Txoj kev tshawb pom pom tias "kev siv kev sib deev online" muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov cwm pwm kev tsaus ntuj (machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, thiab spitefulness). Lo lus nug: cov cwj pwm no yuav txawv li cas tom qab ncua sijhawm tsis siv porn & game?
J Behav Addict. 2018 Nov 14: 1-11. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.109.
Abstract
COV KHOOM NTSWJ THIAB AIMS:
Kev tshawb nrhiav pom tau tias tus cwj pwm coj ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev siv internet muaj teeb meem (PIU). Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus nti (xws li, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, thiab spitefulness) thiab PIU tseem tsis tau raug tshawb xyuas. Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev kawm no yog tshawb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nrog kev ua si hauv online (piv txwv li, kev tshaj xov xwm, kev twv txiaj, twv txiaj, khw muag khoom, thiab kev sib deev) thiab PIU.
KEV HLOOV:
Ib qho ntawm 772 cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab tau ua tiav daim ntawv qhia tus kheej, suav nrog Tsaus Triad Dirty Dozen Scale, Luv Sadistic Impulse Scale, Spitefulness Scale, thiab kev hloov kho ntawm Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale.
COV LUS QHIA:
Hierarchical regression tsom xam thiab ntau tus qauv kev sib kho tau qhia tias kev ua txiv neej yog qhov cuam tshuam nrog kev ua si ntau dua hauv online, kev sib deev online, thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online, thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ua lag luam online. Narcissism cuam tshuam txog kev siv social media siab dua; Machiavellianism tau muaj feem xyuam rau kev twv txiaj hauv online ntau dua, sib deev hauv online, thiab twv txiaj hauv online; sadism tau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev hauv online; thiab spitefulness tau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev hauv online, twv txiaj hauv online, thiab yuav online. Thaum kawg, Machiavellianism thiab kev hais lus phem tau cuam tshuam ncaj qha thiab cuam tshuam nrog PIU los ntawm kev twv txiaj hauv online, kev twv txiaj online, thiab kev ua lag luam online, thiab narcissism tau cuam tshuam nrog PIU los ntawm kev siv social media.
SIB THAM:
Kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej no qhia tau tias cov tib neeg siab ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua hauv kev siv cov teeb meem hauv online thiab cov kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv yog tshawb xyuas cov koom haum ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj nrog cov hom teeb meem online.
KEYWORDS:
Machiavellianism; hais tawm yeeb; teeb meem siv internet; psychopathy; txoj kev tu siab; ntxhaws
PMID: 30427212
Introduction
Cov ntawv kho tshiab dhau los ua tiav ntawm 11th kho dua tshiab los ntawm Cov Txheej Txheem Thoob Ntiaj Teb ntawm Cov Kab Mob (World Health Organization, 2017) tau lees paub "kev ua si twv txiaj, feem ntau hauv online," raws li ib qho kev kuaj mob, thiab luam tawm tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm cov Diagnostic thiab Statistical Manual ntawm Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) tau suav nrog Kev Ua Si Siv Internet ntawm Kev Tsis Txaus Siab hauv Seem 3 uas yog qhov teeb meem txog kev mob hlwb uas yuav tsum raug tshuaj xyuas ntxiv. Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib txawv raws li kev xav txog qhov teeb meem online kev ua ub no, uas tsis yog Internet Gaming Kev Nyuaj Siab, raws li kev coj tus cwj pwm (Mann, Kiefer, Schellekens, & Dom, 2017), qhov tseeb ua pov thawj qhia tias ib pawg neeg tsawg tsawg ntawm cov tib neeg qhia txog cov teeb meem hauv online, xws li siv cov teeb meem hauv Is Taws Nem (PIU; Kuss, Griffiths, Karila, & Billieux, 2014)). Muaj ntau lo lus siv uas tau siv los piav txog teeb meem kev siv internet nrog rau “kev siv internet,” “kev siv internet tsis zoo,” “siv internet ntau dhau,” “kev siv internet,” thiab “siv internet,” txawm hais tias cov lus no piav txog teeb meem hauv online siv feem ntau siv cov qauv ntsuas sib thooj (Kuss et al., 2014)). Ib qho ntawm cov neeg siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev coj tus cwj pwm yog tsim nyob rau hauv biopsychosocial lub moj khaum ntawm kev quav tshuaj thiab muaj rau XNUMX qhov tseem ceeb uas muaj cov teeb meem koom nrog hauv ib qho kev coj ua (piv txwv li, ua siab ntev, preoccupation, kev hloov pauv hloov siab, kam rau ua, tshem tawm, thiab tsis sib haum xeeb); Griffiths, 2005)). Lwm qhov chaw, PIU tau raug xa mus rau qhov muaj lub siab xav nrog thiab poob ntawm kev tswj hwm kev siv internet uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg lub neej kev noj qab haus huv, kev noj qab haus huv, ua tiav ntawm lawv lub neej tiag tiag (piv txwv li, haujlwm thiab / lossis kev kawm), thiab pw tsaug zog thiab qauv noj (Spada, 2014)). Vim yog tsis sib thooj, txoj kev kawm no siv lo lus "siv internet muaj teeb meem" los piav qhia txog ntau yam sib xws thiab / lossis sib tshooj sib tshooj online, sib ntxiv, thiab / lossis ntau dhau tus cwj pwm. PIU yog ib qho lus thoob ntiaj teb (thiab "txhom-txhua tus") dua li kev siv internet tsis meej, vim tias PIU tsis txhais tau tias cov tib neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam.
Feem pua ntawm PIU sib txawv heev (ntawm 1% thiab 18%) thoob plaws kev tshawb fawb sib txawv (rau kev tshuaj xyuas, saib Kuss et al., 2014)). PIU yog qhov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm cov neeg hluas thiab cov neeg laus hnub nyoog loj vim tias lawv cov nqi nkag siab tau nkag mus rau hauv internet txhua hnub (Anderson, Steen, & Stavropoulos, 2017)). Cov kev mob tsis zoo ntawm PIU ntawm cov neeg tsawg ntawm cov tib neeg tau suav nrog kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab, ntxhov siab, kho siab (Ostovar li al., 2016), nruab hnub pw tsaug zog, tsis muaj lub zog, thiab lub cev khiav tsis zoo (Kuss et al., 2014)). Cov kev tsis taus no tau ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb soj ntsuam PIU yam kev pheej hmoo txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho cov tswv yim tiv thaiv PIU.
Raws li Kev Sib Koom Tes ntawm Cov Neeg-Cuam Tshuam-Kev Paub-Kev Ua Tus Qauv (I-PACE), uas yog ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim theoretical npaj siab piav qhia lwm cov haujlwm ntawm PIU (Hom Tshuaj, Hluas, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016), tus cwm pwm, kev coj noj coj ua, kev txiav txim siab biopsychological, thiab kev siv rau kev siv online yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm PIU. Cov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tau thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev sib tham sib tham txog lawv cov kev sib raug zoo uas cuam tshuam nrog PIU (Hom khoom lag luam li al, 2016)). Yog li, thaum xav txog PIU, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tias kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm sib txawv nrog kev siv tshwj xeeb hauv online (xws li kev twv txiaj, twv txiaj, poj niam txiv neej, social media, thiab khw) yuav tsum txiav txim siab.
Hais txog tus kheej qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm PIU, kev tshuaj xyuas meta-tshuaj xyuas tau sau tseg lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Big Tsib tus cwj pwm ntawm kev txhim kho PIU. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, PIU tau cuam tshuam nrog cov qib siab neuroticism ntau dua, qis dua kev xiam oob qhab, qis dua lub siab, qhov qhib qis dua rau kev paub, thiab qis dua kev pom zoo (Kayiş li al., 2016)). Kev tshawb fawb ib ntu qhia txog qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm PIU thiab HEXACO tus cwj pwm ntawm lub siab xav txog, kev coj ncaj ncees – txo hwj chim, thiab siab ntsws (Kopuničová & Baumgartner, 2016)). Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom PIU siab dua los cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb nrhiav tshiab, kev lom zem-nrhiav, tus kheej qis, thiab kev xav tsis zoo zam dhau (Kuss et al., 2014)). Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias lub cev loj ntawm cov ntawv nyeem hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tus kheej ntawm PIU, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus tau tsis quav ntsej.
Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tsom mus rau Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, kev siab phem, thiab siab phem nrog PIU vim tias qhov cuam tshuam rau cov kev coj ua zoo li no (piv txwv li, callousness, tsis tshua pom zoo, qis dua kev nkag siab, txhoj puab heev, muaj kev sib txuam ntau dua, muaj ntau dua ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg lub siab, thiab ntau dua kev paub txog) kev txaus siab) cuam tshuam nrog qhov theem siab ntawm PIU (Dalbudak, Evren, Aldemir, & Evren, 2014; Douglas, Bore, & Munro, 2012; James, Kavanagh, Jonason, Chonody, & Scrutton, 2014; Kayiş li al., 2016; Lu li al., 2017; Richardson & Boag, 2016; Trumello, Babore, Candelori, Morelli, & Bianchi, 2018 xyoo)). Cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj tau cuam tshuam nrog antisocial kev coj tus cwj pwm online nrog rau cov xwm txheej hloov tshiab, cyberbullying, thiab online trolling, ntxiv rau kev ua tiav ntau yam kev xav hauv lub hlwb siv ntau lub platform (Craker & Lub Peb Hlis, 2016; Garcia & Sikström, 2014; Panek, Nardis, & Konrath, 2013)). Ntxiv mus, txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no tau pom thiab tau sib cav tias Machiavellianism thiab narcissism tau cuam tshuam zoo nrog cov teebmeem kev sib raug zoo hauv kev siv xov xwm, uas yog hais txog kev ua tiav qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siab ntawm cov yeeb yam no (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, & Tosuntaş, 2018)). Ntau yam haujlwm tam sim no tuaj yeem ua kom yooj yim los ntawm is taws nem (piv txwv li, social media siv, twv txiaj hauv online, twv txiaj hauv online, cybersex, thiab kev yuav khoom hauv online) uas yuav hais tau rau ntau yam kev xav tau ntawm cov tib neeg tus yam ntxwv sib txawv. Yog li, cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev ua si online sib txawv thiab PIU. Yog li, txoj kev kawm no tshawb txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj, cov dej num hauv online, thiab PIU.
Tsaus ntuj coj tus cwj pwm thiab PIU
Lub Tsaus Triad yog lub hnub qub ntawm peb qhov kev xav tsis sib xws thiab tawm tsam tus cwj pwm: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, thiab narcissism (Paulhus & Williams, 2002)). Cov cwj pwm no tau kos ntau zuj zus ntawm cov neeg tshawb nrhiav hauv kaum xyoo dhau los Ntau tsis ntev los no, nws tau hais tias Lub Tsaus Triad yuav tsum tau nthuav dav mus rau Tsaus Tetrad nrog kev ntxiv ntawm kev siab (Thoob, Trapnell, & Paulhus, 2014; van Geel, Goemans, Toprak, & Vedder, 2017 xyoo)). Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau kuaj xyuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev phem nrog rau Tsaus Tetrad sijhawm (Jonason, Zeigler-Toj, & Okan, 2017; Zeigler-Toj & Vonk, 2015)). Txawm li cas los xij, qee tus kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav hais tias qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm sadism thiab kev phem rau lub Tsaus Triad tsis meej thiab muaj pov thawj ntxiv uas xav tau (Jonason et al., 2017; Tran et al., 2018)). Txawm tias muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj xws li kev siv kev sib cais thiab kev hu ncaj (Jones & Figueredo, 2013; Marcus, Preszler, & Zeigler-Hill, 2018), cov sijhawm no muaj qhov sib txawv uas yuav tsim kom muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv online.
Narcissism, uas hais txog kev txiav txim siab tus kheej ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej, kev muaj meej mom, kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev muaj cai (Corry, Merritt, Mrug, & Pamp, 2008), tau cuam tshuam nrog kev koom tes ntau dua hauv cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo hauv kev siv (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017; Kircaburun, Demetrovics, li al., 2018), muaj teeb meem siv online game (Kim, Namkoong, Ku, & Kim, 2008), thiab PIU (Pantic li al., 2017)). Cov muaj siab hauv narcissism qhia txog kev koom tes ntau dua hauv kev txhawb tus kheej (qee zaum dag) tus cwj pwm hauv online, xws li kho tus kheej thiab tshaj tawm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov txiv neej (Arpaci, 2018; Hma liab & Rooney, 2015), tabsis qhov kev tshaj tawm yus tus kheej thiab nthuav tawm tus kheej nrov dua hauv kev tshaj xov xwm yog teeb meem tseem ceeb txaus ntshai rau kev siv online (Kircaburun, Alhabash, Tosuntaş, & Griffiths, 2018)). Cov neeg narcissistic yuav muaj kev hwm dua thiab muaj kev txaus siab siv online social media (Casale & Fioravanti, 2018), thiab / lossis koom nrog kev twv txiaj hauv online yog ib txoj kev kom zoo siab rau lawv cov neeg sib tw (Kim et al., 2008)). Futhermore, ob qho tib si kev siv xov xwm thiab kev siv twv txiaj hauv online tuaj yeem ua rau PIU hauv qee haiv neeg tsawg (Király li al., 2014).
Machiavellianism, uas yog hais txog kev dag, ntxias dag, kev xav, thiab siv (Christie & Geis, xyoo 1970), tau cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo siv xov xwm (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, li al., 2018), zuaj hauv online games (Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017), saib xyuas tus kheej online, thiab txhawb tus kheej (Abell & Brewer, 2014)). Machiavellians tuaj yeem xaiv cov kev tshaj tawm txog kev sib raug zoo thiab cov chaw twv txiaj los koom rau kev sib tham ntawm tus kheej lossis kev dag ntxias tus kheej (Abell & Brewer, 2014; Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017) ib nrab vim hais tias ntawm lawv ntshai ntawm kev tawm tsam (Rauthmann, 2011)). Raws li qhov yuav xav tau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov yeeb yam no, cov kev coj tsis zoo hauv online tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev quav yeeb yam zoo li xws li kev txhawj xeeb thiab kev hloov siab ntsws (Griffiths, 2005), thiab nyeg, tsim mus rau PIU rau cov haiv neeg tsawg ntawm cov tib neeg (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, li al., 2018)). Ntxiv mus, Machiavellianism cuam tshuam txog qhov kev xav zoo (Egan, Chan, & Tus hnav luv luv, 2014) thiab zoo rau kev txhawb nqa theem siab ntawm kev ntxhov siab (Richardson & Boag, 2016)). Muab qhov teeb meem nyob online siv yog maladaptive coping strategy tiv thaiv cov kev xav tsis zoo (Kuss et al., 2014), nws yog qhov tsim nyog cia siab tias qee tus neeg siab hauv Machiavellianism koom nrog PIU thiab dhau los ua cov neeg siv teeb meem.
Lub hlwb ua rau lub cev tau pom los ntawm lub siab tsis khov, ua tiav, thiab tsis muaj lub siab (Jonason, Lyons, Bethell, & Ross, 2013)). Zoo ib yam li Machiavellianism, psychopathy kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev xav hauv lub siab thiab qis tus cwj pwm zoo (Egan li al., 2014; Zeigler-Toj & Vonk, 2015)). Ntxiv rau psychopaths 'muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm zoo heev rau PIU ua qhov hloov kho tsis zoo (Kuss et al., 2014), lawv tuaj yeem koom nrog PIU hauv kev sim nrhiav thiab tau txais kev hnov ntau dua (Lin & Tsai, 2002; Vitacco & Rogers, 2001)). Ib yam li ntawd, cov tib neeg siab rau cov kev xav tsis zoo koom nrog cov cwj pwm hauv online thiab txawv txav, xws li cyberbullying (van Geel li al., 2017), zuaj online (Buckets li al., 2014), sib deev tus phooj ywg cyberstalking (Haus Luam Yeeb & Lub Peb Hlis, 2017), ib yam li kev ua yeeb yaj kiab video tua (Greitemeyer & Sagioglou, 2017)). Ntxiv mus, psychopaths thiab sadists tuaj yeem sim ua kom txaus siab kev sib deev xav tau hauv online (piv txwv li, cybersex thiab saib duab liab qab) thiab nyob nrog lawv cov kev npau suav (Baughman, Jonason, Veselka, & Vernon, 2014) txhawm rau nce deev arousal thiab stimulation (Shim, Lee, & Paul, 2007)). Cov neeg tu siab yuav sim los them lawv qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev phemO'Meara, Davies, & Hammond, 2011) tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag hauv cov ntsiab lus online. Cov kev sim ua tau zoo yuav ua rau muaj qhov teeb meem siv los ntawm kev hloov kho lub siab zoo.
Txaus siab, uas tau raug xa ua kev txaus siab raug mob kev txom nyem rau tus kheej kom ua rau lwm tus raug mob (Zeigler-Hill, Noser, Vov Tsev, Vonk, & Marcus, 2015), yog tus cwj pwm txawv qhov txawv uas yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tab sis yog sib tshooj nrog tus cwj pwm sib txawv, xws li kev tawm tsam, Machiavellianism, kev xav, tsis muaj tus kheej, tsis muaj peev xwm, thiab tsis paub txog kev paub (Marcus, Zeigler-Hill, Mercer, & Norris, 2014; Zeigler-Hill li al., 2015)). Cov kev tsim kho no yog qhov muaj kev pheej hmoo tseem ceeb rau ua kev tawm tsam tsis zoo thiab cov teeb meem hauv online (Kuss et al., 2014)). Yog li ntawd, kev qhia ntau dua rau cov me nyuam tuaj yeem yog qhov muaj feem yuav ua teeb meem rau kev siv online. Muab qhov ntxim nyiam ua rau cov tib neeg muaj qhov tsis tshua zoo siab los ntsib cov teeb meem tiag tiag ntawm kev sib raug zoo vim lawv tus cwj pwm tsis xws luag, xws li kev sib txuas lus (Marcus et al., 2014) thiab tsim kev lom zem rau koj (Vrabel, Zeigler-Toj, & Shango, 2017), lawv tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua hauv kev siv online muaj teeb meem ntau ntxiv txhawm rau zam kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv lub neej thiab / lossis tswj lwm tus kom yooj yim dua (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, li al., 2018; Kırcaburun, Kokkinos, li al., 2018)). Txuas ntxiv mus, nce qib ntawm impulsivity ntawm cov neeg phem (Jonason et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2014) tuaj yeem tso cov tib neeg rau hauv qhov chaw muaj teeb meem rau kev ntsib PIU, vim hais tias impulsivity yog ib qho ntawm cov kev twv ua kom zoo sib xws ntawm PIU (Kuss et al., 2014).
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb online
Is Taws Nem yog ib qho khoom siv nruab nrab uas tswj kev siv tus cwj pwm sib txawv thiab kev ua si, xws li siv kev sib tham, kev twv txiaj, twv txiaj, khw muag khoom, thiab kev sib deev (Griffiths, 2000; Montag li al., 2015)). Feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm no twb muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej tsis sib xws los ntawm kev siv social media. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm hais tias cov tib neeg 'offline coj tus cwj pwm tuaj yeem mus rau hauv online online hauv kev sim los them cov kev xav tau tiag tiag offline (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014), xws li kev twv txiaj, twv txiaj, pw ua ke, kav khw, thiab sib txuas lus. Raws li tus qauv I-PACE (Hom khoom lag luam li al, 2016), ib tus neeg tus yam ntxwv yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb rau qhov kev nyiam ntawm kev siv online platform tshwj xeeb thiab / lossis daim ntawv thov. Cov pov thawj muaj pov thawj qhia tseeb txog yuav ua li cas cov tib neeg sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sib txawv tuaj yeem tau txais kev txaus siab los ntawm cov kev ua si sib txawv hauv online qhia tau qhov tseeb ntawm I-PACE tus qauv.
Raws li tau sau tseg dhau los, kev koom tes hauv cov haujlwm hauv online tuaj yeem hloov kho thiab ua rau PIU rau cov haiv neeg tsawg ntawm cov tib neeg. Piv txwv li, cov kev ua si online tau cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem kev twv txiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau kev ua si hauv online, kev siv online hauv xov xwm kuj tau pom los twv seb PIU siab dua, thaum muaj teeb meem kev twv txiaj tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog kev ua si hauv online (Király li al., 2014)). Yog li ntawd, PIU yuav raug xa mus rau raws li kev siv dav dav hauv Is Taws Nem hla nws cov dej num sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav yog tias kev koom nrog cov kev ua online saum toj no cuam tshuam rau PIU siab dua thiab lees paub txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus nti thiab PIU. Qee qhov tseeb ua pov thawj pom zoo los txhawb qhov kev xav no los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov kev sib raug zoo hauv online kev twv txiaj, twv txiaj, thiab saib duab liab qab nrog PIU (Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; Critselis li al., 2013; Stavropoulos, Kuss, Griffiths, Wilson, & Motti-Stefanidi, 2017)). Yog li, nws yuav yog qhov sib txawv tus cwm pwm coj ncaj qha cov tib neeg siv cov kev ua si online sib txawv, thiab nyob rau hauv, rov qab, tau txais kev txaus siab los ntawm lawv cov kev nyiam ua online yuav ua rau rov ua dua thiab muaj teeb meem siv internet. Yog li, nws cia siab tias cov cwm pwm tsaus nti yuav cuam tshuam rau PIU siv cov kab kev tsis ncaj qha los ntawm cov kev ua hauv online.
Kev kawm tam sim no
Qhov no yog thawj qhov kev kawm tshawb xyuas cov koom haum ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus nti (xws li, Machiavellianism, kev xav, kev hais lus, kev hais lus, kev mob siab, thiab qhov tsis txaus ntseeg) nrog PIU los ntawm cov kev ua hauv online (piv txwv li, kev tshaj tawm kev sib tham, kev twv txiaj hauv online, kev twv txiaj hauv online, kev yuav khoom online , thiab online sib deev). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los feem ntau tsom rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm peb qhov kev coj ua qhov tsaus ntuj (piv txwv li, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, thiab narcissism) thoob plaws cov kev coj hauv online. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau xav txog tsib yam kev sib txawv (piv txwv li, Qhov tsaus Triad ntxiv rau qhov tu siab thiab hais lus tsis zoo) nrog kev siv cov haujlwm sib txawv hauv online thiab PIU ib txhij. Nws tau cia siab tias yuav muaj kev kho kom haum xeeb los ntawm kev ua si online ntawm tus kheej kev tsim kho thiab PIU. Raws li qhov theoretical qhov kev xav ntawm I-PACE tus qauv (uas qhia tias muaj kev sib cuam tshuam tseem ceeb xws li cov xeeb ceem thiab cov kev siv online tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm ua lub luag haujlwm nruab nrab rau lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo rau PIU) thiab cov pov thawj uas twb muaj lawm, qhov kev kawm no tsim thiab sim ntau qhov kev xav thaum lub sijhawm. tswj hwm tub los ntxhais thiab hnub nyoog.
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H1: Narcissism thiab Machiavellianism yuav ncaj qha rau PIU thiab ncaj qha los ntawm kev tawm suab thiab online twv txiaj (Kim et al., 2008; Kircaburun, Demetrovics, li al., 2018; Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017).
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H2: Kev mob siab ntsws thiab kev siab phem yuav ncaj qha rau PIU thiab ncaj qha sib deev online (Buckets li al., 2014; Lin & Tsai, 2002; Vitacco & Rogers, 2001).
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H3: Lub hlwb thiab kev paub siab zoo yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau PIU thiab tsis ncaj qha los ntawm kev twv txiaj online (Jonason et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2014).
txoj kev
Tag nrho ntawm 772 Turkish cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv (64% poj niam), hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm 18 thiab 28 xyoo (txhais = 20.72 xyoo, SD = 2.30), ua tiav cov ntawv sau thiab mem hluav. Txhua tus neeg tuaj koom tau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab tau muab kev pom zoo. Kev koom nrog txoj kev kawm no tsis qhia npe thiab kev yeem dawb. Cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tau sau thooj txhij nrog lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm lwm qhov (piv txwv li, Kircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018a).
Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov neeg koom nrog tub los ntxhais, hnub nyoog, thiab cov haujlwm hauv online koom nrog, ib daim foos cov ntaub ntawv raug siv. Cov neeg koom nrog siv 5-point Likert nplai los ntawm “yeej tsis"Mus"yeej ib txwm”Txhawm rau txhawm rau qhia lawv kev siv kev twv txiaj online (piv txwv li,“Kuv siv is taws nem twv txiaj”), Twv txiaj (piv txwv li,“Kuv siv is taws nem”), Khoom lag luam (piv txwv li,“Kuv siv is taws nem ua lag luam”), Social media (piv txwv li,“Kuv siv is taws nem nyob rau social media”), Thiab poj niam txiv neej (xws li,“Kuv siv is taws nem muaj kev sib deev").
Cov nplai suav nrog 12 cov khoom ntawm 9-point Likert nplai los ntawm “xav tsis pom zoo"Mus"pom zoo heev, ”Nrog plaub yam rau txhua tus neeg ntawm qhov ntev suav nrog Machiavellianism (xws li,“Kuv tau siv kev dag ntxias lossis dag kom tau txais txoj kev”), Psychopathy (xws li,“Kuv zoo li tsis cuam tshuam nrog tus cuj pwm lossis kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kuv ua”), Thiab narcissism (piv txwv li,“Kuv nyiam kom lwm tus ua zoo rau kuv”). Daim ntawv Turkish ntawm cov nplai yav tas los tshaj tawm siab kev siv tau thiab kev ntseeg siab (Özsoy, Rauthmann, Jonason, & Ardıç, 2017)). Cov ntsuas tau muaj peev xwm txaus-zoo-zoo sab hauv hauv qhov kev kawm no (Cronbach's α = .67 – .88).
Cov nplai ua ke 10 dichotomous (“tsis zoo li kuv"Thiab"zoo li kuv”) Cov khoom (piv txwv,“Kuv muaj cov kev npau suav uas cuam tshuam nrog kev mob rau tib neeg”). Daim ntawv Turkish ntawm cov nplai yav tas los tshaj tawm siab kev siv tau thiab kev ntseeg siab (Kircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018b)). Cov ntsuas tau zoo nyob hauv qhov kev kawm no (α = .77).
Lub qub qauv muaj 17 yam (piv txwv li, “Nws yuav tsim nyog muaj kev pheej hmoo kuv lub koob npe txhawm rau txhawm rau hais lus xaiv txog tus neeg kuv tsis nyiam”) Ntawm 5-point Likert nplai los ntawm“yeej tsis"Mus"yeej ib txwm. ”Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no, 11 cov khoom sib txuam nrog tsev kawm ntawv qib siab Turkish cov tub ntxhais kawm raug xaiv los tshawb nrhiav (EFA) thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tshawb pom tseeb (CFA). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, EFA (KMO = 0.90; p <.001; cov kev sib tham nruab nrab ntawm 0.29 thiab 0.59; piav qhia txog 48% ntawm qhov sib txawv) thiab CFA (muaj qhov hnyav hnyav li ntawm 0.49 thiab 0.72) tsim ob lub cev, tsim kev pom zoo raws li ua phem rau lwm tus (xws li, “Yog tias kuv muaj txoj hauv kev, ces kuv zoo siab them nyiaj me me los pom tus tub kawm uas kuv tsis nyiam nws qhov kev xeem zaum kawg") Thiab cem lwm leej lwm tus (xws li, “Yog tias kuv yog ib tus menyuam kawm ntawv kawg nyob hauv chav kawm coj mus kuaj thiab kuv pom tias tus xibfwb saib tsis taus, Kuv yuav nco ntsoov siv sijhawm kuv lub sijhawm ua kom tiav qhov kev kuaj mob kom nws txob nws lossis”). Thib ob ntawm CFA (χ2/df = 2.67, RMSEA = 0.05 [90% CI (0.04, 0.06)], CFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.97) pom tau tias cov nplai tuaj yeem siv rau hauv txoj kev tsis sib luag. Cov ntsuas tau zoo nyob hauv qhov kev kawm no (α = .84).
Lub Turkish BIAS tau siv los ntsuam xyuas kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv internet. Kev tsis ncaj ncees yog tsim los ntawm kev yoog Bergen Facebook Hom Nplai (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012)). Lub Turkish BIAS (Tosuntaş li al., 2018) tsuas hloov lo lus “Facebook”Nrog lo lus“internet. ” Kev tsis ncaj ncees zaum muaj rau rau yam (piv txwv li, “Ntau npaum li cas xyoo dhau los koj puas tau sim txiav tawm rau kev siv internet tsis muaj kev vam meej?”) Ntawm 5-point Likert nplai los ntawm“yeej tsis"Mus"yeej ib txwm. ”Daim ntawv Turkish ntawm cov nplai yav tas los tshaj tawm qhia kev siv tau siab thiab kev ntseeg siab. Cov ntsuas tau zoo nyob hauv qhov kev kawm no (α = .83).
Kev pom zoo rau kev tshawb fawb tau txais los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thawj tswj hwm ua ntej kev xaiv cov neeg tuaj koom, thiab tau ua raws li Cov Lus Tshaj Tawm ntawm Helsinki.
tau
Piav qhia cov txheeb cais, tsis meej, kurtosis, thiab variance inflation factor (VIF) qhov tseem ceeb, thiab kev sib txheeb ntawm cov tub los ntxhais, hnub nyoog, Tsaus Tetrad yam ntxwv, tsis paub meej, muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb online, thiab PIU muaj nyob hauv Rooj 1Cov. Ua ntej nqa tawm hierarchical ntau regression tsom xam, skewness, kurtosis, VIF, thiab kam rau ua qhov tseem ceeb tau kuaj xyuas kom paub tseeb tias kev faib tawm txawv txav thiab multicollinearity tsis tau pom. Raws li West, Finch, thiab Curran (1995), kev tsis ntseeg thiab kurtosis qhov pib rau qhov tsis sib xws yog ± 2 thiab ± 7, ua ntu zus, whereas Kline (2011) muaj kev ywj pheej ntxiv nrog ± 3 thiab NUM 8, ntsig txog, txawm hais tias qee qhov kev coj ua hauv kev txuag tau suav tias ua txhaum cai ntawm kev faib tawm yog tias tsis tshua ntseeg thiab kurtosis qhov tseem ceeb yog ± 2 (George & Mallery, 2010)). Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, kev hloov pauv tsis raug hloov pauv tsis yog kev ntsuas tsis raug siv vim hais tias, thaum tsis ntseeg siab tus nqi qis dua qhov pib, qhov teeb meem ib txwm muaj kev ua txhaum cai los ntawm kurtosis tuaj yeem tsis saib xyuas hauv cov piv txwv loj dua (Tshav Pob & Fidell, 2001)). Hierarchical kev ntsuas kev ntsuas ntsuas (Cov Lus 2) tau thov los tshuaj xyuas tus tib neeg cov kev paub tseeb ntawm cov kev ua hauv online thaum tswj hwm tub los ntxhais thiab hnub nyoog siv SPSS 23 software. Ua txiv neej tau zoo raug txuam nrog kev twv txiaj hauv online (β = 0.35, p <.001), sib deev hauv online (β = 0.42, p <.001), thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online (β = 0.19, p <.001), thiab qhov tsis zoo nrog kev siv sib tham (β = −0.16, p <.001) thiab khw hauv online (β = −0.13, p <.001). Lub hnub nyoog cuam tshuam tsuas yog siv social media (β = −0.16, p <.001). Narcissism cuam tshuam nrog kev siv xov xwm (β = 0.18, p <.001); Machiavellianism tau cuam tshuam nrog kev twv txiaj hauv online (0.11 = XNUMX, p <.05) thiab sib deev hauv online (β = 0.09, p <.05). Cov tau nce siab nyob rau hauv siab tshaj tus lej ntawm kev sib deev online (β = 0.10, p <.05), twv txiaj hauv online (β = 0.16, p <.001), thiab kev yuav khoom hauv online (β = 0.15, p <.01). Thaum kawg, kev xav tsis zoo tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog kev sib deev hauv online (β = 0.12, p <.01).
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Cov lus 1. Cov qhab nia txhais tau tias, SDs, thiab Pearson txoj kev cuam tshuam ntawm txoj kev kawm hloov
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Teeb meem siv internet | - | |||||||||||
| 2. Siv social media | .33 *** | - | ||||||||||
| 3. Gaming siv | .14 *** | -XXUMX | - | |||||||||
| 4. Kev sib deev siv | .10 ** | .00 | .28 *** | - | ||||||||
| 5. Kev twv txiaj siv | .14 *** | -XXUMX | .26 *** | .32 *** | - | |||||||
| 6. Khw siv | .17 *** | .19 *** | .10 ** | .03 | .09 ** | - | ||||||
| 7. Machiavellianism | .24 *** | .10 ** | .19 *** | .32 *** | .22 *** | .05 | - | |||||
| 8. Lub hlwb | .15 *** | .04 | .14 *** | .26 *** | .18 *** | .05 | .53 *** | - | ||||
| 9. Narcissism | .20 *** | .18 *** | .11 ** | .24 *** | .07 * | .03 | .50 *** | .28 *** | - | |||
| 10. Kev tu siab | .20 *** | .08 * | .16 *** | .34 *** | .16 *** | .05 | .47 *** | .48 *** | .29 *** | - | ||
| 11. Txhawj Xeeb | .26 *** | .11 ** | .13 *** | .31 *** | .24 *** | .13 *** | .46 *** | .48 *** | .34 *** | .49 *** | - | |
| 12. Hnub nyoog | −.16 *** | −.17 *** | -XXUMX | .04 | .06 | -XXUMX | -XXUMX | .03 | .02 | -XXUMX | .00 | - |
| 13. Tus txiv neej | -XXUMX | -XXUMX ** | .37 *** | .50 *** | .25 *** | -XXUMX ** | .22 *** | .20 *** | .15 *** | .26 *** | .21 *** | .05 |
| M | 16.67 | 4.23 | 2.29 | 1.52 | 1.56 | 2.74 | 9.43 | 9.83 | 16.25 | 11.29 | 16.60 | 20.72 |
| SD | 5.34 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 6.15 | 5.75 | 9.06 | 1.82 | 6.66 | 2.30 |
| Skewness | 0.17 | 1.80 | 0.69 | 0.20 | -1.45 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 1.52 | 0.31 | 2.17 | 1.82 | 1.38 |
| Kurtosis | -0.37 | 2.44 | -0.62 | -0.56 | 1.67 | 2.43 | 2.43 | 3.11 | -0.93 | 5.16 | 3.59 | 1.67 |
| VIF | - | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.55 | 1.89 | 1.62 | 1.42 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.05 |
Lus khaws xav. SD: qauv sib txawv; VIF: qhov txawv txav yam teeb meem.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
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Cov lus 2. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm hierarchical regression txheeb xyuas kev twv ua si txawv online
| β (t) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kev tawm | gaming | Pw ua niam txiv | twv txiaj | Khw | ||
| Thaiv 1 | cov txiv neej | −0.16 (−4.33) *** | 0.35 (9.93) *** | 0.42 (13.40) *** | 0.19 (5.43) *** | −0.13 (−3.42) *** |
| Muaj hnub nyoog | −0.16 (−4.58) *** | −0.06 (−1.85) | 0.02 (0.78) | 0.05 (1.56) | −0.02 (−0.60) | |
| Thaiv 2 | Machiavellianism | 0.01 (0.17) | 0.11 (2.41) * | 0.09 (2.33) * | 0.14 (3.00) ** | 0.01 (0.24) |
| Lub hlwb | −0.02 (−0.49) | 0.01 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.55) | −0.00 (−0.03) | |
| Narcissism | 0.18 (4.39) *** | −0.00 (−0.11) | 0.06 (1.83) | −0.08 (−1.99) * | −0.01 (−0.26) | |
| Kev tu siab | 0.03 (0.71) | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.12 (3.27) ** | −0.02 (−0.46) | 0.01 (0.14) | |
| Txhawj Xeeb | 0.07 (1.66) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.10 (2.60) * | 0.16 (3.66) *** | 0.15 (3.37) ** | |
| R2ua txhaum = .08; F(7, 764) = 10.48; p <.001 | R2ua txhaum = .15; F(7, 764) = 19.84; p <.001 | R2ua txhaum = .32; F(7, 764) = 53.25; p <.001 | R2ua txhaum = .11; F(7, 764) = 13.97; p <.001 | R2ua txhaum = .02; F(7, 764) = 3.62; p <.01 | ||
Nco ntsoov. Cov nqi nyob rau hauv cov kev piav tes piav qhia t qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov hloov.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas qhov ua tau ntawm kev sib kho ntawm cov haujlwm online ntawm tus cwm pwm thiab PIU, tus qauv kev sib kho ntau ntau tau raug kuaj nrog cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj raws li cov hloov pauv ywj pheej, cov kev ua hauv online ua kev sib kho, PIU raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau sib txawv, thiab poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog raws li kev hloov pauv (Daim duab 1)). AMOS 23 software tau khiav lag luam rau txoj kev tsom xam siv txoj hauv kev siv pob nrog 5,000 cov qauv ntsuas thiab 95% kev thuam kev ntseeg siab ib ntu. Indirect pathways tau kuaj xyuas siv qhov kev kwv yees (Gaskin, 2016)). Raws li kev soj ntsuam (Cov lus 3), Machiavellianism tau ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj nrog PIU los ntawm kev twv txiaj hauv online thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online (β = 0.12, p <.05; 95% CI [0.02, 0.21]). Narcissism tau ntsib kev ncaj qha rau PIU los ntawm kev siv social media (β = 0.09, p <.05; 95% CI [0.00, 0.18]). Thaum kawg, kev tsis txaus ntseeg tau ncaj qha thiab ncaj qha nrog PIU los ntawm kev twv txiaj hauv online thiab kev yuav khoom hauv online (β = 0.18, p <.001; 95% CI [0.10, 0.26]). Tus qauv piav qhia 21% ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv PIU.
Daim duab 1. Tus qauv kawg ntawm cov kab sib xyaw tseem ceeb. Tus tub los ntxhais thiab hnub nyoog tau hloov kho rau kev kho kom haum xeeb thiab cov txiaj ntsig tshwm sim hauv tus qauv. Txog qhov pom tseeb, tswj cov khoom hloov thiab kev sib txheeb ntawm kev ywj pheej, kev tswj hwm, thiab kev hloov kho kom sib xyaw tsis tau qhia nyob hauv daim duab. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001
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Cov lus 3. Cov kev ntsuas kwv yees ntawm tag nrho, ncaj qha, thiab tsis ncaj rau kev siv internet muaj teeb meem thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kev hloov kho
| Nyhuv (SE) | Tag nrho cov nyhuv piav qhia (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Machiavellianism → Teeb meem siv internet (tag nrho cov nyhuv) | 0.12 (0.05) * | - |
| Machiavellianism → Kev siv cov teeb meem siv internet (ncaj qha nyhuv) | 0.09 (0.05) * | 75 |
| Machiavellianism → Kev siv teeb meem rau kev siv internet (tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm ncaj qha) | 0.03 (0.02) | 25 |
| Machiavellianism → Kev twv txiaj → Teeb meem siv Is Taws Nem (siv tsis ncaj) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| Machiavellianism → Kev twv txiaj → Teeb meem siv internet (cov nyhuv tsis ncaj) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| Narcissism → Kev siv cov teeb meem siv internet (tag nrho cov nyhuv) | 0.09 (0.04) * | - |
| Narcissism → Kev siv internet muaj teeb meem (ncaj qha nyhuv) | 0.05 (0.04) | 56 |
| Narcissism → Siv kev tshaj xov xwm → Teeb meem siv internet (cov nyhuv tsis ncaj) | 0.04 (0.02) * | 44 |
| Txaus siab → Siv teeb meem siv internet (tag nrho cov nyhuv) | 0.18 (0.04) *** | - |
| Txaus siab → Teeb meem siv internet (ncaj qha nyhuv) | 0.14 (0.04) *** | 78 |
| Txaus siab → Teeb meem siv internet | 0.04 (0.02) ** | 22 |
| Spitefulness → Kev twv txiaj → Kev siv teeb meem hauv internet (siv tsis ncaj) | 0.02 (0.01) * | 11 |
| Kev Cia Siab → Khw → Siv Teeb Meem Siv Is Taws Nem (siv tsis ncaj) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 6 |
Nco ntsoov. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
kev sib tham
Txhawm rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws sau ntawv cov kev paub, qhov no yog thawj qhov kev tshawb nrhiav los soj ntsuam cov koom haum ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus nti (xws li, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, thiab spitefulness) nrog PIU los ntawm cov kev ua si hauv online (piv txwv li, social media, online twv txiaj, twv txiaj online, khw online, thiab sib deev online). Raws li kev ntsuam xyuas, thiab ua tau raws li I-PACE tus qauv, tus cwm pwm sib txawv tau cuam tshuam nrog cov dej num sib txawv hauv online thiab theem ntawm PIU. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias feem ntau ntawm cov nyhuv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hloov tau me me. Thaum kev sib raug zoo ntawm narcissism thiab PIU tau muaj kev sib raug zoo los ntawm kev siv social media, Machiavellianism tau ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj nrog PIU los ntawm kev twv txiaj thiab online twv txiaj. Thaum kawg, kev twv txiaj hauv online thiab kev yuav khoom hauv online kis tau ib nrab ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm kev tsis txaus siab thiab PIU. Thaum thawj qho kev xav thib ib thiab peb tau txais kev txhawb nqa qee feem, kev tshawb pom tsis nyob nrog qhov kev xav thib ob.
Qee feem raws li kev xav, kev tshaj tawm txog kev sib raug zoo siv kho kom haum cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm narcissism thiab PIU. Narcissism tau cuam tshuam txog kev siv social media ntau dua, thiab ib zaug, kev siv social media ntau dua yog txuam nrog PIU siab dua. Nws pom tias cov tib neeg siab nyob hauv narcissism nyiam cov kev tshaj xov xwm tawm online cov kev sib tw ua si hauv online txhawm rau ua kom tiav lawv cov kev xav tau kev xav tshwm sim los ntawm lawv cov neeg tsis xws luag xws li xav tau kev qhuas (Casale & Fioravanti, 2018)). Tus neeg hais lus siv cov cuab yeej sib txawv los txhawb thiab saib xyuas lawv tus kheej, uas tej zaum yuav tig mus ua kev txhawj xeeb nrog lawv tus kheej thiab lwm tus cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm lawv cov posts (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, li al., 2018)). Nyeg, qhov preoccupation yuav pauv mus rau PIU rau qee tus neeg ntawm cov tib neeg. Muab hais tias, txawv ntawm lwm cov ntawv thov online, kev siv xov xwm tsuas yog siv online, nws cov teeb meem siv tau yooj yim txhais tau rau PIU piv rau cov haujlwm online muaj online sib luag.
Raws li kev xav, Machiavellianism tau ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj nrog PIU los ntawm kev twv txiaj hauv online thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online. Muab hais tias Machiavellians tuaj yeem muaj teeb meem hauv kev sib raug zoo hauv lub neej tiag tiag vim tias lawv qhov kev pom zoo tsawg, kev sib deev siab, kev siab siab rau qhov tseeb, thiab kev paub txog lub siab qis (Austin, Farrelly, Dub, & Moore, 2007; Jonason & Krause, 2013), lawv yuav nyob kaj siab dua hauv online thiab nyiam sib tham online mus ntsib tim ntsej tim muag. Ntxiv rau, Machiavellian cov tub ntxhais kawm tau pom tias muaj kev nyuaj siab ntau dua thaum piv nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tsis yog Machiavellian (Bakir li al., 2003)). Qhov no qhia tau tias yuav muaj PIU ntau dua rau cov tib neeg siab hauv Machiavellianism, vim hais tias kev nyuaj siab yog kev twv ua ntej ntawm cov teeb meem siv online (Kircaburun, Kokkinos, li al., 2018).
Machiavellianism tau cuam tshuam nrog kev twv txiaj hauv online thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online, thiab yog li, kev twv txiaj hauv online thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online ua rau PIU siab dua. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau cuam tshuam Machiavellianism nrog kev ua si tu siab (piv txwv li, trolling hauv online games), uas tuaj yeem piav qhia txog qhov kev sib raug zoo no (Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017)). Tau pom tias cov tib neeg siab kawg hauv Machiavellianism tau pom tias muaj kev xav sib tw thiab tsis ua raws li kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev coj ua hauv kev ua tiav lawv cov hom phiaj (Clempner, 2017), lawv yuav tau koom nrog kev tu siab ua si kom kov yeej lwm tus neeg ua si thiab cov kev sim no thiab cov kev siv zog yuav dhau los ua lub sijhawm ntev dua nyob hauv kev ua si online. Zoo ib yam li kev twv txiaj, kev twv txiaj yog lwm qhov kev sib tw nrog kev txhawb nqa ntxiv xws li khwv nyiaj tau los tiag. Machiavellian cov kev coj cwj pwm tau pom tias nyob qib ua ke nrog cov khoom plig muaj txiaj ntsig qhia tau tias cov khoom plig yog cov kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb rau cov tib neeg uas muaj Machiavellian siab (Birkás, Csathó, Gács, & Bereczkei, 2015)). Kev twv txiaj hauv online thiab kev twv txiaj hauv online yog ob qho ntawm feem ntau cov kev ua ub no tshwj xeeb rau kev siv Is Taws Nem thiab tuaj yeem yooj yim pauv mus ua cov teeb meem online koom rau qee cov neeg siv (Hom khoom lag luam li al, 2016).
Txuag mus rau qhov kev cia siab txog qhov tshwm sim, kev siab phem yog ncaj qha rau PIU thiab tsis ncaj qha siv kev twv txiaj thiab twv nyiaj online. Zoo ib yam li Machiavellianism, kev mob siab los ntawm lwm tus tau cuam tshuam nrog kev xav siab dua qub (Zeigler-Toj & Vonk, 2015), cais tawm, thiab cais tawm (Zeigler-Toj & Noser, 2018) - cov koom haum ua uas yuav ua rau kev ua tiav kev sib raug zoo nrog kev ua online (Gervasi li al., 2017; Niemz, Griffiths, & Banyard, 2005)). Spiteful tus cwj pwm mob siab los ntawm kev khib thiab kev xav tau tus kheej (Marcus et al., 2014) thiab cov tib neeg siab heev txawm tias muaj kev qhia siab dua thiab kev txo tus kheej (Marcus et al., 2014), uas tau cuam tshuam nrog siab dua cov kev siv online pathological (Andreassen li al., 2017; Casale, Fioravanti, & Rugai, 2016)). Ib yam li ntawd, cov neeg tsis paub tab yuav siv cov khoom lag luam online txhawb nqa los ntawm lawv cov kev khib rau lwm tus lossis lawv xav tau kev txhawb nqa tus kheej lub neej vim tias lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev xav thiab ua rau lawv tus kheej qis. Nyeg, khw hauv online yuav ua rau kev siv lub ntsej muag online thaum tshawb xyuas txhua lub vas sab sib txawv rau kev yuav khoom sib txawv.
Txoj kev tshawb no yog qee tus uas tau ua los txiav txim siab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus nti ntawm PIU. Muaj qee qhov sib tshooj ntawm cov kev tshawb pom tau tshaj tawm ntawm no thiab cov ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no txawm tias tseem muaj qee qhov kev tshawb pom uas tsis sib haum. Piv txwv li, thaum qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Machiavellianism thiab PIU, Machiavellianism yog qhov kev kwv yees ncaj qha ntawm cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo hauv kev siv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm ua ntej dhau los (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, li al., 2018), thiab nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau lwm qhov kev soj ntsuam kuaj cov teeb meem online twv txiaj (Kircaburun li al., 2018b)). Ib yam li ntawd, narcissism tau txais kev tiv thaiv tsis ncaj nrog PIU los ntawm kev siv social media hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, txawm hais tias nws yog qhov twv ua ntej tseem ceeb ntawm kev daws teeb meem kev siv xov xwm thiab teeb meem kev ua si. Tau hais tias cov kev tshawb fawb tau hais ua tiav nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm sib txawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv tuaj yeem piav qhia txog tus cwj pwm txawv ntawm kev twv seb raug teeb meem ntawm kev siv sib txawv hauv online (piv txwv li, social media, twv txiaj, thiab siv internet). Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev sib txawv no tseem txhawb nqa cov kev xav hais tias (txawm tias lawv sib tshooj rau qee yam) tshwj xeeb cov teeb meem siv online (piv txwv li, kev twv txiaj thiab kev tshaj tawm) thiab PIU muaj kev xav sib txawv ntawm cov cwj pwm thiab cais nosological uas tej zaum yuav muaj tus cwj pwm sib txawv (Hom khoom lag luam li al, 2016; Király li al., 2014; Montag li al., 2015)). Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej no qhia tias yuav tsum tau muab lub hom phiaj tsaus ntau ntxiv rau thaum tus cwj pwm PIU thiab lwm cov teeb meem online muaj teeb meem, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog lees paub rau cov ncauj lus kom nkag siab zoo txog cov kev sib raug zoo no.
Txoj kev tshawb no muaj qee qhov kev txwv uas yuav tsum tau hais rau hauv cov kev kawm yav tom ntej. Ua ntej, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau sau los ntawm daim ntawv qhia txog kev nug tus kheej hauv tus qauv xaiv tus kheej uas muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev paub zoo thiab kev txwv. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum siv cov cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv xws li cov qauv zoo los yog sib xyaw ntawm cov qauv loj thiab ntau dua tus sawv cev. Thib ob, tus qauv hla ntu tiv thaiv kev kos duab ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Txhawm rau kom muaj peev xwm qhia tau qhov ua rau thiab cov kev qhia ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo no, cov kev kawm yav tom ntej yuav tsum tau siv cov qauv ntev. Thib peb, tus qauv kawm muaj Turkish ua tiav qib kaum los ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab; yog li ntawd, hais dav dav ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau raug txwv. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum sim rov ua cov kev tshawb pom ntawm no siv cov hnub nyoog sib txawv thiab cov tib neeg los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws thiab kev coj noj coj ua.
Txawm hais tias muaj kev txwv, qhov no yog thawj zaug los kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj, cov haujlwm hauv online, thiab PIU. Ntxiv mus, txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia tias qhov tsis zoo yuav yog qhov ncaj qha thiab ncaj qha rau kev txhim kho PIU los ntawm kev siv cov haujlwm sib txawv hauv online. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov kev kawm no qhia tau tias yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los tsom rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov cwm pwm tsaus ntuj ntawm cov teeb meem hauv kev siv online los ntawm cov koom haum ncaj qha ntawm Machiavellianism thiab kev phem nrog PIU. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias Machiavellianism, kev mob siab, kev mob siab, thiab hais lus dab neeg tau cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam kev ua hauv internet xws li kev sib deev online, kev siv social media, kev twv txiaj, online twv txiaj, thiab kev ua lag luam online, txhua tus muaj lub peev xwm ua rau tsim kev puas tsuaj rau qee tus neeg lub neej vim teeb meem thiab / lossis siv ntau dhau. Cov kws tshaj lij khomob thiab cov kws saib xyuas mob yuav tsum coj tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg no thaum xav txog kev tiv thaiv thiab cuam tshuam cov tswv yim rau PIU. Ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus hais txog qhov kev cuam tshuam, qhov kev kawm no tau sim cov theoretical qhov kev xav ntawm I-PACE tus qauv thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv ua pov thawj rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm sib txawv hauv kev sib txawv ntawm cov haujlwm online thiab kev siv teebmeem hauv online, nrog rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyiam ntawm online sib txawv. kev ua ub no hauv kev txiav txim siab theem PIU.
Ob tus kws sau ntawv tau pom zoo pab npaj phau ntawv sau.
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teebmeem dabtsi.
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