O suʻesuʻega e maua ai o le "faʻaogaina o feusuaiga i luga ole laiga" e fesoʻotaʻi ma uiga pogisa o uiga (machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, ma le lotoleaga). Fesili: fa'afefea ona 'ese'ese nei uiga pe a uma se taimi umi e aunoa ma porn & ta'aloga?
J Behav Addict. 2018 Nov 14: 1-11. Pule: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.109.
lē faʻatino
TULAGA MA MANATU:
O suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o uiga faʻapitoa e taua tele i le faʻaogaina o le initaneti (PIU). Ae ui i lea, o le sootaga i le va o uiga pogisa (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, ma le faʻaleagaina) ma le PIU e leʻi suʻesuʻeina. O le mea lea, o faʻamoemoega o lenei suʻesuʻega o le suʻesuʻeina lea o sootaga o uiga pogisa ma gaoioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻasalalauga lautele, taʻaloga, taaloga faitupe, faʻatau, ma feusuaiga) ma le PIU.
METHODS:
E 772 le aofa'i o tamaiti a'oga iunivesete na fa'amae'aina se su'esu'ega a le tagata lava ia, e aofia ai le Dark Triad Dirty Dozen Scale, Short Sadistic Impulse Scale, Spitefulness Scale, ma le suiga o le Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale.
TULAFONO:
O le su'esu'ega o le fa'asologa o le fa'avasegaina ma le tele o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atalanoaga na fa'ailoa mai ai o le tama tane e feso'ota'i lelei ma ta'aloga maualuga i luga o le initaneti, feusua'iga i luga o le initaneti, ma taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga, ma e le lelei le feso'ota'i ma fa'asalalauga lautele ma fa'atauga i luga ole laiga. Narcissism na fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻaoga maualuga faʻasalalauga lautele; Machiavellianism e fesoʻotaʻi ma taʻaloga maualuga i luga ole laiga, feusuaiga i luga ole laiga, ma taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga; sadism sa fesootai i feusuaiga i luga o le initaneti; ma sfa'anoanoa sa feso'ota'i ma feusua'iga i luga o le initaneti, taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga, ma faatauga i luga ole laiga. Mulimuli ane, o le Machiavellianism ma le lotoleaga sa fesootai tuusao ma le le tuusao ma le PIU e ala i taaloga faitupe i luga o le initaneti, taaloga i luga o le initaneti, ma faatauga i luga o le initaneti, ma le narcissism sa fesootai tuusao ma le PIU e ala i le faaaogaina o faasalalauga faaagafesootai.
TALANOAGA:
O suʻesuʻega o lenei suʻesuʻega muamua o loʻo faʻaalia ai o tagata e maualuga i uiga pogisa e ono sili atu ona afaina i le atinaʻeina o faʻafitauli faʻaoga i luga ole laiga ma o nisi suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e suʻesuʻe ai fesoʻotaʻiga o uiga pogisa faʻatasi ma ituaiga faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga.
FUAFUAGA:
Machiavellianism; fa'atauva'a; fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti; psychopathy; fa'anoanoa; loto ita
PMID: 30427212
FAIA: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.109
faʻatomuaga
Le ata lata mai o le fa'ata'ita'iga o le fa'ata'ita'iga o le fa'ata'ita'iga o le 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi, 2017) ua amana'ia le "gaming disorders, tele i luga ole laiga," o se su'esu'ega aloaia, ma le lomiga lata mai o le Fuainumera Faʻailoga ma Fuainumera Faʻamaumauga o Manatu o Mafaufauga (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) ua aofia ai le Initaneti Gaming Disorder i le Vaega 3 o se mataupu tau le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina atili. E ui lava i manatu eseese pe tatau ona mafaufau i faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga, e ese mai i le Initaneti Gaming Disorder, e pei o vaisu o amioga (Mann, Kiefer, Schellekens, & Dom, 2017), O faʻamaoniga faʻapitoa e taʻu mai ai o se vaega toʻaitiiti o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e lipotia faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga, e pei o faʻafitauli faʻaoga initaneti (PIU; Kuss, Griffiths, Karila, & Billieux, 2014). E i ai le tele o faaupuga ua faʻaaogaina lautele e faʻamatala ai faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole initaneti e aofia ai le "vaisu i luga ole initaneti," "faʻaogaina le initaneti faʻaletonu," "tele faʻaoga initaneti," "faʻalagolago ile initaneti," ma le "faʻaogaina faʻaoga initaneti," e ui lava o nei faaupuga o loʻo faʻamatalaina faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga. fa'aoga masani fa'aaoga tulaga fa'ata'ita'i tutusa (Kuss et al., 2014). O se tasi o faʻataʻitaʻiga sili ona faʻaaogaina faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻavae i totonu o le biopsychosocial framework o vaisu ma e aofia ai vaega autu e ono e aofia ai faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i soʻo se amio (faʻataʻitaʻiga, salience, faʻalavelave, suiga o lagona, faapalepale, faʻamavae, ma feteʻenaʻiga; Griffiths, 2005). I se isi nofoaga, ua taʻua le PIU o le popole ma le leiloa o le pulea i luga o le initaneti lea e oʻo atu ai i le faʻaleagaina o le olaga lautele o le tagata, soifua maloloina, faʻataunuʻuina o latou tiute moni (faʻataʻitaʻiga, galuega ma / poʻo aʻoaʻoga), ma le moe ma faiga 'ai (Spada, 2014). Mo le faʻamaoni, o lenei suʻesuʻega e faʻaogaina ai le faaupuga "faʻaaogaina initaneti faʻafitauli" e faʻamatala ai le tele o uiga tutusa ma / poʻo le faʻapipiʻiina i luga ole laiga o mea ua fai ma vaisu, faʻamalosi, ma / poʻo le tele o amioga. O le PIU e le taumateina ose lalolagi (ma le "pu'e-uma" faaupuga) nai lo le fa'aogaina o le initaneti, ona o le PIU e le o lona uiga o lo'o mafatia tagata ta'ito'atasi i se ma'i.
Ole fua faatatau ole PIU e eseese tele (i le va o le 1% ma le 18%) i suʻesuʻega eseese (mo se iloiloga, vaʻai Kuss et al., 2014). O le PIU ose mataupu taua ole soifua maloloina aemaise lava i tupulaga talavou ma tagata matutua o lo'o fa'atupula'ia ona o le maualuga o latou fua faatatau ole initaneti i aso uma (Anderson, Steen, & Stavropoulos, 2017). O aʻafiaga leaga o le PIU i se vaega toʻaitiiti o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e aofia ai le atuatuvale, popole, atuatuvalega, tuulafoaiina (Ostovar et al., 2016), moe i le ao, leai se malosi, ma faaletonu o le tino (Kuss et al., 2014). O nei fa'aletonu ua ta'ita'ia ai tagata su'esu'e e su'esu'e tulaga lamatia o le PIU ina ia mafai ai ona atia'e ni auala e puipuia ai le PIU.
E tusa ai ma le Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model (I-PACE), o se tasi lea o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻavae ua fuafuaina e faʻamatalaina ai faiga faʻavae o le PIU (Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016), uiga, faʻasalalauga faʻaagafesootai, faʻavae biopsychological, ma faʻaoga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga o nisi ia o mea taua e fesoʻotaʻi ma le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o le PIU. O nei mea taua e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi ma e ono mafai ona faʻatautaia matafaioi faʻatasi ma le tasi ma le isi e uiga ia latou mafutaga e aofia ai le PIU (Brand et al., 2016). O le mea lea, pe a mafaufau i le PIU, e taua tele le faʻaogaina o le eseesega o uiga faʻatasi ma faʻaoga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, taʻaloga, taaloga faitupe, feusuaʻiga, faʻasalalauga lautele, ma faʻatauga) e tatau ona mafaufauina.
E tusa ai ma uiga faʻapitoa o le PIU, o se iloiloga faʻataʻitaʻiga na matauina ai le tumau o le matafaioi a le Big Five uiga uiga i le atinaʻeina o le PIU. Aemaise lava, o le PIU na fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o le neuroticism, maualalo le faʻaogaina, maualalo le lotofuatiaifo, maualalo le avanoa i le poto masani, ma le malie malie (Kayiş et al., 2016). O se suʻesuʻega faʻasalalau na lipotia ai se sootaga taua i le va o le PIU ma le HEXACO uiga o le lotofuatiaifo, faʻamaoni-faʻamaualalo, ma lagona (Kopuničová & Baumgartner, 2016). O isi suʻesuʻega ua maua ai le maualuga o le PIU e fesoʻotaʻi ma suʻesuʻega fou, suʻesuʻega malie, maualalo le manatu o le tagata lava ia, ma le aloese mai lagona le lelei (Kuss et al., 2014). Ae ui i lea, e ui lava i le tele o tusitusiga faʻapitoa e uiga i le aʻafiaga o uiga i luga o le PIU, ua le amanaʻia le matafaioi o uiga pogisa.
O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na taulaʻi i le Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, ma le faʻaleagaina ma le PIU ona o fesoʻotaʻiga masani o nei uiga faʻapitoa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, le le fiafia, maualalo le malie, maualalo le lotofuatiaifo, faʻamalosi, maualuga le vavalalata, maualuga atu le tuaoi uiga uiga, ma sili atu le faʻafefe. fiafia) e feso'ota'i ma tulaga maualuga o le PIU (Dalbudak, Evren, Aldemir, & Evren, 2014; Douglas, Bore, & Munro, 2012; James, Kavanagh, Jonason, Chonody, & Scrutton, 2014; Kayiş et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2017; Richardson & Boag, 2016; Trumello, Babore, Candelori, Morelli, & Bianchi, 2018). O uiga pogisa e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻafefe i luga ole laiga e aofia ai faʻafouga tulaga ese, cyberbullying, ma luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga, faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻataunuʻuina o manaʻoga faʻapitoa e faʻaaoga ai tulaga eseese (Craker & Mati, 2016; Garcia & Sikström, 2014; Panek, Nardis, & Konrath, 2013). E le gata i lea, o se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na maua ma finau ai o le Machiavellianism ma le narcissism e fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma faʻafitauli faʻaogaina faʻasalalauga lautele, atonu e uiga i le faʻataunuʻuina o manaʻoga faʻafeagai ma tagata taʻitoʻatasi e maualuga i nei uiga (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, & Tosuntaş, 2018). Ole tele o gaioiga ua mafai nei ona fa'afaigofie ile initaneti (fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'aoga fa'asalalauga fa'aagafesootai, ta'aloga i luga ole laiga, taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga, fa'afeusuaiga i luga ole laiga, ma fa'atauga i luga ole laiga) e ono fa'atosina ai mana'oga eseese o tagata ta'ito'atasi e ese'ese uiga. O le mea lea, o uiga pogisa e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi ma gaioiga eseese i luga ole laiga ma PIU. O le mea lea, o lenei suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina sootaga i le va o uiga pogisa, gaioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga, ma le PIU.
Uiga uiga pogisa ma le PIU
Le Triad Pogisa o le fa'aputuga lea o le tolu fa'apipi'iina o uiga le mana'omia ma le fa'aleaganu'u: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, ma le narcissism (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). O nei uiga ua tosina mai ai le tele o tagata suʻesuʻe i le sefulu tausaga talu ai. Talu ai nei lava, ua fautuaina ai le Dark Triad e tatau ona faʻalauteleina i le Dark Tetrad faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaopoopoga o le sadism (Buckels, Trapnell, & Paulhus, 2014; van Geel, Goemans, Toprak, & Vedder, 2017). E le gata i lea, o nisi suʻesuʻega ua suʻesuʻeina le matafaioi o le lotoleaga faʻatasi ma uiga o le Dark Tetrad (Jonason, Zeigler-Hill, & Okan, 2017; Zeigler-Hill & Vonk, 2015). Ae ui i lea, o nisi tagata atamamai ua finau e faapea o le sao o le faʻanoanoa ma le faʻaleagaina i le Dark Triad e le manino ma e manaʻomia nisi faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia (Jonason et al., 2017; Tran et al., 2018). E ui lava i elemene autu masani o uiga pogisa e pei o le faʻaogaina o tagata ma le le mautonu (Jones & Figueredo, 2013; Marcus, Preszler, & Zeigler-Hill, 2018), o nei uiga e iai uiga ma'oti e ono fa'atupu ai le fa'aletonu mo fa'afitauli fa'aoga i luga ole laiga.
Narcissism, lea e faasino i se lagona maualuga o le taua o le tagata lava ia, maualuga, pule, ma le agavaa (Corry, Merritt, Mrug, & Pamp, 2008), ua fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o le aʻafia i faʻafitauli faʻaoga faʻasalalauga lautele (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017; Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), fa'afitauli fa'aogaina ta'aloga i luga ole laiga (Kim, Namkoong, Ku, & Kim, 2008), ma le PIU (Pantic et al., 2017). O i latou e maualuga i le faʻatauvaʻa latou te lipotia le maualuga o le auai i le faʻalauiloaina o le tagata lava ia (o nisi taimi o le taufaasese) i luga o le initaneti, e pei o le faʻataʻitaʻiina o le tagata lava ia ma le faʻasalalau aemaise lava i alii (Arpaci, 2018; Fox & Rooney, 2015), ae o le faʻalauiloaina o le tagata lava ia ma le tuʻuina atu o se tagata e sili atu ona lauiloa i luga o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻasalalau o ni faʻalavelave taua tele mo faʻafitauli faʻaoga i luga ole laiga (Kircaburun, Alhabash, Tosuntaş, & Griffiths, 2018). O tagata fa'atauva'a e mafai ona maua le maualuga o le avea ma tagata ma fa'amemelo i le fa'aogaina o ala o feso'ota'iga i luga o le initaneti (Casale & Fioravanti, 2018), ma/poʻo le auai i taaloga i luga ole laiga o se auala e lagona ai le sili atu nai lo latou tauva (Kim et al., 2008). E le gata i lea, o le faʻaogaina o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele ma le faʻaogaina o taaloga i luga ole laiga e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai le PIU i se vaega toʻaitiiti o tagata taʻitoʻatasi (Király et al., 2014).
Machiavellianism, lea e faasino i le taufaa'ole'ole, taupulepule, fiasili, ma le fa'atautala (Christie & Geis, 1970), ua feso'ota'i ma fa'afitauli fa'aogaina ala o feso'ota'iga (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), trolling i taaloga i luga o le initaneti (Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017), mata'ituina e le tagata lava ia i luga o le initaneti, ma le fa'alauiloaina o le tagata lava ia (Abell & Brewer, 2014). E mafai e le au Machiavellians ona filifili ala o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele ma faʻasalalauga taʻaloga e auai i le faʻaogaina o le tagata lava ia poʻo le faʻaseseina o le tagata lava ia (Abell & Brewer, 2014; Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017) ona o lo latou fefefe i le teenaina lautele (Rauthmann, 2011). Talu ai ona o le natura mataʻutia o nei amioga, o nei faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻailoga e pei o vaisu e pei o le popole ma le suiga o lagona (Griffiths, 2005), ma i le isi itu, atiina ae i le PIU mo se vaega toaitiiti o tagata taitoatasi (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018). E le gata i lea, o le Machiavellianism e fesoʻotaʻi le lelei ma lagona lelei (Egan, Chan, & Shorter, 2014) ma lelei i tulaga maualuga o le atuatuvale (Richardson & Boag, 2016). Tuuina atu o faʻafitauli faʻaoga i luga ole laiga o se taʻiala faʻafefeteina e faʻafetaui ai lagona le lelei (Kuss et al., 2014), e talafeagai le faʻamoemoe o nisi tagata maualuga i le Machiavellianism e auai i le PIU ma avea ma faʻafitauli faʻaoga.
Psychopathy ua faʻaalia i le maualuga o le impulsivity, faʻatamala, ma le maualalo o le lagona alofa (Jonason, Lyons, Peteli, & Ross, 2013). E tutusa ma le Machiavellianism, o le psychopathy e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaleagaina o lagona ma le maualalo o lagona lelei (Egan et al., 2014; Zeigler-Hill & Vonk, 2015). I le faʻaopoopoga i le faʻaogaina o le psychopaths i le PIU e avea o se taʻiala faʻafefe faʻafefe (Kuss et al., 2014), e mafai ona latou auai i le PIU i se taumafaiga e saili ma maua lagona maualuga (Lin & Tsai, 2002; Vitacco & Rogers, 2001). E fa'apena fo'i, o tagata ta'ito'atasi e maualuga i lagona fa'anoanoa e auai i amioga fa'afeagai ma fa'afeagai i luga ole laiga, e pei ole cyberbullying (van Geel et al., 2017), ta'avale i luga ole laiga (Buckels et al., 2014), faiga fa'atama'i va'aiga cyberstalking (ulaula & Mati, 2017), fa'apea fo'i ma ta'aloga vitiō sauā (Greitemeyer & Sagioglou, 2017). E le gata i lea, e mafai e tagata fa'anoanoa ma tagata fa'anoanoa ona taumafai e fa'amalie tu'inanau fa'afeusuaiga i luga o le initaneti (fa'ata'ita'iga, va'aiga i luga o le initaneti ma ponokalafi) ma ola ai i o latou mafaufauga (Baughman, Jonason, Veselka, & Vernon, 2014) ina ia faʻateleina ai le faʻaosofia o feusuaiga ma faʻaosofia (Shim, Lee, & Paul, 2007). E ono taumafai le au sadise e tauia lo latou mana'omia mo le sauā (O'Meara, Davies, & Hammond, 2011) e le mafai ona latou faʻataunuʻuina i le lalolagi moni i luga o le initaneti. O taumafaiga manuia e ono o'o atu ai i fa'afitauli fa'aoga e ala i suiga lelei o lagona.
O le loto ita, lea ua ta'ua o le naunau e mafatia i se mea leaga ia te ia lava ina ia afaina ai isi (Zeigler-Hill, Noser, Taualuga, Vonk, & Marcus, 2015), ose uiga ma'oti e le'i a'oa'oina ae e fa'apipi'i i uiga eseese, e pei o le fa'aoso, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, maualalo le manatu o le tagata lava ia, maualalo le lagona alofa, ma le maualalo o lagona fa'alagona (Marcus, Zeigler-Hill, Mercer, & Norris, 2014; Zeigler-Hill et al., 2015). O nei fausaga o ni mea taua e lamatia ai mo amioga faʻafeagai ma faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga (Kuss et al., 2014). O le mea la lea, o le ita maualuga e mafai ona avea ma tulaga lamatia mo faʻafitauli faʻaoga i luga ole laiga. Ona o le faʻateleina o le avanoa o tagata taʻitoʻatasi maualuga i le lotoleaga e oʻo i faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o fegalegaleaiga faʻaagafesootai moni o le olaga ona o latou uiga faʻafeagai, e pei o le faʻaogaina o tagata (Marcus et al., 2014) ma sitaili aga malie (Vrabel, Zeigler-Hill, & Shango, 2017), atonu o le a sili atu ona latou faʻaogaina i luga o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga ina ia aloese ai mai fegalegaleaiga faʻaagafesootai moni ma / poʻo le faʻaogaina atili o isi (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018; Kırcaburun, Kokkinos, et al., 2018). E le gata i lea, o le faateleina o le maualuga o le impulsivity o tagata lotoleaga (Jonason et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2014) e mafai ona tuʻuina tagata taʻitoʻatasi i se tulaga vaivai mo le mauaina o le PIU, aua o le impulsivity o se tasi o faʻamatalaga faifaipea o le PIU (Kuss et al., 2014).
Le matafaioi o gaoioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga
O le initaneti o se auala e faʻafaigofie ai le faʻaogaina o amioga ma gaioiga eseese, e pei o le faʻaogaina o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga, taaloga, taaloga faitupe, faʻatau, ma feusuaiga (Griffiths, 2000; Montag et al., 2015). Ole tele o nei gaioiga o lo'o iai i totonu ole tu'ufa'atasia e ese mai le fa'aogaina o ala fa'aagafesootai. O le mea lea, e ono mafai e tagata ta'ito'atasi amioga tuusao e mafai ona femalaga'i i luga o le initaneti i se taumafaiga e totogi ai mana'oga tuusao e le'i ausia (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014), e pei o taaloga, taaloga faitupe, feusuaiga, faatauga, ma fesootaiga. E tusa ai ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga I-PACE (Brand et al., 2016), o uiga fa'aletagata ose fa'amoemoe taua mo le fa'aogaina o fa'aoga fa'ainitaneti ma/po'o talosaga. O faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia ua taʻua i luga i le auala e mafai ai e tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma uiga eseese ona maua ni faʻamaliega eseese mai gaioiga eseese i luga ole laiga e maua ai le faʻamaoniga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga I-PACE.
E pei ona taʻua muamua, o le auai i gaoioiga i luga ole laiga e mafai ona avea ma vaisu ma taʻitaʻia ai le PIU mo se vaega toʻaitiiti o tagata taʻitoʻatasi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o taaloga i luga ole laiga ua fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli. Ae ui i lea, i le faaopoopo atu i taaloga i luga o le initaneti, ua maua foi le faʻaogaina o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga i luga o le initaneti e vaʻai ai le maualuga o le PIU, aʻo faʻafitauli faʻafitauli sa naʻo taʻaloga i luga ole laiga (Király et al., 2014). O le mea la lea, e mafai ona taʻua le PIU o le faʻaaogaina lautele o le initaneti i ana gaioiga eseese. O le mea lea, atonu o le auai i nei gaioiga i luga ole laiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o le PIU ma faʻamatalaga mo sootaga i le va o uiga pogisa ma le PIU. O nisi faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia e foliga mai e lagolagoina lenei manatu e ala i le lipotia o sootaga taua o taaloga i luga o le initaneti, taaloga faitupe, ma matamataga ponokalafi ma le PIU (Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; Critselis et al., 2013; Stavropoulos, Kuss, Griffiths, Wilson, & Motti-Stefanidi, 2017). O le mea la lea, atonu o le eseese o uiga pogisa e taʻitaʻia ai tagata e faʻaaoga gaoioiga eseese i luga ole laiga, ma i le isi itu, o le mauaina o faʻamalieina mai a latou gaioiga i luga ole laiga e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i le faʻaaogaina faifaipea ma faʻafitauli ole initaneti. O le mea lea, o loʻo faʻamoemoeina o uiga pogisa o le tagata o le a fesoʻotaʻi ma le PIU e faʻaogaina auala le tuusaʻo e ala i gaoioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga.
Le suʻesuʻega nei
O le suʻesuʻega muamua lea e suʻesuʻe ai fesoʻotaʻiga tuusaʻo ma le le tuusaʻo o uiga pogisa (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, ma le faʻaleagaina) faʻatasi ma le PIU e ala i gaoioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga (ie, faʻasalalauga lautele, taaloga i luga o le initaneti, taaloga i luga ole laiga, faʻatau i luga ole laiga. , ma feusuaiga i luga ole laiga). O suʻesuʻega muamua e tele lava na taulaʻi i sootaga o uiga pogisa e tolu (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, ma narcissism) i luga o amioga eseese i luga ole laiga. Ae ui i lea, e leai se suʻesuʻega na mafaufau i ni uiga eseese se lima (e pei o le Dark Triad e faʻaopoopo i le faʻanoanoa ma le faʻaleagaina) faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaogaina o gaioiga eseese i luga ole laiga ma le PIU i le taimi e tasi. Na fa'amoemoe o le ai ai se fa'asalalauga fa'asalalauga mai gaioiga i luga ole laiga i le va o fa'ailoga tagata ma le PIU. E faʻavae i luga o manatu faʻapitoa o le I-PACE faʻataʻitaʻiga (lea e faʻamaonia ai o mea taua e fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi e pei o uiga faʻapitoa ma faʻaoga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga e mafai ona faia se sao faʻasalalau i la latou sootaga ma le PIU) ma faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia o loʻo i ai, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻatulagaina ma faʻataʻitaʻiina le tele o manatu aʻo pulea le itupa ma le matua.
H1: Narcissism ma Machiavellianism o le a fesoʻotaʻi tuusaʻo ma le PIU ma le tuusaʻo e ala i ala o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele ma taaloga i luga ole laiga (Kim et al., 2008; Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018; Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017).
H2: O le mafaufau ma le faʻanoanoa o le a fesoʻotaʻi tuusaʻo ma le PIU ma le tuusao e ala i feusuaiga i luga ole laiga (Buckels et al., 2014; Lin & Tsai, 2002; Vitacco & Rogers, 2001).
H3: Psychopathy ma le lotoleaga o le a fesoʻotaʻi tuusaʻo ma le PIU ma le le tuusaʻo e ala i taaloga i luga o le initaneti (Jonason et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2014).
Metotia
O le aofaʻi o tamaiti aʻoga iunivesite 772 Turkish (64% tamaitai), matutua i le va o 18 ma 28 tausaga (o lona uiga = 20.72 tausaga, SD = 2.30), fa'atumu pepa ma penitala fesili. O i latou uma na auai na logoina e uiga i auiliiliga o le suʻesuʻega ma tuʻuina atu a latou faʻatagaga faʻamaonia. O le auai i le suʻesuʻega sa le taʻua ma ofo fua. O faʻamatalaga na faʻaaogaina i lenei suʻesuʻega na aoina faʻatasi ma se isi suʻesuʻega faʻasalalau i se isi mea (ie, Kircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018a).
Ina ia mafai ona maua faʻamatalaga e uiga i itupa o tagata auai, tausaga, ma gaioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga o loʻo faʻatinoina, sa faʻaaogaina se pepa faʻamatalaga patino. Na faʻaaogaina e tagata auai le fua o le Likert 5-point mai le "aua lava nei"Ia"pea lava” ina ia faailoa mai ai lo latou faaaogaina i luga ole laiga o taaloga faitupe (ie, “Ou te faaaogaina le initaneti mo taaloga faitupe”), taaloga (ie, “Ou te faaaogaina le initaneti mo taaloga”), faatau (ie, “Ou te faaaogaina le initaneti e faatau ai”), ala o faasalalauga faaagafesootai (ie, “Ou te faʻaogaina le initaneti mo faʻasalalauga lautele”), ma feusuaiga (ie, “Ou te faaaogaina le initaneti mo feusuaiga").
Ole fua e aofia ai mea e 12 ile fua ole Likert 9-point mai le "malosi le malilie"Ia"malosi malilie,” ma mea e fa mo uiga taʻitasi e aofia ai le Machiavellianism (faʻataʻitaʻiga, "Ua ou faaaogaina le pepelo po o le pepelo e maua ai lo'u ala”), psychopathy (faataitaiga, “E masani ona ou le popole tele i le ola mama po o le ola mama o a'u amioga”), ma le faufau (eg, “E masani ona ou manaʻo e faʻalogo mai isi ia te aʻu”). O le tulaga Turkish o le fua na lipotia muamua le maualuga ma le faʻamaoni (Özsoy, Rauthmann, Jonason, & Ardıç, 2017). O le fua na i ai le fetaui lelei i totonu i totonu o lenei suʻesuʻega (Cronbach's α = .67-.88).
O le fua e aofia ai le 10 dichotomous (“e le pei o au"Ma le"pei o au”) mea (eg, “E i ai o'u mafaufauga e aofia ai le faatiga o tagata”). O le tulaga Turkish o le fua na lipotia muamua le maualuga ma le faʻamaoni (Kircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018b). O le fua na i ai le faʻaogaina lelei o totonu i lenei suʻesuʻega (α = .77).
O le fua muamua e aofia ai mea e 17 (faataitaiga, "Atonu e aoga le lamatia o loʻu talaaga ina ia faasalalau atu tala e uiga i se tasi ou te le fiafia i ai”) i luga o le fua e 5-point Likert mai le “aua lava nei"Ia"pea lava.” I lenei suʻesuʻega, e 11 mea e fetaui ma tamaiti aʻoga a le iunivesite a Turki na filifilia mo suʻesuʻega (EFA) ma faʻamaonia mea faʻapitoa (CFA). O se taunuuga, EFA (KMO = 0.90; p < .001; fa'alapotopotoga mai le va o le 0.29 ma le 0.59; faʻamatalaina le 48% o le eseesega) ma le CFA (faʻasologa faʻasologa o le mamafa o loʻo i le va o le 0.49 ma le 0.72) na maua ai ni mea laiti se lua, e faʻatatauina fa'aleagaina isi (faataitaiga, “Afai ou te maua le avanoa, o le a ou totogia ma le fiafia sina tupe itiiti e vaai ai i se tasi o le vasega ou te le fiafia e pasi i lana suega faaiu") Ma fa'alavelave i isi (faataitaiga, “Afai o aʻu o se tasi o tamaiti aʻoga mulimuli i le potuaoga na suʻe se suʻega ma ou matauina le le lava o le onosaʻi o le faiaoga, ou te mautinoa e faʻaalu loʻu taimi e faʻamaeʻa ai le suʻega e faʻaita ai o ia.”). CFA fa'asologa lona lua (χ2/df = 2.67, RMSEA = 0.05 [90% CI (0.04, 0.06)], CFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.97) na faʻaalia ai e mafai ona faʻaogaina le fua i se auala e tasi. O le fua na i ai le faʻaogaina lelei o totonu i lenei suʻesuʻega (α = .84).
O le Turkish BIAS na faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai vaisu i luga ole initaneti. O le BIAS na atiae e ala i le fetuunaiga o le Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012). Le Turkish BIAS (Tosuntaş et al., 2018) na ona suitulaga i le upu “Facebook"ma le upu"initaneti.” O le BIAS e aofia ai mea e ono (eg, "E fa'afia i le tausaga ua tuana'i na e taumafai e fa'aitiitia le fa'aogaina ole initaneti e aunoa ma se manuia?”) i luga o le fua e 5-point Likert mai le “aua lava nei"Ia"pea lava.” O le Turkish form of the scale na lipotia muamua le maualuga ma le faʻamaoni. O le fua na i ai le faʻaogaina lelei o totonu i lenei suʻesuʻega (α = .83).
O faʻamaoniga faʻapitoa mo le suʻesuʻega na maua mai le komiti faʻafoe a le aʻoga aʻo leʻi faʻafaigaluegaina tagata auai, ma tausisia le Tautinoga a Helsinki.
i'uga
Faʻamatalaga faʻamaumauga, skewness, kurtosis, ma le eseesega o le tau o le tau (VIF), ma fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le itupa, tausaga, uiga Pogisa Tetrad, faʻanoanoa, gaioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga, ma le PIU o loʻo faʻaalia i le Laulau. 1. Aʻo leʻi faia le suʻesuʻeina o le tele o suʻesuʻega, skewness, kurtosis, VIF, ma le faʻapalepale sa suʻesuʻeina ina ia mautinoa e le o iloa le tufatufaina atu ma le multicollinearity. E tusa ai ma West, Finch, ma Curran (1995), skewness ma kurtosis thresholds mo masani e ± 2 ma ± 7, faasologa, ae o Kline (2011) o loʻo i ai se auala sili atu le faʻaogaina ma le ± 3 ma le ± 8, i le faasologa, e ui lava o nisi o taʻiala faʻasao e faʻapea o le solia o le tufatufaina masani pe afai o le skewness ma le kurtosis o le ± 2 (George & Mallery, 2010). I lenei suʻesuʻega, e leʻi suia suiga pe na faʻaaogaina foʻi suʻega e le o parametric ona, pe a oʻo i lalo le tau o le skewness i lalo ole faitotoʻa, e mafai ona le amanaʻia le solia o manatu masani e mafua mai i le kurtosis i faʻataʻitaʻiga tetele (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). Su'esu'ega fa'asologa o fa'asologa (Laulau 2) na faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai uiga faʻapitoa o gaioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga aʻo pulea le itupa ma le matua e faʻaaoga ai le SPSS 23 software. O le avea ma tane sa fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma taʻaloga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.35, p <.001), feusuaiga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.42, p <.001), ma taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga (β = 0.19, p <.001), ma le leaga i le faʻaogaina o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga (β = -0.16, p <.001) ma fa'atauga i luga ole laiga (β = −0.13, p < .001). O tausaga na na'o le fa'aogaina o ala o faasalalauga lautele (β = -0.16, p < .001). Narcissism na fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻaoga faʻasalalauga lautele (β = 0.18, p <.001); Machiavellianism na fesoʻotaʻi ma taʻaloga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.11, p <.05) ma feusuaiga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.09, p < .05). O i latou e maualuga le lotoleaga na maua maualuga i luga o feusuaiga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.10, p <.05), taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga (β = 0.16, p <.001), ma fa'atauga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.15, p < .01). Mulimuli ane, na o le sadism e fesoʻotaʻi ma feusuaiga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.12, p <.01).
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Laulau 1. togi maualuga, SDs, ma le feso'ota'iga a Pearson o suiga su'esu'e
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti | - | |||||||||||
| 2. Fa'aoga fa'asalalauga lautele | .33 *** | - | ||||||||||
| 3. Fa'aoga ta'aloga | .14 *** | -O01 | - | |||||||||
| 4. Fa'aaogāga fa'afeusuaiga | .10 ** | .00 | .28 *** | - | ||||||||
| 5. Fa'aaogāga ta'aloga | .14 *** | -O02 | .26 *** | .32 *** | - | |||||||
| 6. Fa'aoga fa'atau | .17 *** | .19 *** | .10 ** | .03 | .09 ** | - | ||||||
| 7. Machiavellianism | .24 *** | .10 ** | .19 *** | .32 *** | .22 *** | .05 | - | |||||
| 8. Psychopathy | .15 *** | .04 | .14 *** | .26 *** | .18 *** | .05 | .53 *** | - | ||||
| 9. Narcissism | .20 *** | .18 *** | .11 ** | .24 *** | .07 * | .03 | .50 *** | .28 *** | - | |||
| 10. Sosisiano | .20 *** | .08 * | .16 *** | .34 *** | .16 *** | .05 | .47 *** | .48 *** | .29 *** | - | ||
| 11. Fa'aleaga | .26 *** | .11 ** | .13 *** | .31 *** | .24 *** | .13 *** | .46 *** | .48 *** | .34 *** | .49 *** | - | |
| 12. Tausaga | −.16*** | −.17*** | -O04 | .04 | .06 | -O03 | -O00 | .03 | .02 | -O06 | .00 | - |
| 13. Alii | -O00 | -O12 ** | .37 *** | .50 *** | .25 *** | -O09 ** | .22 *** | .20 *** | .15 *** | .26 *** | .21 *** | .05 |
| M | 16.67 | 4.23 | 2.29 | 1.52 | 1.56 | 2.74 | 9.43 | 9.83 | 16.25 | 11.29 | 16.60 | 20.72 |
| SD | 5.34 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 6.15 | 5.75 | 9.06 | 1.82 | 6.66 | 2.30 |
| Skewness | 0.17 | 1.80 | 0.69 | 0.20 | -1.45 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 1.52 | 0.31 | 2.17 | 1.82 | 1.38 |
| Kurtosis | -0.37 | 2.44 | -0.62 | -0.56 | 1.67 | 2.43 | 2.43 | 3.11 | -0.93 | 5.16 | 3.59 | 1.67 |
| VIF | - | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.55 | 1.89 | 1.62 | 1.42 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.05 |
Manatua. SD: va'aiga masani; VIF: fua fa'atatau o tau o tupe.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
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Laulau 2. Aotelega o su'esu'ega fa'avasega fa'asologa e vavalo ai gaioiga eseese i luga ole laiga
| β(t) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ala o faasalalauga faaleagafesootai | taaloga | itūʻaiga | Taaloga Faitupe | faatauga | ||
| Block 1 | tagata | −0.16 (−4.33)*** | 0.35 (9.93)*** | 0.42 (13.40)*** | 0.19 (5.43)*** | −0.13 (−3.42)*** |
| tausaga | −0.16 (−4.58)*** | −0.06 (−1.85) | 0.02 (0.78) | 0.05 (1.56) | −0.02 (−0.60) | |
| Block 2 | Masiavellianism | 0.01 (0.17) | 0.11 (2.41) * | 0.09 (2.33) * | 0.14 (3.00) ** | 0.01 (0.24) |
| Lagona alofa | −0.02 (−0.49) | 0.01 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.55) | −0.00 (−0.03) | |
| Narcissism | 0.18 (4.39)*** | −0.00 (−0.11) | 0.06 (1.83) | −0.08 (−1.99)* | −0.01 (−0.26) | |
| Sosisiano | 0.03 (0.71) | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.12 (3.27) ** | −0.02(−0.46) | 0.01 (0.14) | |
| Talia | 0.07 (1.66) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.10 (2.60) * | 0.16 (3.66)*** | 0.15 (3.37) ** | |
| R2adj = .08; F(7, 764) = 10.48; p <.001 | R2adj = .15; F(7, 764) = 19.84; p <.001 | R2adj = .32; F(7, 764) = 53.25; p <.001 | R2adj = .11; F(7, 764) = 13.97; p <.001 | R2adj = .02; F(7, 764) = 3.62; p <.01 | ||
Manatua. O tau o lo'o i totonu o puipui o lo'o fa'aalia t tau o fesuiaiga.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Ina ia mafai ona suʻesuʻeina aʻafiaga faʻatalanoaga o gaioiga i luga ole laiga i le va o uiga faʻapitoa ma le PIU, na faʻataʻitaʻiina se faʻataʻitaʻiga tuʻufaʻatasiga tele ma uiga pogisa e pei o ni suiga tutoʻatasi, gaioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga e avea ma faufautua, PIU o le suiga o le taunuuga, ma le itupa ma le matua e avea ma fesuiaiga e pulea. (Ata 1). O le polokalama AMOS 23 sa fa'atautaia mo le au'ili'iliga o le ala e fa'aaoga ai le faiga fa'a-bootstrap fa'atasi ai ma fa'ata'ita'iga e 5,000 fa'apipi'iina ma 95% fa'aituau-fa'asa'o taimi fa'alagolago. Sa su'esu'eina auala le sa'o e fa'aaoga ai se fa'atatau (Gaskin, 2016). O se taunuuga o suʻesuʻega (Laulau 3), Machiavellianism sa tuusao ma le tuusaʻo e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PIU e ala i taaloga i luga ole laiga ma taaloga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.12, p < .05; 95% CI [0.02, 0.21]). Narcissism na fesoʻotaʻi tuusaʻo ma le PIU e ala i le faʻaogaina o ala o faasalalauga lautele (β = 0.09, p < .05; 95% CI [0.00, 0.18]). Mulimuli ane, o le lotoleaga sa tuusaʻo ma le tuusaʻo e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PIU e ala i taaloga i luga ole laiga ma faʻatauga i luga ole laiga (β = 0.18, p < .001; 95% CI [0.10, 0.26]). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻamatalaina le 21% o le eseesega i le PIU.
Ata 1. Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ai'u o le fa'asologa o auala taua. Na fetuutuunai le itupa ma le matua mo le tagata faufautua ma suiga o taunuuga i le faʻataʻitaʻiga. Mo le manino, e leʻi faʻaalia i le faʻataʻitaʻiga o fesuiaiga faʻatonutonu ma fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le tutoatasi, pulea, ma le mediator. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001
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Laulau 3. Fuafuaga faʻatatau o le aofaʻi, tuusaʻo, ma le le tuusaʻo aʻafiaga i faʻafitauli faʻaogaina luga ole initaneti ma fesuiaʻiga faufautua
| A'afiaga (SE) | Aafiaga atoa fa'amatalaina (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Machiavellianism → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti (a'afiaga atoa) | 0.12 (0.05) * | - |
| Machiavellianism → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti (a'afiaga sa'o) | 0.09 (0.05) * | 75 |
| Machiavellianism → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga i luga ole laiga (a'afiaga e le tuusao) | 0.03 (0.02) | 25 |
| Machiavellianism → Taaloga Taaloga → Faʻafitauli faʻaoga initaneti (aʻafiaga le tuusao) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| Machiavellianism → Ta'aloga → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga i luga ole laiga (a'afiaga e le tuusao) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| Narcissism → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti (a'afiaga atoa) | 0.09 (0.04) * | - |
| Narcissism → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti (a'afiaga sa'o) | 0.05 (0.04) | 56 |
| Narcissism → Fa'aoga fa'asalalauga fa'aagafesootai → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga i luga ole initaneti (a'afiaga fa'aletonu) | 0.04 (0.02) * | 44 |
| Fa'aleaga → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti (a'afiaga atoa) | 0.18 (0.04)*** | - |
| Fa'aleaga → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga initaneti (a'afiaga sa'o) | 0.14 (0.04)*** | 78 |
| Fa'aleaga → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga i luga ole laiga (a'afiaga fa'aletonu atoa) | 0.04 (0.02) ** | 22 |
| Fa'aleaga → Ta'aloga → Fa'afitauli le fa'aogaina ole initaneti (a'afiaga fa'aletonu) | 0.02 (0.01) * | 11 |
| Fa'aleaga → Fa'atau → Fa'afitauli fa'aoga i luga ole initaneti (a'afiaga e le tuusao) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 6 |
Manatua. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Talanoaga
I le silafia lelei e tusitala, o le suʻesuʻega muamua lea e suʻesuʻe ai fesoʻotaʻiga tuusaʻo ma le le tuusaʻo o uiga pogisa (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, ma le faʻaleagaina) faʻatasi ma le PIU e ala i gaoioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga (ie, faʻasalalauga lautele, taaloga i luga ole laiga, taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga, faatauga i luga ole laiga, ma feusuaiga i luga ole laiga). E tusa ai ma auʻiliʻiliga, ma o gatasi ma le I-PACE faʻataʻitaʻiga, o uiga eseese o uiga na fesoʻotaʻi ma gaioiga eseese i luga ole laiga ma tulaga ole PIU. Ae ui i lea, e tatau ona maitauina o le tele o le tele o aafiaga i le va o fesuiaiga e laiti. E ui o le sootaga i le va o le narcissism ma le PIU na faʻatautaia atoatoa e ala i le faʻaogaina o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele, Machiavellianism sa tuusaʻo ma le le tuusao e fesoʻotaʻi ma PIU e ala i luga o le initaneti ma taaloga i luga ole laiga. Mulimuli ane, o taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga ma fa'atauga i luga ole laiga na fa'afeso'ota'i le va o le loto leaga ma le PIU. E ui o manatu muamua ma lona tolu na lagolagoina se vaega, o mea na maua e le o ogatusa ma le manatu lona lua.
O se vaega e ogatasi ma le manatu, faʻaoga faʻasalalauga faʻasalalau faʻasalalau le va o le narcissism ma le PIU. Narcissism e fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o le faʻaogaina o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga, ma i le isi itu, o le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻasalalau faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o le PIU. E foliga mai o tagata e maualuga i le narcissism e sili ona fiafia i ala o fesoʻotaʻiga i luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga ina ia mafai ai ona faʻataunuʻuina o latou manaʻoga faʻapitoa e afua mai i o latou uiga faʻafefe e pei o le manaʻomia o le faamemelo (Casale & Fioravanti, 2018). Narcissists faʻaaogaina meafaigaluega faʻasalalau faʻasalalau eseese e faʻalauiloa ma mataʻituina i latou lava, lea e ono avea ma popolega ia latou talaaga ma faʻamatalaga a isi i luga o latou pou (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018). I le isi itu, o lenei popolega e mafai ona liua i le PIU mo se vaega toʻaitiiti o tagata taʻitoʻatasi. Tuuina atu, e ese mai isi talosaga i luga ole laiga, faʻaoga faʻasalalauga lautele e naʻo luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga, o lona faʻafitauli faʻafitauli e mafai ona faigofie ona faʻaliliu i totonu ole PIU pe a faʻatusatusa i gaioiga i luga ole laiga e iai faʻatusa tuusao.
E pei ona fa'apea, o le Machiavellianism sa feso'ota'i tuusa'o ma le le tuusao ma le PIU e ala i taaloga i luga ole laiga ma taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga. Tuuina atu e mafai e le au Machiavellians ona i ai ni faigata i fegalegaleaiga faʻaagafesootai moni o le olaga ona o lo latou maualalo o le malie, maualuga le faʻaogaina o lagona, maualuga le alexithymia, ma le maualalo o le atamai faʻalagona (Austin, Farrelly, Black, & Moore, 2007; Jonason & Krause, 2013), atonu latou te lagona le mafanafana i luga ole laiga ma sili atu i fegalegaleaiga i luga ole laiga nai lo fesootaiga faafesagai. E le gata i lea, o tamaiti aʻoga Machiavellian ua maua le maualuga o le atuatuvale pe a faʻatusatusa i tamaiti e le o Machiavellian (Bakir et al., 2003). O loʻo taʻu mai ai o le ai ai le maualuga o le PIU mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi maualuga i le Machiavellianism, aua o le atuatuvale o se vaʻaia faifaipea o faʻafitauli faʻaoga i luga ole laiga (Kircaburun, Kokkinos, et al., 2018).
Machiavellianism na fesoʻotaʻi ma taaloga i luga ole laiga ma taaloga i luga ole laiga, ma i le isi itu, o taaloga i luga ole laiga ma taaloga i luga ole laiga na mafua ai le maualuga o le PIU. O suʻesuʻega muamua na fesoʻotaʻi ma Machiavellianism ma le faʻanoanoa (ie, taʻavale i taaloga i luga ole laiga), lea e mafai ona tuʻuina atu se faʻamatalaga mo lenei mafutaga (Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017). Tuuina atu o tagata taʻitoʻatasi maualuga i le Machiavellianism ua faʻaalia o loʻo i ai ni lagona faʻatauvaʻa ma e le o tausisia amioga mama ma le amio i le ausiaina o latou sini (Clempner, 2017), atonu na latou auai i taaloga faavauvau e faatoilalo ai isi tagata taaalo ma o nei taumafaiga ma taumafaiga e ono liliu atu i taimi uumi e faaalu i taaloga i luga o le initaneti. E tutusa ma taaloga, o taaloga faitupe o se isi si'osi'omaga fa'atauva fa'atasi ai ma taui fa'aopoopo e pei o le mauaina o tupe moni. O uiga o le Machiavellian ua maua e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaalia o taui e faʻaalia ai o taui e taua tele mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi e maualuga uiga Machiavellian (Birkás, Csathó, Gács, & Bereczkei, 2015). O taaloga i luga ole laiga ma taaloga i luga ole laiga o ni gaioiga patino e lua e sili ona lauiloa mo le faʻaogaina o le initaneti ma e mafai ona faigofie ona suia i faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga mo nisi tagata faʻaoga (Brand et al., 2016).
Fa'atasi ma fa'ai'uga na fa'amoemoeina, o le loto ita na feso'ota'i sa'o ma le PIU ma le fa'aogaina le fa'aogaina o taaloga faitupe i luga ole laiga ma fa'atauga i luga ole laiga. E tutusa ma le Machiavellianism, o le loto leaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o lagona faʻaleagaina (Zeigler-Hill & Vonk, 2015), fa'ate'a, ma le fa'ama'i (Zeigler-Hill & Noser, 2018) - mafutaga e ono i'u ai i le fa'amalieina o mana'oga fa'aagafesootai ma fa'amaliega i luga ole laiga (Gervasi et al., 2017; Niemz, Griffiths, & Banyard, 2005). O amioga mataga e faaosofia e lagona lotoleaga ma le aia tatau (Marcus et al., 2014) ma tagata ta'ito'atasi e maualuga le loto leaga e maualuga atu le maualuga o le fa'atama'i fa'ama'i ma maualalo le fa'atauaina o le tagata lava ia (Marcus et al., 2014), lea na fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻaoga maualuga i luga ole laiga i luga ole laiga (Andreassen et al., 2017; Casale, Fioravanti, & Rugai, 2016). E fa'apena fo'i, e ono fa'aogaina e tagata fa'atauva'a fa'atauga i luga ole laiga ona o lo latou matau'a mo isi po'o lo latou mana'omia pea mo le fa'amalosia o le tagata ona o latou lagona fa'atauva'a vaivai ma le maualalo o le manatu o le tagata lava ia. I le isi itu, o fa'atauga i luga ole laiga e mafai ona ta'ita'ia ai le fa'aoga fa'amalosi i luga ole laiga pe a su'esu'eina uma upegatafa'ilagi eseese mo le fa'atauina o oloa eseese.
O lenei suʻesuʻega o loʻo i totonu o nai mea na faia e mafaufau ai i le matafaioi o uiga pogisa ile PIU. O lo'o i ai ni fa'alavelave i le va o su'esu'ega o lo'o lipotia iinei ma i latou o lo'o i totonu o nei su'esu'ega e ui o lo'o iai fo'i nisi o su'esu'ega fete'ena'i. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, aʻo lipotia e lenei suʻesuʻega se fesoʻotaʻiga tuusaʻo i le va o le Machiavellianism ma le PIU, o le Machiavellianism o se faʻataʻitaʻiga tuusaʻo o faʻafitauli faʻaoga faʻasalalauga lautele i tamaiti aʻoga i le iunivesite i se suʻesuʻega muamua (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), ma sa le taua i se isi suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻeina faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga (Kircaburun et al., 2018b). I se tulaga talitutusa, o le narcissism na vaivai le fesoʻotaʻi ma le PIU e ala i le faʻaogaina o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga i lenei suʻesuʻega, e ui lava o se faʻamatalaga taua o faʻafitauli faʻaoga faʻasalalauga lautele ma faʻalavelave faʻalavelave. Tuuina atu o suʻesuʻega ua taʻua muamua na faia ma tamaiti aʻoga ma tagata taʻaloga eseese, faʻataʻitaʻiga eseesega atonu o se faʻamatalaga talafeagai mo uiga eseese o le tagata e vaʻai ai faʻafitauli faʻaogaina o gaioiga eseese i luga ole laiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, ala o fesoʻotaʻiga, taʻaloga, ma le initaneti). Ae ui i lea, o nei eseesega e lagolagoina foi le manatu e faapea (e ui lava i lo latou faʻapipiʻiina i nisi tulaga) ituaiga faʻapitoa o faʻafitauli faʻaoga i luga ole laiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, taʻaloga ma ala o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele) ma le PIU o ni uiga eseese faʻapitoa ma vavae ese faʻalapotopotoga e ono eseese uiga faʻapitoa (Brand et al., 2016; Király et al., 2014; Montag et al., 2015). Ae ui i lea, o nei suʻesuʻega muamua o loʻo faʻaalia ai le tele o le taulaiga e tatau ona tuʻuina atu i uiga pogisa pe a mafaufau i le PIU ma isi faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga, ma sili atu suʻesuʻega e faʻamaonia i luga o le mataupu mo se malamalamaga sili atu i nei mafutaga.
O lenei suʻesuʻega e iai ni tapulaʻa e tatau ona faʻatalanoaina i suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi. Muamua, o faʻamaumauga suʻesuʻe na aoina e ala i lipoti a le tagata lava ia i totonu o se faʻataʻitaʻiga filifilia e le tagata lava ia e faʻaalia i faʻaituau lauiloa ma tapulaʻa. O su'esu'ega i le lumana'i e tatau ona fa'aoga atili meafaigaluega fa'apitoa e pei ole agava'a po'o metotia fefiloi i fa'ata'ita'iga tetele ma sili atu. Lona lua, o le fa'asologa fa'asolosolo e taofia ai le tusiaina o so'oga fa'atupu. Ina ia mafai ona faʻaalia le mafuaʻaga ma faʻatonuga o nei mafutaga, o suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona faʻaaogaina mamanu umi. Tolu, o le su'esu'ega fa'ata'ita'iga e aofia ai tamaiti a'oga Turiki mai se iunivesite e tasi; o lea, e fa'atapula'aina le fa'alauteleina o fa'ai'uga. O su'esu'ega i le lumana'i e tatau ona taumafai e toe fa'atusa su'esu'ega i'inei e fa'aaoga ai vaitausaga eseese ma tagata ta'ito'atasi mai atunu'u ma aganu'u eseese.
E ui lava i tapulaʻa, o le suʻesuʻega muamua lea e suʻesuʻe ai sootaga i le va o uiga pogisa, gaioiga faʻapitoa i luga ole laiga, ma le PIU. E le gata i lea, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o le lotoleaga e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi tuusaʻo ma le le tuusao ma le maualuga o le PIU e ala i le faʻaogaina o gaioiga eseese i luga ole laiga. O suʻesuʻega o lenei suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai e tatau ona tele suʻesuʻega e taulaʻi i le matafaioi o uiga pogisa i luga o faʻafitauli faʻaoga i luga ole laiga e ala i fesoʻotaʻiga tuusaʻo a Machiavellianism ma le faʻaleagaina ma le PIU. E le gata i lea, o faʻaiʻuga ua faʻaalia ai o le Machiavellianism, lotoleaga, faʻanoanoa, ma le faʻatauvaʻa e fesoʻotaʻi ma ituaiga eseese o gaioiga i luga ole laiga e pei o feusuaiga i luga ole laiga, faʻaoga faʻasalalauga lautele, taaloga i luga ole laiga, taʻaloga i luga ole laiga, ma faʻatauga i luga ole laiga, o ia mea uma e mafai ona mafua ai. afaina i olaga o nisi tagata ona o faʻafitauli ma/poʻo le faʻaaogaina tele. E mana'omia e foma'i fa'alesoifua maloloina ma foma'i ona fa'atatau i nei uiga fa'aletagata pe a iloiloina auala e mafai ai ona puipuia ma fa'alavelave mo le PIU. I le faaopoopo atu i aʻafiaga ua taʻua muamua, o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai manatu faʻapitoa o le I-PACE faʻataʻitaʻiga ma tuʻuina atu faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia mo le taua o le eseesega o uiga i le eseesega o gaioiga i luga ole laiga ma faʻafitauli faʻaoga i luga ole laiga, faʻapea foʻi ma le taua tele o mea e fiafia i ai i luga ole laiga eseese. gaoioiga i le fuafuaina o tulaga o le PIU.
Sa matua tele le sao o tusitala uma i le sauniaina o tusitusiga.
Fai mai tusitala e leai se feteenaʻiga tului.
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