov qauv rau IGD hauv kev siv SNS / OP siv.

Cov ntaub ntawv siv thiab / lossis txheeb xyuas lub sijhawm tshawb fawb tam sim no yog muaj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv sib nug thaum tsim nyog thov.

BSI:

Luv luv Cov tsos mob li cas

CFA:

Kev Pom Zoo Cov Lus Qhia Tshawb Xyuas

CFI:

Sib Piv Cov Lus Pom

IC:

Lub Sijhawm Cog Lus

DSM-5:

Diagnostic thiab daim ntawv qhia ntawm phau ntawv mob hlwb

EFA:

Kev Tshawb Xyuas Qhov Tshawb Fawb

IGD:

Kev twv txiaj hauv Is Taws Nem (IGD)

KWM:

Kaiser – Meyer – Olkin

NAA:

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus teb lees paub

PO:

Online Pornography

OPDQ:

Online Saib Duab Pornography Tsis Zoo Li Cov Lus Nug

RMSEA:

Hauv paus txhais tau hais tias square yuam kev ntawm kwv yees

SIAB:

Kuaj Qhov Yeeb Dawb hauv Is Taws Nem

SNS:

Cov Chaw Tshua

SNSDQ:

Social Cov Vev Xaib Muaj Qhov Tsis Txaus Siab Cov Lus Nug

SRMR:

Txheem hauv paus txhais tau hais tias square seem