O se Iloiloga Faʻatinoina o Neurobiology ma Genetics of Behavioral Addictions: O se Nofoaga Tutupu o Suesuega (2013)

E mafai J Psychiatry. Tusiga a le tusitala; avanoa ile PMC Me 1, 2014.

Faʻasalalauina i faʻamaufaʻailoga mulimuli:

E mafai J Psychiatry. Me 2013; 58(5): 260–273.

PMCID: PMC3762982

NIHMSID: NIHMS504038

Robert F. Leeman, Ph.D.1 ma Marc N. Potenza, MD, Ph.D.1,2

Vaai i isi tala i le PMC faʻailoa le lomiga lolomi.

Alu i le:

lē faʻatino

O lenei iloiloga o loʻo aoteleina ai suʻesuʻega o le neurobiological ma le kenera i vaisu o amioga, faʻataʻitaʻiga tutusa ma suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau ma tuʻuina atu fautuaga mo suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi. O mataupu e uiga i le faiʻai, gaioiga o le neurotransmitter ma talafaasolopito o aiga / genetics suʻesuʻega mo vaisu o amioga e aofia ai taaloga faitupe, faʻaoga initaneti, taʻaloga vitio, faʻatau, kleptomania ma feusuaiga na toe iloiloina. O vaisu o amioga e a'afia ai le fa'aletonu i le tele o vaega o fai'ai, aemaise le pito i luma ma le striatum. O su'esu'ega mai su'esu'ega fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atasi ai ma galuega fa'amafaufau e fa'apea e sili atu ona fa'aauau nai lo su'esu'ega fa'ailoga. O fa'ai'uga muamua e ta'u mai ai le eseesega o mea pa'epa'e ma mea efuefu. O su'esu'ega a le Neurochemical e fa'ailoa mai ai matafaioi mo le dopaminergic ma serotonergic system, ae o fa'ai'uga mai fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'i e foliga mai e sili atu le fa'amaonia. E ui ina fa'atapula'aina, o tala fa'asolopito o aiga/genetic fa'amaumauga e lagolago ai le fa'atosina mo taaloga faitupe fa'ama'i ma oi latou o lo'o i ai mea ua fai ma vaisu o le a sili atu ona i ai se tagata vavalalata o le aiga ma nisi ituaiga o psychopathology. O loʻo iai faʻatusatusaga i le va o suʻesuʻega o le neurobiological ma genetic / family history i vailaʻau ma vaisu e le o ni mea, e faʻaalia ai o le faʻamalosi malosi i nei amioga e mafai ona avea ma vaisu. O su'esu'ega e o'o mai i le taimi nei e fa'atapula'aina, aemaise lava mo fa'atauga, kleptomania ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga. O malamalamaga fa'aletagata o lo'o i le amataga. O fa'atonuga o su'esu'ega i le lumana'i e ofoina atu.

uputatala: taaloga faitupe, fa'aoga initaneti, taaloga vitio, fa'atau, kleptomania, amioga fa'afeusuaiga, neuroimaging, pito i luma, striatum, serotonin

faʻatomuaga

Vasega o amioga e iai uiga fa'aleaga (a itiiti ifo i le amataga) e aofia ai taaloga faitupe, fa'atauga, amioga fa'afeusuaiga, fa'aoga initaneti ma ta'aloga vitiō e ono o'o atu ai i le fa'atupu fa'amalosi i se vaega to'aitiiti o tagata ta'ito'atasi. I tulaga maualuga, o nei amioga ua taʻua o "faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi e le o faʻavasegaina i se isi mea" i le DSM-IV-TR1, Ae ui i lea, e mafai foi ona manatu e le o ni mea'ai po'o ni vaisu "amio".2-7. Talu ai o taaloga faitupe, fa'atauga, feusua'iga, ta'aloga ma le fa'aogaina o le initaneti o ni amioga masani, atonu e lu'itau le va'aiga masani ma le soona auai.5. O isi luʻitau e ono afua mai i le tele o le eseesega i faʻamaʻi o vaisu o amioga, faʻalavelaveina a latou faʻavasegaina.8. O faiga fa'avae e fa'atatau i amioga (fa'asaga i vaisu) e le o malamalama lelei, i se vaega ona o fa'ata'ita'iga manu na fa'afaigofie ai le malamalama i fa'afitauli o le fa'aaogaina o vaila'au.9,10 e le tuusao pe sili atu foi mo vaisu o amioga8,11,12.

O vaisu o amioga e fa'asoa ai elemene taua ma vaisu. O nei mea e aofia ai le faʻaletonu o le pulea o le faʻauiga, faʻaauau le faʻauiga e ui lava i taunuuga leaga ma faʻamalosi poʻo tuʻinanau6,13. O vaisu o amioga ma vaisu e masani ona tupu faatasi14,15 ma o loʻo i ai mea tutusa i le alualu i luma o faʻafitauli (faʻataʻitaʻiga, maualuga maualuga o tulaga i tupulaga talavou ma talavou matutua, faʻamalosia le faʻamalosia ma se mea "telescoping" faʻaalia i tamaʻitaʻi.6,16).

O foliga tutusa neurobiological o loʻo faʻavae uma vaisu ma amioga8,17,18, faʻatasi ai ma foliga masani e aofia ai le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga, gaioiga ole faiʻai ma le neurochemistry8. Cross-sensitization e aofia ai le neuro-adaptation lea o le faʻaalia faifaipea i se tasi vailaʻau e oʻo atu ai i se tali sili atu le malosi i le isi.8. E tusa ai ma vaisu e le o ni vailaʻau, o le faʻaalia i se vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai le lagona i se taui masani ma le isi itu.8,19-21. O le maualuga o nei su'esu'ega e fa'alautele atu i amioga e pei o taaloga faitupe e mana'omia ai su'esu'ega fa'aopoopo. O vailaʻau uma o le faʻaleagaina e aʻafia ai le faiʻai "faʻasologa o taui," faʻatasi ai ma le auala mesolimbic dopamine e taua tele. O lenei auala e aofia ai neurons dopaminergic e faʻalautele mai le vaega o le ventral tegmental i le nucleus accumbens (NAc)22-25. Ole maualuga ole Dopamine e maualuga tele pe maualalo tele e le lelei ma e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i gaioiga faʻamalosi ma faʻalavelave e aofia ai le faʻaaogaina tele o vailaʻau.26. O taui faʻanatura ma mea faʻaleagaina e foliga mai e faʻaosofia ai gaioiga tutusa i le faʻasologa o taui ma itulagi fesoʻotaʻi, e aofia ai le amygdala, hippocampus ma le pito i luma.8.

O su'esu'ega o gafa ma tala fa'asolopito o aiga, e ui ina fa'atapula'a mo vaisu o amioga, e maua ai fa'amaoniga atili o le tutusa i le va o amioga ma vaisu.27. O fa'ama'i fa'atasi i vaisu o amioga ma vaila'au ma isi tulaga fa'ale-mafaufau e foliga mai e a'afia ai a'afiaga fa'atupu fa'atasi15,27-30.

O le iloiloga o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo mafaufau i faʻamaoniga o le neurobiological ma genetic / family history e faatatau i vaisu o amioga. A maeʻa ona faʻamatalaina a matou metotia, matou te talanoaina le gaioiga o le faiʻai (Laulau 1), faiga neurotransmitter (Laulau 2) ma su'esu'ega o tala fa'asolopito o aiga/genetic (Laulau 3) e fa'atatau i vaisu e ono o le amio: fa'apitoa taaloga faitupe; fa'afitauli fa'aoga Initaneti ma ta'aloga vitio lona lua; ma lona tolu, fa'atau fa'amalosi, kleptomania ma fa'afeusuaiga. Matou te faʻamaonia mea tutusa ma eseesega ma suʻesuʻega o mea ua fai ma vaisu, faʻamatalaina faaiuga ma ofoina atu fautuaga mo suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi. O fa'ama'i fa'ama'i ma su'esu'ega fa'afoma'i o lo'o talanoaina fa'apuupuu; ae ui i lea, o nisi o iloiloga lata mai2,31 ma se voluma ua teuteuina14 ua talanoaina nei mataupu. Matou te le aofia ai suʻesuʻega e aofia ai naʻo le soifua maloloina poʻo le Parkinson's Disease (PD) tagata auai. E ui o suʻesuʻega a le PD e maua ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga aoga mo vaisu o amioga, o le tele o nei suʻesuʻega e faʻaoga i le toʻatele o tagata e le o ni PD e le o mautinoa (vaai 32,33).

Laulau 1 

Vaʻaiga lautele o galuega faiʻai / neuroimaging iʻuga mo ituaiga e ono o vaisu amioga ma mea e tutusa ai ma eseesega mai iʻuga autu i vaisu o amioga ma faʻafitauli o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau (SUDs), faʻatasi ai ma le taulaʻi atu i suʻesuʻega i luma-striatal.
Laulau 2 

Vaʻaiga lautele o le aʻafia o le neurotransmitter system i ituaiga e ono o vaisu amioga ma mea tutusa ma eseesega mai iʻuga autu i faʻafitauli o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau.
Laulau 3 

Va'aiga lautele o fa'ai'uga fa'atupu mo ituaiga e ono o vaisu ma mea e tutusa ai ma eseesega mai fa'ai'uga autu i fa'afitauli o le fa'aaogaina o vaila'au.

Metotia

Sa faia su'esu'ega tusitusiga ia Me 2012 e fa'aoga ai le Medline ma le Google Scholar. Sa faia suʻesuʻega taʻitasi e faʻaaoga ai se faʻamatalaga lautele (neuro *, MRI, PET, ata ma genet *) ma se upu suʻesuʻe mo se tasi o vaisu o amioga nei (tulaga suʻesuʻe i puipui): taaloga faitupe (gambl*), faʻatauga (faʻatau faʻamalosi. , fa'atauga fa'atau*, fa'atau fa'amalosi), kleptomania (kleptomania, gaoi), amioga fa'afeusuaiga (feusuaiga fa'amalosi*, fa'afeusuaiga* vaisu*), initaneti (vaisu initaneti *, initaneti fa'amalosi) ma ta'aloga vitiō (video gam*). E tusa ai ma tapula'a avanoa ma le tele o mataupu na iloiloina, o fa'amaumauga e sili ona talafeagai e aofia ai.

Ta'aloga tau tupe (PG)

O tali a le neurobiological e faʻaalia ai le faʻaogaina ma galuega faʻataʻitaʻiga e suʻesuʻeina ai le mafaufau, faʻataʻitaʻiina o taaloga faitupe, faʻatonuga faʻamalosi, faʻafitauli / taui faʻaiʻuga ma le faʻatulagaina o taui na lipotia i le PG. O suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai mea tutusa ma eseesega i le va o le PG ma vaisu ua toe iloiloina talu ai nei18.

Fai'ai galue i le PG

O le tele o suʻesuʻega neuroimaging e aʻafia ai vaega pito i luma ma le striatum, faʻapea foʻi ma isi itulagi. E masani lava, o su'esu'ega e uiga i le fai'ai o lo'o fa'avae i galuega fa'alemafaufau e sili atu ona fa'aauau nai lo su'esu'ega fa'ailoga.

O suʻesuʻega faʻapipiʻi faʻaalia e faʻaalia ai le faʻaleagaina i pito i luma, e ui o le natura tonu o le faʻalavelave e le o manino. I galuega faʻaalia-faʻaalia, PG (faʻasaga i le pulea) tagata auai ua faʻaalia le faʻaitiitia o le faʻagaoioia i ventrolateral ma ventromedial prefront cortices (vlPFC ma vmPFC7,34), e ui lava o isi suʻesuʻega faʻaaliga-faʻaalia i faʻafitauli gamblers35 ma PG36 ua faʻaalia le faʻateleina o faʻagaioiga i luma. O eseesega fa'aalia i su'esu'ega i su'esu'ega e ono feso'ota'i ma le fa'atulagaina o galuega ma auala au'ili'ili. O suʻesuʻega faʻatasi ai ma ata faʻataʻitaʻi na faia i taimi o galuega faʻapitoa e faʻaalia ai le faʻaitiitia o gaioiga i pito i luma e pei o le vmPFC i le PG.37-40 e ui o le faʻateleina o le faʻagaioiga i luma i faʻafitauli / PG ua lipotia foi41,42.

Ole tele o suʻesuʻega e aʻafia ai le striatum ile PG. O le fa'aitiitia o le metabolism o le kulukose ventral striatal ma le faateleina o le metabolism i le pito i tua i le tulaga malolo na maua i tagata PG e maua i le ma'i pipili.43. Ae ui i lea, i suʻesuʻega PET (positron emission tomography) i le setete malolo, e leai se eseesega taua na maua i le va o le PG ma le faʻatonutonuina o le soifua maloloina i le D2-pei o le tali atu.44,45 po'o le serotonin 1B o lo'o maua i totonu o le ventral ma le dorsal striata, e ui lava i le tulaga mulimuli o le mauaina o le tali e feso'ota'i ma fa'afitauli-pegatupe faigata i le ventral striatum/pallidum46. I suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga-magnetic-resonance-imaging (fMRI) i le taimi o le faʻaalia o taaloga faitupe, o le faʻaitiitia o le faʻagaoioia na matauina i le manava.7 ma le pito i tua47 i le PG (fa'asaga i pulega); peita'i, e iai fo'i fa'ai'uga leaga i le ventral striatum i fa'ata'ita'iga PG/fa'afitauli tau tupe35,36. E tusa ai ma le gaioiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻatinoga o galuega, o le tele o suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻaitiitia o le gaioiga i le PG (faʻasaga i le le PG)38,40,48 fa'atasi ai ma ni fa'amaoniga o le si'itia o gaioiga i tua42,48. O nisi o eseesega i su'esu'ega i totonu o su'esu'ega e ono fa'atatau i galuega fa'apitoa na fa'aaogaina. E le gata i lea, o eseesega e uiga i gaioiga faʻafefe e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi i vaega autu ona o nisi suʻesuʻega e aofia ai faʻafitauli tau taaloga faitupe49 po'o fa'afitauli fefiloi taaloga faitupe/PG vaega41 atonu e eseese tali fa'aola. Sailiga mai Linnet et al.44,45 fautua mai le eseesega o tagata taʻitoʻatasi i le vaeluaga o le PG faʻataʻitaʻiga i le va oi latou na faʻaalia ma e leʻi faʻaalia le maualuga o le dopamine i totonu o le ventral striatum i le taimi o le Iowa Gambling Task. Faʻatapulaʻaina suʻesuʻega ma galuega e fesoʻotaʻi ma le impulsivity e leʻi faʻaalia ai se eseesega tele i le faʻagaioiina o le striatal i le va o le PG ma pulega.50,51.

E tusa ai ma isi vaega fai'ai, o mataupu PG (fa'asaga i pulega) e 'ese'ese i gaioiga a le ACC pe a mae'a fa'aalia i taaloga faitupe.7,34. Fa'aitiitia le fa'agaoioia insular i le PG i le taimi o le fa'aaliga fa'aaliga7 ma ua lipotia mai le faagasologa o taui40. E le lelei le sa'o o mea papa'e e feso'ota'i ma le impulsivity52 ma ua maua i latou e iai le PG pe a fa'atusatusa i fa'atonuga i vaega e aofia ai le corpus collosum53,54. Ua maua i'uga leaga mo le eseesega o le voluma pa'epa'e ma le efuefu i le va o le PG ma le fa'atonuga53.

I se aotelega, o le tele o suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga i le PG na aʻafia ai vaega pito i luma ma le striatum. O galuega e fa'atatau i tulaga lamatia/taui, taaloga faitupe ma le pulea o le mafaufau e masani ona fa'aalia ai le fa'aitiitia o gaioiga i le PG i pito i luma ma le ventral striatum i taimi uma. O fa'ai'uga muamua o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai le fa'aitiitia o le insula ma le le lelei o mea papa'e ile PG.

Gaioiga Neurotransmitter i PG

O le tele o suʻesuʻega e fesoʻotaʻi ma le dopamine ma le serotonin, e ui lava o isi neurotransmitters ua aʻafia. E ui o le faʻaleagaina o le dopamine ua faʻamaonia mo le PG55, o mea na maua e le o mautinoa. Fa'amaumauga44,45 fautua mai le eseesega o tagata taʻitoʻatasi i le PG ma le faʻatonuina o vaega i le faʻamalolo o le dopamine i le taimi o le Iowa Gambling Task ae leai se laina faʻavae i le va o le eseesega o kulupu e uiga i le D2-pei o le mauaina o le mauaina. E ui lava na faʻaalia e le PG ma le faʻatonuga le tuʻuina atu o le dopamine i le taimi o le slot-machine-task performance, o le tuʻuina atu o le dopamine e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli-taaloga faigata i le PG.56 O le pulega o le Amphetamine na fa'atuputeleina le fa'aosofiaga e taaalo i le va o tagata faitupe fa'afitauli57. O le D2-pei o le antagonist haloperidol ua fesoʻotaʻi foi ma le faʻateleina o faʻaosofiaga o taaloga faitupe i le PG58, e ui ina foliga mai e taua le eseesega o tagata taitoatasi59. O eseesega ta'ito'atasi e mafai ona fa'amatalaina le leaga o su'esu'ega ile falema'i ile D2-pei o vaila'au fa'afeagai60,61.

O suʻesuʻega mai suʻesuʻega neurochemical ma auala eseese e faʻaalia ai le eseesega i le serotonergic galuega i le va o mataupu PG ma faʻatonuga18,62-67. O suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga e aofia ai le serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) ma le 5HT2-receptor antagonist e le lelei pe fefiloi60,61,68-72. E ui o suʻesuʻega o le neurochemical e faʻaalia ai le faʻaleagaina o le serotonergic i le PG, o suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa faʻapitoa e faʻaalia ai eseesega taua o tagata taʻitoʻatasi.

E tusa ai ma isi neurotransmitters, tele suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatasi ma faʻalavelave faʻafefe73-76 (tagai 77 mo faʻaiʻuga le lelei) faʻaalia le auai o le opioidergic i le PG. Faʻamatalaga muamua o le aoga mo vailaʻau e suia ai le glutamate neurotransmission78,79 fautua mai e mafai e le glutamate ona saofagā i amioga faʻamalosi ma le faʻamalosi ma togafitiga i le PG79. Ole maualuga ole maualuga ole adrenergic agents ma a latou metabolites ua matauina ile PG80,81. Ole maualuga ole Norepinephrine e fa'atupula'ia ile fa'afitauli o faitupe i taimi ole taaloga faitupe82. O tali ole hormone tuputupu aʻe ile clonidine ua matauina ile PG83, lea e mafai ona atagia mai ai le maualuga o le fa'alilolilo o le noradrenergic.

Tala'aga o aiga/genetics i le PG

O su'esu'ega e lua e fa'ailoa mai e mafai e a'afiaga fa'atupuina ona saofagā atili nai lo le si'osi'omaga i fa'afitauli tau tupe15,84,85. PG fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atauaina e mai le 50-60%15, fa'atasi ai ma le fa'atuputeleina o saofaga fa'aletagata ua va'aia ma le fa'afitauli sili atu-fa'alavelave tau tupe86. O su'esu'ega mole mole e maua ai ni a'afiaga fa'aopoopo i le tele o kenera87. Feso'ota'iga i le va o le PG ma le kenera e feso'ota'i ma le dopamine transmission (eg, DRD2) ua maua88-92 (ae vaai93 mo i'uga leaga). O se fesuiaiga i le serotonin-transporter-gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) ua fesoʻotaʻi ma PG i tama94 ma le monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) i tane e maua i le PG tuga95,96. O nei su'esu'ega e tele tapula'a e feso'ota'i ma le tele o fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga ma au'ili'ili auala, ma o nei mea e mafai ona feso'ota'i ma le le tutusa i le toe faia.

Fa'aoga fa'amalosi initaneti

Fai'ai galue i le fa'aoga fa'amalosi initaneti

I se su'esu'ega a le fMRI a le setete malolo, na maua ai le tutusa fa'aitulagi i totonu o tagata fa'ainitaneti fa'ainitaneti i pito i luma (fa'ata'ita'iga, pito i luma pito i luma) ma isi itulagi (eg, parahippocampus). Ole fa'atuputeleina o le tutusa fa'aitulagi e ono atagia mai ai le fa'atasia sili atu i nei itulagi. Talu ai ona o le tele o vaega o loʻo aʻafia ai o vaega ia o le "faʻasologa o taui," o nei suʻesuʻega e faʻapupulaina ai le lagona faʻaleleia e tauia ai tagata faʻaoga initaneti.97.

I se suʻesuʻega laiti a le fMRI ma le PET, faʻaititia le D2-pei o le mauaina o le talipupuni na maua i le pito i tua, faʻatasi ai ma fesoʻotaʻiga le lelei i le va o le mafai ona fusifusia i lenei itulagi ma faʻamatalaga a le tagata lava ia i luga o le initaneti. Leai se fa'amaoniga o fa'aletonu i le ventral striatum na maua98.

E tusa ai ma isi vaega o faiʻai, o le ACC na aʻafia i le suʻesuʻega o loʻo taʻua i luga o le faʻateleina o faʻalapotopotoga faʻaitulagi malolo i totonu o tagata faʻaoga initaneti.97. O le le lelei o le sa'o o le pa'epa'e ma le lanu efuefu ma le tele o eseesega ua vaaia i tagata fa'aoga fa'ainitaneti (fa'asaga i pulega). O le fa'aaogaina o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'asalalau-tensor (DTI), fa'alalo FA i le orbitofrontal cortex, corpus collosum ma le cingulum na va'aia i tagata fa'ainitaneti fa'amalosi (fa'asaga i pulega)99. I le faʻaaogaina o le MRI, na maua ai le maualuga o le lanu efuefu i itulagi e fesoʻotaʻi ma tulafono faatonutonu e aofia ai le ACC, cingulate i tua, insula ma le lingual gyrus.100. I se isi suʻesuʻega, faʻaititia faʻatauga FA na maua i le parahippocampal gyrus101 ma faʻaitiitia le voluma o loʻo matauina i le cerebellum, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) ma le ACC. Fa'aitulagi mea lanu efuefu voluma fa'afeagai ma le umi o vaisu i luga ole laiga101. O nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le faʻaogaina o le initaneti e mafai ona faʻatupuina ai le faʻaitiitia o mea efuefu poʻo tagata taʻitoʻatasi e maualalo le lanu efuefu e ono aʻafia i vaisu i luga ole initaneti.

I le aotelega, o suʻesuʻega muamua e faʻaalia ai le tutusa faʻaitulagi i pito i luma, faʻaititia le D2-pei o le mauaina o le tali i le pito i tua, le lelei o le paʻepaʻe ma le lanu efuefu / voluma eseesega e aʻafia ai itulagi o loʻo aʻafia i taui ma lagona.

Gaoioiga Neurotransmitter i le faʻaogaina o le initaneti

I se suʻesuʻega laʻititi a le SPECT, o le dopamine transporter na foliga mai o loʻo faʻaalia i tulaga maualalo i le striatum i le va o alii talavou matutua ma le faʻaogaina o le initaneti, faʻatusatusa i pulega.102. E tusa ai ma fa'ai'uga o su'esu'ega fa'afoma'i, e le'i iai ni su'esu'ega fa'atonutonu fa'afoma'i5.

Tala'aga o aiga/genetics ile fa'aogaina ole initaneti

Fa'afitauli-aloese mai fa'afitauli o lo'o fa'aogaina i luga ole laiga e masani ona latou fa'auluina le allele pu'upu'u o se fesuiaiga i le vaega fa'alauiloa o le gene coding mo le serotonin transporter (SS-5-HTTLPR), o se allele e masani foi i gasegase mafatia103.

Ta'aloga vitiō fa'amalosi

Ua matou tuueseeseina sailiiliga e uiga i taaloga vitio mai i latou e faatatau i le faaaogaina o le initaneti. Ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega neurobiological i luga o taʻaloga vitio faʻamalosi e masani ona aofia ai taʻaloga i luga o le upega tafaʻilagi; o lea, e le mafai ona tuueseeseina manino sailiga vitio-taaloga mai sailiiliga i luga ole initaneti.

Fai'ai galue i taaloga vitiō fa'amalosi

I le faʻaaogaina o le PET malolo, o le faʻateleina o le metabolism na maua i le ogatotonu o le orbitofrontal gyrus, lea e ono atagia ai le faʻaaogaina o le mafaufau.104. O le fa'aitiitia o le metabolism na maua i le gyrus precentral, lea e ono atagia mai ai le le mautonu i a'afiaga leaga104. I suʻesuʻega faʻaalia-faʻaalia, sili atu suiga muamua ma le maeʻa-faʻailoga e faʻaalia ai le faʻateleina o gaioiga na matauina i tagata faʻaoga faʻamalosi i luga ole initaneti (faʻasaga i pulega) i le orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial frontal cortex ma dlPFC105. I se suʻesuʻega mulimuli ane, na sili atu suiga muamua / post-cue na matauina i le dlPFC i le va o taʻaloga faʻamalosi o loʻo i ai nei pe a faʻatusatusa i pulega.106. A'o le'i faia ma ina ua uma le togafitiga o le fMRI i le taimi o le fa'ailoga-fa'aofiina na tu'ufa'atasia i totonu o se fa'ata'ita'iga o le bupropion fa'ailoga tatala.107. E tutusa ma isi suʻesuʻega, na maua le malosi malosi i le dlPFC (faʻasaga i pulega), faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaitiitia o le gaioiga o le dlPFC pe a maeʻa le 6-vaiaso togafitiga. I se suʻesuʻega fMRI e fesoʻotaʻi ma se galuega taumatemate e faʻatatau i le komepiuta e aofia ai tupe manumalo ma tupe leiloa, sili atu le faʻagaoioia o le OFC na maua i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga manumalo i le va o tagata faʻaoga initaneti, e mafua mai i le maualuga o taui.108.

E tusa ai ma gaioiga faʻamalosi, na maua le faʻateleina o le metabolism i le agavale agavale104. E sili atu le gaioiga o le faʻaogaina o le faʻailoga na maua i le NAc saʻo ma le saʻo saʻo i taʻaloga faʻamalosi faʻatusatusa i taʻaloga i le taimi o le fMRI105.

O le ACC ma le insula ua a'afia fo'i i ta'aloga vitiō fa'amalosi. I se suʻesuʻega fMRI faʻaalia106, sili atu le gaioiga post-cue na maua i le ACC i totonu o tagata taʻalo faʻamalosi. I le taimi o se galuega tau taumatematega o taui, na maua ai le faʻaitiitia o le faʻagaioiina o le ACC i taimi o faʻataʻitaʻiga toesea i tagata taʻalo vitiō faʻamalosi (faʻasaga i pulega), faʻaalia le le mautonu i le leiloa108. Na maua le fa'ateleina o le insular i le malologa104. O tagata ta'a'alo fa'amalosi na fa'aalia le si'itia o le voluma i le talamusi ae fa'aitiitia le voluma i le tino maualalo, taumatau ogatotonu ma le agavale pito i lalo o le gyri occipital.109.

I le aotelega, o suʻesuʻega i faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tele o tamaʻitaʻi taʻavale faʻamalosi taʻaloga e fautua mai ai le faʻateleina o le gaioiga i le malologa, i faʻamatalaga ma le taimi o taui taui i pito i luma, le striatum ma isi itulagi, ma faʻaitiitia le lagona i taunuuga leiloa. O su'esu'ega o le fa'ateleina o gaioiga e foliga mai e fa'afeagai ma le tele o su'esu'ega a le PG. O vaega o lo'o a'afia i ta'aloga vitiō fa'amalosi e foliga mai e saofagā i le fa'atinoina o taui, fa'atonuga ma le manatua.

Gaoioiga Neurotransmitter i ta'aloga vitiō fa'amalosi

O se matafaioi mo le faaletonu o le dopaminergic ua fautuaina110. O su'esu'ega fa'ale-aga o lo'o lipotia i lalo e ogatasi ma sao o le dopaminergic i le ta'aloga ta'aloga vitiō110.

Tala'aga o aiga/genetics i ta'aloga vitiō fa'amalosi

Ua fa'atinoina su'esu'ega fa'agata mole mole. Allelic variants o le DRD2 Taq1A1 allele na fesoʻotaʻi ma suiga o le dopamine faʻailoga ua fautuaina e saofagā i le faʻamalosia o taaloga vitio. I le va o tama taʻaloga, o le Taq1A1 allele e fesoʻotaʻi ma le maualuga o le faʻalagolagoina o taui110. Eseesega o le kenera e fa'ailoga catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) na aʻafia i le dopamine felauaiga ma vaisu111 ua lipotia mai foi e sili atu ona taatele i tagata taʻalo faʻamalosi110.

Taumafai malosi

Fai'ai galue i le fa'atauva'a fa'atau

I se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei112, fa'atauva'a fa'atau ma fa'atonuga fa'alesoifua maloloina sa fa'atusaina i se galuega fa'atauga e tele vaega113 taimi fMRI. I le taimi muamua o le faʻalauiloaina o oloa, na faʻaalia e le au faʻatau faʻatauga le malosi atu o le gaioiga i le NAc nai lo le faʻatonuga. I le taimi mulimuli ane o le fa'aaliga o tau, na fa'aalia ai e le au fa'atau fa'atauva'a le fa'aitiitia o le fa'agaoioia o le insula ma le ACC nai lo le fa'atonuga, o le vaega mulimuli na fa'amalosia malosi e tagata fa'atau fa'atau i le taimi o le fa'ai'uga o fa'ai'uga.

Gaoioiga Neurotransmitter i faʻatauga faʻamalosi

O fa'ai'uga lelei na va'aia i le citalopram i se fa'ata'ita'iga la'ititi e ta'utala114. O se fa'ata'ita'iga la'ititi na soso'o mai e amata i se vaitaimi fa'aigoa fa'asalalau ma soso'o ai ma le ta'ilua-tauaso, pulega fa'atonu placebo i tagata tali mai na maua mai ai fa'ai'uga lelei fa'aopoopo mo citalopram.115. O nei su'esu'ega na maua ai le lagolago fa'afuase'i mo le fa'aletonu o le serotonergic i le fa'atauga fa'atau. Ae ui i lea, o taunuuga le lelei ma isi SRI (faʻataʻitaʻiga, fluvoxamine,116,117 Escitalopram118) laga fesili e uiga i le aoga a le falemaʻi a SRI mo le faʻatau faʻatau.

Tala'aga o aiga/genetics i fa'atauga fa'amalosi

Fa'atapula'a fa'amaumauga o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai o tagata fa'atauva'a fa'atau e sili atu ona iai tagata vavalalata o le aiga e maua i le psychopathology119,120. E leai se eseesega na vaaia i ala o le lua serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) polymorphisms i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma e aunoa ma se faʻatauga faʻamalosi121.

Kleptomania

Fai'ai galue ile kleptomania

E le lelei le fa'amaoni o mea papa'e ile ventromedial prefrontal cortical regions na va'aia ile kleptomania122.

Gaoioiga Neurotransmitter i kleptomania

O su'esu'ega e fa'atatau i le fa'aletonu o le serotonergic e le'o tutusa. Ole numera maualalo ole serotonin e maua mai platelets ua lipotia ile kleptomania123,124, fautua mai serotonergic faaletonu; ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega le lelei mai se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e lua-tauaso, placebo e aofia ai faʻamatalaga tatala faʻailoga na lipotia mai mo le escitalopram.125. O taunuuga lelei i se faʻataʻitaʻiga lua-tauaso itiiti o le naltrexone126 fautua mai e ono aafia ai le opioidergic.

Tala'aga o aiga/genetics i le kleptomania

E tutusa ma le fa'atauva'a fa'atau, fa'atapula'aina su'esu'ega e fa'ailoa mai ai feso'ota'iga fa'a-aiga i fa'afitauli fa'apitoa127,128.

Tausiga mataga feusuaʻi

Fai'ai galue i amioga fa'afeusuaiga fa'amalosi

O suʻesuʻega o le faʻamalosi faʻafeusuaiga ua faʻatapulaʻaina. I se su'esu'ega a le DTI129, o tagata ta'ito'atasi e fa'amalosi fa'afeusuaiga sa i ai se tulaga maualalo pito i luma pito i luma o lona uiga fa'asalalauina fa'atusatusa i fa'atonuga. O nei suʻesuʻega e leʻi mulimulitaʻia mamanu o taunuʻuga mai suʻesuʻega o isi vaisu amio53,54,99,101,122.

Gaoioiga Neurotransmitter i amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻamalosi

O fa'ai'uga lelei mo le citalopram i se su'esu'ega fa'atonutonu e lua-tauaso o le fa'afeusuaiga fa'amalosi i ali'i fa'afeusuaiga ma tama'ita'i lua e fa'ailoa mai ai le fa'aletonu o le serotonergic.130.

Tala'aga o aiga/genetics i amioga fa'afeusuaiga fa'amalosi

O su'esu'ega fa'atapula'a o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai le maualuga o le aofa'i o i latou o lo'o i ai amioga fa'afeusuaiga fa'amalosi e iai se matua fa'apea131. O su'esu'ega o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai le fa'atupuina o tagata fa'afeusuaiga e i ai aiga fa'ailoga muamua e iai fa'afitauli o le fa'aogaina o vaila'au (SUDs)131.

Tulaga Tutusa ma Eseesega ma Mea-Fa'aoga-Fa'aletonu Sailiga

Ole su'esu'ega o le neurobiological ile vaisu o amioga e tumau pea le itiiti ma fa'amaumauga e fa'apitoa mo fa'atauga fa'atau, kleptomania ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga fa'amalosi. Ae ui i lea, o faʻamatalaga avanoa e maua ai faʻamaoniga o le faʻaleagaina o le neurobiological i le aotelega, e tutusa ma suʻesuʻega SUD. Laulau 1, , 22 ma Ma33 o lo'o iai fa'amatalaga e fa'atusatusa ai amioga ma vaisu ma SUD.

O su'esu'ega o le fa'aletonu o mea pa'epa'e sa'o atonu na sili ona fa'atasi i le va o mea132,133 ma vaisu tau amio53,54,99,101,122 (ae vaai129 mo taunuuga e foliga mai e feteenai). O galuega fa'alemafaufau e maua i SUD50,51,134,135 ma PG40,50,51,136 ua fautuaina le faaitiitia o gaoioiga i vaega pito i luma. O suʻesuʻega e aʻafia ai vaega o faʻafitauli / taui faʻaiʻuga (e aofia ai le faʻaogaina o taui), ae e le taumateina le itiiti ifo mai le tali-impulsivity galuega, ua faʻaalia ai le faʻaitiitia o le gaioiga o le ventral-striatal i le PG.38,40,48 ma SUDs137-140, e ui lava sa i ai iʻuga e foliga mai e teteʻe41,141,142. O suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia e faʻaalia ai le faʻateleina o gaioiga i le pito i tua i vaisu o amioga43,48 ma SUDs143,144.

O faʻamaoniga e faʻatatau i le gaioiga o le neurotransmitter i vaisu o amioga ma SUD ua masani ona faʻatasi. O fa'amaoniga a le neurochemical ua fa'ailoa mai ai le fa'aitiitia o le fe'avea'i o le dopamine ma le mauaina o le tali fa'atusa D2 i le malologa98,102,145,146 ma le faʻasaʻoina o le dopamine i le taimi o gaioiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma amioga faʻafefe147,148, e ui lava e foliga mai e feteenai taunuuga i le setete malolo i PG44,45 ma SUDs149, ma eseesega o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e foliga mai e talafeagai i le tuʻuina atu o le dopamine44,45,150. O suʻesuʻega a le Neurochemical e faʻaalia ai le eseʻesega o le serotonergic galuega faʻatusatusa i faʻatonuga i totonu oi latou o loʻo i ai amioga ua fai ma vaisu62-66,124 ma SUDs151-153. I'uga fa'afoma'i fa'atasi ma fa'afeagai o le dopamine60,61,154-156 ma vailaʻau e faʻatatau i le serotonin system (faʻapitoa SRIs68-72,157-159) ua faʻaalia ni faʻamatalaga le lelei pe fefiloi i vaisu amioga ma SUD. O fa'ai'uga fa'afoma'i o lo'o a'afia ai tagata fa'afeagai o le opioid e foliga mai e lelei mo ituaiga uma o tulaga40,45,73-76,126,160-162. O fa'ai'uga fa'atapula'a ma su'esu'ega fa'afoma'i e fa'ailoa mai ai se sao mo le glutamatergic gaioiga i le PG78,79 ma SUDs163,164. O suʻesuʻega a le neurochemical ma le falemaʻi e taʻu mai ai se sao talafeagai mo gaioiga norandrenergic i le PG80-83 ma SUDs165-167.

Genetic (aemaise mole mole) ma faʻamaoniga o talafaasolopito o aiga e faʻatapulaʻaina mo vaisu o amioga. Peita'i, o fa'amaoniga o lo'o maua e ta'u mai ai le tele o measina mo le PG15,84. Mo isi vaisu o amioga, o loʻo i ai faʻamaoniga e taʻu mai ai le lamatiaga o aiga i tulaga o le mafaufau71,110,119,120,127,128,131. SUDs e foliga mai e maualuga tele fo'i27,168.

O faʻamaoniga mai suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo malolo-setete ua le manino ma foliga mai e sili atu ona feteenai. O su'esu'ega o le malolo ma le fa'ailoga i ta'aloga vitiō fa'amalosi ua fa'ailoa mai ai le fa'ateleina o gaioiga i le tele o vaega fai'ai.104-106,169. E foliga mai e fete'ena'i i'uga i fa'afitauli/PG ma SUD su'esu'ega fa'asinomaga mo ventral striatal (taaloga faitupe.7,35; SUD7,143,144,170) ma gaoioiga i luma171,172. O eseesega i su'esu'ega i uiga o tagata auai ma isi fa'amatalaga fa'apitoa e mafai ona saofagā i nei fa'ai'uga 'ese'ese171,172. E le gata i lea, o le faʻaitiitia o le faʻamalolo o le dopamine i le tali atu i le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau pe a faʻateleina le faʻalagolago173 e mafai fo'i ona ta'ita'i atu i le fete'ena'i i gaioioiga ventral-striatal i tagata auai i su'esu'ega SUD.

I le aotelega, o faʻamaumauga e faʻaalia ai le neurobiological dysfunction i amioga ma vaisu ma SUDs. O nisi o fa'ai'uga fa'aopoopo e aofia ai le fa'amaoni o mea pa'epa'e, galue o le fai'ai i le fa'atinoina o galuega fa'atino, gaioiga o le neurotransmitter ma le fa'atosina atoa.

Fa'ai'uga ma su'esu'ega i le lumana'i

O suʻesuʻega i luga o le neurobiology ma genetics o vaisu o amioga ua faʻavavevave i tausaga talu ai, aemaise i le PG, faʻaoga faʻamalosi i luga ole initaneti ma taʻaloga vitio faʻamalosi. O lo'o tumau pea avanoa i le malamalama ma ua fa'atapula'aina su'esu'ega i isi vaisu tau amio. O suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo fautua mai ai le tutusa i le va o vaisu amio ma SUDs. O suʻesuʻega faʻaopoopo faʻapitoa, aemaise lava mole mole, o le a taua i le faʻamalamalamaina o mea tutusa ma eseesega i le va o vaisu amio a le tagata lava ia ma le va o vaisu amioga ma SUDs. Neuroimaging ua amata ona tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga e uiga i mea tutusa ma eseesega. E manaʻomia suʻesuʻega faʻaopoopo, faʻatasi ai ma se lautele lautele o galuega faʻapitoa174. E ui o auala masani e taua tele, o isi metotia au'ili'ili e pei ole fa'ata'ita'iga fa'afuainumera174 e mafai ona fa'amatala atili fa'atusa ma SUD.

O su'esu'ega su'ega vaila'au ma togafitiga fa'ailoa mo SUD fa'atoa amata. O suʻesuʻega e aʻafia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo faʻatasi ma vaisu o amioga ma vailaʻau e mafai ona faʻaleleia atili ai lo tatou malamalama i vaisu ma faʻalauteleina togafitiga. O tama'ita'i e masani ona fa'ate'aina mai po'o lalo ifo o le fa'atusaina i su'esu'ega o vaisu, aemaise i su'esu'ega fa'atupu o lo'o iai ma su'esu'ega i ta'aloga vitiō fa'amalosi. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona aofia ai tamaʻitaʻi ma suʻesuʻe le tele o faʻalavelave eseese e faʻatatau i amioga ua fai ma vaisu e faʻaoga i itupa uma e lua.

Tuuina atu o vaisu o amioga, aemaise lava mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma taaloga faitupe, faʻaoga initaneti ma taaloga vitio, e foliga mai e talafeagai i tupulaga talavou ma talavou matutua.2,101,110, su'esu'ega umi o le a taua. E fa'atapula'aina fa'amaumauga o le epidemiologic mo vaisu o amioga se'i vagana ai le PG. O suʻesuʻega faʻale-atunuʻu ma faʻava-o-malo e suʻesuʻeina ai le tele o vaisu o amioga e faʻaleleia ai lo tatou malamalama e uiga i le tele o nei tulaga e aʻafia ai tagata i le olaga atoa. E fa'afaigofieina fa'atusatusaga i su'esu'ega fa'atasi ma tu'utu'uga fa'ata'ita'iga ma meafaigāluega su'esu'e.

Le 

Faʻafitauli Tau Falemaʻi

  • ■ O vaisu o amioga e fa'aalia i le fa'aletonu i le tele o vaega o fai'ai ma le neurotransmitter system.
  • ■ O tala fa'asolopito o aiga / su'esu'ega fa'a-genetic ua fa'ailoa mai ai le fa'aleaganu'u mo taaloga fa'ama'i fa'ama'i ma le fa'afitauli o le mafaufau i le va o aiga o tagata ta'ito'atasi o lo'o iai vaisu o amioga.
  • ■ O su'esu'ega o lo'o fautua mai ai le tutusa i le va o su'esu'ega o le neurobiological ma le kenera i vaisu ma amioga.
  • ■ E lagolagoina e fa'amaumauga le fa'ata'atiaga o le so'ona auai i amioga e le o ni mea e fai ma vaisu.

tapulaa:

  • ■ O fa'amaumauga o lo'o iai i vaisu e le o ni vaila'au po'o amioga ua fa'atapula'aina.
  • ■ E fa'atapula'a fa'amaumauga mo fa'atauga fa'amalosi, kleptomania ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga fa'amalosi.
  • ■ O su'esu'ega fa'a-genes e fa'apitoa ma e tau leai.

tautinoga

O lenei galuega sa lagolagoina i se vaega e le NIH (K01 AA 019694, K05 AA014715, R01 DA019039, P20 DA027844, RC1 DA028279, RL1 AA017539), le VA VISN1 MIRECC, le Connecticutiction Department of Excellence Health Services ma le Matagaluega o Suʻesuʻega a le Mental Health ma Connecticut. Fa'ailoga mai le Nofoaga Autu a le Atunu'u mo Ta'aloga Tafa'ifa'atasi ma lana Inisetiute fa'atasi mo Su'esu'ega i Fa'afitauli Ta'aloga. O mea o lo'o i totonu o tusitusiga e na'o le matafaioi a le au tusitala ma e le o fa'atusalia manatu aloa'ia o so'o se ofisa fa'atupe.

Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga

Faʻaaliga: Ua lipotia mai e tusitala e leai ni a latou feteʻenaʻiga tau tupe e tusa ai ma mea o loʻo i totonu o lenei tusitusiga. Ua maua e Dr. Potenza le lagolago tau tupe po'o se taui mo mea nei: Dr. Potenza sa fa'atalanoaina ma fautuaina Boehringer Ingelheim; ua fa'atalanoaina mo ma ei ai mea tau tupe i Somaxon; ua maua le lagolago suʻesuʻega mai le National Institutes of Health, Veteran's Administration, Mohegan Sun Casino, le National Center for Responsible Gaming ma lona faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa mo Suʻesuʻega i Faʻafitauli Taʻaloga, ma Psyadon, Forest Laboratories, Ortho-McNeil, Oy-Control/Biotie ma Glaxo-SmithKline pharmaceuticals; sa auai i su'esu'ega, meli po'o fa'atalanoaga i telefoni e feso'ota'i ma vaisu o fualaau fa'asaina, fa'alavelave fa'atosina po'o isi mataupu tau soifua maloloina; ua fa'atalanoaina ofisa loia ma le ofisa o loia a le malo feterale i mataupu e feso'ota'i ma fa'alavelave fa'anatinati; saunia tausiga fa'afoma'i ile Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services Problem Gambling Services Program; ua faia iloiloga fesoasoani mo le National Institutes of Health ma isi lala sooupu; o lo'o iai vaega fa'asalalau fa'asalalau fa'asalalau; na faia lauga fa'alea'oa'oga i ta'amilosaga tetele, fa'alavelave CME ma isi nofoaga fa'apitoa po'o fa'asaienisi; ma ua fa'atupuina tusi po'o mataupu tusi mo le au lomitusi o tusitusiga o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau.

mau faasino

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