Online Porn yees: Dab tsi peb paub thiab peb tsis txhob 't A Systematic Review (2019)

LINK TO TAG NRHO COV KEV KAWM NTAWV

Clin. Med. 2019, 8(1), 91; doi:10.3390 / jcm8010091

Rubén tsib Alarcón 1 , Javier I. de la Iglesia 1 , Nerea M. Casado 1 thiab Angel L. Montejo 1,2,*

1 Psychiatry Service, Lub tsev kho mob Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Lub koom haum ntawm Biomedical Research ntawm Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain

2 University of Salamanca, EUEF, 37007 Salamanca, Spain

Abstract

Hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los, muaj ib co xov xwm uas muaj feem xyuam nrog kev coj cwj pwm; qee tus lawv muaj lub hom phiaj ntawm kev saib xyuas cov duab liab qab hauv online. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tag nrho cov kev siv zog, peb tseem tsis tuaj yeem tsis tuaj yeem paub thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam rau hauv qhov kev coj ua no. Cov teeb meem uas muaj xws li: kev tshawb fawb kev ntseeg, kev tshawb nrhiav kev ntsuas, kev tawm dag zog rau qhov teeb meem, thiab qhov tseeb tias qhov chaw no muaj peev xwm nkag tau hauv cov kab mob loj dua (piv txwv li, kev sib daj sib deev) uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim tau nws tus kheej ntau yam. Cov cwj pwm coj cwj pwm coj los ua ib qho kev kawm tsis tshua muaj kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab feem ntau pom muaj teeb meem siv tus qauv: kev tswj tsis tau, kev tsis taus, thiab kev pheej hmoo. Hypersexual teeb meem no haum rau tus qauv no thiab tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb yam kev coj cwj pwm, xws li siv cov duab liab qab hauv online (POPU). Kev siv duab liab qab hauv online yog nyob ntawm kev nce qib, nrog ib qho peev xwm rau kev quav tshuaj xyuas qhov "Triple A" cawv (kev siv tau, pheej yaus, tsis qhia npe). Qhov teeb meem siv no yuav muaj kev phom sij rau kev sib deev thiab kev sib deev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tub ntxhais hluas. Peb xav nrhiav kev paub txog cov kev kawm uas muaj tam sim no rau teeb meem hauv online pornography siv los ua ib qho chaw muaj kab mob. Ntawm no peb sim ua tib zoo saib seb peb paub txog qhov twg thiab qhia txog qee qhov chaw tsim nyog rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.
Keywords: pornography online; kev quav tshuaj; cybersex; hauv internet; compulsive sexual behavior; hypersexuality

1. Introduction

Nrog rau Kev Nkag Rau "Kev Twv Txiaj Uas Teeb Meem" nyob rau hauv "Kev Siv Tshuaj thiab Kev Khwv Tsis Hwm Khaub Ncaws" Tshooj ntawm DSM-5 [1], APA tau lees paub qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev coj cwj pwm. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, "Gaming Disorders" tau muab tso rau hauv Section 3-Conditions rau kev kawm ntxiv.
Qhov no sawv cev rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua neej nyob rau hauv qhov kev ywj pheej uas muaj feem xyuam nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm, thiab ua rau txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab hauv kev pom kev hloov ntawm cov kev cai tshiab.
Muaj kev pom tias muaj cov kab mob neurobiological [2] thiab ib puag ncig [3] av ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev quav tshuaj, nrog rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm; qhov no yuav tshwm sim tau raws li muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ob qho chaw [4].
Phenomenologically, tus cwjpwm quavntsej uas pheejyig ua rau tus tibneeg tsis muaj teebmeem tshwm sim: teebmeem kev tswjhwm (xws li, kev xav, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo), qhov tsis taus (xws li, kev paub txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev puas hlwb). Txawm hais tias qhov kev coj cwj pwm no kuj ua tau raws li kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj (kev kam rau siab, kev nruj nrab) ntau dua debatable [4,5,6].
Hypersexual teeb meem no qee zaum suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm. Nws yog siv los ua ib txoj kab dav uas muaj ntau yam teeb meem (ntau tus masturbation, cybersex, siv duab liab qab, xov tooj kev sib deev, nrog kev ua niam txiv nrog cov neeg pom zoo, kev mus saib hauv cov club, etc.) [7]. Nws prevalence tus nqi ntau ntawm 3% rau 6%, tab sis nws yog qhov nyuaj los txiav txim txij thaum tsis muaj ib qho kev txhais ntawm qhov teeb meem [8,9].
Cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj ntaub ntawv ua rau nws cov kev tshawb fawb, kev xav, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas tsis yooj yim, ua rau ntau cov tswv yim los piav rau nws, tiam sis feem ntau yog txuam nrog kev nyuab siab, kev xav txaj muag thiab kev xav tsis zoo rau lub hlwb [8], as Well as lwm yam coj cwj pwm [10] thiab nws rov qab saib xyuas ncaj qha.
Sib koom ua ke, cov kev yees duab tshiab kuj tau qhib ib lub pas dej ntawm teeb meem coj tus cwj pwm, uas yog Internet Kev Txij Nkawm. Qhov kev tiv thaiv no yuav tsom rau ib daim ntawv thov hauv internet (gaming, shopping, betting, cybersex ...) [11] nrog rau kev pheej hmoo-hom kev coj cwj pwm; nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yuav ua raws li ib tug channel rau qhab manifestations hais tias tus cwj pwm [4,12]. Qhov no txhais tau tias tsis muaj kev tawm tsam, muab cov kev lag luam tshiab rau cov neeg tsim muaj thiab cov neeg ntxias (vim tias muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntxiv, los yog lub sijhawm) uas tsis tau ua yav dhau los rau hauv cov cwj pwm no.
Kev siv duab liab qab hauv Internet, uas yog hu ua Internet pornography siv los sis cybersex, yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov yeeb yam hauv Internet uas muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev tiv thaiv. Nws sib raug rau kev siv Internet los koom rau hauv ntau yam kev sib deev kev ua si [13], ntawm cov uas sawv kev siv duab liab qab [13,14] uas yog yam nyiam tshaj plaws [15,16,17] nrog ib qho infinite naj npawb ntawm kev sib deev scenarios puas siv tau [13,18,19,20]. Kev siv txuas ntxiv hauv no zam tej zaum yuav muab nyiaj txiag, kev cai, kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev sib raug zoo [6,21] los yog teeb meem ntawm tus kheej, nrog rau ntau yam kev tsis zoo. Txoj kev xav ntawm txoj kev tswj tsis tau thiab kev siv tsis zoo txawm tias cov txiaj ntsig tau no tshwm sim los ntawm "kev sib deev compulsivity online" [22] los yog Siv Cov Ntxhais Sab Hauv Kev Siv Hauv Pornography (POPU). Cov teeb meem kev noj teeb meem ntawm qhov "Triple A" factors [23].
Vim tias cov qauv no, cov duab liab qab txog masturbation ntau zaus heev, tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev kos npe ntawm pathology [21]. Peb paub tias feem ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov tub ntxhais hluas nkag tau Internet rau cov duab liab qab noj [24,25]; qhov tseeb, nws yog ib qho ntawm lawv cov tseem ceeb rau kev sib deev mob [26]. Qee tus neeg tau hais txog qhov no, hais txog qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm nruab nrab thaum porn khoom siv rau thawj zaug puas tau, thiab qhov tseeb thawj zaug kev sib deev; xws li, ua li cas yav dhau los tau muaj feem xyuam rau kev sib daj sib deev [27] zoo li tsis muaj kev sib deev thaum muaj kev saib duab liab qab [28] thiab erectile kawg, uas tau spiked dramatically ntawm cov txiv neej hluas hauv ob peb xyoo dhau los thaum piv rau ob peb lub xyoo dhau los [29,30,31,32,33].
Peb ua tib zoo saib cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muaj los ntawm POPU los sim thiab piav qhia txog cov kev kho mob tshiab, kev tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob, cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov hlab ntsha uas txhawb nqa qhov teebmeem ntawm kev siv teebmeem, nws qhov kev xav paub txog kev mob hypersexual, cov twj paj nruag thiab cov tswv yim kho mob.

2. Txoj kev

Peb tau ua qhov kev soj ntsuam txheej txheem raws li cov txheej txheem PRISMA (Daim duab 1). Muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tshiab hais txog cov ntsiab lus no, peb tau soj ntsuam peb cov lus tsis muaj qee lub sij hawm. Qhov tshwj xeeb tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov khoom luam tawm ntawm ib qho kev coj tshiab tshaj qub rau qhov qub, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau cov ntawv luam tawm tau tshaj tawm. PubMed thiab Cochrane yog lub ntsiab databases siv, tab sis yog ib qhov xov tooj ntawm cov khoom tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm cross-referencing.
Daim duab 1. PRISMA nquag daim duab.
Txij li thaum peb saib xyuas cov duab liab qab hauv online thiab cov cwj pwm kev sib daj sib deev, peb tsis muaj cov xwm txheej uas tsuas muaj kev koom tes nrog peb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav: cov uas muaj kev tsom txog kev siv yees hauv Internet, cov uas nyob hauv kev sib txig sib luag ntawm ntau yam kev qhia, thiab cov uas approached qhov kev kawm los ntawm kev sib raug zoo.
Cov ntsiab lus nram qab no thiab lawv cov kev ua hauv qab no tau siv ntau yam kev sib txuas lus: cybersex, porn * (tso cai rau ob qho tib si "pornography" thiab "pornographic"), tus kheej * (cia rau ob qhov "quav" thiab "hom"), online, internet , poj niam txiv neej, sib daj sib deev, sib deev. Kev siv cov cuab yeej siv Zotero siv los tsim kom tau ib lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam khoom siv.

3. Ntsiab lus

3.1. Epidemiology

Kev siv cov duab liab qab hauv cov pejxeem sawvdaws pom tias nyuaj rau kev ntsuas kom txaus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij thaum sawv hauv Internet thiab "Triple A" yam uas tau tso cai rau kev ceev ntiag tug thiab kev yooj yim ntawm kev nkag. Wright txoj kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev siv cov duab liab qab hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov pejxeem uas siv Daim Ntawv Soj Ntsuam Kev Xam Pheej (GSS) [34], thiab Price txoj kev kawm (uas nthuav tawm thaum Wright los ntawm qhov txawv ntawm cov hnub nyoog, kev sib txuas, thiab lub sijhawm zoo) [35] muaj qee qhov tsawg, yog tias tsis yog cov uas tsuas yog, cov chaw uas muaj los ntawm kev siv cov duab liab qab siv rau hauv cov pejxeem xwb. Lawv qhia txog kev siv cov duab liab qab txhua xyoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov txiv neej hauv qhov sib txawv rau pojniam. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hluas, thiab nws tsis tshua zoo nrog hnub nyoog.
Muaj qee cov ntsiab lus ntxig ntxig txog kev saib duab liab qab. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog tias 1963 thiab 1972 txiv neej cohort pom tsuas yog ib tug me me poob poob rau lawv cov kev pab los ntawm lub xyoo 1999 onwards, tawm tswv yim tias kev siv cov porn ntawm cov pawg tau tseem nquag txij li thaum [35]. Qhov tseeb, 1999 tseem yog lub xyoo rau cov poj niam uas muaj hnub nyoog 18 rau 26 los haus cov duab liab qab ua peb zaug xws li cov 45 rau 53, tsis yog ntawm ob lub sij hawm zoo li nws tau siv kom txog thaum ntawd [35]. Cov lus qhia ob no yuav muaj feem rau kev hloov pornography los ntawm kev siv technology (hloov ntawm qhov offline mus rau qhov qauv ntawm kev siv online), tab sis nws tsis paub tseeb vim tias cov ntaub ntawv tseem tsis tshuav qhov txawv ntawm ob qho tib si offline thiab hauv online txawv thaum nrhiav cov duab liab qab.
Xws li rau POPU, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv meej thiab txhim khu kev qha hauv cov ntawv nyeem uas tuaj yeem muab qhov kev ntsuas ntawm nws cov kev mob. Ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus uas twb tau hais lawm vim tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, ib feem ntawm nws yuav qia los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm tes los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog, ntau cov kev ntsuas cov cuab yeej siv los ntawm cov neeg tshawb xyuas, thiab tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm qhov ua tau zoo li cas ntawm kev siv duab liab qab, uas yog tag nrho cov teeb meem tseem saib ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv no.

Feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb txog POPU los yog cov cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis zoo uas siv cov cwj pwm coj los ntsuas nws, feem ntau pom, txawm tias cov pej xeem muaj kev sib txawv, tias cov neeg siv tsawg heev xav tias qhov no yog qhov kev tiv thaiv, thiab txawm tias lawv ua, txawm tsawg dua qhov xav tias qhov no yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo ntxim rau lawv. Qee cov qauv ua piv txwv:

(1) Kev tshawb nrhiav kev soj ntsuam kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg siv tshuaj, pom hais tias tsuas 9.80% tawm ntawm 51 cov neeg koom siab pom tias lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv rau kev sib deev lossis duab liab qab [36].

(2) Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb Swedish uas nrhiav cov qauv ntawm 1913 cov neeg koom siab los ntawm cov lus nug hauv web, 7.6% tau qhia txog qee qhov teeb meem hauv Internet thiab 4.5% qhia tau tias muaj kev mob 'kheev' hauv Internet rau kev hlub thiab kev sib deev, thiab qhov no yog qhov teeb meem loj " [17].

(3) Ib txoj kev kawm lus Mev nrog cov qauv ntawm 1557 college cov tub ntxhais kawm tau pom hais tias 8.6% yog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim txoj kev siv cov duab liab qab hauv online, tab sis qhov tseeb pathological neeg prevalence yog 0.7% [37].

Txoj kev tshawb no tsuas yog nrog ib tus qauv sawv cev rau hnub tim yog ib pawg neeg Australian, nrog tus qauv ntawm 20,094 cov neeg koom; 1.2% ntawm cov poj niam uas tshawb fawb pom tias lawv tus kheej muaj kev tiv thaiv, whereas rau cov txiv neej nws yog 4.4% [38]. Cov kev tshawb fawb no kuj siv rau kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm kev saib duab liab qab [39].
Cov kwv yees hais txog kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo thiab kev siv duab liab qab yog, thoob plaws cov pejxeem: ua ib tug txiv neej, hluas hnub nyoog, kev ntseeg, kev siv internet ntau, kev tsis zoo siab hauv lub xeev, thiab kev xav ntawm kev sib deev,17,37,40,41]. Qee qhov ntawm cov teeb meem uas yuav muaj feem no kuj sib koom los ntawm cov neeg mob hypersexual tus cwj pwm [39,42].

3.2. Ethiopiaathogenical thiab Diagnostic Conceptualization

Kev xav txog kev coj tus cwj pwm ntsig txog txoj sia pathology tseem yog ib qho nyuaj rau hnub no. Thaum ob peb lub sij hawm tau ua los ntawm tus cwj pwm hypersexual, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj los txog rau tam sim no piav txog qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj kev pom zoo rau qhov teeb meem no [9]. POPU muaj ntau hom kev coj cwj pwm sib luag uas muaj feem xyuam nrog technology. Vim muaj teeb meem siv technology (tshwjxeeb hauv online tshuab) thaum nyuam qhuav tsis ntev los no, peb yuav tsum xub tham txog kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis txuam nrog kev siv tshuab kom nkag siab txog qhov chaw hauv pornography online.
Kev sib deev raws li tus cwj pwm yog vastly heterogeneous, thiab nws muaj peev xwm ntsws sab tau raug kawm rau ib-paus xyoo [43]. Yog li no, nws sawv cev rau kev sib tw ua qauv rau kev tsim nyog txhais kom meej, vim nws tuaj yeem tsim cov kev xyaum xws li kev xav paub qhov tsis zoo rau kev sib deev [21]. Nws kuj yog qhov yooj yim los txhais txog dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj thiab tswj kom tsis txhob muaj kev siv tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev txhais los ua rau cov neeg tsis ncaj thiab txoj kev tawm tsam [44]. Piv txwv, qee qhov kev txwv ntawm txoj kev txwv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo los ntawm ntau tshaj xya orgasms hauv ib lub lis piam [43] (tiamsis 381), tabsis qhov no yuav ua rau kom muaj nuj nqis yuav muaj kev phom sij, vim tias qhov kev coj tus cwj pwm coj txawv li cas yuav sib txawv ntawm cov neeg. Qhov tsis muaj teeb meem thiab kev sib luag nyob rau hauv nws qhov kev faib tawm tej zaum yuav ua rau cov kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej rau kev tshawb xyuas cov cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm [45] thiab tsis quav ntsej txog cov haujlwm zoo uas tsom ntsoov rau qhov tsis zoo siab nrog nws [46,47]. Muaj tawm tswv yim los txhim kho qhov teeb meem no siv cov cuab yeej siv, uas yog tsim los ua ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm hypersexual uas siv rau hauv DSM-5 daim ntawv txiav txim [43,47].
Hypersexuality feem ntau yog ua raws li ib lub kaus txua [7]. Nws lub npe yog tseem muaj teeb meem ntawm kev sib cav txog hnub no, thiab nws muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus uas xa mus rau tib lub tswvyim: compulsive sexual behavior, kev sib daj sib deev, kev sib deev impulsivity, tus cwj pwm hypersexual los yog hypersexual tsis meej. Qee tus sau phau ntawv, thaum pom txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntsiab lus "kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj" thiab "compulsivity", xav kom pom tseeb txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tswj thiab nws txoj kev poob lossis kev tsis txaus siab ua thawj qhov kev txhawj xeeb txog qhov kev coj cwj pwm no, yog li hais txog " kev coj cwj pwm sib deev "45,48,49].
Txawm hais tias cov lus txhais tsis yog tsoos, lawv feem ntau yog tsom rau qhov zaus lossis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tsos mob [46] ntawm qee yam yoojyim thiab kev xav, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis taus. Qhov no txawv ntawm nws tus cwj pwm kev sib deev, txawm tias qhov xav tau kom zoo dua qhov txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, qhov zoo sib xws, thiab sib tshooj ntawm ob hom tseem pheej [45].
Feem ntau yog muaj kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo thiab muaj kev sib daj sib deev ntau, xws li kev saib xyuas kev sib deev tsis sib deev, kev sib txeeb, cov duab liab qab, xov tooj sib tham,43,44,49,50,51]. Bancroft tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias, hauv Internet siv, kev masturbation thiab cov kev sib deev kev ua yuav ua rau lawv tus kheej, hais tias txiv neej "siv nws raws li cov kev txwv tsis pub ntev tshaj ntawm lawv tawm ntawm tswj kev coj tus cwj pwm coj".
Thaum tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas tus cwj pwm hypersexual yeej ib txwm muaj nrog "kev sib deev tsis meej tsis tau hais qhia" hauv DSM [1], Kafka [43] sim tawm tswv yim rau nws ua ib qho chaw tshawb xyuas rau DSM-5. Nws qhia txog cov txheej xwm rau nws, raws li ib feem ntawm kev sib deev mob tshooj. Cov teebmeem no muaj xws li: (1) kev sib deev, (2) kev coj tus cwj pwm, (3) ntawm qhov teeb meem obsessive-compulsive spectrum teeb meem, (4) ib feem ntawm cov kev ua kom tsis taus-spectrum, thiab (5) tawm ntawm kev tswj "ntau tus cwj pwm kev sib deev. Lub tswv yim no tau raug muab tso tseg vim ntau ntau yam; lub ntsiab tau hais tias kom tsis muaj kev sib sau ua ke epidemiological thiab neuroimaging cov lus qhia txog qhov kev coj cwj pwm [52,53], tabsis qhov nws muaj peev xwm rau kev tsim kev ywj pheej, tsis meej txog cov teeb meem kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm kev paub txog kev coj tus cwj pwm mus rau tib neeg lub neej [54]. Nws yog ib qho nthuav los sib piv rau lwm qhov ob txheej yav dhau los ntawm cov txheej xwm hauv cov ntawv nyeem, cov Patrick Carnes thiab Aviel Goodman [9]. Tag nrho peb faib cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tswj tsis tau, ntau lub sijhawm siv rau tus cwj pwm kev sib deev thiab tsis zoo rau nws tus kheej / lwm tus neeg, tab sis kev sib tw ntawm lwm yam. Qhov no yog pom hauv cov strokes uas tsis muaj kev pom zoo hauv conceptualizing hypersexual tus cwj pwm nyob hauv lub xyoo. Tam sim no, qhov kev xaiv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov cwj pwm hypersexual yog ib qho kev tsis sib haum tswj hwm lossis kev coj cwj pwm [55].
Los ntawm txoj kev tswj hwm tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, kev coj tus cwj pwm ua phem yog feem ntau hu ua Tub Ceev Xwm Kev Sib Deev (CSB). Coleman [56] yog lub tswv yim ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm no. Thaum nws muaj kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm no [57], thiab lawv muaj peev xwm coexist rau qee zaum, nws nyias txawv nyias los ntawm nonparaphilic CSB, uas yog yam peb xav ua kom pom tseeb hauv kev rov ntsuam xyuas. Interestingly, nonparaphilic hypersexual tus cwj pwm yog feem ntau heev, yog hais tias tsis ntau, tshaj ib co paraphilias [43,58].
Txawm li cas los, ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm CSB feem ntau yog hais txog ntau yam kev coj cwj pwm uas yuav tsum yog compulsive: feem ntau tshaj tawm hais tias yog kev phem, ua raws li kev siv cov duab liab qab, thiab kev sib tw, kev sib txeeb, kev sib txeeb, thiab ntau yam kev sib raug zoo (22-76%) [9,59,60].
Thaum muaj cov overlaps ntawm hypersexuality thiab tej yam kev mob xws li obsessive-compulsive teeb meem (OCD) thiab lwm yam mob impulse tswj mob [61], tseem muaj qee cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: piv txwv tias, OCD tus cwj pwm tsis txuam nrog nqi zog, tsis zoo li kev coj cwj pwm sib deev. Tshaj li, thaum ua rau cov kev quab yuam yuav ua rau kev pab tiv thaiv ib ntus rau cov neeg mob OCD [62], tus cwj pwm hypersexual feem ntau yog txuam nrog kev txhaum thiab kev khuv xim tom qab ua tus ua [63]. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev xav tsis zoo uas muaj peev xwm ua tau rau tus neeg mob tus cwj pwm tsis txaus siab nrog txoj kev npaj ua ntej uas yuav tsum tau ua hauv CSB (piv txwv li, hais txog kev sib deev sib ntsib) [64]. Goodman xav tias qhov kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv kev quav tshuaj muaj kev sib daj sib deev ntawm kev sib txuam ntawm kev mob nkeeg (uas muaj kev ntxhov siab txo) thiab impulsive ntshawv siab (uas muaj gratification), nrog rau cov tsos mob ntawm underpinned by neurobiological mechanisms (serotoninergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, thiab opioid systems) [65]. Stein pom zoo nrog tus qauv ua ke nrog ntau lub tswv yim ntawm ethiopathogenical thiab tawm tswv yim ib qho ABC qauv (muaj kev tiv thaiv dysregulation, cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm, thiab taub peev dyscontrol) los kawm qhov chaw no [61].
Los ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm, tus cwj pwm coj cwj pwm txuam nrog kev sib koom tes ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv. Cov ntsiab lus, raws li DSM-5 [1], hais txog qhov teeb meem hais txog qhov teeb meem uas siv rau kev coj cwj pwm txawv, ob qho tib si offline thiab hauv [6,66,67]. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev kam rau ua thiab tshem tawm hauv cov neeg mob tej zaum yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov chaw no ua ib hom kev nyuab siab [45]. Kev siv teeb meem ntawm cybersex kuj tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws li kev coj cwj pwm [13,68].
Lub sij hawm "kev quav tshuaj" thov rau lub koom haum no tseem yuav muaj kev sib cav sib ceg. Zitzman suav hais tias qhov tsis kam siv lub sij hawm tiv thaiv yog "ntau dua kev xav ntawm kev sib deev kev siab xav thiab kev muaj peev xwm tshaj txhua yam tsis muaj kev sim siab thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas nrog lwm cov kev quav" [69]. Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau siv nrog ceev faj, vim nws tuaj yeem raug txhais tau tias yog ib qho kev tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav kev tsis txaus siab thiab khoom plig rau khoom plig, thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws.
Muaj ntev sib cav ntawm Patrick Carnes thiab Eli Coleman tshaj qhov kev kuaj mob ntawm tus cwj pwm hypersexual. Coleman tau suav hais tias yog kev hypersexuality uas tau tsav los ntawm kev xav tau txo qee yam kev ntxhov siab, tsis yog los ntawm kev sib deev [56] tau muab tso tawm hauv xya hauv qab (ib ntawm lawv yog siv cov duab liab qab) [57], thaum Carnes (uas tau hais tias "muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog txoj kev xav ntawm lub siab xav") pom cov kev coj cwj pwm xws li kev twv txiaj, tsom ntawm kev tswj thiab kev coj cwj pwm txawm tias tsis zoo [70].
Pom zoo ntawm cov ntawv nyeem los ntawm Kraus [71], xaus lus tias cov kev sim no, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev nkag siab qhov kev nkag siab nyuaj nyuaj rau nws qhov kev faib tawm raws li kev tiv thaiv. Cov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb yog tswj xyuas cov teeb meem loj loj, cov ntaub ntawv ntev thiab cov ntaub ntawv kuaj mob (txhais cov tsos mob tseem ceeb thiab nws cov kev kuaj mob), raws li cov ntaub ntawv neuropsychological, neurobiological, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, nrog rau qee cov lus qhia txog kev kuaj mob thiab kev tiv thaiv, thiab cov ntsiab lus rau cov cuab yeej siv rau hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau txoj kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej.
Kev nce qib hauv Internet ua rau cov kev sib deev sib txuas, thiab tsis yog saib duab liab qab hauv online xwb (webcamming, casual websites). Txawm hais tias kev siv Internet siv los txuas rau lwm hom cwj pwm qub (piv txwv, kev coj tus cwj pwm los sis kev twv txiaj) los yog ua ib qho txawv hauv nws tus kheej txoj cai tseem sib tham [72]. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias rooj plaub yog yav dhau los, cov pov thawj yav dhau los thiab kev xav txog yuav zoo siv rau nws tus neeg siv online.
Tam sim no ib qho kev xav tau los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam uas yuav siv los ua tus lej txawv txav hauv online (piv txwv li offline) kev coj tus cwj pwm, vim lawv feem ntau tsis muaj ib qho offline uas yuav piv rau [73]. Li ntawd, nyob deb, muaj tau hais txog cov tshiab phenomena thaum kev soj ntsuam cov cwj pwm hauv online hauv internet, zoo li qhov pom muaj nyob online dissociation [74], uas ua rau "muaj kev puas hlwb thiab kev xav hauv kev txuam nrog thaum koom, nrog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub sijhawm thiab kev ua kom tiav". Txoj kev sib cais no twb tau piav qhia txog rau lwm cov kev ua hauv online [75], uas txhawb qhov kev xav uas cybersex problematic siv tau hais txog kev siv internet thiab kev sib daj sib deev [76].
Thaum kawg, peb yuav tsum hais tias ib qho chaw kuaj mob hu ua "compulsive sexual behavior disorder" raug tso tawm hauv tsab xov xwm tseem ceeb ntawm ICD-11, hauv "impulse control disorders" [77]. Lub ntsiab txhais tuaj yeem sablaj ntawm https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1630268048.
Cov menyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ICD-11 kuj yog cov lus teb rau qhov teebmeem ntawm qhov teebmeem no thiab ua pov thawj rau lub chaw kuaj mob, qhov tseem tabsis cov ntaub ntawv tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv peb kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem hauv kev puas siab ntsws [72]. Nws ntseeg tau tias yuav ua kom zoo dua cov cuab yeej (tsis tau ua kom zoo dua qub) rau qhov hais txog qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev kho mob rau cov neeg mob thiab qhov ua txhaum tau ua txhaum [78], thiab tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog cov kev sib tham tsis tu ncua txog CSB thiab nws cov ntaub ntawv tsawg tsawg hauv qee qhov chaw [55,71] (rooj 1). Qhov Kev Txhim Kho No yog thawj kauj ruam rau qhov pom tau qhov teebmeem no thiab nthuav tawm ntawm nws, qhov tseemceeb yog qhov tseemceeb hauv nws cov duab liab qab hauv subtype.
Cov lus 1. DSM-5 thiab ICD-11 txuas mus rau kev teeb tsa tus cwj pwm phem heev.

3.3. Soj Ntsuam Dlau

Cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm POPU tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv peb qho tseem ceeb:

  • Erectile kawg: thaum qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom me ntsis cov pov thawj ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev siv duab liab qab thiab kev sib deev tsis taus [33], lwm tus hais tias qhov kev siv duab liab qab siv tau yog qhov tseem ceeb qhia txog qhov ntse nce hauv erectile kawg ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas [80]. Hauv ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, 60% ntawm cov neeg mob uas tau ntsib kev sib deev nrog tus khub tiag tiag, tsis paub tab tsis muaj teeb meem nrog cov duab liab qab [8]. Ib txhia sib cav hais tias causation ntawm kev siv duab liab qab thiab kev sib deev tsis yooj yim yog tsim teeb meem, vim muaj tseeb ntawm lwm yam uas tsis pub cov duab liab qab yog tsawg [81] thiab tau npaj ib qho kev tshawb fawb tau tsim los ntawm qhov no.
  • Psychosexual dissatisfaction: kev siv duab liab qab tau txuam nrog kev sib deev dissatisfaction thiab kev sib deev kawg, rau cov txiv neej thiab pojniam [82], yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib tus neeg lub cev lossis nws tus khub, nce kev ua haujlwm siab thiab tsawg dua kev sib deev [83], muaj ntau tus neeg koom nrog kev sib deev thiab coj tus cwj pwm sib deev nyob hauv [34]. Qhov kev cuam tshuam no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tau muab teev rau hauv kev sib raug zoo thaum nws yog ib tog [84], hauv txoj kev zoo sib xws siv cov yeeb tshuaj, siv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb xws li kev ceev tshaj [85]. Cov kev tshawb fawb no yog siv raws li kev siv duab liab qab tsis txwm siv, tab sis kev pornography hauv online tej zaum yuav tsis muaj teeb meem los ntawm nws tus kheej, tsuas yog thaum nws tau ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv [24]. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv cov pojniam-qhov duab liab qab thiab cov txiaj ntsim zoo rau cov poj niam [86].
  • Comorbidities: tus cwj pwm hypersexual tau txuam nrog kev ntxhov siab, ua raws li lub siab tsis meej, kev siv tshuaj tsis meej thiab kev sib deev tsis muaj teeb meem [87]. Cov kev tshawb pom no kuj tseem siv tau rau POPU [88], los ua kev txuam nrog kev haus luam yeeb, haus cawv lossis kas fes, kev quav yeeb tshuaj [41] thiab problematic video-game siv [89,90].
Muaj qee cov kev saib xyuas cov duab liab qab tau ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv rau cov teeb meem [17]. Nws tau raug debated yog hais tias cov kev soj ntsuam no yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev ncaj ncees cybersex kev tsim txom los yog vim hais tias cov ntsiab lus tau perceiving lawv tus kheej li addicts [91].

3.4. Neurobiological Pov thawj Txhawb Nqa Phem Txheem

Muab pov thawj txog POPU yog ib txoj kev nyuaj; cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev kawm no tseem tsawg dua los ntawm cov qauv me me, tsuas yog txiv neej poj niam kuaj poj niam thiab ntu khaub lig ntawm [71], nrog cov kev ntsuam xyuas neuroimaging thiab neuropsychological tsis txaus [4], tej zaum yog vim kev nkag siab, kev nyiaj txiag thiab kev tsim kho teeb meem. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum muaj kev quav tshuaj yeeb dej cawv tuaj yeem raug cai thiab ua qauv zoo rau cov tsiaj sim, peb tuaj yeem ua qhov no nrog tus cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm; qhov no yuav txwv tsis pub peb kawm txog nws txoj kev xav txog kev ua neurobiological [72]. Cov txuj ci tam sim no hais txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov cwj pwm hypersexual, raws li tau zoo li txoj kev rau kev hais lus rau lawv, yog kev paub txog thiab sau ua ke hauv Kraus 'tsab xov xwm [71]. Feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb pom nyob rau hauv peb cov kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev coj tus cwj pwm, nrog cov duab liab qab tsuas yog ib qho ntawm nws cov khoom siv nyiaj.
Cov pov thawj no yog nce raws li kev nkag siab ntawm cov txheej txheem neural ntawm cov kev hloov txog kev quav tshuaj txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Dopamine qib ua si ib qho tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev sib deev qhov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev sib deev, raws li tau pom nyob rau pem hauv ntej pem hauv ntej thiab dopaminergic tshuaj nyob rau hauv Parkinson tus kab mob raug txuas nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm [92,93].
Cov txheej txheem ua yees duab nrog rau cov duab liab qab hauv internet yuav ua kom nrov nrov los ntawm kev ceev nrhau thiab "kev tsim kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv" (lub sij hawm uas tau los ntawm Nobel tus neeg tau txais Nikolaas Tinbergen) uas yog qhov Internet pornography [94]. Cov phenomenon no yuav supposedly ua kom muaj kev phais dag (qhov no, saib duab liab qab nyob rau hauv txoj kev nws yog saibxyuas consumed hnub no, nws daim ntawv hauv online) override tus txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov caj ces hloov tawm. Qhov kev tshawb xav yog tias lawv muaj peev xwm qhib peb lub nqi zog ntawm lub siab ntawm ntau dua li cov poj koob yawm txwv feem ntau yuav ntsib thaum peb lub hlwb hloov zuj zus, ua rau nws hloov mus rau hauv hom hom [2]. Yog tias peb xav hauv online porn los ntawm qhov kev xav no, peb tuaj yeem pom qhov zoo sib xws rau cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj.

Cov kev hloov loj ntawm lub paj hlwb pom thoob cov quav tshuaj yeeb dej caw muab lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj [95], suav nrog:

  • Kev Tiv Thaiv [96]
  • Desensitization [97]
  • Dysfunctional prefrontal circuits (hypofrontality) [98]
  • Malfunctioning kev nyuaj siab [99]
Cov kev hloov ntawm lub hlwb tau pom nyob hauv cov neeg mob uas tau ntsib nrog cov neeg mob uas muaj kev sib deev lossis cov neeg saib duab liab qab los ntawm kev tshawb 40 ntau hom: magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroendocrine, thiab neuropsychological.
Piv txwv li, muaj kev sib txawv ntawm lub hlwb hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kev sib deev ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab kev tswj hwm, uas ua rau cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Thaum pom tshwm sim kev sib daj sib deev, qhov kev sib tw hypersexual tau pom tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib xws (ntawm txoj kev tswj) thiab xav (sexual desire), uas muaj ntau dua [8,100]. Hauv lwm cov ntsiab lus, hauv cov ntsiab lus no muaj ntau qhov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb rau kev sib deev cue, tab sis tsis muaj kev sib deev muaj siab. Qhov ntsiab lus peb mus rau kev sib deev cue nws tus kheej tau ua ces tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo li ib yam khoom plig [46].
Pov thawj ntawm no neural activity signizing ntshaw tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv prefrontal cortex [101] thiab cov amygdala [102,103], ua pov thawj ntawm kev xav. Ua kom nyob rau hauv cov hlwb hauv cheeb tsam yog reminiscent ntawm nyiaj txiag nqi zog [104] thiab tej zaum nws yuav nqa tau ib yam zoo sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau dua EEG nyeem hauv cov neeg siv no, nrog rau kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib deev nrog kev sib deev, tiam sis tsis yog kev saib duab liab qab [105], ib yam uas qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm erection zoo [8]. Qhov no tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog ib qho kev qhia txog qhov kev txiav tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, Steele txoj kev tshawb no muaj ntau hom kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo (xav txog heterogeneity, tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas rau kev puas siab puas ntsws los yog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, tsis tuaj yeem tswj xyuas pawg, thiab kev siv cov lus nug tsis tau siv porn siv)106]. Ib txoj kev tshawb los ntawm Prause [107], lub sij hawm no nrog ib pawg tswj hwm, rov tshawb cov kev tshawb nrhiav no heev. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cue reactivity thiab yees nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cybersex yees tau raug cim nyob rau hauv poj niam heterosexual [108] thiab homosexual txiv neej kuaj [109].
Qhov kev xav ntawm kev sib deev no yog kev sib deev cues yog predominant nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov cov neeg hypersexual [110], tab sis rov qab ua rau lawv pom hais tias yog nyob rau hauv lem desensitization [111,112]. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov kev txo nqi zog ntawm cov nqi zog, tej zaum tau kho los ntawm tus dorsal loj dua [107,113,114]. Txij li thaum tus dorsal cingulate koom tes nrog txoj kev xav tau txiaj ntsig thiab teb rau cov txheej xwm tshiab, nws txo qis dua nws txoj kev ua tom qab rov tshwm sim ntxiv rau peb kev loj hlob ntawm kev nyab xeeb rau yav dhau los stimuli. Qhov no tau los ntawm kev ua kom zoo dua qub rau qhov kev hloov tshiab rau kev sib deev tshiab [115], uas yuav tshwm sim tawm tsam kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov duab liab qab (ntau dua) uas yog kev sib deev siab, xaiv qhov cwj pwm no tsis txhob sib deev [20].
Cov kev sim no ntawm novelty nrhiav tau mediated los ntawm ventral ntsig txog qhov muaj zog [116] thiab cov amygdala [117]. Nws yog paub tias qhov saib ntawm cov duab liab qab nyob rau hauv cov neeg siv heev heev kuj tau txuam nrog neural ntau dua [99], tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ventral striatum [116,118] uas yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev cia siab [119].
Txawm li cas los, kev sib txuas ntawm ventral striatum thiab prefrontal cortex yog poob [103,113]; ib tug txo nyob rau hauv connectivity ntawm prefrontal cortex thiab lub amygdala tau kuj tau pom [117]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus hypersexual tau qhia tias kev txo kev sib txuas ntawm cov caudate thiab cov cortex temporal lobes, thiab cov teeb meem ntawm grey hauv qhov chaw [120]. Tag nrho cov kev hloov no tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm los tswj kev sib deev impulses.
Tshaj tej ntawm, hypersexual compound tsom tus muaj zog ntim ntawm amygdala [117], hauv kev sib piv rau cov neeg uas muaj kev raug mob rau ib yam khoom, uas qhia tias tsis muaj zog amygdala ntim [121]; qhov sib txawv no yuav piav qhia los ntawm cov nyhuv neurotoxic ntawm cov khoom. Hauv kev sib tw hypersexual, kev ua kom muaj zog thiab qhov ntau ntxiv yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dhau nrog kev quav tshuaj (tshwj xeeb yog kev txhawb siab txhawb zog theories) los yog qhov yuav tau ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib tham, xws li kev coj tus cwj pwm nws tus kheej [122].
Cov neeg siv kuj tau pom tias muaj kev ntxhov siab tsis txaus, feem ntau yog kho los ntawm kev siv hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis [122] nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas tsom cov kev hloov no pom hauv cov quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Cov kev hloov no tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm epigenetic nyob rau ntawm cov kws kho mob rau cov kws kho tsheb, xws li corticotropin-release factor (CRF) [123]. Cov kev cai tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj no yog qhov pom tau hais tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm hedonic thiab anhedonic muaj tsawg kawg yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov roj ntsha dopaminergic, thiab tejzaum nws yog lwm tus neeg uas muaj tus kabmob hu ua neurotransmitter genus polymorphisms [124]. Muaj cov pov thawj ntawm cov hlav necrosis ntau dua (TNF) hauv kev sib deev, nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm TNF thiab cov qhab nias siab hauv hypersexuality kev ntsuam xyuas [125].

3.5. Neuropsychological Pov thawj

Hauv kev xav txog cov kev hloov ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm kev sib deev, feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb txog neuropsychological qhia qee yam ntawm kev ncaj los sis ncaj ncaj hauv kev ua haujlwm [126,127], tejzaum nws yog li lub txim ntawm prefrontal cortex alterations [128]. Thaum ua ntawv thov pornography online, nws muaj txiaj ntsig rau nws txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev saib xyuas [129,130].
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg txom nyem ua haujlwm xws li: impulsivity [131,132], kev txawj ntse tsis txaus ntseeg uas cuam tshuam kev kawm lossis muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm zoo [120,133,134], pluag kev txiav txim siab thiab kev txiav txim siab [130,135], cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm cim xeeb [130], Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm txoj kev xav hauv kev xav, thiab ntau lub caij nyoog nrog kev sib deev [136]. Cov kev tshawb pom no tseem ceeb ntawm lwm yam kev coj cwj pwm (xws li txoj kev twv txiaj) thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm kev quav dej quav cawv [137]. Qee cov kev tshawb nrhiav ncaj qha cov lus pom zoo [58], tiam sis tej zaum yuav muaj qee cov kev txwv hauv kev thev naus laus zis (piv txwv, me me).
Coj tus yam ntxwv ua si hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev coj cwj pwm txawv thiab cybersex, muaj ntau tus. Peb tuaj yeem xav txog cue-reactivity, qhov cuab lub zog zoo thiab koom kawm kev kawm [104,109,136,138,139] raws li cov tub ntxhais cov tswv yim ntawm kev saib xyuas kev sib daj sib deev. Txawm li cas los xij, tej zaum yuav muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov muaj kev ruaj ntseg [140], zoo li: (1) lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib deev kev sib deev thiab txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv qee tus neeg uas tau tso tseg [40,141,142,143] txawm hais tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm qhov kev zoo siab impulsivity [144,145] los sis lub xeev [146], thiab (2) txoj kev ua / kev txo hwjchim [147,148,149].

3.6. Ntsuas

Feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau hais txog kev siv cov ntsiab lus nrog lub sij hawm ntev raug pornography online [34,81,113,114], vim li ntawd nws qhov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim tau yog qhov ncaj qha thiab qhov tau txais txiaj ntsim ntawm kev nkag siab hauv qhov kev coj cwj pwm no. Peb tau hais txog kev tswj tsis tau cov khoom ua ke, tab sis qee cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias txo lossis tshem tawm qhov kev coj cwj pwm no yuav ua rau kev txhim kho hauv kev ua plees ua yig rau kev ua plees ua yi thiab kev tsis txaus siab [79,80] thiab txawm tag nrho rov qab los; qhov no yuav qhia tau hais tias lub xub hais hauv lub hlwb alterations yog me ntsis reversible.

3.7. Kev Cuam Tshuam

Muaj ntau yam kev ntsuam xyuas muaj nyob rau ntawm CSB thiab POPU. Lawv txhua tus vam khom rau tus saib xyuas txoj kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ntseeg; kab tias txawm ntau tshaj li cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, vim hais tias kev sib deev yog cov khib nyiab ntau vim yog lawv qhov xwm txheej.
Rau cov hypersexuality, muaj ntau tshaj 20 kev soj ntsuam cov lus nug thiab kev sib tham nrog kev sib tham. Qee qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws xws li kev sib deev kuaj xyuas kev sib deev (SAST) npaj siab los ntawm Carnes [150], thiab nws cov tom qab hloov daim ntawv SAST-R [151], Kev Txheeb Ze Hauv Kev Sib Deev (Comprehensive Sexual Behavior Inventory) (CSBI) [152,153] thiab Hypersexual Screening Inventory (HDSI) [154]. Lub HDSI tau xub thawj siv rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm DSM-5 daim ntawv cog lus ntawm hypersexual tsis meej. Thaum nrhiav kev ntxiv ntawm qhov kev xav ua rau cov kev xav tau thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev txiav cov qhab nia, nws tam sim no tuav cov kev txhawb zog siab tshaj plaws ntawm psychometric thiab yog qhov ntsuas zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntsuas hypersexual disorder [151].
Raws li kev saib duab liab qab hauv online, qhov kev ntsuas feem ntau siv yog qhov kev sib deev hauv kev sib deev hauv Internet (ISST) [155]. Nws soj ntsuam txog 5 qhov sib txawv hauv kev sib txig (online sib deev compulsivity, cwj pwm hauv internet, kev sib deev hauv online, kev sib deev hauv online thiab kev xav hauv online cwj pwm) los ntawm 25 dichotomic (yog / tsis). Txawm li cas los, nws cov kev puas siab puas ntsws phev suab puv nkaus xwb tau tshawb fawb, nrog rau kev siv tau ntau yam lus Mev [156] uas tau ua hauj lwm raws li lub tswv yim rau kev tshawb fawb posterior [157].
Lwm cov cim tseem ceeb yog qhov teeb meem kev siv duab liab qab (PPUS) [158] uas ntsuas plaub yam ntawm POPU (xws li: teeb meem thiab teeb meem ua haujlwm, siv ntau heev, tswj teeb meem thiab siv kev khiav tawm / tsis zoo ntawm kev tsis pom zoo), kev sib tw siv internet tsis zoo rau kev sib deev hauv internet (s-IAT-sex) [159], 12-khoom lus nug ntsuas ob qhov loj ntawm POPU, thiab kev siv duab liab qab siv duab (CPUI-9) [160].
CPUI-9 ntsuas 3 qhov ntev: (1) kev siv zog, (2) pom kev compulsivity, thiab (3) siab ntsws nyuab siab. Thaum xub thawj xam pom tias muaj kev ntseeg siab psychometric [9], cov lus qhia no tau qhia ntau yam tsis txaus siab: kev xam nrog ntawm "kev ntxhov siab ntxhov siab" qhov chaw nyob ntawm kev txaj muag thiab kev txaj muag, uas tsis yog nyob rau hauv kev ntsuam xyuas kev quav tshuaj thiab ua li no cov qhab nia nce siab [161]. Ua ntawv thov cov ntawv teev lus tsis muaj qhov sib txawv no tshwm ntsej muag rau qee yam kev siv duab liab qab siv.
Ib qho ntawm feem ntau tsis ntev los no yog qhov kev pornographic problematic scale (PPCS) [162], raws li Griffith rau 6-tivthaiv tus qauv [163], tab sis nws tsis ntsuas kev tiv thaiv, tsuas yog siv cov kev siv duab liab qab nrog muaj zog psychometric.
Lwm yam kev ntsuas ntawm POPU uas tsis yog tsim los ntsuas qhov kev siv duab liab qab hauv online tiam sis tau siv cov neeg siv cov duab liab qab hauv internet [9], suav nrog Cov Ntawv Cim Pornography Cov Lus Qhia (PCI) [164,165], Kev Hloov Pornography Kev Siv Teeb Meem (CPCS) [166] thiab Txoj Kev Lom Zem Ntawm Cov Neeg Laus Tawm (PCQ) [167] uas tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg siv duab liab qab.
Nws kuj muaj cuab yeej rau kev txheeb xyuas cov neeg siv duab liab qab siv txoj kev npaj los tso tseg tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tswv yim rau tus kheej [168] thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev kho mob tau txais kev ua [169(b) kev qaug / qhov chaw / kev nkag yooj yim, thiab (c) kev xav tsis zoo los ntawm kev sib deev.

3.8. Kev kho mob

Muab cov lus nug tseem muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov kev xav, kev ntsuam xyuas, thiab kev ua rau kev coj tus cwj pwm txawv thiab POPU, muaj ntau yam kev sim los tshawb nrhiav kev kho mob. Hauv cov ntawv tshawb fawb, cov qauv me me thiab homogeneous heev, kev tswj cov kev tswj tsis muaj, thiab txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tawg, unverifiable, thiab tsis replicable [170].
Feem ntau, kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev txawj ntse, tus cwj pwm, kev xav ntawm lub hlwb, thiab kev siv tshuaj yog tshuaj xyuas feem ntau ntawm kev kho kev sib daj sib deev, tab sis qhov kev qhia tsis yog tshwj xeeb yog qhov tsis paub txog kev kawm [9].

3.8.1. Pharmacological Kev Ncig Zog

Cov kev tshawb fawb tau muab rau qhov chaw paroxetine thiab naltrexone li deb. Muaj ib zaug uas muaj cov kab mob paroxetine hauv POPU tau pab txo cov kev ntxhov siab ntau ntau, tab sis nws thiaj li ua tsis tau tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws tus kheej [171]. Tsis tas li ntawd, siv SSRIs los tsim kev sib deev tsis ntiav los ntawm lawv cov kev mob tshwm sim yog thaj tsis zoo, thiab raws li kev soj ntsuam cov kev mob nkeeg tsuas yog pab rau cov neeg mob uas muaj teeb meem mob comorbid psychiatric [172].
Plaub cov ntaub ntawv hais txog naltrexone kom kho POPU tau piav qhia. Cov kev tshawb pom yav dhau los tau pom tias naltrexone yuav yog ib txoj kev kho rau kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb [173,174], theoretically txo kev cravings thiab yaum los thaiv cov kev zoo siab rau qhov kev coj cwj pwm. Txawm tias tseem tsis tau muaj kev sib tw randomized nrog cov naltrexone hauv cov kev kawm, muaj plaub daim ntawv qhia. Cov txiaj ntsim tau los ntawm kev txo cov duab liab qab siv ntau yam los ntawm qhov zoo [175,176,177] mus nruab nrab [178]; tsawg kawg yog nyob rau hauv ib ntawm lawv tus neeg mob kuj tau txais sertraline, yog li nws tsis totaub ntau npaum li cas yuav tsum ntaus nqi rau naltrexone [176].

3.8.2. Psychotherapeutic Cov Kev Coj Ua

Tsuas yog, kev mob hlwb yeej yog ib yam tseem ceeb hauv kev to taub thiab hloov tus cwj pwm. Thaum lub sij hawm kev paub txog tus cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm (CBT) yog los ntawm ntau cov kws kho mob kom pab tau kev kho mob siab ntsws hypersexual [179], kev tshawb nrhiav uas cuam tshuam cov teeb meem hauv online pornography cov neeg siv tsis tau ua tiav kev txo tus cwj pwm [180], txawm tias qhov mob ntawm cov mob comorbid depressive cov tsos mob thiab qhov zoo ntawm lub neej zoo tuaj lawm. Qhov no ua rau cov lus tsis txaus siab uas tsuas yog siv cov duab liab qab kom tsis txhob tuaj yeem sawv cev rau lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws [170]. Lwm cov kev siv siv CBT los kho tus mob POPU tau tsim, tab sis kev rov ntsuam xyuas teeb meem ntawm thaj chaw no tiv thaiv peb ntawm extracting cov lus xaus hauv kev txhim kho [181,182].
Psychodynamic psychotherapy thiab lwm tus neeg xws li tsev kho mob txoj kev kho, khub niam txiv txoj kev kho, thiab cov kev kho mob puas hlwb tom qab 12 kauj ruam kev pab cuam muaj pov thawj tseem ceeb thaum hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txaj muag thiab kev txaj muag thiab rov ua kom ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg siv cov kev sib raug zoo tshaj [170,172]. Tsuas xaiv cov kev sim randomized uas tshwm sim nrog cov teeb meem hauv online pornography uas yog tsom rau Kev Txais thiab Kev Kho Mob (ACT) [183], kev txhim kho los ntawm lawv qhov 2010 case series [184], uas yog thawj qhov kev sim kawm rau qhov chaw nyob ntawm POPU. Txoj kev tshawb no pom tau cov txiaj ntsim zoo tab sis nws tsis yooj yim rau cov khoom siv txij thaum cov qauv coj los qis dua thiab npaj rau cov pejxeem tseeb.
Txoj kev qhia zoo nrog CBT, conjoint therapy thiab ACT tej zaum yuav cia siab rau qhov tseeb uas yog raws li mindfulness thiab txais kev coj ua; nyob ntawm lub ntsiab lus, kev tsim duab liab qab kom siv tau yog sib npaug los yog ntau tshaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov kev siv [170].

4. Kev sib tham

Nws zoo nkaus li tias POPU tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho qee yam ntawm kev tsis haum ntawm hypersexual, tab sis tam sim no feem ntau yog vim nws tseem nquag siv masturbation. Txawm hais tias qhov no tsis yooj yim rau kev txiav txim siab muab cov npe thiab kev nkag mus rau lwm qhov uas ua rau cov duab liab qab siv niaj hnub no, qhov tseeb peb paub tseeb tias tus neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv pornography tau hloov rau lub xyoo dhau los. Nws tsis yog qhov tsis zoo ua rau nws xav tias nws qhov txawv txav hauv internet tau muaj feem cuam tshuam rau nws cov neeg siv, thiab hais tias qhov kev xav tau ntawm peb yam yuav ua rau POPU thiab lwm yam kev coj cwj pwm.
Raws li peb tau hais, lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau qhov kev coj tus cwj pwm no los tsim teeb meem. Peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev txheeb xyuas txog qhov teeb meem no tsuas yog siv rau cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog nyoog raug cai rau kev sib deev, hauv online lossis lwm yam; tab sis nws tsis dim peb txoj kev sib deev tsis pib tshwm sim tom qab qhov chaw pib no, thiab muaj lub caij nyoog uas cov menyuam yaus tseem nyob hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib deev neurodevelopment yog cov neeg muaj kev ywj pheej tshwj xeeb. Qhov tseeb yog qhov kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kev sib deev ntawm tus cwj pwm sib luag, qhov offline thiab hauv online, nws tsim nyog los ntsuas nws raws li tus neeg sawv cev thiab lees paub tias muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv hnub no lub neej li cas.
Raws li peb paub, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no txhawb qhov chaw ua hauj lwm no raws li kev tiv thaiv nrog qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim xws li kev sib deev thiab kev tsis txaus siab. Feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm uas tau ua yav tas los yog nyob ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb xws li cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, raws li cov lus pom ntawm kev siv duab liab qab nyob hauv kev ua lag luam yog ib qho kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, uas siv los ntawm kev noj kev haus, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tswv yim xws li kev kam rau siab thiab kev tsis txaus siab tseem tsis tau tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo txaus rau qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv, thiab yog li ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej. Rau lub sij hawm no, ib qho chaw tshawb nrhiav txog kev tiv thaiv kev sib deev tau muab tso rau hauv ICD-11 vim nws qhov kev kuaj mob tam sim no, thiab nws yuav tsum yog siv los ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj cov tsos mob uas nug cov kws kho mob rau kev pab.
Muaj ntau yam cuab yeej tshuaj ntsuam xyuas los pab tus kws kho mob nruab nrab nrog cov kev kuaj mob, tab sis qhov kev txiav txim siab yog qhov tseeb tiag tiag thiab tsis yog raws li qhov teeb meem. Li ntawd, nyob hauv ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm peb pawg lus uas npaj los ntawm Carnes, Goodman, thiab Kafka muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj tsis tau, ntau lub sijhawm siv rau kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev tsis zoo rau nws tus kheej thiab lwm tus. Hauv qee yam lossis lwmyam, lawv kuj tuaj yeem nyob rau feem ntau ntawm cov kev txheeb xyuas kev tshuaj xyuas.
Tej zaum lawv yuav yog ib lub peev xwm tsim nyog uas tsim los rau. Lwm cov ntsiab lus, uas yog xam nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, tej zaum peb xav coj tus cwj pwm txawv. Kev tsom ntsuam xyuas cov cuab yeej uas khaws qee qhov ntawm kev yooj yim thaum tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim seb qhov teeb meem yog qhov tseeb ntawm lwm cov teeb meem tam sim no uas peb muaj, thiab yuav ntshe mus hauv tes nrog cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txog kev tsim kho kom zoo dua qub kom pab peb to taub zoo dua thaum tib neeg lub neej hloov ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm mus rau ib qho teeb meem.
Raws li cov tswv yim kho mob, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tam sim no tsom rau kev txo cov duab liab qab los yog tso tseg tag nrho, vim tias qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim tuaj yeem hloov tsis tau. Txoj kev ua kom tau raws li qhov no nws txawv raws li tus neeg mob thiab tej zaum kuj yuav tsum tau qee tus neeg yooj yim rau cov tswv yim siv, nrog lub siab thiab kev pom zoo los ntawm kev kho tus mob hlwb sib npaug los yog ntau tshaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev mus tshuaj kws kho mob.

Nyiaj

Qhov kev tshawb fawb tau txais tsis muaj nyiaj sab nraud.

Tsis sib haum xeeb

Rubén de Alarcón, Javier I. de la Iglesia, thiab Nerea M. Casado tshaj tawm tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab. AL Montejo tau txais cov nqi pab tswv yim los yog kev txhawb nqa rau kev kawm siab nyob rau hauv tsib xyoos dhau los ntawm Boehringer Ingelheim, Forum Pharmaceuticals, Rovi, Servier, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Janssen Cilag, Pfizer, Roche, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, thiab Junta de Castilla y León .

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