Low 2D: 4D faʻamaualuga e fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu vitio (2013)

PLoS se tasi. 2013 Nov 13;8(11):e79539.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0079539. eCollection 2013.

Kornhuber J1, Zenses EM, Lenz B, Stoessel C, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Rehbein F, Kliem S, Mößle T.

lē faʻatino

O faʻailoga faʻalagolago i Androgen e faʻatonutonu ai le tuputupu aʻe o tamatamailima i luga o le lima o le tagata i le taimi o le embryogenesis. O le maualuga o le uta androgen e maua i lalo ole 2D: 4D (numera lona lua i le numera fa) fua faatatau. E a'afia ai fo'i le fa'atupuina ole fai'ai o le fa'aalia ole androgen a'o le'i fanau mai. 2D:4D tau e masani ona maualalo i tama ma e vaʻaia o se sui o le faʻalapotopotoga o faiʻai tama. O iinei, na matou faʻatusatusaina amioga taʻaloga vitio i tama talavou. Na matou maua le maualalo o le 2D: 4D tau i mataupu na faʻavasegaina e tusa ai ma le CSAS-II o loʻo i ai i tulaga lamatia / amio fai ma vaisu (n = 27) faʻatusatusa i tagata taʻitoʻatasi e leai ni faʻafitauli o taʻaloga vitio (n = 27). O le mea lea, o le faʻaalia o le androgen prenatal ma le faʻalapotopotoga o faiʻai hyper-male, e pei ona faʻatusalia e le maualalo o le 2D: 4D tau, e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli tau taaloga vitio. O nei taunuuga e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e faʻaleleia ai le suʻesuʻega, vavalo, ma le puipuia o vaisu taaloga vitio.

faʻatomuaga

Ole maualuga ole uta androgen a'o le'i fananau mai, fa'aosoina ile fa'atuputeleina ole maualuga ole hormone po'o le sili atu ona ma'ale'ale ole fa'aliliuina o fa'ailoga o le androgen, e maua ai se numera fa umi (4D) e fa'atatau ile numera lona lua (2D) ile lima o le tagata matua. [1]. O le mea lea, o le 2D:4D fa'atatau e manatu e fa'afeusuaiga dimorphic, ma fa'atauga e masani ona maualalo i tama pe a fa'atusatusa i fafine. [2]-[4]. E le gata i lea, o le uta androgen prenatal e iai sona aafiaga faʻatulagaina i le fausaga o le faiʻai ma galuega [5]. O le i'uga, 2D:4D fa'atatau o lo'o feso'ota'i ma le tele o fa'ata'ita'iga o amioga a tama/tama'ita'i. O tau maualalo 2D:4D e fesoʻotaʻi, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻatasi ai ma foliga autistic [6], [7]; fa'aletonu le mafaufau fa'aletonu (ADHD) [8], [9]; faatinoga afeleti [10], [11]; tomai fa'apitonu'u [12]-[15]; manatu fa'apitoa [16]; tomai numera [17]-[19]; felagolagomai, amio fa'ale-agafesootai, ma le fa'amaoni [20], [21]; numera o paaga fa'afeusuaiga i le olaga atoa [22]; ma manuia fanautama [23]. O faʻamaoniga e fesoʻotaʻi ai le uta androgen prenatal ma le maualalo o le 2D: 4D faʻatatau ma uiga amio na toe iloiloina talu ai nei. [24], [25].

Sa matou fa'aalia muamua le maualalo o le 2D:4D i tagata mama'i e fa'alagolago i le ava [26], o se ma'i e fa'atatau i vaisu ma e maualuga atu le fa'atupuina i tama nai lo fafine [27], [28]. I lenei suʻesuʻega, matou te faʻamoemoe e suʻesuʻe pe maualalo le 2D: 4D tulaga taua e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga ata vitio o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o se amioga e le faʻatatau i vaisu. O amioga leaga tau taaloga e tupu soo i alii pe a faatusatusa i tamaitai [29]-[32] ma e fesootai ma le sailiga o lagona [33] ma le ADHD [34]. E mafai ona va'aia le ta'aloga vitio fa'apitoa e pei o se amio fa'ale-tama. O le mea lea, matou te faʻapea o tama tane e iai amioga faʻataʻitaʻi ata vitio atonu na faʻaalia muamua i se maualuga maualuga o le androgen, e pei ona faʻaalia i lalo ifo o le 2D: 4D tau.

Metotia

O lenei suʻesuʻega o se vaega o le poloketi o le Finger-Length in Psychiatry (FLIP) a le Erlangen Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻatalanoaga umi o suʻesuʻega module o le poloketi ua faʻaigoaina "Itaneti ma Taaloga Vitio Vaisu - diagnostics, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, togafitiga ma puipuiga” a le Inisetiute Suesuega tau Solitulafono i Lower Saxony. O le FLIP-Project na faʻataunuʻuina o se faʻaopoopoga i le taimi lona lua (t2) o le suʻesuʻega faʻatalanoaga umi. O lenei suʻesuʻega na faia e tusa ai ma mataupu faavae o loʻo faʻaalia i le Tautinoga a Helsinki. O le suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia e le komiti o amio faʻapitonuʻu (Komiti o Amio Taualoa a le German Psychological Society [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie]). Na maua le fa'atagaga tusitusia ina ua uma ona tu'uina atu se fa'amatalaga atoatoa o le su'esu'ega i mataupu uma.

I le va o Fepuari ma Tesema 2011, e 70 mataupu na auai i le fua muamua (t1) o le suʻesuʻega faʻatalanoaga umi (na muai filifilia i latou mai le aofaʻi o le 1,092 o loʻo faʻamoemoe e auai na faʻafaigaluegaina e ala i aʻoga, iunivesite, initaneti, nusipepa, ma nofoaga faufautua) . Mana'omia mo le auai i le su'esu'ega i le t1: tane, 18-21 tausaga, tagata ta'alo vitiō masani pe sili atu i le 2.5 itula o ta'aloga i le aso po'o se sikoa Vitio Fa'aopoopo (CSAS-II) > 41 [29], va'ai i lalo). Mai Mati 2012 ia Ianuari 2013, e 64 tagata auai e mafai ona toe fa'atalanoaina i le t2 tulitatao o le su'esu'ega fa'atalanoaga umi. I lenei fa'amoemoega e 54 le aofa'i o mata'upu na malilie e fa'aopoopoina le 'auai i le poloketi FLIP. O nei mataupu e 54 e mafai ona faʻavasegaina e pei ona taua i lalo: 53 Caucasian, 1 Asia. Ole fua ole tausaga ile t1 e 18.9 tausaga (SD = 1.1). O le 24 o le au auai na i ai le maualuga o le aʻoga (Abitur poʻo le maualuga), o le isi 24 na i ai aʻoga maualuga (Realschule), 5 na lipotia aʻoga maualuga (Hauptschule) ma le tasi e leai se faʻauʻuga.

O vaisu o taaloga vitio na iloiloina e faʻaaoga ai le CSAS II [29] i t1. Ole CSAS II e fa'avae ile Initaneti Addiction Scale ISS-20 [35], [36], lea ua faʻalauteleina ma fetuunai e iloilo ai vaisu taaloga vitio. O le CSAS-II e aofia ai mea e 14 (4-point scale: 1  = sese e 4  = matua moni) ma e ufiufi ai fua popole/fa'aliga (4 aitema), feteenaiga (4 aitema), leai se pulea (2 aitema), aveeseina faailoga (2 aitema), ma faʻapalepale (2 mea). O mea o le CSAS-II o loʻo faʻaalia ai le maualuga o foliga faʻamaonia, ma o le meafaigaluega e faʻaalia ai le faʻamaonia lelei o le faʻaogaina o suʻesuʻega a le tagata lava ia o vaisu taaloga vitio. [29], [30]. E le gata i lea, o le CSAS-II-faʻavasegaina o vaisu taaloga vitio e le gata e fesoʻotaʻi ma le tele o amioga taʻaloga ae e faʻamaonia ai foʻi fua eseese o le tulaga galue ma le soifua manuia. [29], [30], [37]. O lo'o fa'aaogaina fa'agata fa'ama'i: 14-34 = leai se fa'alavelave, 35-41 = i le tulaga lamatia o le avea ma vaisu, ma le 42-56 = fai ma vaisu.

E tusa ai ma le faʻavasegaina o le CSAS-II, lea e sili atu nai lo na o taimi taʻaloga, 27 tagata auai na faʻavasegaina o ni tagata taʻaloga vitio le faʻalavelave, 17 e ono lamatia ai le avea ma vaisu ma 10 e fai ma vaisu. Ona o le toʻaitiiti o mataupu na suʻesuʻeina, o vaega e lua "e lamatia le avea ma vaisu" ma le "vaisu" na faʻatasi mo suʻesuʻega. O le mea lea, e lua vaega CSAS-II (le faʻalavelave vs. i tulaga lamatia / fai ma vaisu) ma mataupu taʻitasi 27 na suʻesuʻeina i lenei suʻesuʻega.

O faʻafitauli faʻale-mafaufau ma faʻamaoniga o le psychopathology na suʻesuʻeina i le t1 e faʻaaoga ai le Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) [38]. O fa'avasegaga fa'aletagata (T = 52.26, SD = 11.81), atuatuvale (T = 53.98, SD = 11.64), popole (T = 54.30, SD = 10.23), ma le ita (T = 52.20, SD  = 11.56) na faʻaaogaina e fai ma sui faʻatonutonu i suʻesuʻega multivariate. E le gata i lea, o le ADHD symptomatology, lea na faʻaaogaina foi e avea ma fesuiaiga o le pulea, na iloiloina e faʻaaoga ai le ADHD-Screening mo tagata matutua (ADHS-E; T = 54.02, SD = 8.79) [39].

O le Avision IS1000 flatbed scanner (Hsinchu, Taiwan) na faʻaaogaina e suʻe lima o tagata auai ile t2. Ina ia faʻateleina le saʻo, sa tusia ni faʻailoga laiti i luga o faʻamaufaʻailoga o faʻailoga taʻitasi ma tamatamailima mama aʻo leʻi suʻeina. Sa su'e uma lima i le taimi e tasi, ma alofilima i lalo, i le faiga uliuli-pa'epa'e. Na matou faʻaaogaina le GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP, version 2.8.4; gimp.org) e fua ai le umi o le faasino igoa (2D) ma le mama (4D) tamatamailima mai su'ega lima. O lenei metotia e maua ai le faʻatuatuaina lelei [40]. O le aofaʻi atoa o le numera lona lua ma le fa o lima agavale ma taumatau sa faʻatatauina mai le ogatotonu o le pito i luga o le tamatamailima ma sa fuafuaina i iunite o pixels e faʻaaoga ai le GIMP "fua" meafaigaluega. O fua na faia e ni tagata tutoatasi se toatolu oe na tauaso i le manatu ma tauaso i le vaega faʻamaonia. O fua fa'atatau o fua e tolu na fa'atatau mo le numera lona lua ma le fa.

O su'esu'ega fa'amaumauga sa fa'atatau ile IBM SPSS 19 (Armonk, Niu Ioka, ISA) ma le polokalame R.

i'uga

O ese'esega o tausaga i le va o vaega e le fa'alavelave ma fa'alavelave/vaisu sa su'esu'eina e le su'ega t a Tamaiti; eseesega i tulaga faaleaoaoga e ala i le suega sa'o a Fisheŕs mo laulau fa'alavelave e lapopoa atu i le 2×2 [41], [42]. O vaega uma e lua o le CSAS II (le faʻalavelave vs. i tulaga lamatia / fai ma vaisu) sa fetaui lelei e tusa ai ma le matua (t = 1.544, p = 0.129) ma tulaga tau a'oa'oga (p = 0.381; vaai Laulau 1).

Laulau 1 

Mean 2D: 4D ma Dr-l tau i tagata taʻitoʻatasi e le faʻalavelave vs. lamatia / fai ma vaisu amioga taʻaloga vitio.

O le faʻatuatuaina o fuataga e tolu o tamatamailima na fuafuaina mo tamatamailima taʻitasi mo le lima taumatau ma le agavale e faʻaaoga ai le lua-way random intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) [43]. Sa fuafuaina foi ICCs mo 2D:4D ratios ma taumatau 2D:4D–agavale 2D:4D (Dr–l) tau. O le faʻatuatuaina o faʻamaumauga e tolu na maualuga mo le lima taumatau (2D: ICC = 0.995; 4D: ICC = 0.995; 2D:4D: ICC = 0.944), le lima agavale (2D: ICC = 0.996; 4D: ICC = 0.994 ;2D:4D: ICC = 0.937), ma le fua faatatau (2D:4D: ICC = 0.961). O le faʻatuatuaina o faʻatauga Dr-l sa maualuga foi (ICC = 0.764).

O le faʻasesega mai le tufatufaina masani na faʻataʻitaʻiina e le suʻega Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Le 2D:4D (fa'atusa uiga: Z = 0.931, p = 0.351, lima agavale: Z = 0.550, p = 0.923, lima taumatau: Z = 0.913, p = 0.375) ma Dr–l (Z = 1.082, p = 0.193) o tau e leʻi alu ese mai se tufatufa masani. Ole uiga ole 2D:4D ma le Dr–l o lo'o fa'aalia ile Laulau 1.

O ese'esega ile 2D:4D ma le Dr-1 fa'atatau ile tulaga tau a'oa'oga na fa'ata'ita'iina mo le le fa'alavelave ma le fa'alavelave/fa'amasani vaega e le Kruskal Wallis su'ega. Pearson correlation coefficients sa fuafuaina. O le fa'atasiga i le va o le 2D:4D tau mo le taumatau ma le agavale lima sa 0.788 (p <0.01). 2D:4D ma le Dr–l e le'i ese'ese tele fa'atatau ile tulaga tau a'oa'oga i totonu ole fa'afitauli (numera fa'atatau: χ2(2, N = 54) = 1.831, p = 0.400, lima agavale: χ2(2, N = 54) = 2.247, p = 0.325, lima taumatau: χ 2(2, N = 54) = 2.005, p = 0.367, Dr–1: χ2(2, N = 54) = 0.637, p = 0.747) ma faʻalavelave faʻalavelave / kulupu fai ma vaisu (faatusa uiga: χ2(3, N = 54) = 3.363, p = 0.339, lima agavale: χ2(3, N = 54) = 2.139, p = 0.544, lima taumatau: χ2(3, N = 54) = 3.348, p = 0.341, Dr–1: χ2(3, N = 54) = 0.460, p = 0.928).

Fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o fuataga o le 2D: 4D (lima agavale, lima taumatau, faʻasologa o fuainumera, Dr-1) ma vaisu taaloga vitio (le faʻalavelave vs. i tulaga lamatia / vaega faʻamaʻi) na faʻataʻitaʻiina e se auala e le o parametric multivariate e faʻavae i luga o le mataupu faavae o le recursive. vaeluaga, e pei o la'au fa'aituau (C-Tree; [44], [45]). Puleaina mo le lagona o le tagata lava ia, atuatuvale, popole, ita ma le ADHD, faʻatusatusa i le faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo faʻailoga e le taua. O le fa'aaogaina o le C-Tree algorithm o le fa'atatauga o le tuto'atasi o le lalolagi i le va o so'o se mea e tu'uina atu ma le fesuiaiga o tali e fa'ata'ita'iina i le fa'aaogaina o se fa'asologa o su'ega fa'asologa. [46]. Mo fesuiaiga metric o le C-Tree algorithm e faʻaaogaina se vaeluaga binary i le fesuiaiga o mea na filifilia. Ina ia iloa le vaeluaga "sili ona lelei", o le tele o ta'iala e tu'uina atu (fa'ata'ita'iga, "Gini taua", "le mama o le node" po'o le "entropy"). Peita'i, o le tele o ta'iala va'ava'ai e le fa'atatau i fesuiaiga tali fa'amaopoopo po'o fesuia'iga tali e fuaina i fua fa'atusa eseese (fa'ata'ita'iga, metric ma numera). O lea na matou faʻaaogaina ai le faʻasologa o suʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻamatalaina e Hothorn et al. [47] (itulau 6, fa'atusa 3). Talu ai ona o su'ega fa'asolosolo e maua mai ai p-taua mai fa'ata'ita'iga-fa'apitoa fa'asoa fa'asoaina o fuainumera o su'ega, na'o p-taua e lipotia. O le R package “party” (se falesuesue mo le vaeluaga; [47], [48]) na faʻaaogaina mo lenei suʻesuʻega.

I le multivariate non-parametric suʻesuʻega, fua o le 2D: 4D (numera uiga, lima agavale, lima taumatau) na fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu taaloga vitio (le faʻalavelave vs. i tulaga lamatia / vaega faʻamaʻi) pe a pulea le lagona faʻapitoa, atuatuvalega, popole, ita. ma le ADHD: 1. Tagata su'esu'e su'esu'e ma le fua faatatau 2D:4D maualalo ifo nai lo le 0.966 na fa'aalia ai le maualuga maualuga o le lamatiaga o le avea ma vaisu o taaloga vitio (p = 0.027, d  = 0.71). 2. Mo le lima agavale, suʻesuʻe tagata auai i le 2D: 4D fua faʻatatau i lalo ifo o le 0.982 na faʻaalia ai se tulaga maualuga maualuga atu o le avea ma vaisu taaloga vitio (p = 0.013, d = 0.93). 3. Mo tagata suʻesuʻe lima taumatau o loʻo i ai le 2D: 4D fua faʻatatau i lalo ifo o le 0.979 na faʻaalia ai se tulaga sili atu le maualuga o le avea ma vaisu taaloga vitio i le tulaga o p <0.10 (p = 0.095, d  = 0.66). E le gata i lea, o tagata suʻesuʻe o loʻo faʻaopoopoina togi maualuga atu i le 60 (T-score) i luga o le ADHS-E na matua lamatia lava (p = 0.078, d = 0.69). E leai se fesoʻotaʻiga taua na maua mo Dr-1 (p = 0.127). Ata 1a i le 1c fa'aalia le tulaga lamatia o vaisu taaloga vitio mo le uiga ole 2D:4D, fa'apea fo'i ma le agavale ma le taumatau 2D:4D tau ile C-Tree. Tuto'atasi o le lipoti 2D: 4D tipi fa'atauaina o lona uiga o le eseesega o vaega i fua o le 2D: 4D i le va o le le faʻalavelave ma le lamatiaga / faʻamaʻi e mafai ona matauina, lea o loʻo faʻataʻitaʻiina mo le uiga 2D: 4D i ata 2 fa'aogaina le su'esu'ega tutusa ma fesuia'iga fa'alagolago ma tuto'atasi. Faʻatasi, o nei faʻaiʻuga o loʻo faʻaalia ai o tagata taʻaloga vitio e lamatia / fai ma vaisu e laʻititi 2D: 4D ratios.

Ata 1 

Fuafuaga o la'au Fa'aituau.
Ata 2 

Fuafuaga o la'au Fa'ailoga Fa'atatau.

Ina ia faʻatusatusa le tau o le 2D: 4D ratio o se suʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le faʻaituau o taaloga vitio-vaisu / i tulaga lamatia tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma taʻaloga e le faʻalavelaveina amioga taʻaloga, matou faʻaaogaina se suʻesuʻega ROC e fuafua ai tau AUC, faʻapea foʻi ma le maaleale ma le faʻapitoa. i le tulaga o Youden [49] (o le pito i luga o le ROC curve lea e faʻateleina ai le aofaʻi o le lagona ma le faʻapitoa). O le suʻesuʻega a le ROC o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le saʻo saʻo o le 2D: 4D ratio o le lima agavale e sili ona maualuga (AUC 0.704, sensitivity 0.852, specificity 0.556), sosoo ai ma le lima taumatau (AUC 0.639, sensitivity 0.815, specificity 0.481). Fai mai Hanley ma McNeil [50] na matou siakiina mo eseesega i AUCs e fetaui ma le leai o se taunuuga taua (Z = 1.147, p = 0.25).

Talanoaga

Ole su'esu'ega muamua lea e feso'ota'i ai le fa'aalia o le androgen fa'atama'i fa'atasi ma amioga fa'afiafia vitiō. I lenei suʻesuʻega, na matou maua ai le maualalo o le 2D: 4D tau i mataupu e lamatia ma fai ma vaisu amioga taʻaloga vitio. Lapo'a fa'aa'afiaga e lapopo'a atu i le d = 0.66 fa'asino ile fa'aletonu ile malosi [51]. Leai se isi tagata e va'ai va'ai, se'i vagana fa'ailoga o le ADHD mo le 2D:4D fa'atatau sa'o sa taua fa'afuainumera i su'esu'ega multivariate nonparametric. O le vaʻaiga vaʻaia i le va o le lamatia / fai ma vaisu taaloga vitio ma le maualalo 2D: 4D tau aoga e mafai ona faʻamatalaina i le tele o auala. (1) O se tau la'ititi 2D:4D e fa'aoso sa'o ai amioga ta'aloga fai ma vaisu; ae ui i lea, e leai se faʻamaoniga i tusitusiga e lagolagoina ai lenei avanoa. (2) O amioga fa'afiafia fa'afiafia e fa'aoso sa'o ai le maualalo o le 2D:4D. Ae ui i lea, e le mafai ona tupu lenei mea ona o suʻesuʻega talu ai na faʻamaonia ai o le 2D: 4D faʻatatau e tumau pea i le olaga atoa pe a uma le fanau mai. [52]. (3) O se masini masani e nafa ma le maualalo o le 2D: 4D faʻatauga ma amioga faʻafiafiaga. Faʻavae i luga o faʻamatalaga o loʻo i ai, o sea tulaga e maua ai le faʻamatalaga sili ona foliga mai. O faʻaiʻuga o le 2D: 4D C-tree faʻatusatusaga faʻatasi ai ma se faʻamatalaga faʻaopoopo malosi o faʻamaoniga o le ADHD e lagolagoina foi lenei faʻamatalaga. O ta'aloga fa'afaigata e sili atu ona tele i tama [29]-[32] ma e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ADHD [34] ma saili lagona [33]. O nei foliga uma sa feso'ota'i muamua i le maualalo 2D:4D tau. O se tasi o mafuaʻaga masani mo nei mafutaga e foliga mai o le maualuga o le androgen i le taimi o le maitaga.

Malamalama i auala e taʻitaʻia mai le faʻaleleia o le testosterone prenatal i vaisu o taaloga o le a taua tele mo le faʻamalamalamaina o faiga faʻavae e faʻatatau i vaisu taaloga vitio. Prenatal testosterone e mafai ona fa'aosofia ai amioga fa'afaigata e ala i le tele o auala e aofia ai mea nei: (1) Prenatal testosterone abundance fa'afetaui le faiga o taui mesolimbic. [53] ma fa'apea e ono a'afia ai amioga fa'afiafia fa'afiafia i tagata matutua. (2) O tulafono faʻapitoa a le lalolagi i luga ole laiga pe a faʻatusatusa i le lalolagi moni e mafai ona totogi ai tapulaʻa i fegalegaleaiga faʻaagafesootai e mafua mai i le maualuga o le uta testosterone prenatal. O le maualuga o le maualuga o le testosterone maualuga ua faʻaalia e faʻaitiitia ai le lagona alofa ma le gafatia e faʻavasega lagona faʻaalia foliga, o lona uiga ia malamalama i manatu ma lagona o isi tagata. [54]. E tusa ai ma lena, o le maualalo o le 2D: 4D faʻatatau e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaitiitia o lagona alofa i tama [55]. E le gata i lea, o se 2D: 4D laʻititi e fesoʻotaʻi atu i le tele o masalosaloga faʻaagafesootai [56]. O le mea lea, o le maualuga o le testosterone prenatal e mafai ona mafua ai faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ma faʻaagafesootai ma, o lea, e aʻafia ai amioga faʻataʻitaʻiga vitio faʻataʻitaʻi e fai ma taʻiala faʻafefe. (3) E foliga mai o tomai e faafaigofieina pe faalavelaveina ai le faaaogaina o komepiuta e suia ai le tulaga lamatia o se tagata i le atiaeina o vaisu taaloga vitio. O le mea lea, o matou faʻaiʻuga e ogatasi ma suʻesuʻega muamua e fesoʻotaʻi ai le maualalo o le 2D: 4D ma le Java-related programming skills ma le maualuga o le 2D: 4D faʻatasi ma le popole i komepiuta. [57].

I le taimi muamua, na matou maua ai le maualalo o le 2D: 4D tau i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma vaisu ava [26], o se faaletonu o vaisu e a'afia i vailaau. E maitauina o le maualalo o le 2D: 4D faʻatatau e tupu foi i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i ai se vaisu o taaloga vitio, o se maʻi e le o ni mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu e sili atu ona taatele i alii nai lo tamaitai. O lenei taunuʻuga o loʻo faʻamamafaina ai le tutusa i le va o vaisu e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau ma vaisu i luga ole initaneti [58]. E tusa ai ma le DSM-5, o loʻo aofia i le faʻapipiʻi faʻapipiʻi o se mataupu mo suʻesuʻega atili. O tusitusiga o loʻo fautua mai ai se faʻavae ola o le komipiuta ma le initaneti ua fai ma vaisu [59]-[61]. O faʻaiʻuga o loʻo tuʻuina atu iinei o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai nisi faʻamaoniga mo se faʻavae faʻavae o vaisu i luga ole initaneti ma, o lea, e ofoina atu ai se finauga mo lona faʻavasegaina o se faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu.

Tele fa'ailoga ua feso'ota'i atu i le maualalo o le 2D:4D, o le tele o ia mea e fetaui ma le fa'atatauga ole fai'ai hyper-male. O le mea lea, o le maualalo o le 2D: 4D e mafai ona manatu o se sui o le endophenotype "faʻalapotopotoga o faiʻai hyper-male". Ae ui i lea, o le aafiaga sa'o o le maualuga o le mamafa o le androgen i luga o le olaga o se tagata ma luga o amioga a le tagata matua i le lumanaʻi e tatau foi ona faʻalagolago i isi fesuiaiga ma aʻafiaga. Ole fa'ailoga fa'apitoa ole amio e tupu a'e ona o le fa'alapotopotoga ole fai'ai hyper-male e fa'amoemoe ile tele o mea tau kenera ma le si'osi'omaga e o'o iai ile olaga o se tagata. O le mea lea, o le i ai o tau maualalo 2D: 4D e le o taʻu mai ai se suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa poʻo se faʻamatalaga mo soʻo se tagata. Ae ui i lea, o le malamalama i le 2D:4D faʻatatau e mafai ona fesoasoani i le faʻaleleia o suʻesuʻega a le tagata ma faʻamaʻi e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli ma faʻafitauli eseese pe a faʻaoga faʻatasi ma isi faʻailoga.

O nei fa'ai'uga e ono iai ni a'afiaga taua mo su'esu'ega, puipuiga, ma fa'ai'uga o ta'aloga fa'afaisu. Ole tau maualalo ole 2D:4D na'o ia e le o se su'esu'ega o ta'aloga fai ma vaisu, ae ole mea lea e mafai ona faafaigofie ai le su'esu'ega pe a fa'aoga fa'atasi ma isi fa'ailoga. Ole tau maualalo ole 2D:4D e mafai ona fesoasoani e iloa ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo lamatia mo le lumanaʻi atinaʻe o taʻaloga fai ma vaisu ma, faʻapea, e ono faafaigofie ai le puipuia. E tele taumafaiga na faia e vaʻai ai le atinaʻeina o vaisu i luga ole initaneti i tagata taʻitoʻatasi [62]-[67]. Ole tau maualalo ole 2D:4D ole fa'ailoga uiga fou; faʻatasi ma isi faʻailoga, o lona faʻaogaina e mafai ona faʻaleleia ai le vaʻaiga o le lumanaʻi atinaʻe poʻo le suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei o vaisu taʻaloga initaneti. O ia fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga fa'alelei e mafai ona fa'atupuina ai ni ta'iala lelei e puipuia ai.

Sa matou suʻesuʻeina tagata taʻitoʻatasi i se vaapiapi vaitausaga; e le gata i lea, e le'i eseese le fua o tausaga i le va o vaega e lua. I suʻesuʻega talu ai, o le matua, pe a naʻo mea uma, naʻo sina fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatasi ma le 2D: 4D tau [68]. O le mea lea, e le'i iloiloina le matua i su'esu'ega e le o parametric. E mata'ina, e le'i 'ese'ese le tulaga o a'oa'oga i le va o vaega e lua na su'esu'eina i lenei su'esu'ega.

I suʻesuʻega faʻaopoopo na matou siakiina foi mo se sootaga le-monotonic i le va o fuataga o le 2D: 4D ma le vaisu o taaloga vitio e faʻaaoga ai le sikoa CSAS-II, e pei ona lipotia mai mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga mo fuataga o le 2D: 4D ma le altruism. [69]. Ole su'esu'ega ole fa'asologa ole laina na fa'aalia ai le leai o se laina taua, fa'ailoga po'o le tu'ufa'atasi - fa'apea fo'i ma suiga ole logarithmic o le fua fa'atatau (va'ai [69]). E le gata i lea, o nei faʻaiʻuga na faʻamaonia e ala i suʻesuʻega e le o parametric regression [70], [71]. O nei suʻesuʻega faʻatasi e lagolagoina le manatu e vaʻaia le vaisu o taaloga vitio o se faʻavae faʻavae faʻatasi ma ni vaega faʻapitoa (le faʻafitauli ma faʻafitauli, e pei o le lamatiaga / fai ma vaisu), e pei ona lipotia muamua mo vaisu ava. [72].

O le taimi e faaalu i taaloga vitio na o ia e le faauigaina ai vaisu. Mo le suʻesuʻega "vaiaso taaloga vitio" e tatau ona faʻamalieina isi taʻiala: faʻalavelave, faʻamavae, faapalepale, leiloa le pulea, ma faʻaauau le faʻaaogaina e ui lava i aʻafiaga leaga. O se malosiaga o lenei suʻesuʻega o le tuʻufaʻatasia o tagata auai. O i latou uma na auai na faʻaalu sina taimi i aso taʻitasi i taaloga vitio, ae naʻo le afa o tagata auai na i ai faʻamatalaga faaopoopo e faʻamalamalamaina ai i latou o loʻo lamatia / fai ma vaisu (e pei ona iloiloina e le CSAS-II). O a matou taunuʻuga o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai le 2D: 4D o se tulaga lamatia e faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu taaloga vitio, ae le naʻo le taʻaloga vitio taʻitasi.

E tatau ona maitauina le tele o tapula'a o su'esu'ega. Na matou faʻaaogaina se faʻasologa e tasi, faʻasolosolo, faʻasologa o mataupu, lea e mafai ai ona maua naʻo faʻalapotopotoga, e aunoa ma ni faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi. E le gata i lea, na matou suʻesuʻeina naʻo tamaʻitaʻi, ma o le vaega faʻataʻitaʻi e toʻaitiiti. O le malosi malosi o le 2D: 4D i luga o vaisu taaloga vitio atonu na mafai ai ona iloa le eseesega o vaega e ui lava i le maualalo o numera o mataupu. I a matou suʻesuʻega talu ai, na matou maua ai foi se malosi malosi e fesoʻotaʻi ma le 2D: 4D i vaisu ava [26]. Ona o le ta'uta'ua o le eseesega o feusuaiga i amioga fa'afaisu [5], o su'esu'ega i le lumana'i e tatau ona aofia ai tama'ita'i, e tatau ona aofia ai isi fa'alapotopotoga ma e tatau fo'i ona aofia ai se lapo'a fa'ata'ita'i tele.

tautinoga

Matou te fia faʻafetai atu ia matou tagata auai uma, lo matou fesoasoani a le tamaititi aoga Julia Weberling, ma le matou IT-system administrator André Liedtke.

Faiga Faʻavae

O le faʻatupeina o lenei suʻesuʻega na tuʻuina atu e le intramural grants mai le Falemaʻi a le Iunivesite o Friedrich-Alexander-University o Erlangen-Nuremberg ma le Matagaluega mo Saienisi ma Aganuu o Lower Saxony. E leai se sao a le au faʻatupeina i le mamanu suʻesuʻega, aoina o faʻamaumauga ma auʻiliʻiliga, faʻaiuga e lolomi, poʻo le saunia o tusitusiga.

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