J Behav Addict. 2016 Dec; 5 (4): 614-622. Pule: 10.1556 / 2006.5.2016.079. Epub 2016 Nov 10.
Konkol' Thege B1,2, Hodgins DC1, Wild TC3.
lē faʻatino
Faʻamatalaga ma sini
O faʻamoemoe o lenei suʻesuʻega o le (a) faʻamatalaina o le faʻateleina o le tasi faʻatasi ma le tele o faʻafitauli i vaisu i se vaega tele o sui ma le (b) faʻailoa mai ai ni vaega toʻatele o tagata o loʻo feagai ma faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma amioga.
O se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o 6,000 tali mai Alberta, Kanata, ua maeʻa suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻeina faafitauli na faʻaalia i le tausaga talu ai ma mea e fa (ava malosi, tapaa, mariuana, ma cocaine) ma amioga e ono (petipetupe, taumafa, faʻatau, feusuaiga, ata taaloga, ma galuega). O suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa faʻapitoa na faʻaaogaina e faʻavasegaina ai mamanu o faʻatasi ai ma faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu i se vaega o le auiliiliga o tali a 2,728 (1,696 fafine ma 1032 tagata; Mtausaga = 45.1 tausaga, SDtausaga = 13.5 tausaga) o ai na lipotia faʻafitauli ma le tasi poʻo le sili atu o amioga ua fai ma vaisu i le tausaga ua tuanaʻi.
I le faʻataʻitaʻiga, 49.2% o le au tali na lipotia mai zero, 29.8% na lipotia se tasi, 13.1% na lipotia lua, ma 7.9% na lipotia ni faafitauli se tolu pe sili atu i le tausaga talu ai. O fua o le kulupu-analytic na tuʻuina atu ai se tali a le 7-kulupu. O sui o le tele o fuifui sa faʻaalia e le tele o faafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu; o le fuainumera o amioga ua fai ma vaisu i tausaga ua tuanaʻi i totonu o le kulupu o le kulupu i le va o 1 (Cluster II: taumafa tele) ma le 2.5 (Cluster VII: tele taaloga vitio e taaalo faatasi ma le masani ai o le ulaula tapaa, taumafa tele ma le galue).
O a matou sailiga na faʻaalia ai faʻamatalaga ua mavae e taʻu mai ai e tusa ma le afa o tagata matutua matutua o tauivi ma le itiiti ifo ma le tasi le tele o amioga i totonu o le tausaga; ae ui i lea, oa tatou auiliiliga na faʻaalia ai le maualuga o numera o feteʻenaʻiga o mea na fai ma vaisu nai lo le masani ona maua i suʻesuʻega talu ai.
faʻatomuaga
O mea ua fai ma vaisu e masani ona toe faafouina tulaga tau soifua maloloina e fesootai ma le tele o taunuuga le lelei i tagata taitoatasi ma le faitau aofaʻi. O nei mea e aofia ai, ae le gata mai i, maualuga maualuga o le maʻi ma le soifua maloloina mo le tagata ua fai ma vaisu, soifua maloloina ma mea tau tupe mo tagata o le aiga poo tagata o le afioaga, ma le faateleina o tau o le tamaoaiga ma agafesootai mo tagata lautele (Effertz & Mann, 2013; McGinnis & Foege, 1999; Nofofua, Robson, Xie, & Rehm, 1998). O mea ua fai ma vaisu o nisi o mafaufauga masani o le mafaufau, aemaise lava pe a mafaufauina amioga ua fai ma vaisu (Sussman, Lisha, & Griffiths, 2011). E ui o le faʻamatalaga, faʻavae, ma vaega o vaisu amioga e matua faʻatalanoaina, o loʻo i ai le maliega faʻaalia e tutusa ma faafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu e tusa ai ma le latou gaosia o taui mo taimi pupuu e siitia ai le faʻaauau pea o le amio, e ui i le iloa o aʻafiaga leaga (Demetrovics & Griffiths, 2012; Grant, Potenza, Weinstein, & Gorelick, 2010; Karim & Chaudhri, 2012; Mudry et al., 2011).
O le faʻateleina o le tele o amioga ua avea ma mea ua fai ma vaisu le faʻalauteleina o le fanua. O nei mea e amata mai i amioga ua vaʻaia lautele e avea o ni vaisu talafeagai [faʻataʻitaʻiga, petipetiga ma luga o le initaneti taʻaloga faʻasologaHellman, Schoenmakers, Nordstrom, & van Holst, 2013; Wong & Hodgins, 2014)] e ala i amioga feteʻenaʻi [eg, televise, feusuaiga, ma ponokalafi vaisuClarkson & Kopaczewski, 2013; Garcia & Thibaut, 2010; Sussman & Moran, 2013)], i le masalosalo masalosalo "vaisu" [eg, alofa, tanning, po o le shoplifting vaisu (Kourosh, Harrington, & Adinoff, 2010; Shulman, 2003; Sussman, 2010)]. Mai i se vaaiga faʻapitoa, o le le lava o le puleaina o nei amioga e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai le faʻatinoina o matafaioi ma amioga faʻa-soifua maloloina faʻapea foʻi le feteʻenaʻiga ma / poʻo le faʻamalositino faaletino. O le tulaga o le faʻaitiitia o le pulea o le tagata lava ia e ui lava i taunuuga le lelei, o se tasi lea o uiga autu e faʻaopoopoina ai lenei mafaufau lautele, ma avea ai o se mea lelei le matamata i nei gaioiga eseese e pei o amioga (poo gaioiga)Mudry et al., 2011).
O vaisu e le masani ona tupu taʻitasi. Ua maitauina e fomaʻi e faapea o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e masani ona felagolagomaʻi i le tagata lava ia ma e ono i ai se alualu i luma faasolosolo mai le i ai o faigata i se tasi o amioga sili atu e tauivi ai ma le isi (Gossop, 2001; Haylett, Stephenson, & Lefever, 2004). E le gata i lea, pe a faʻatusatusa atu i tagata e na o se faʻafitauli faʻafefete faʻafitauli, o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e fai ma sui o mea ua fai ma vaisu o loʻo i ai le tele o aʻafiaga mo aʻafiaga leaga - aofia ai le faʻaleagaina, tulaga le atoatoa o le soifua maloloina,Rush, Urbanoski, Bassani, Castel, & Vao, 2010). E le gata i lea, pe afai o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e tupu, e mafai ona latou fegalegaleai ma le tasi ma le isi, faʻamalosia ai le saʻo atoatoa o iloiloga ma togafitiga lelei; mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se tasi o amioga e sili atu e ono masalomia ai se isi vaisu poʻo ni vaisu atonu e fefaʻasoaaʻi ma isi (Freimuth et al., 2008).
E ui lava i nei iloiloga, e masani lava ona le suʻesuʻeina e le aufaasālalau ma faʻasolosolo faʻasalalauga mataupu faʻaletulafono (aemaise lava faʻatafunaga e aʻafia ai ma faʻafeusuaiga) ma o se taunuuga e le tuʻufaʻatasia ai ni fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata e tusa lava pe sili atu le lelei nai lo auaunaga e ofoina atu pe tutusa (Rush et al., 2010). E le gata i lea, e ui lava o le maualuga o le faʻaaogaina o mea ua fai ma vaisu ua faʻatalanoaina i tusitusiga faʻapitoa, o le tele o lenei galuega o loʻo faʻamalosia ai le feteʻenaʻi o faafitauli ma mea e masani ai ma masani ai ona aʻafia ai le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu.
Naʻo se vaega toʻatele o suʻesuʻega ua faʻatatauina le tuʻufaʻatasia o vailaʻau-ma faʻafitauli i amioga. Faʻaaogaina le fesuiaʻi-faʻatotonu (ie, itu-analytic) auala, Stephenson, Maggi, Lefever, ma Morojele (1995) suʻesuʻe faʻatasi mea tutupu i le 16 sili atu amioga i se faʻataʻitaʻi falemaʻi. O tusitala na faailoaina le "faafailelega" vaega (eg, soona 'ai, faʻatauga, faʻamalositino, galuega, poʻo le faʻaaogaina o le kafeini) ma le "hedonism" vaega (eg, faʻaaogaina o le' ava malosi, nikotini, faʻafiafiaga fualaʻau, poʻo le taʻalo tupe ma tele faʻafeusuaiga amioga). Haylett et al. (2004) taumafai e toe faʻataʻitaʻia nei mea na maua i le faʻaaogaga tutusa o amioga faʻatamaʻi ma lipotia ni vaega se fa: o le "faʻatauaina oe lava ia" (eg, soʻona 'ai, faʻatauga, poʻo le faʻaaogaina o le kafeini), o se "isi-e uiga i le faʻafaileleina" (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tele tele galuega ma fesoasoani faʻamalosi), o le "lagona loloto-sailia hedonism" (eg, faʻaaogaina o faʻafiafiaga fualaʻau, talavai vailaʻau, ma nikotini), ma le "puleʻaga-fesoʻotaʻi hedonism" (eg, tele feusuaʻiga amioga ma petipeti) vaega. Lochner et al. (2005) suʻesuʻeina le isi ituaiga o amioga / faʻaletonu i se falemaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻailoa mai ni vaega se tolu e faʻaalia e le "le lava le taui" (eg, trichotillomania, faʻataʻitaʻi faʻafitauli tau tupe, ma faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga), "impulsivity" (eg, faatauanau faatauanau, kleptomania, ma le soona 'ai) , ma le "somatic" faafitauli (aofia ai ma le somatoform disorders). O isi na faʻailoaina naʻo le lua kulupu i se faʻataʻitaʻi e le o falemaʻi o le autalavou pe a suʻesuʻeina le tuʻufaʻatasia o 11 sili atu amioga: o le "masani lava e leʻo avea ma vaisu" ma le "galue malosi, taʻalo malosi" kulupu (eg, tele feusuaʻiga amioga, faʻamalositino, poʻo le Initaneti faʻaaogaina) (Sussman et al., 2014).
O suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa i lenei vaega e gata mai ona o le faʻaaogaina o mea laiti ma / poʻo tausaga faʻapitoa (Sussman et al., 2014; Villella et al., 2011; Willoughby, Chalmers, & Busseri, 2004), faʻatapulaaina le faʻasalalau o vailaau e aʻafia ai ma vailaau faʻasaina (Freimuth et al., 2008; Sussman et al., 2011), ma fesuiaʻiga-ogatotonu (ie, itu-analytic) ese mai i tagata-totonugalemu (eg, faʻavasega auʻiliʻili) auala. Ina ia foʻia nei faʻatapulaʻaina, o le faʻamoemoe muamua o lenei suʻesuʻega o le faʻamatalaina o le faʻateleina o le tasi ma le tele o faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu le faʻaaogaina o se tele, sui faʻataʻitaʻi ma se lautele lautele o amioga ma vailaʻau. I le faia o lea, sa matou taliaina a faataatia le epidemiology faʻalatalata i le faʻalagolago i amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). Fai mai le epidemiology e faapea "... o togalaau o faʻamaoniga, faʻasosoʻo, aioioio, ma le epidemiology o loʻo iai faʻamaoniga e iloagofie i mafaufauga ma gaoioiga a tagata i fafo atu o le faʻalapotopotoga faʻapitoa o le soifua maloloina" (Davison, Smith, & Frankel, 1991, i. 6). Mai lenei manatu, o suʻesuʻega faʻaletausaga o faʻamatalaga na faia e tagata lautele e uiga i tulaga tau soifua maloloina e mafai ona maua ai ni manatu taua i le auala e avea ai i latou ma faʻalavelave ma faʻafefea ona faʻaaogaina togafitiga (Lawlor, Frankel, Shaw, Ebrahim, & Smith, 2003). O le sini lona lua o lenei suʻesuʻega o le faailoaina lea o vaega o vaega eseese o tagata o loʻo feagai ma se tasi poʻo le sili atu faʻafitauli ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma ia suʻesuʻe pe faapefea ona ese eseesega o tagata eseese o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e fesoʻotaʻi ma uiga o le sociodemographic ma le soifua manuia o le mafaufau.
Metotia
Tagata auai ma taualumaga
O le 2009 Alberta Addiction Survey na aofia ai ni vaega se lua, o taʻitasi e faʻatulaga mea e tutusa ma le suʻega. Muamua, o se suesuega i le initaneti o 4,000 Alberta (Kanata) tagata matutua (18 + tausaga) o se komiti suʻesuʻeina (Ipsos Canadian Online Panel) na faʻafaigaluegaina. Faʻamaumauga autu, faʻavae i luga o le 2006 Canadian Census data, na faʻatulagaina mo le matua, kenera ma le itulagi, ma o se tasi o sui o sui auai o le komiti na tuʻuina atu ni valaaulia e auai i le suʻesuʻega. Ina ia faʻalauteleina le lisi o auala na faʻaaogaina, ma le paleniina o le faʻafitauli e ono mafai ona maua mai le aoina o faʻamaumauga i luga o le initaneti (Granello & Wheaton, 2004), o se suʻesuʻega telefoni fesoasoani a le telefoni o se faʻaopoopoga faʻaopoʻopo o tagata o 2,000 Alberta tagata matutua na faʻatautaia foi i le 2010. O isi auiliiliga o le auiliiliga o suesuega ua faamatalaina i isi mea (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015).
Ina ia faʻatautaia la matou uluai suʻesuʻega, o le tuʻufaʻatasiga tuʻufaʻatasi i le initaneti ma telefoni (N = 6,000) sa faʻaaogaina. O fuainumera muamua faʻamaumauga tulaga sa tutoʻatasi mamafa e faʻamautinoa ai o itulagi, tausaga, ma itupa faʻatulagaina atagia mai ai o le moni Alberta faitau aofai o tagata 18 tausaga pe sili atu e tusa ai ma 2006 Census faʻamaumauga. E ui lava o uiga faʻaagafesoʻotaʻi (seʻi vagana ai itupa ma tupe maua) ma le aliaʻe mai o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli (seʻi vagana ai le soona faʻatau ma galuega) na eseʻese mai i faʻamaumauga e lua, o le tele o nei eseesega na paʻuʻu i lalo o le taua. na o le pau le mea na o le sili atu feusuaiga amioga lea o Cramer's V (0.11) naʻo luga aʻe o le tuaoi o le laʻititi ma le itiiti o le aʻafiaga o le aafiaga. O se auiliiliga auiliili o le eseesega o tulaga o fuainumera i nei faataitaiga ua lipotia i isi nofoaga (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015).
Ina ia faʻatautaia la tatou sailiga suʻesuʻega lona lua, ua tatou faia se vaega o auiliiliga e aofia ai tagata tetee na lipotia mai se tasi pe sili atu faafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu i le tausaga talu ai. Le aofaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga (N = 6,000) ma le faʻavae na faʻaaoga mo faʻaputuga (n = 2,728; 45.5%) eseʻese i soʻo se uiga faʻa-sociodemographic; ae ui i lea, o le tele o le eseʻesega na paʻu'ū i le le amanaʻia poʻo le laʻititi (Laulau 1). E le gata i lea, i le sub-Subsisting analytic, 1,850 tagata taitoatasi (67.8% o le vaega laiti) na faʻaaogaina e avea o se vaega o le suesuega i le initaneti ma 878 tagata taitoatasi (32.2% o le vaega) na auai i le suesuega telefoni, lea - mafaufau i le uluai faʻataʻitaʻiga tele o le telefoni (n = 2,000, 33.3%) ma luga ole laiga (n = 4,000, 66.6%) faʻataʻitaʻiga - o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai o telefoni ma lugalaina faʻataʻitaʻiga sa masani lava ona faʻatusatusa i tuʻuga o mea ua fai ma vaisu. Sociodemographic uiga o le aofaʻi o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le suʻesuʻega faʻavasegaina faʻaaogaina mo le faʻavasegaina auiliiliga o aotelega i le Laulau 1.
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Laulau 1. Sociodemographic uiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga
| Aofaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga (faʻamamaina) | Faʻapipiʻi ma le itiiti ifo i le tasi le faafitauli o vaisu (le faʻamoemoe) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) /M (SD) | N (%) /M (SD) | ||
| N | 6,000 (100.0) | 2,728 (100.0) | |
| itūʻaiga | χ2 = 123.6, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.12 | ||
| tane | 2,994 (49.9) | 1,032 (37.8) | |
| fafine | 3,006 (50.1) | 1,696 (62.2) | |
| tausaga | 44.5 (15.1) | 44.1 (13.5) | U = 8741865.5, p = .679, r <.01 |
| Faʻaauau aʻoaʻoga | U = 8468646.5, p <.001, r = .04 | ||
| Vasega 9 pe itiiti ifo (1) | 63 (1.1) | 30 (1.1) | |
| O nisi aʻoga maualuga (2) | 309 (5.2) | 160 (5.9) | |
| Tipiloma Maualuga (3) | 915 (15.3) | 454 (16.6) | |
| O nisi o iunivesite, kolisi poʻo matata faʻapitoa / faʻapitoa (4) | 1,358 (22.7) | 660 (24.2) | |
| Kolisi poʻo le atunuʻu maualuga / tipiloma faʻapitoa (5) | 1,537 (25.6) | 731 (26.8) | |
| Faʻaiʻuina le iunivesite i lalo o le kolisi (6) | 1,110 (18.5) | 427 (15.7) | |
| Ua maeʻa le iunivesite poʻo le tikeri faʻapitoa (7) | 701 (11.7) | 265 (9.7) | |
| tulaga o le faaipoipoga | χ2 = 25.5, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.05 | ||
| Faʻaipoipo / tulafono masani | 3,995 (66.9) | 1,773 (65.2) | |
| Vavaeeseina / teteʻa | 624 (10.5) | 378 (13.9) | |
| Ta'u lana tane | 192 (3.2) | 87 (3.2) | |
| Nofofua / leʻi faaipoipo | 1,155 (19.4) | 480 (17.7) | |
| Tulaga faigaluega | χ2 = 49.4, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.07 | ||
| Faigaluega ile 30 itula ile vaiaso pe sili atu | 3,285 (55.1) | 1,474 (54.2) | |
| Fa'faigaluega i lalo ole 30 itula ile vaiaso | 637 (10.7) | 308 (11.3) | |
| Le faigaluega | 355 (5.9) | 187 (6.9) | |
| Tamaiti Aoga | 246 (4.1) | 91 (3.3) | |
| litaea | 782 (13.1) | 287 (10.6) | |
| Le galue ona o le le atoatoa | 242 (4.1) | 184 (6.8) | |
| ese | 417 (7.0) | 188 (6.9) | |
| Tupe maua a le aiga i tausaga taʻitasi ao leʻi faia lafoga | U = 6340414.5, p = .067, r = .02 | ||
| I lalo ole $ 20,000 (1) | 302 (5.9) | 148 (6.3) | |
| $ 20,000- $ 29,999 (2) | 318 (6.2) | 160 (6.8) | |
| $ 30,000- $ 39,999 (3) | 421 (8.2) | 200 (8.6) | |
| $ 40,000- $ 49,999 (4) | 485 (9.4) | 230 (9.8) | |
| $ 50,000- $ 59,999 (5) | 504 (9.8) | 235 (10.1) | |
| $ 60,000- $ 69,999 (6) | 416 (8.1) | 176 (7.5) | |
| $ 70,000- $ 79,999 (7) | 417 (8.1) | 185 (7.9) | |
| $ 80,000- $ 89,999 (8) | 406 (7.9) | 194 (8.3) | |
| $ 90,000- $ 99,999 (9) | 406 (7.9) | 174 (7.4) | |
| $ 100,000 pe sili atu (10) | 1,459 (28.4) | 636 (27.2) |
O le suʻesuʻega na aofia ai mea e faʻavasegaina ai tagata o loʻo auai, o tausaga, tausaga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga, tulaga o le ulugalii, galuega, ma tupe maua (Ripoti 1 e faʻamatala ai tali mo filifiliga taʻitasi o nei sosaiete faʻapitoa). I nisi o suʻega, na faʻaaogaina ai le tele o fesuiaiga o sociodemographic i totonu o vaega laiti ina ia faʻalauteleina ai le manino (Ripoti 3). O le suʻesuʻega na aofia ai foi fesili e uiga i mea e fa (ava malosi, tapaa, mariuana, ma le cocaine) ma amioga e ono (faʻalavelave tau petipeti, taumafa, faʻatauga, amioga tau feusuaiga, taaloga vitio, ma galuega) na tuʻuina atu i soo se itu o le fuaina o fuainumera. E ogatusa ma la tatou faamamafa i le taotoga o le epidemiology, o lona uiga, manatu i tagata lautele e uiga i vaisu faafitauli ae le o faailoga taualoa ma faailoga taualoa (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015), o se faʻamatalaga na tuʻuina atu mo faafitauli taʻitasi (Ripoti 2), lea na faamoemoe e faʻalauteleina ai le uiga o le "faafitauli" mo le gaʻo ma amioga e aunoa ma le faʻaaogaina o le faaupuga "vaisu" e aloese ai mai le tali atu i le gaioiga faʻaalia. Ina ia iloilo le tupuga o le tele o amioga e aofia ai, o se fesili se tasi ("Mafaufau i tua i lou olaga, pe na e feagai ma se faafitauli i [faafitauli faafitauli]?") Ma ni vaega avanoa e tolu ("leai"; "Ioe" , ae le o le 12 masina talu ai "ma le" Ioe, i le 12 masina talu ai "). Talu ai, i lenei suʻesuʻega matou te taulai atu ai i le faʻataunuʻuina o amioga o tausaga ua tuanaʻi, na paʻu'ū muamua ia tali muamua e lua.
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Laulau 2. Faʻamatalaina o amioga faʻafitauli ua tuʻuina atu i tali
| Faʻafitauli faʻafitauli | Faamatalaina |
|---|---|
| ava | O le "ava malosi" o lona uiga o le faʻaaogaina o pia, uaina, ma / poo le malosi malosi. |
| Tapaa | O se "faafitauli i le tapaa" o lona uiga o le faʻaaoga sese o sikaleti, sikaleti, chew, cigarillos, ma soʻo se isi lava tapaa. |
| Marijuana | A "faafitauli i le Marijuana" o lona uiga o le faaaoga sese o le cannabis, o le gasegase, o le suka, o le vao, vao, po o le fagu. |
| Cocaine | O le "Cocaine faafitauli" o lona uiga o le faʻaaoga sese o le meaʻai, cocaine paʻu, feʻalo, kiona, poʻo le gaogao. |
| Taaloga Faitupe | O se "faafitauli taufefaatauaiga" o lona uiga o le taaalo i masini slot, gaioiga i luga o le initaneti, taaloga kasino, lotoa, tiketi, ma isi fefaatauaiga mo tupe e mafua ai faafitauli i le olaga. |
| 'ai | O se "faafitauli e 'ai" o lona uiga o soʻo se faafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma le' ai, pe tele pe laʻitiiti foi. |
| faatauga | O le "Faʻatauga Faʻafitauli" o lona uiga o le faʻatau i se auala e faatupu ai faafitauli i le olaga. |
| itūʻaiga | O le "Faʻafitauli i feusuaiga" o lona uiga o le faia o feusuaiga i se auala e mafua ai faafitauli i le olaga, ma / poʻo le faʻaaoga tatau foi o ponokalafi, tusa lava pe o le initaneti pe leai foi. |
| Taaloga vitio | O se "faafitauli vitio vitio" o lona uiga o le taaalo i taaloga vitio e pei o le X-Box, Wii, PlayStation, ma isi tafaoga i luga o le initaneti pe leai foi i se auala e faatupu ai faafitauli i le olaga. |
| galue | O se "Faʻafitauli i le galue" o lona uiga o le galue i se auala e mafua ai faafitauli i le olaga. |
|
Laulau 3. Sociodemographic characteristics e fesootaʻi atu i le numera o faafitauli a le tagata lava ia na lipotia mai i mea na fai ma vaisu i le tausaga talu ai (N = 6,000)
| leai se isi | One | Lua | Tolu pe sili atu | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feusuaiga, N (%) | |||||
| tane | 1,306 (48.6) | 791 (48.1) | 358 (50.6) | 228 (55.3) | χ2 = 8.0, p = .047, Cramer's V = 0.04 |
| fafine | 1,382 (51.4) | 854 (51.9) | 350 (49.4) | 184 (44.7) | |
| Tausaga, M (SD) | 46.7 (15.9) | 44.5 (14.3) | 41.7 (13.2) | 36.9 (12.4) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 195.6, p <.001 |
| Tulaga tau faaipoipo, N (%) | |||||
| Faʻatasi | 1,925 (72.0) | 1,071 (65.4) | 442 (62.6) | 245 (59.5) | χ2 = 60.7, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.08 |
| Vavaeese pe tetea | 318 (11.9) | 257 (15.7) | 107 (15.2) | 52 (12.6) | |
| nofofua | 432 (16.1) | 309 (18.9) | 157 (22.2) | 115 (27.9) | |
| Aoga, N (%) | |||||
| Aoga Maualuga pe itiiti | 521 (19.4) | 363 (22.1) | 157 (22.2) | 132 (32.0) | χ2 = 34.7, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.08 |
| Kolisi pe sili atu | 2,167 (80.6) | 1,283 (77.9) | 551 (77.8) | 280 (68.0) | |
| Galuega, N (%) | |||||
| Taimi taimi poʻo se taimi-taimi | 1,709 (63.8) | 1,092 (66.6) | 470 (66.6) | 297 (71.9) | χ2 = 12.0, p = .007, Cramer's V = 0.05 |
| O isi uma | 968 (36.2) | 547 (33.4) | 236 (33.4) | 116 (28.1) | |
| Tupe Maua, M (SD) | 6.8 (2.9) | 6.5 (3.0) | 6.2 (3.1) | 5.9 (3.2) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 49.1, p <.001 |
| Soifua manuia, M (SD) | 60.8 (11.2) | 55.6 (12.4) | 52.2 (12.7) | 48.0 (14.4) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 623.8, p <.001 |
Ina ia iloilo le soifua manuia lautele o le au tali, o le valu-mea a le Personal Wellbeing Index (International Wellbeing Group, 2006) sa faia. O le fuataga e aofia ai vaega e valu o le faamalieina, e tofu i luga o le 11-scale scale (0 = matua le faamalieina, 5 = neutral, 10 = matua faamalieina): tulaga o le ola, soifua maloloina, ausia i le olaga, mafutaga, saogalemu, saogalemu i le lumanai, ma le faaleagaga. O le lotogatasi i le lotoifale o le fua sa sili ona lelei i le faataitaiga o loʻo i ai nei (Cronbach's α = 0.88).
Suʻega faʻamaumauga
O suʻesuʻega faʻafuainumera na faʻatinoina SPSS 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-sikuea suʻega na faʻafaigaluegaina e faʻatusatusa tali na lipotia leai, tasi, lua, ma le tolu pe sili atu i le tausaga-tausaga faʻafitauli amioga i soʻo se ituaiga sociodemographic fesuiaʻiga (eg, feusuaʻiga ma ulugaliʻi tulaga) faʻaaogaina Cramer's V e faʻatatau ai le tele o le aoga. Ordinal ma le-masani tufatufaina faifai pea sociodemographic uiga (eg, tausaga ma tupemaua) ma le soifua lelei togi o vaega na faʻatusatusa faʻaaogaina le leai-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tofotofoga. O le multinomial logistic regression analysis na faʻapea foi ona tamoʻe i faʻataʻitaʻiga fegasoloaʻiga i le va o fesuiaʻiga o le vafealoaʻi ma togi o le soifua manuia ma le avea ai ma sui o le aufaipisinisi.
Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatasi ma le faʻaaogaina o le metotia a Ward i le sikuea sikuea o Euclide e pei o le fefaʻatauaʻiga o metric na faʻafaigaluegaina e suʻeina ai mamanu o le faʻatasi ai ma vaisu. O le faʻatagaina mo lenei auʻiliʻiliga, o vailaau 10 ia o loʻo faʻaalia ai le i ai o le tausaga talu ai ma le toesea o amioga taʻitasi na suʻesuʻeina. Ole numera o fuifui e taofi ai na faʻavae i luga o le faiga o le sailia o le tele aupito tele o suiga i le aofaʻi o aofaʻiga o faʻasologa o fuainumera [cf. "Taofi tulafono" (Clatworthy, Buick, Hankins, Weinman, & Horne, 2005)]. Na faʻatusatusaina foi sui o le kulupu i le va o le sociodemographic ma le soifua manuia o uiga e faʻaaoga ai suega sikuea sikuea ma Kruskal-Wallis.
Amio Taualoa
O suʻesuʻega na faia e tusa ai ma le Tautinoga a Helsinki. Na faamaonia e le Komiti o Amio Taualoa a le Iunivesite o Alberta le suesuega. O mataupu uma sa logoina e uiga i suʻesuʻega ma i latou uma ua tuʻuina mai faʻatagaga faʻamaonia.
i'uga
Faʻasalaga ma faʻasologa o faafitauli ole vaisu e tele
E sili atu ma le afa (50.8%) o tagata auai i le faʻataʻitaʻiga atoa o tali a le 6,000 na lipotia mai o loʻo feagai ma se faʻafitauli i se tasi poʻo le sili atu foi o mea ma amioga na suʻesuʻeina i masina 12 muamua atu i le suʻesuʻega (fua faʻatatau mo amio a tagata taʻitoʻatasi i lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga na faamatalaina i se isi mea, vaai Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). E tusa ma le tasi vaetolu (29.8%) na lipotia se faafitauli i se tasi o mea po o amioga i le tausaga talu ai, ao 13.1% na lipotia mai ni faafitauli se lua, ma 7.9% na lipotia faafitauli i ni mea se tolu pe sili atu i le tausaga aʻo lei faia le suʻesuʻega. O sui o nei kulupu na ese le eseesega i soʻo se aganuʻu o le sosaiete faʻapitoa faapea foi ma le aofaʻiga (Laulau 3).
Pe a ulufale atu i suiga eseese o le sosaiete ma le soifua manuia i totonu o se lisi ole televise o le lisiina ole lisi o mea e fai pe a tali mai tagata tali mai, e lua, pe tolu pe sili atu foi faafitauli (kulupu o le kulupu = Tali e le lipotia ni faafitauli i mea ua fai ma vaisu i le tausaga ua tuanaʻi), tausaga ma le soifua manuia na o le taua lava o tagata iloga (faʻatasi ma le faʻaititia o le tulaga e ono tulai mai ai le tele o amioga); fefaʻatauaʻiga, faʻaaoaoga aʻoga, ma le tulaga o le ulugalii e naʻo le faʻavaeina o le kulupu i nisi o taimi, e ui lava e le i ai se matafaioi a le tupe maua ma le faʻafaigaluegaina i le va o vaega o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e leai, tasi, lua, ma le tolu pe sili atu foʻi vaisu (Table 4).
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Laulau 4. Iʻuga o le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o le logistic multinomial e suʻeina ai le sao o le lipotia e leai se faafitauli e lua, lua, tolu pe sili atu foi o vaisu (faʻafitauli tutusa ma le 95% vaʻavaʻai faʻalagolago)
| Tasi se faafitauli o vaisu | Lua faafitauli tau vaisu | Tolu pe sili atu faafitauli tau vaisu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| itūʻaiga | |||
| tane | 0.97 (0.84 - 1.12)a | 1.17 (0.97 - 1.41)a | 1.34 (0.97-1.41) * |
| fafine | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| tausaga | 0.99 (0.99-1.00) *** | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) *** | 0.95 (0.94-0.96) *** |
| tulaga o le faaipoipoga | |||
| Faʻatasi | 1.09 (0.88 - 1.34)a | 1.07 (0.82 - 1.39)a | 1.30 (0.95 - 1.78)a |
| Vavaeese pe tetea | 1.50 (1.14-1.96) ** | 1.32 (0.93 - 1.87)a | 1.36 (0.86 - 2.14)a |
| nofofua | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| A'oa'oga | |||
| Aoga Maualuga pe itiiti | 1.04 (0.87 - 1.25)a | 1.10 (0.87 - 1.38)a | 1.67 (1.28-2.19) *** |
| Kolisi pe sili atu | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| gāluega | |||
| Taimi taimi poʻo se taimi-taimi | 1.10 (0.94 - 1.29)a | 1.05 (0.85 - 1.30)a | 1.25 (0.95 - 1.64)a |
| O isi uma | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| tupe maua | 1.00 (0.97 - 1.03)a | 0.98 (0.95 - 1.02)a | 0.98 (0.93 - 1.02)a |
| Soifua manuia | 0.96 (0.96-0.97) *** | 0.94 (0.94-0.95) *** | 0.92 (0.91-0.93) *** |
aE le taua.
*p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001.
O taunuuga o le auiliiliga o le kulupu na fautuaina ai se fofo e fitu-fluster. E pei ona faʻaalia i le Laulau 5, o le kulupu muamua (26.0% o le faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻaaogaina pe a taitaia le fusi) o loʻo faʻatusalia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le ulaula e pei o a latou amio faʻafitauli faʻatasi. O le fuālāʻau lona lua (21.8%) na aofia ai tagata auai o lo o lipotia le tele o le 'ai e na o le pau lava o latou amioga faʻafitauli. O le lona tolu o le kulupu (16.2%) o loʻo faʻatusalia ai tagata taitoatasi i faafitauli tau galuega, aʻo le lona fa (13.0%) na aofia ai tagata auai e tele naua faafitauli eseese o vaisu e aunoa ma se amio manino. O le faʻatonuga lona lima (9.5%) o loʻo faʻatusalia ai tagata taitoatasi e lipotia le tele o amio feusuai, ae o le ono (8.9%) ma le fitu (4.7%) faʻapipiʻi na aofia ai tagata auai i faʻatauga ma ata vitio ao latou fefaʻasoaaʻi amio faʻaletonu, taʻitasi. O le numera aupito sili ona maualuga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu i tausaga ua tuanaʻi na matauina i le tele o tagata taaalo i taaloga vitio (Cluster VII), ae o le pito sili ona maualalo na maua i le tele o tagata 'ai (Cluster II). O faʻamatalaga auiliili o uiga o mea ua fai ma vaisu o fualaau taʻitasi o loʻo faʻamatalaina i le Laulau 5.
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Laulau 5. Faʻaauau (%) o faʻafitauli taʻitasi i le faʻaaogaina o vailaau oona (n = 2,728)
| Alc | Tog | Mar | Fale | Talofa | faleʻoloa | Vitio | Taumafa | itūʻaiga | galue | Numera o amioga ua fai ma vaisua | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuapuʻau I (n = 708) | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.1 | 0.0 | 17.7 | 1.4 (0.6) |
| Fusi II (n = 596) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (0.0) |
| Fusiusi III (n = 441) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 1.3 (0.4) |
| Flusili IV (n = 354) | 54.7 | 42.2 | 28.9 | 7.8 | 23.2 | 9.4 | 4.9 | 26.0 | 6.2 | 24.5 | 2.3 (1.1) |
| Fusiusi V (n = 259) | 13.6 | 22.9 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 15.3 | 4.4 | 35.4 | 99.7 | 38.6 | 2.3 (1.6) |
| Flusili VI (n = 243) | 0.9 | 20.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 100.0 | 7.3 | 50.9 | 2.2 | 31.9 | 2.1 (1.0) |
| Cluster VII (n = 127) | 1.2 | 31.1 | 13.5 | 0.6 | 12.3 | 4.9 | 100.0 | 36.6 | 14.0 | 37.2 | 2.5 (1.3) |
Manatua. Alc: faafitauli faʻaaogaina ava malosi, Tob: faafitauli tau tapaa, Mar: faʻafitauli i le mariuana, faʻaaogaina o le tapaa, faʻafitauli o le koko, faʻaaogaina o mariuana, meaʻai: amioga, ma Galuega: galuega tele.
aNumera o amioga ua fai ma vaisu ua tuanaʻi ua tuʻuina atu M (SD).
O faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa o le sociodemographic o fualaau taʻitasi o loʻo faʻamatalaina i le Laulau 6. O le faʻaaogaina o le kulupu e matua taua tele i le feusuaiga: o le fuainumera o tane o 34.9%, 27.7%, 40.6%, 47.7%, 64.1%, 20.6%, ma le 44.1% i fusi e fitu. O galuega ma le tulaga o le ulugalii e fesoʻotai foi i le avea ma sui auai. O tulaga uma o aʻoaʻoga (faʻaaogaina aʻoaʻoga) poʻo le faʻaauau o tufatufa faʻasalalauga faʻavaomalo (tausaga ma tupe maua) e faʻapitoa foi ma le avea ma sui auai. O le mea mulimuli, o sui o le kulupu e matua ese lava i le tulaga o le soifua manuia lelei: o sui auai o le "tagata e sili atu le malosi," "ulaula," "tisaua fualaau," ma le "polyaddict" - togi e sili atu nai lo "tagata e fai mea leaga" ma "tagata 'ai tele" (Ata 1).
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Laulau 6. Sociodemographic uiga e fesoʻotai i le avea ma sui auai (n = 2,728)
| Fuatini I | Flusili II | Fualaau III | Flusili IV | Fualaau V. V | Flusili VI | Fuaiupu VII | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feusuaiga, N (%) | ||||||||
| tane | 247 (34.9) | 165 (27.7) | 179 (40.6) | 169 (47.7) | 166 (64.1) | 50 (20.6) | 56 (44.1) | χ2 = 153.7, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.24 |
| fafine | 461 (65.1) | 431 (72.3) | 262 (59.4) | 185 (52.3) | 93 (35.9) | 193 (79.4) | 71 (55.9) | |
| Tausaga, M (SD) | 45.9 (12.5) | 49.4 (13.4) | 42.9 (12.1) | 42.8 (13.8) | 46.9 (13.6) | 41.1 (14.1) | 38.1 (14.3) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 130.0, p <.001 |
| Tulaga tau faaipoipo, N (%) | ||||||||
| Faʻatasi | 465 (65.9) | 413 (69.5) | 283 (64.5) | 197 (56.1) | 181 (69.9) | 157 (64.6) | 77 (61.1) | χ2 = 50.6, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.10 |
| Vavaeese pe tetea | 138 (19.5) | 99 (16.7) | 77 (17.5) | 72 (20.5) | 37 (14.3) | 30 (12.3) | 12 (9.5) | |
| nofofua | 103 (14.6) | 82 (13.8) | 79 (18.0) | 82 (23.4) | 41 (15.8) | 56 (23.0) | 37 (29.4) | |
| Aoga, N (%) | ||||||||
| Aoga Maualuga pe itiiti | 204 (28.8) | 128 (21.5) | 66 (15.0) | 114 (32.2) | 55 (21.2) | 44 (18.1) | 33 (26.0) | χ2 = 50.2, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.14 |
| Kolisi pe sili atu | 504 (71.2) | 468 (78.5) | 375 (85.0) | 240 (67.8) | 204 (78.8) | 199 (81.9) | 94 (74.0) | |
| Galuega, N (%) | ||||||||
| Taimi taimi poʻo se taimi-taimi | 459 (64.9) | 350 (59.0) | 354 (80.8) | 239 (67.5) | 171 (66.0) | 145 (59.7) | 64 (51.2) | χ2 = 72.3, p <.001, Cramer's V = 0.16 |
| O isi uma | 248 (35.1) | 243 (41.0) | 84 (19.2) | 115 (32.5) | 88 (34.0) | 98 (40.3) | 61 (48.8) | |
| Tupe Maua, M (SD)a | 6.1 (2.9) | 6.6 (3.0) | 7.0 (3.0) | 6.2 (3.2) | 6.5 (2.9) | 6.4 (3.2) | 5.6 (3.0) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 33.8, p <.001 |
| Soifua manuia, M (SD) | 52.7 (12.8) | 56.7 (13.1) | 55.5 (11.8) | 49.7 (13.9) | 52.0 (14.6) | 50.9 (14.9) | 52.4 (12.5) | Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 96.0, p <.001 |
aO auiliiliga i le fuaina o tupe maua e mafai ona maua i le Laulau 1.
Ata 1. Tausaga ma 95% vaitau o le talitonuina o le Personal Wellbeing Index i totonu o fualaau e fitu
Talanoaga ma Faaiuga
O togafitiga faʻapitoa mo le tele o faʻafitauli o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e taua aua o le le mafai ona iloa ma togafitia faafitauli faʻapitoa o vaisu e fesoʻotai ma mea le manuia (Faʻasologa o le faʻaaogaina ma le faʻaleleia o le mafaufau, 2009). O le mea e leaga ai, o tagata e togafitia togafitiga e sili ona faigofie ona latou iloaina le le atoatoa e fetaui lelei ma a latou aoaoga, lea e seasea aofia ai ma vaisu amioga (Freimuth et al., 2008). O le mea lea, o le sini o le suʻesuʻega nei o le tuʻuina atu lea o faʻamatalaga atili i le auala e faʻaoga ai se fuainumera tele o vailaʻau ma amioga faʻafeusuaiga e fai ma vaisu e fesoasoani e faʻamatalaina ai tagata e tuʻuina atu togafitiga ma fuafuaga o le auʻaunaga e uiga i faʻapotopotoga masani o vaisu.
O a matou sailiga e uiga i le tulaga lautele o faafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu e ogatusa ma faamatalaga a le US e faailoa ai e tusa ma le afa o tagata matutua matutua o tauivi ma le itiiti ifo ma le tasi le tele o amioga i se tausaga (Sussman et al., 2011). Iʻuga o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai foi e uiga i le 30 pasene o le faitau aofaʻi o tagata matutua na i ai faigata i se tasi o amioga faʻafeusuai, ae o nisi faʻaopoopoga 21% na lipotia mai faafitauli i le lua pe sili atu amioga ma / poʻo mea. E ui o le toʻatele e finau e faapea, o le masani ona faʻatasi ai ma nisi ituaiga o mea ua fai ma vaisu, e taʻu mai ai o le i ai o se tagata e le o se mea ua fai ma vaisu faapitoa, e tatau ona faʻatuatuaina (Shaffer et al., 2004), faʻamatalaga o loʻo i ai nei - faʻaalia e toetoe lava o 60% o na aʻafiaga o mea e fai ma vaisu o loʻo i ai faafitauli i le tasi amioga - e le maua ai se lagolago manino mo lenei faʻasologa o mea faʻaleagaina. Ae peitai, e mafai foi e le toatele o tagata na lipotia naʻo le tasi le tele o amioga i le tausaga talu ai na i ai pe o le ai ai foi faafitauli i isi eria ae mulimuli ane nai lo le taimi lava e tasi (faʻafesoʻotaʻi le sui o mea ua fai ma vaisu; Johnson, 1999).
I le faʻaopoopoga, oa matou faʻamaumauga na faʻaalia ai o le mamanu o amioga sili atu na suʻesuʻeina lelei sili atu i se fofo e fitu-fluster, lea e sili atu nai lo le numera o vaega poʻo le tele (2-4) e masani ona lipotia i suʻesuʻega muamua (Haylett et al., 2004; Lochner et al., 2005; MacLaren & Sili, 2010; Stephenson et al., 1995; Sussman et al., 2014). Ae peitaʻi, o le faʻatusatusa tuusaʻo o taunuʻuga i suʻesuʻega uma, o se faʻafitauli ona o le tele o fesuiaiga o suʻesuʻega e aofia ai le numera ma le ituaiga o mea na fai ma vaisu o loʻo suʻesuʻeina ma metotia faʻafuainumera ua faʻaaogaina (iloiloga o fuainumera, iloiloga o fuataga, suʻesuʻega faʻavasegaina, ma Faʻasaoga i totonu o fua e fua ai vaisu).
E tasi le malosi o lenei suʻesuʻega o le faʻaaogaina lea o ni tagata se toʻalua tutoʻatasi, o le toʻatele o tagata Kanata o loʻo avea ma sui o tagata matua o Alberta i le itupa, vaitausaga, ma le itulagi. O le isi malosi o le iloiloga tutusa o se fuainumera tele o vailaʻau e lua e aʻafia ai ma mea faʻafeusuai, e maua ai le avanoa e faʻatautaia atili ai le tulaga atoa o vaisu. I le isi itu, sa i ai le tele o tapulaa o suʻesuʻega nei e tatau ona faamamafa. Muamua, o tali na maualalo na maualalo i auala uma e lua, o loʻo faʻavaivaia ai le tele o mea na matou maua (Konkolÿ Thege et al., 2015). E le gata i lea, e ui o le auala e tasi le fesili mo le iloiloina o amioga faʻafefete faʻafitauli e masani ona faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega faʻamaʻi (epidemiological surveys)Bowling, 2005; Cook, 1987), o le faʻamaoni o fua faʻatau mea e tasi-e sili atu le vaivai nai lo le fua o mea e tele-mea. E le gata i lea, e ui o sailiiliga na muamua atu na faailoa mai ai o le faailoaina e ala i se fesili se tasi mo le tele o amioga o se mea aoga ma aoga i le faailoaina o tagata ua i ai ni faaletonu o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o nei suesuega ua taulai atu i vaisu o mea, gaioiga le fiafia, ma taaloga vitio (Cook, 1987; Tupu, Delfabbro, & Griffiths, 2013; Widyanto, Griffiths, & Brunsden, 2011). O le le mautonu o le talafeagai o le auala o lenei auala suʻesuʻega i mea uma ua fai ma vaisu, o le mea lea, e ono fesiligia.
O le faʻamaoni o le faʻamatalaga o mea e tasi e le manino foi. O le matou sini o le tuʻuina atu lea o faʻamatalaga manino o amio taʻitasi na faʻamalosia ai le faʻaleagaina ma aloese mai le faʻaaogaina o faaupuga e pei o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e faaitiitia ai le tali atu o le tali. O le a le uiga o tagata na faʻamatalaina nei mea e leʻi suesueina i lenei suʻesuʻega, ma e ono mafai ona faʻamalamalamaina le faʻaleagaina lautele i nisi taimi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, "faʻafitauli faigata" e pei ona faʻamalamalamaina mo ē ua teteʻe, e le gata ina aofia ai le tele o le 'ai o meaʻai meaʻai, ae faʻapea foi ma mamanu faʻafeusuaiga o mea e le o iai ni meaʻai, e ui lava i lona natura faʻaleagaina e le o faʻamatalaina o se vaisu i le taimi nei.
E ui lava i nei tapulaa, o lenei suʻesuʻega e taulai atu ai lo tatou gauai atu i le toatele o tagata o loʻo feagai ma faʻafitauli o le vaisu i le taimi lava e tasi, ma e manaʻomia ai se iloiloga faʻapitoa ma le faʻaogaina o togafitiga faʻapitoa faʻataʻitaʻi pe a mauaina auaunaga tau le mafaufau. Matou te faʻamoemoe o lenei galuega o le a fesoasoani i le saʻo ma le faʻamautinoaina o tagata gasegase o loʻo tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu, e faʻamalosia ai tagata tomai faapitoa e mafaufau i le ono mafai ona tupu faʻatasi ai mea ma vailaau faʻatusa i luga aʻe o na faʻamuamua na faʻamaonia e le au faipisinisi.
Fesoasoani a le au tusitala
Na fuafuaina e le TCW ma le DCH le suʻesuʻega ma tusia le maliega. BKT na faʻatautaia le suʻesuʻeina o tusitusiga ma tuʻuina atu ni aotelega o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe muamua, faʻatautaia suʻesuʻega fuainumera, ma tusia le ata muamua o le tusitusiga. O tusitala uma sa fesoasoani ma faamaonia le tusitusiga mulimuli. O tusitala uma sa i ai le avanoa atoa i faʻamaumauga uma i totonu o le suʻesuʻega ma ave matafaioi mo le faʻamaoni o faʻamaumauga ma le sao o le auiliiliga o faʻamaumauga.
Feeseeseaiga o tului
Fai mai tusitala e leai se feteenaʻiga tului.
mau faasino
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