Glutamatergic vailaʻau mo togafitiga o vailaʻau ma vaisu amio (2013)

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012 Fepuari; 100(4): 801-810. Lomia i luga o le initaneti 2011 Aperila 22. Tui: 10.1016 / j.pbb.2011.04.015

M. Foster Olive,^1,^* Richard M. Cleva,¹ Peter W. Kalivas,² ma Robert J. Malcolm³

Tusi tusitala ► Faamatalaga o le Puletaofia ma Laisene ►

O le lomiga mulimuli a le tagata faʻasalalau lomiga o lenei tusiga o loʻo avanoa i Pharmacol Biochem Behav

Vaai i isi tala i le PMC faʻailoa le lomiga lolomi.

lē faʻatino

I le tala faasolopito, o le tele o vailaʻau faʻafomaʻi i le togafitiga o faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu na faʻaogaina auala e suitulaga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, sui o le nicotine poʻo le tausiga o le opioid) poʻo le faʻaogaina o le monoaminergic poʻo le endogenous opioidergic neurotransmitter system. Ae ui i lea, o le tele o faʻamaoniga ua faʻaputuina e faʻaalia ai o ligands o loʻo galue i luga o le glutamatergic transmission e mafai foi ona aoga i le togafitiga o vaisu o fualaau faasaina, faʻapea foʻi ma vaisu amioga e pei ole pathological gambling.. O le faʻamoemoega o lenei iloiloga o le faʻapotopotoina lea o le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau faʻapitoa ma le aoga lautele o vailaʻau o le glutamatergic o loʻo faʻamaonia nei pe o loʻo suʻesuʻeina mo le faʻatagaina mo le togafitia o faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu. O vailaʻau faʻatasi ai ma aʻafiaga i luga o le glutamatergic transmission lea o le a talanoaina e aofia ai le acamprosate, N-acetylcysteine, D-cycloserine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, memantine, modafinil, ma le topiramate. Matou te faʻauʻuina o le faʻaogaina o le neurotransmission o le glutamatergic e laʻititi ae o se auala faʻamaonia mo le atinaʻeina o faʻaleleia atili o vailaʻau mo togafitiga o vailaʻau ma amioga ua fai ma vaisu.

uputatala: vaisu o fualaau faasaina, fa'aaogaina o vaila'au, vaisu o amioga, taaloga fai fa'ama'i, togafitiga fa'afoma'i, glutamate

1. faʻatomuaga

O vaisu o fualaau faasaina, ua faamatalaina e le American Psychiatric Association e faapea vailaau faʻalagolago (American Psychiatric Association, 2002), o lo'o i ai le tele o fa'afitauli o le mafaufau ma le amio e aofia ai: leiloa le pulea o fualaau faasaina, tagofia o fualaau faasaina i le tele na i lo le mea na fuafuaina, fa'aauau taumafaiga le manuia e taofi pe fa'aitiitia le fa'aaogaina o fualaau fa'asaina, fa'aauau le fa'aaogaina o fualaau faasaina e ui lava i taunuuga le lelei, ma le tula'i mai o fualaau fa'apitoa. fa'ailoga o le fa'apalepale ma/po'o le fa'amavae. I le faaopoopo atu i le tele o mea taua e le mafai ona vaaia e pei o le faʻalavelaveina o aiga ma mafutaga vavalalata, faʻalavelave faʻaagafesootai, ma le leiloa o le ola, o le avega faʻale-tamaoaiga o loʻo tuʻuina atu e vaisu fualaau faasaina i luga o sosaiete e tele naua (Cartwright, 2008; Gilson ma Kreis, 2009; Malliarakis ma Lucey, 2007; Rehm 'ua al., 2009; Spanagel, 2009; Thavorncharoensap 'ua al., 2009). I tausaga talu ai nei, ua faʻamaonia ai o le neural substrates o loʻo aʻafia ai vaisu i vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina e matuaʻi faʻatasi ma vaisu e le o ni fualaau faasaina "amio" (faʻataʻitaʻiga, taaloga faitupe, ponokalafi / vaisu i luga ole initaneti, ma isi.) (Grant 'ua al., 2010a).

E oʻo mai i le taimi nei, o vailaʻau ua fausia e fesoasoani i le togafitia o faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu ua faʻaalia naʻo le manuia. O pa puipui lauiloa e faʻafefeteina ai le aoga o vailaʻau faʻavae auala e togafitia ai faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu e aofia ai le le lelei o le tausisia o vailaʻau, aʻafiaga leaga, faʻafitauli saogalemu, fesuiaiga o tali o vailaʻau i totonu o vaega o togafitiga, le lelei o le tuʻufaʻatasia o le puleaina o vailaʻau i togafitiga faʻapitoa poʻo le mafaufau-amio, le mafai ona maua. vaila'au po'o le tausiga fa'alesoifua maloloina lelei, ma toe fa'afo'i pe a uma le fa'agata o vaila'au fa'afoma'i (Koob 'ua al., 2009; Montoya ma Vocci, 2008; O'Brien, 2008; Ross ma Peselow, 2009; Zahm, 2010). E ui o le tele o vailaʻau o vasega eseese ua faʻamaonia mo isi tulaga faʻafomaʻi o loʻo suʻesuʻeina i le taimi nei e mafai ona fesoasoani i le togafitia o faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu, e na o le pau lava le vailaʻau ua faʻamaonia faapitoa mo togafitiga e oʻo mai i le Iunaite Setete o le varenicline, buproprion, ma le sui o le nicotine. togafitiga mo le taofi o le ulaula tapaa, opioids umi e galue (ie, methadone poʻo le buprenorphrine) mo le faʻalagolago i le opiate, ma le disulfiram, naltrexone, ma le acamprosate mo le faʻalagolago i le ava malosi. E leai ni vaila'au e fesoasoani i le togafitia o vaisu i cocaine, methamphetamine, po'o mariuana o lo'o fa'amaonia i le taimi nei, e leai fo'i se fa'atagaina mo le togafitia o vaisu o amioga.

O le faʻamoemoega o le iloiloga o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai se aotelega o le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau faʻapitoa ma le aoga lautele o vailaʻau o loʻo galue i luga o le glutamatergic transmission i le togafitiga o faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu. O nei vailaʻau e aofia ai le acamprosate, N-acetylcysteine, D-cycloserine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, memantine, modafinil, ma le topiramate. E tatau ona maitauina o le tele o nei vailaʻau o loʻo i ai faiga o gaioiga e aofia ai le tele o neurotransmitter system, ma atonu sei vagana ai le D-cycloserine, e leai se tasi e iloa e filifilia le faʻaogaina o le glutamatergic transmission poʻo ni mea faʻapitoa glutamate receptors. Ae ui i lea, o loʻo i ai se tino malosi o faʻamaoniga faʻapitoa e tulaʻi mai i le silia ma le luasefulu tausaga o suʻesuʻega a manu o loʻo fautua mai ai se sao taua mo le faʻasalalauina o le glutamate ma le faʻaogaina o le glutamate i le taui o vailaʻau, faʻamalosia, ma le toe faʻafoʻi (Bird ma Lawrence, 2009; Toa 'ua al., 2010; Gass ma Olive, 2008; Kalivas 'ua al., 2009; Moussawi ma Kalivas, 2010; Olive, 2009, 2010; Reissner ma Kalivas, 2010; Tzschentke ma Schmidt, 2003; Uys ma LaLumiere, 2008). Mo se aotelega o le glutamatergic transmission ma le glutamate receptors, o le tagata faitau e tuʻuina atu i le iloiloga a Sanacora i le lomiga o loʻo iai nei (lomitusi – fa'amolemole fa'aofi numera sa'o itulau iinei). E le gata i lea, o le vaega laiti ae o loʻo tuputupu aʻe o tusitusiga e uiga i le faʻaogaina o nei vailaʻau e togafitia ai vaisu o amioga e pei o le faʻamalosia o taaloga faitupe, ma suʻesuʻega i lenei autu o le a toe iloiloina foi.

2. Glutamatergic vailaʻau mo le togafitia o faʻafitauli o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau

2.1. Acamprosate

2.1.1. Mechanism of Action

Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurine) e maua mai i le homotaurine, o se agonist γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) e le faʻapitoa. O le mole o le N-acetylated e faafaigofie ai le ulu atu i luga o le pa puipui o le toto-faiʻai, ma ua faʻatulagaina e pei o se masima calcium e faʻateleina ai le faʻaogaina o le vailaʻau mai le gastrointestinal tract. E ui lava i nei suiga o vaila'au, o lona bioavailability atoa e tumau pea le leaga (ie, <20%) ma e mana'omia tui i le va o le 2-3 kalama i le aso e fa'aalia ai le aoga. Ole tele o vailaʻau faʻataʻitaʻiga o le acamprosate ua faʻatulagaina, ae o suʻesuʻega muamua o loʻo fautua mai ai o le acamprosate e faʻaaogaina ana gaioiga e ala i le glutamatergic mechanisms na lipotia mai e Zeise ma ana uo.Zeise 'ua al., 1990, 1993). O nei tagata suʻesuʻe na faʻaalia ai o le acamprosate na faʻaitiitia ai le faʻafefe o le faʻamaʻiina o le neuronal e faʻaalia e le iontophoretic faʻaogaina o le L-glutamate i luga o neu cortical i vivo, ma faʻalavelaveina ai le postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) na faʻaalia e le glutamate ma le N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). O faʻamaoniga faʻaopoopo mo le NMDA antagonist-pei o le gaioiga o le acamprosate na sau mai suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai o lenei tuufaatasiga e faʻafefe ai le NMDA-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) i neurons hippocampal (Rammes 'ua al., 2001) ma faʻatulafonoina le faʻamatalaga o le NMDA receptor subunit i se faiga tutusa ma le mea na matauina i le maeʻa ai o togafitiga ma le NMDA antagonist MK-801 e le tauva.Putzke 'ua al., 1996; Rammes 'ua al., 2001). Ae ui i lea, o nisi tagata suʻesuʻe e leai se aʻafiaga o le acamprosate i luga o le NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission i le CA1 itulagi o le hippocampus (Popp ma Lovinger, 2000), ae o isi ua latou iloa o le acamprosate e mafai moni lava ona faʻamalosia le NMDA receptor galuega i le CA1 itulagi o le hippocampus (Madamba 'ua al., 1996) ma totonu ole nucleus accumbens (Berton 'ua al., 1998). E ui lava i nei suʻesuʻega eletise e le ogatasi, o suʻesuʻega faʻamaonia ua faʻamaonia ai se fegalegaleaiga a le acamprosate ma le spermidine-, glutamate- ma / poʻo le MK-801-nofoaga faʻapipiʻi nofoaga o le NMDA receptor (al Qatari 'ua al., 1998; Harris 'ua al., 2002; Naassila 'ua al., 1998), ma o lea acamprosate e masani ona taʻua e le faʻapitoa o se "NMDA modulator" (Ata 1). E ui lava e leʻi mautu le faʻamoemoega mole mole (s) o le acamprosate (Kiefer ma Mann, 2010; Reilly 'ua al., 2008), o le tele o manatu o loʻo i ai nei e faʻapea o le acamprosate e toe faʻafoʻisia ai le le paleni i le va o le neurotransmission o le amino acid faʻamalosi ma le faʻalavelave e mafua mai i le taumafaina o le ava malosi (De Witte 'ua al., 2005; Kiefer ma Mann, 2010; Spanagel 'ua al., 2005; Umhau 'ua al., 2010).

Putative glutamatergic mechanisms of action of 8 anti-addiction medications. Faʻapitoa - O le mole mole (s) o le acamprosate e le o mautinoa lava, ae o le tele o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai e faʻaogaina ai le gaioiga a le NMDA receptors ma toe faʻaleleia le paleni i le va. ...

2.1.2. Lelei Fa'afoma'i

O le faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua o le aoga o le acamprosate i le faʻaitiitia o le aʻafiaga o le toe faʻafoʻi i le ava malosi na faʻasalalau i le ogatotonu o 1980s (Lhuintre 'ua al., 1985). I le aluga o tausaga, ua faʻaalia e le acamprosate le tele o aʻafiaga e amata mai i le laʻititi i le feololo i le faʻaitiitia o le taumafaina o le ava malosi, fua faʻatatau o le manaʻo i le ava malosi, ma le faʻalauiloaina o le faʻasaʻo, e pei ona toe iloiloina i meta-suʻesuʻega talu ai nei (Kennedy 'ua al., 2010; Kiefer ma Mann, 2010; Kranzler ma Gage, 2008; tagata 'ua al., 2008; Mason ma Heyser, 2010a, b; Rosner 'ua al., 2010; Snyder ma Bowers, 2008). Ona o le le lelei o le faʻaogaina o le gutu, o tui tetele o le acamprosate (e masani lava i le 2-3 g i le aso) e manaʻomia ina ia mataʻituina le aoga. Ae ui i lea, o se suʻesuʻega tele-center talu ai nei o le silia ma le 1200 tagata mamaʻi faʻalagolago i le ava (ua taʻua o le Combined Medications and Behavioral Interventions, poʻo le "COMBINE" suʻesuʻega) na maua ai e le sili atu le aoga o le acamprosate nai lo le placebo i le faʻaitiitia o le aʻafiaga o le toe faʻafoʻi i se fomaʻi. fa'atonuina tulaga (Anton 'ua al., 2006). O isi suʻesuʻega talu ai nei ua faʻaalia ai foi le leai o se aoga o le acamprosate i le faʻaitiitia o le inu ava malosi poʻo le tuʻinanau, poʻo le faʻalauiloaina o le faʻasaʻo (Donovan 'ua al., 2008; Laaksonen 'ua al., 2008; Morley 'ua al., 2006; Richardson 'ua al., 2008). O mafuaʻaga o nei suʻesuʻega le lelei, aemaise lava i le faʻamalamalamaina o le tele o suʻesuʻega lelei talu ai (o loʻo aoteleina i meta-analyses o loʻo taʻua i luga), o loʻo finau pea. O nisi tagata suʻesuʻe na fautua mai o se "aafiaga placebo" taua i le suʻesuʻega COMBINE atonu na ufiufi soʻo se aafiaga aoga o le acamprosate (Weiss 'ua al., 2008), ma o le faʻaleleia atili o fua faʻatatau e fesoʻotaʻi ma le le inu e pei o le lelei o le olaga na sili atu i le acamprosate- versus placebo-treated maʻi i le suʻesuʻega COMBINE (LoCastro 'ua al., 2009). O isi ua fautua mai o le amataina o togafitiga acamprosate pe a maeʻa le faʻamamaina e maua ai le faʻaitiitia o le tuʻinanau o le ava nai lo le tuʻuina atu i le taimi e taumafaina ai le ava malosi (Kampman 'ua al., 2009), e pei ona faia i le suʻesuʻega COMBINE. Ole mana'oga mo tui e tolu ile aso e ono avea ma pa puipui mo nisi gasegase. Faʻaitiitia le faʻaosofia e amata togafitiga i le lotovaivai pe a faʻatusatusa i le 'ava malosi e le faʻavaivai e matua aʻafia ai le tausisia o togafitiga i gasegase e togafitia i le acamprosate (Lejoyeux ma Lehert, 2011). Ma le mea mulimuli, o isi mea faʻaosofia e pei o le i ai o se sini togafitiga o le faʻamaʻi atoatoa e ese mai i le inu malosi e foliga mai e iai aʻafiaga aoga i tagata gasegase e togafitia i le acamprosate pe a faʻatusatusa i le placebo (Mason 'ua al., 2006; Mason ma Lehert, 2010). E foliga mai, e pei o soʻo se vailaʻau o le psychotropic, o vaega faʻapitoa o tagata gasegase e mafai ona tali lelei atu i le acamprosate nai lo isi. O suʻesuʻega faʻaopoopo e manino lava e manaʻomia e faʻamautinoa tonu ai pe o le a le aoga o nei faʻaosofiaga, metotia, fua faʻatatau, poʻo mea faʻapitoa e mafai ona iloa ai le ava malosi e foliga mai e faʻaalia se tali lelei i le acamprosate.

E tusa ai ma le aoga o le acamprosate i le togafitia o vaisu i isi vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina poʻo le faʻaogaina o amioga e pei o le pathological gambling, o suʻesuʻega tetele e le o iai, ma o nai suʻesuʻega na faʻasalalau na lipotia ai faʻalavelave fefiloi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se lipoti talu ai nei na lagolagoina ai le aoga o le acamprosate i le togafitia o taaloga faitupe (Raj, 2010). I le isi itu, na lipotia talu ai nei e Kampman ma ana uo e faapea, i se faʻataʻitaʻiga lua-tauaso e pulea ai le placebo o le 60 tagata faʻalagolago i le koko, e leʻi faʻaalia e le acamprosate ni aʻafiaga aoga i le faʻaaogaina o le koko, tuʻinanau, poʻo le faʻamavaeina o faʻamaʻi pe a faʻatusatusa i tagata gasegase e maua le placebo (Kampman 'ua al., 2011). O nei suʻesuʻega mulimuli e sili ona le fiafia talu ai o le tele o suʻesuʻega o rodent ua faʻaalia ai o le acamprosate e faʻaitiitia ai le faʻamalieina o aʻafiaga o cocaine faʻapea foʻi ma vailaʻau-ma faʻailoga-faʻafouina le toe faʻaleleia o amioga suʻesuʻe koko (Toa 'ua al., 2007; McGeehan ma Olive, 2003, 2006). Ae ui i lea, ona o le laʻititi laʻititi ma le maualuga o le paʻu o le suʻesuʻega a Kampman ma ana paʻaga, o loʻo tumau pea le avanoa o le acamprosate e mafai ona aoga i le togafitiga o vaisu cocaine i se vaega e leʻi faʻamalamalamaina o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e faalagolago i le koko.

2.2. N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

2.2.1. Mechanism of Action

O le NAC o se N-acetylated derivative o le amino acid cysteine fa'alenatura. O le taimi lava e i totonu o totoga tetele i totonu e aofia ai le faiʻai, ua deacetylate le NAC e fai ai le cysteine e leai se totogi, ma o le homodimerization o molelaʻau cysteine e lua e ala i se fusi o le disulfide e maua ai le cystine. O le mea lea, o le NAC ua taʻua o se cystine pro-drug e fusifusia i le cystine-glutamate exchanger (e masani ona taʻua o le system xc-) ma faʻalauteleina le faʻaogaina o le glutathione (faifalaoa 'ua al., 2002; McBean, 2002). E ala i lenei masini ua faʻamaonia e le NAC le aoga faʻapitoa e avea o se sui mucolytic ma i le togafitiga o le acetaminophen overdose. Ae ui i lea, i le faaopoopo atu i le faʻalauiloaina o le glutathione synthesis, o le system xc- o se porotini antiporter lea e feaveaʻi le cystine extracellular i totonu o sela glial ma intracellular glutamate mai totonu o le glia i totonu o le siosiomaga extracellular. O le aʻafiaga o le NAC o le maualuga lea o le maualuga o le glutamate maualuga, lea e faʻaitiitia i le taimi o le toesea o cocaine (faifalaoa 'ua al., 2002, 2003; Kau 'ua al., 2008; Madayag 'ua al., 2007; Melendez 'ua al., 2005; Moran 'ua al., 2005). O lenei "faʻasaʻoina" o vaega o le glutamate extracellular toe faʻafoʻisia le leo glutamatergic i presynaptic faʻasaʻo-faʻatonutonu vaega II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2 / 3, Moran 'ua al., 2005; Vaʻai Ata 1) ma puipuia ai le gafatia o se luʻitau cocaine mulimuli ane e faʻateleina le maualuga o le glutamate extracellular i totonu o le nucleus accumbens. O le iʻuga o le faʻalavelaveina lea o le mafai ona faʻaalia le cocaine e toe faʻafoʻi ai amioga suʻesuʻe cocaine (amene 'ua al., 2011; faifalaoa 'ua al., 2003; Kau 'ua al., 2008; Madayag 'ua al., 2007; Moran 'ua al., 2005; Moussawi 'ua al., 2009).

2.2.2. Lelei Fa'afoma'i

Faʻavae i luga o nei suʻesuʻega mai suʻesuʻega a manu, o le tele o suʻesuʻega i le aoga o le NAC e faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaaogaina o le cocaine, manaʻoga, faʻamalo faʻailoga, ma le toe faʻafoʻi i vaisu cocaine e leʻi leva ona lolomiina. I se suʻesuʻega laʻititi ma le saogalemu (n = 13 mataupu), na faʻaalia ai o le NAC (1200 mg / aso mo aso e lua) na faʻafeiloaʻi lelei e tagata faʻamaʻi koko ma maua ai ni suiga laiti i le faʻaitiitia o lipoti a le tagata lava ia o le faʻaaogaina o cocaine, manaʻoga. ma fa'ailoga fa'amavae (LaRowe 'ua al., 2006). O suʻesuʻega laiti tulitatao (n = 15-23 mataupu) ua faʻamaonia ai o tui tutusa o le NAC o loʻo faʻafeiloaʻi lelei e vaisu cocaine ma maua mai ai le faʻaititia tele o le faʻaaogaina o le koko ma le manaʻo i togafitiga-saʻili i fafo tagata faʻalagolago i le koko.amene 'ua al., 2011; LaRowe 'ua al., 2007; Mardikian 'ua al., 2007). Ae ui i lea, o le mea taua, o se suʻesuʻega pailate talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai e le faʻaitiitia e le NAC lagona faʻapitoa o se cocaine "maualuga" poʻo le "vave" pe a uma ona faʻaalia i ata vitio o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma cocaine, ae faʻaitiitia ai le manaʻo e faʻaalia e le faʻaalia o le cocaine IV (amene 'ua al., 2011). E ui o nei taunuuga mulimuli atonu e foliga mai e le ioe faatasi ma LaRowe, Mardikian, ma paaga, oe na maua le faʻaitiitia o aʻafiaga o le NAC i luga o le manaʻoga o le cocaine, o le laʻititi laʻititi o le suʻesuʻega a Amene ma paʻaga (n = 4 mataupu. ) e mafai ona fa'atapula'aina lona fa'amatalaina. Po o le a lava, o nei faʻaiʻuga muamua e maua ai faʻamatalaga faʻamalosia e mafai e le NAC ona faʻaaogaina i le togafitiga o vaisu o cocaine, ma e manaʻomia nisi faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa faʻapitoa e faʻamaonia ai nei taunuʻuga i se fua tele.

E tusa ai ma isi vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina, o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi lata mai (n = 29 mataupu) na suʻesuʻeina le aoga o le NAC i le fesoasoani i le taofi o le ulaula (Knackstedt 'ua al., 2009). O faʻaiʻuga o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o le NAC togafitiga (2400 mg / aso) e faʻaitiitia ai le numera o sikaleti ulaula e faʻatatau i le numera o sikaleti ulaula e tagata o loʻo mauaina le placebo, ae o le togafitiga a le NAC e leʻi faʻaitiitia ai le maualuga o le carbon monoxide plasma, faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi nicotine, poʻo le nicotine. tu'inanau. O le isi suʻesuʻega pailate laiti (n=24 mataupu) na faʻaalia ai na faʻaitiitia e le NAC le faʻaaogaina o mariuana ma le manaʻo i talavou matutua e faalagolago i mariuana mai le 18-21 pe a faʻatusatusa i le placebo (Lanu efuefu 'ua al., 2010). Ae mo vaisu e le o ni fualaau faasaina, o se tamai suʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga (n = 23 mataupu) na faʻaalia ai o le NAC (o lona uiga o le aoga aoga 1477 mg / aso) na faʻaititia ai togi i luga o le Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Pathological Gambling [PG-YBOCS] (Grant 'ua al., 2007), ma ua faʻaalia e aoga tele i le faʻaitiitia o le faʻamalosi fao e fesoʻotaʻi ma le maʻi pipili i gasegase e tolu (Berk 'ua al., 2009). Mulimuli ane, na faʻaalia foi le NAC e taofiofia le tosoina o lauulu i se suʻesuʻega faʻalua-tauaso o le 50 tagata gasegase e maua i le trichotillomania (Grant 'ua al., 2009).

E ui lava o suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa uma o loʻo taʻua i luga e muamua ma faʻaaogaina laʻititi laʻititi laʻititi, o mea e foliga mai e tumau pea le faʻamaʻiina o vaisu o le NAC o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai faʻamaoniga malosi o lenei vailaʻau, faʻapea foʻi ma isi mea faʻapipiʻi e toe faʻafoʻisia ai le glutamate homeostasis (Knackstedt 'ua al., 2010; Sari 'ua al., 2009), e ono mafai ona fa'amaonia le aoga o vaila'au fesoasoani i le togafitia o vaisu ma amioga.

2.3. D-cycloserine (DCS)

2.3.1. Mechanism of Action

DCS (D-4-amino-3-isoxazolidone) o se fa'atupuina o le amino acid serine fa'alenatura. E galue o se co-agonist i le glycine-binding site i luga o le NR1 subunit o le NMDA receptors, lea o loʻo i ai i NMDA receptors uma i totonu o le fatugalemu o le tino. E le lava le DCS e faʻagaoioia ai le NMDA na o ia, ma e manaʻomia le i ai o le glutamate e fusifusia i le talipupuni ina ia mafai ai ona faʻaaogaina ona aʻafiaga. O le faʻagaoioia o le glycine binding site e le DCS e faʻaleleia ai le NMDA e ala i le faʻateleina o le calcium e ala atu i nei tali e aunoa ma le mafua ai o le neurotoxicity (Sheinin 'ua al., 2001; Vaʻai Ata 1).

2.3.2. Lelei Fa'afoma'i

O se taunuuga o lona gafatia e faʻaleleia ai le NMDA, e talitonuina le DCS e faʻafaigofie le synaptic plasticity ma nisi ituaiga o aʻoaʻoga, e aofia ai aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa a Pavlovian ma aʻoaʻoga faʻaumatia, ma o lea ua lipotia mai e faʻafaigofie ai le faʻaumatia o tali o le fefe i le popole. ma'i fa'aletonu i le taimi o togafitiga fa'aalia i le tele o su'esu'ega fa'afoma'i (toe iloilo i Davis 'ua al., 2006; Myers 'ua al., 2011; Myers ma Davis, 2007). E tusa ai ma vaisu, o suʻesuʻega a manu ua faʻaalia ai le DCS e faʻafaigofieina le faʻaumatiaina o se mea e fiafia i ai le cocaine (CPP) (Botreau 'ua al., 2006; Thanos 'ua al., 2009), faʻaitiitia le toe maua mai o le cocaine le pulea e le tagata lava ia e ala i le faʻaleleia o aʻoaʻoga faʻaumatia (Nic Dhonnchadha 'ua al., 2010), ma faʻaitiitia ai foi le toe faʻaleleia o le suʻeina o koko i se tulaga-tutoatasi (Torregrossa 'ua al., 2010). Peita'i, na'o ni nai su'esu'ega fa'afoma'i i a'afiaga o le DCS i amioga fai ma vaisu na faia i le taimi nei.

Santa Ana ma ana uo (Santa Ana 'ua al., 2009) talu ai nei na lipotia mai e faapea i le 12 nicotine-faalagolago i sikaleti ulaula o loʻo feagai ma togafitiga faʻaalia, o le puleaina o le DCS (50 mg) na matua faʻaitiitia ai le physiological (ie, le paʻu o le paʻu) tali faʻapea foʻi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa-i-asu i le tali atu i le tuʻuina atu o le ulaula- fa'ailoga fa'atatau pe a fa'atusatusa i mata'upu e togafitia i le placebo (n=13). Na fa'aalia fo'i e mata'upu na togafitia e le DCS le fa'aitiitia o le maualuga o le carbon monoxide i se su'esu'ega tulitatao i le vaiaso mulimuli ane, e ui e leai se a'afiaga i amioga masani ulaula na maua. O nei su'esu'ega muamua o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai e ono aoga le DCS i le fa'aopoopoina o a'afiaga o le fa'aaliga fa'aalia i le taimi o taumafaiga e fa'amuta le ulaula sikaleti. I se isi itu, e ui i lea, o se isi suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai o le fua tutusa o le DCS na maua moni ai le faʻatupulaia o lipoti faʻatatau o le manaʻo i le koko i le 5 tagata faʻalagolago i cocaine (tau 'ua al., 2009). Ole taimi ole pulega ole DCS ile su'esu'eina o togafitiga atonu e talafeagai mo nei su'esu'ega manino. I luga o nei laina, e taua le matauina o se suʻesuʻega a manu talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai o le faʻaogaina o le DCS i totonu o le amygdala basolateral na faʻamalosia moni ai le toe faʻafouina o manatuaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma cocaine i kokaina e pulea e le tagata lava ia.Lee 'ua al., 2009). E manino lava le tele o suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e iloilo ai le avanoa e mafai ai e le DCS ona faʻaleleia atili, nai lo le faʻafaigofieina o le faʻaumatia o, le faʻamalosiaga o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma cocaine. E le gata i lea, e manaʻomia suʻesuʻega e iloa ai pe faʻaleleia e le DCS le aoga o togafitiga faʻaalia i tagata ua fai ma vaisu i vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina e ese mai i le cocaine poʻo le nicotine, e pei o suʻesuʻega i aʻafiaga o le DCS i vaisu e le o fualaau faasaina.

2.4. Gabapentin

2.4.1. Mechanism of Action

Gabapentin o se vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e iai lona aʻafiaga lautele i luga o le neuronal transmission e ala i le taofia o le presynaptic voltage-gated Na.⁺ ma Ca²⁺ auala (Dickenson ma Gandhihari, 2007; Faailoga, 2007; Rogowski ma Loscher, 2004). O se taunuuga, o le gabapentin e taofia le tuʻuina atu o neurotransmitters eseese, e aofia ai le glutamate, e pei ona faʻaalia i totonu. Ata 1 (Coderre 'ua al., 2007; Cunningham 'ua al., 2004; Dooley 'ua al., 2000; Fink 'ua al., 2000; Manufa 'ua al., 2004; Maneuf ma McKnight, 2001; Shimoama 'ua al., 2000).

2.4.2. Lelei Fa'afoma'i

E tele suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o le gabapentin e aoga tele i le faʻaitiitia o faʻamaoniga o le toesea o le ava (ufi 'ua al., 1999; Bozikas 'ua al., 2002; Mariani 'ua al., 2006; Martinez-Raga 'ua al., 2004; Myrick 'ua al., 1998; Rustembegovic 'ua al., 2004; Voris 'ua al., 2003), lea e masani ona maua i le feololo i le ogaoga CNS hyperexcitability ma tetete. Gabapentin ua faʻaalia foi e sili atu nai lo le benzodiazepine lorazepam i le faʻaitiitia o faʻalavelave moe e fesoʻotaʻi ma le toesea o le ava.Malcolm 'ua al., 2007). Ae e oʻo mai i le taimi nei, o suʻesuʻega faʻafomaʻi i le aoga o le gabapentin i le faʻaitiitia o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau, manaʻo, poʻo le toe faʻafoʻi ua maua ai ni faʻafitauli fefiloi. E tele suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o le gabapentin (faʻatasi ai ma fua faʻatatau o le 600-1200 mg / aso) e le faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaaogaina o cocaine i tagata ua fai ma vaisu (Bisaga 'ua al., 2006; Gonzalez 'ua al., 2007), ae o isi suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o le gabapentin e faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaaogaina o cocaine ma le manaʻo (Berger 'ua al., 2005; Myrick 'ua al., 2001; Raby, 2000; Raby ma Coomaraswamy, 2004), masalo e ala i le faʻaitiitia o aʻafiaga faʻaosofia faʻaituau o cocaine (Haney 'ua al., 2005). O suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai o le gabapentin (600-1500 mg / aso) e faʻaitiitia ai le manaʻo ma le faʻaaogaina o le ava malosi (Furieri ma Nakamura-Palacios, 2007; Mason 'ua al., 2009; Myrick 'ua al., 2009), ma fa'aumiumi le fa'amama mai le fa'aaogaina o le 'ava malosi i mataupu e fa'alagolago i le 'ava malosi (Brower 'ua al., 2008). Ae ui i lea, o isi tagata suʻesuʻe e leʻi faʻaalia ni aʻafiaga o tui tutusa o le gabapentin i le tuʻinanau o le ava (Bisaga ma Evans, 2006; Myrick 'ua al., 2007). E le gata i lea, ua lipotia mai o le gabapentin e le faʻaitiitia le faʻaaogaina o le methamphetamine (Heinzerling 'ua al., 2006), e fa'atapula'aina ona a'afiaga i le fa'atupuina o le fa'amama le ulaula (Lanu pa'epa'e 'ua al., 2005), ma e le faʻaleleia ai faʻamaoniga o le faʻamavaeina o le mafaufau i mataupu faʻalagolago i le opiate (Kheirabadi 'ua al., 2008). I le tuʻufaʻatasia, o nei faʻamatalaga e faʻaalia ai o le gabapentin e aoga mo le togafitia o faʻamaoniga o le toesea o le ava ma e ono i ai se aoga mo le faʻaitiitia o le manaʻo mo le ava malosi poʻo le cocaine (e ui e le o suʻesuʻega uma e lagolagoina lenei manatu), ae o lenei vailaʻau e foliga mai e leai se aoga i totonu. fa'aitiitiga o vaisu i sikaleti, methamphetamine, po'o le fa'aitiitia o fa'ailoga o le ave'ese o le opiate. I lo matou iloa, e leʻi faʻataʻitaʻiina le gabapentin mo le aoga i le togafitia o vaisu o amioga.

2.5. Lamotrigine

2.5.1. Mechanism of Action

E tutusa ma le gabapentin, o le lagotrimine o se vailaʻau faʻamaʻi lea e taofia ai le presynaptic voltage-gated Na.⁺ ma Ca²⁺ auala (Dickenson ma Gandhihari, 2007; Faailoga, 2007; Rogowski ma Loscher, 2004), ma faʻafefe ai le tuʻuina atu o neurotransmitters eseese, e aofia ai le glutamate (vaai Ata 1; Ahmad 'ua al., 2004; Cunningham ma Jones, 2000; Leach 'ua al., 1986; Lees ma Leach, 1993; Lingamaeni ma Hemmings, 1999; Sitges 'ua al., 2007; Teoh 'ua al., 1995; Waldmeier 'ua al., 1995, 1996; Wang 'ua al., 2001). O le Lamotrigine o lo'o tauaveina se tulaga e le masani ai ae ogaoga le fa'atupuina o se mageso tuga o le pa'u, ua ta'ua o le Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Ole a'afiaga ole a'afiaga ole a'afiaga ole a'afiaga e mafai ona fa'aitiitia ile fa'agasologa ole fua ole fua, e masani lava e amata ile fua ole 25 mg/aso ma fa'asolo ile vaiaso ile fua ole 200-300 mg/aso.

2.5.2. Lelei Fa'afoma'i

E pei o le gabapentin, lamotrigine e faʻalavelaveina faʻailoga somatic o le toesea o le ava malosi (Krupitsky 'ua al., 2007b). O suʻesuʻega a le falemaʻi talu ai nei o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le lamotrigine e foliga mai e faʻaalia le aoga i le faʻaitiitia o le manaʻo ma le faʻaaogaina o cocaine (Berger 'ua al., 2005; Lanu enaena 'ua al., 2003, 2006; Margolin 'ua al., 1998; Pavlovic, 2011), e ui lava e foliga mai o loʻo tuʻua ai aʻafiaga o le cocaine e le suia (Winther 'ua al., 2000). Aafiaga faʻaititia tutusa o le lamotrigine i le tuʻinanau mo le ava malosi (Rubio 'ua al., 2006) ma mea inu fa'aleagaina (Shen, 2006) ua lipotia mai. O nei su'esu'ega o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai o le lamotrigine e mafai ona aoga i le togafitiga o vaisu i cocaine, ava malosi po'o mea inu fa'aleagaina. O suʻesuʻega i le aoga o le lamotrigine i le togafitia o vaisu o amioga poʻo vaisu i opiates, nicotine, poʻo psychostimulants e pei o le methamphetamine e leai.

2.6. Memantine

2.6.1. Mechanism of Action

Memantine o se tagata tetee le tauva i le NMDA receptor (Ata 1) ma e faʻaaoga muamua mo togafitiga o le paʻu o le mafaufau i le faʻamaʻi o le Alzheimer. I le faaopoopo atu i ana gaioiga tetee i le NMDA receptors, o le memantine foi e poloka ai le serotonin type 3 receptor (5-HT).₃) faʻapea foʻi ma nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. E ui lava o nisi mea faʻaleagaina e pei o le phencyclidine, ketamine, dextromethorphan poʻo le ava malosi o loʻo i ai ni mea faʻafefe i le NMDA, o le memantine o se tasi o nai faʻalavelave faʻafefe NMDA e masani ona talia lelei e tagata ma e foliga mai e le mafai ona faʻaleagaina (Vosburg 'ua al., 2005).

2.6.2. Lelei Fa'afoma'i

I le faaopoopo atu i le aoga i le faʻaitiitia o faʻamaʻi faʻamavae i le faʻamamaina o le ava malosi (Krupitsky 'ua al., 2007b) ma vaisu opiate (Bisaga 'ua al., 2001), memantine (tulaga masani i le 30-60 mg / aso) ua lipotia mai e sili atu nai lo placebo i le faʻaitiitia o le inu pea ma / poʻo le manaʻo mo le ava malosi i mataupu ava malosi (Arias 'ua al., 2007; Bisaga ma Evans, 2004; Krupitsky 'ua al., 2007a). O lenei faʻaleleia o le tuʻinanau mo le ava e mafai ona mafua mai i aafiaga faʻapitoa e pei o le ava o le memantine (Bisaga ma Evans, 2004; Krupitsky 'ua al., 2007a). Ae ui i lea, o se suʻesuʻega sili atu ile placebo na faʻaalia ai o le memantine e le faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaauauina o amioga inu i tagata mamaʻi faʻalagolago i le ava (Evans 'ua al., 2007). Ua lipotia mai le Memantine e faʻaitiitia ai aʻafiaga o le ulaula tapaa (Jackson 'ua al., 2009) ma heroin tui (Comer ma Sullivan, 2007); ae ui i lea, aemaise lava i tui maualuga, o le memantine e mafai ona faʻateleina ai aʻafiaga o le fatu ma le cardiovascular o cocaine (Collins 'ua al., 1998, 2007). Faʻatasi, o nei faʻamatalaga o loʻo fautua mai ai o le memantine e mafai ona faʻaaogaina i le faʻamaʻaina o le ava-poʻo le opiate-faʻalagolago i gasegase, ma atonu o se vailaʻau faʻapitoa mo togafitiga o le ava malosi. Ae ui i lea, o lona aoga aoga mo le togafitia o vaisu i isi vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina o loʻo tumau pea ona le iloa, ma e foliga mai e ono faʻasalaina mo le togafitia o vaisu cocaine. Ae ui i lea, o se suʻesuʻega pailate faʻasalalau talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai o le memantine na faʻaititia ai togi PG-YBOCS ma le taimi na faʻaalu i taaloga faitupe i le 29 pathological gamblers (Grant 'ua al., 2010b), o loʻo fautua mai ai o le memantine e mafai ona faʻaaogaina i le togafitiga o vaisu o amioga e pei o le pathological gambling.

2.7. Modafinil

2.7.1. Mechanism of Action

Modafinil o se CNS stimulant muamua fuafuaina e faʻaleleia le mataala ma le mataala i le togafitiga o le narcolepsy ma le tele o le moe i le ao e mafua mai i le manava moe poʻo le suiga. Modafinil o nisi taimi o loʻo faʻatonuina e avea o se faʻaigoa faʻaigoaina togafitiga mo le faʻaogaina-faʻaletonu / faʻafitauli faʻapitoa. E ui lava e leʻi malamalama atoatoa ana faiga o le neuropharmacological, o le modafinil e foliga mai e le o galue o se monoamine faʻamalolo e pei o le tulaga mo amphetamine-pei o mea faʻamalosi. Nai lo lena, e mafai e le modafinil ona galue e ala i le faʻaosofia o le α-adrenoceptors, taofia le faʻamalolo o le GABA, faʻavaivaia le taofiofia o le dopamine transporter, poʻo le faʻaosofiaina o neurons o loʻo i ai le hypothalamic orexin (Ballon ma Feifel, 2006; Martinez-Raga 'ua al., 2008). O isi faiga o gaioiga na lipotia mai e aofia ai le faʻaitiitia o faʻasalalauga saoloto ma le cytotoxicity e mafua mai i le le lava o le moe (Gerrard ma Malcolm, 2007). E ui o le tele o suʻesuʻega e fautua mai ai se faʻavae dopaminergic mo ona aʻafiaga faʻaosofia (Andersen 'ua al., 2010; Volkow 'ua al., 2009; Wisor ma Eriksson, 2005), modafinil ua faʻaalia e siitia ai le maualuga o le glutamate i le tele o faiʻai e aofia ai le pito i tua, hippocampus ma le diencephalon (silasila i Ata 1) (Ferraro 'ua al., 1997, 1998, 1999) e aunoa ma le a'afiaina o le glutamate synthesis (Perez de la Mora 'ua al., 1999). Modafinil ua manatu e maualalo le faʻaleagaina (Martinez-Raga 'ua al., 2008), e ui lava o lipoti o le faʻaleagaina e mafai ona maua i tui maualuga (Andersen 'ua al., 2010) ma le fa'aaogaina e le fa'afoma'i ua fa'ateleina (Ballon ma Feifel, 2006). O se taunuuga o le modafinil o loʻo faʻavasegaina i le taimi nei o se mea e pulea e le Faʻatonuga IV e le Drug Enforcement Administration. O faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa faʻapitoa o le modafinil e masani lava ile va ole 200-400 mg / aso.

2.7.2. Lelei Fa'afoma'i

O le tele o lipoti a le falemaʻi ua faʻaalia ai o le modafinil e faʻaalia ai le aoga i le togafitiga o vaisu cocaine (Martinez-Raga 'ua al., 2008). I totonu o se suʻesuʻega faʻamalosi-fesoʻotaʻiga e pulea e le placebo e Dackis ma ana paʻaga, na lipotia mai ai o le modafinil (200 mg / aso) na faʻafefe ai le euphorigenic aafiaga o cocaine intravenous i vaisu cocaine (Talofa 'ua al., 2003), ma o nei suʻesuʻega na mulimuli ane faia tutoʻatasi (Malcolm 'ua al., 2006). O se suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e lua-tauaso o le suʻesuʻeina o le cocaine-faʻalagolago i maʻi i fafo na faʻaalia ai o le modafinil (400 mg / aso) na faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaaogaina o cocaine i aso uma ma le faʻaumiumi o le faʻasaʻo (Talofa 'ua al., 2005). O se suʻesuʻega a le falemaʻi lata mai na maua ai e le modafinil le faʻaitiitia o le faʻaaogaina o le koko ma le manaʻo i mataupu faʻalagolago i cocaine e aunoa ma le faʻalagolago i le ava malosi (Anderson 'ua al., 2009). E ui lava o nei faʻamatalaga o loʻo faʻaalia ai e mafai ona faʻaaogaina le modafinil i le togafitiga o vaisu cocaine, e ono mafai ona iai nisi o aʻafiaga aoga e mafua mai i le faʻaitiitia o le maualuga o le plasma concentrations o cocaine i luma o le modafinil (Donovan 'ua al., 2005). Modafinil ua maua foi ni faiga le taua agai i le faaitiitia o le faʻaaogaina o le methamphetamine i le va o tagata faʻaleagaina o lenei vailaʻau (Tausi 'ua al., 2009), ma le fa'aitiitiga o amioga tau tupe i tagata fai tupe fa'alavelave fa'alavelave (Zack ma Poulos, 2009). E ui lava i nei taunuuga lelei o loʻo faʻaalia ai se gafatia mo le modafinil i le togafitia o vaisu o le psychostimulant ma le gamblers pathological, o se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai e le aoga le modafinil i le faʻaitiitia o le ulaula tapaa ma e maua mai ai le tele o faʻailoga o le alu ese ma le aʻafiaga leaga nai lo tagata ulaula faʻamaʻi (placebo).Schnoll 'ua al., 2008). O le mea lea, modafinil e foliga mai e le fetaui lelei mo le faʻaaogaina i le togafitiga o le faʻagata ulaula.

Mai se vaaiga o le neurochemical, e fai si fenumiai pe aisea e pei o le modafinil, lea e faateleina ai le maualuga o le glutamate extracellular, e mafua ai le faaitiitia o le intake o cocaine, ona o le tele o suʻesuʻega a manu ua faʻaalia ai le poloka o le glutamatergic neurotransmission (ie, e ala i le puleaina o le ionotropic. glutamate receptor antagonists, postsynaptic mGluR antagonists, poʻo presynaptic mGluR2/3 agonists e taofiofia le faʻamalolo o le glutamate) faʻaitiitia le faʻamalosia o le koko ma / poʻo le toe faʻafouina o amioga suʻesuʻe koko (Gass ma Olive, 2008; Kalivas 'ua al., 2009; Knackstedt ma Kalivas, 2009; Olive, 2009; Tzschentke ma Schmidt, 2003). O se tasi o manatu talafeagai mo le faiga o le gaioiga o le modafinil i le faʻaitiitia o le manaʻo o le cocaine o le faʻavasegaina lea o le faʻaitiitiga o le extracellular glutamate o loʻo matauina i totonu o le nucleus accumbens i le taimi o le toesea o cocaine, ma faʻaitiitia ai le malosi o le cocaine poʻo le cocaine e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamatalaga e faʻaosofia ai le manaʻo (e tutusa ma le faiga fa'atatau o gaioiga mo le NAC - Ata 1). E mana'omia nisi su'esu'ega e su'e ai lea manatu.

2.8. Topiramate

2.8.1. Mechanism of Action

Topiramate, pei o isi vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e aofia ai le gabapentin ma le lamotrigine, e tele auala o gaioiga, e aofia ai le faʻasaina o le presynaptic voltage-gated Na.⁺ ma Ca²⁺ auala (lea e taofia ai le tuʻuina atu o neurotransmitters e aofia ai le glutamate) ma le faʻagaoioia o le ituaiga A GABA (GABA_A) talitali (Dickenson ma Gandhihari, 2007; Faailoga, 2007; Rogowski ma Loscher, 2004). E le gata i lea, e leʻi leva ona faʻaalia o le topiramate o se faʻalavelave i le α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) faʻafeiloaʻi o loʻo i ai le GluR5 subunit (Ata 1) (Gryder ma Rogowski, 2003; Kaminski 'ua al., 2004). O nei gaioiga i luga o le AMPA receptor function e sili ona fiafia talu ai o lenei glutamate receptor subtype ua matua faʻaalia i suiga o le neuroadaptive na gaosia e fualaau o le faʻaleagaina faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻatalanoaina o le pulea e le tagata lava ia o vailaʻau ma amioga e pei o le toe faʻafoʻi.Toa 'ua al., 2010; Gass ma Olive, 2008; Niehaus 'ua al., 2009; Xi ma Gardner, 2008). Ole fua masani masani ole topiramate e amata ile 75-350 mg/aso.

2.8.2. Lelei Fa'afoma'i

I le faʻaopoopoga i le faʻaitiitia o faʻamaʻi faʻamavaeina o le ava e tutusa ma le mea na matauina i le gabapentin ma le lamotrigine (Krupitsky 'ua al., 2007b), e mafai foi e le topiramate ona fesoasoani i le faʻaleleia o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi o le benzodiazepine (Michopoulos 'ua al., 2006). le tele o suʻesuʻega na faʻasalalau i le sefulu tausaga talu ai e faʻaalia ai le aoga o le topiramate i le faʻaitiitia o aʻafiaga o le ava malosi, manaʻo tele i le ava malosi, ma le taumafaina tele i tagata mamaʻi.Anderson ma Oliva, 2003; Johnson 'ua al., 2004; Kenna 'ua al., 2009; Komanduri, 2003; Ma 'ua al., 2006; Miranda 'ua al., 2008; Rubio 'ua al., 2004). O le malosi o le topiramate e faʻaitiitia ai le inu malosi atonu e mafua ona o lona gafatia e faʻaogaina le impulsivity ma faʻaleleia le taofiofia o amioga (Rubio 'ua al., 2009). O se tasi suʻesuʻega na maua ai faʻamaoniga e sili atu le topiramate nai lo le "tulaga auro" naltrexone anti-alcoholism vailaʻau i le faʻaumiumi o le faʻamama ma faʻaitiitia ai le inu ma toe faʻafoʻi (Baltieri 'ua al., 2008). O le mea lea, o le topiramate e foliga mai o se vailaʻau faʻamaonia mo le faʻaaogaina i togafitiga o le ava malosi.

E tusa ai ma isi vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina, ua faʻaalia le topiramate e faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaaogaina o le cocaine ma le manaʻo i tagata taʻitoʻatasi e faʻalagolago i cocaine (Kampman 'ua al., 2004; alaisa 'ua al., 2008), ae o laʻititi laʻititi laʻititi o nei suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e lua e faʻatapulaʻa (Minozzi 'ua al., 2008). O se lipoti o mataupu na faailoa mai ai o le topiramate e faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaaogaina o le methylenedioxymethamphetaine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") (Akhondzadeh ma Hampa, 2005). I tagata ulaula sikaleti, o nisi o suʻesuʻega laiti ua faʻaalia ai aafiaga aoga o le topiramate i le faʻalauiloaina o le faʻasaʻo mai le ulaula poʻo le faʻaitiitia o amioga ulaula (Arbaizar 'ua al., 2008; Johnson 'ua al., 2005; Khazaal 'ua al., 2006). O le malosi o le topiramate e faʻaumi ai le faʻasaʻo mai le ulaula atonu e faʻapitoa i itupa, ma le tele o tali i alii (Anteneli 'ua al., 2008). Ae ui i lea, o se suʻesuʻega e tasi na maua ai, e tutusa ma le lamotrigine, topiramate na faʻapupulaina ai aʻafiaga o le alu ese mai le ulaula faʻapea foʻi ma aʻafiaga tauia o se sikaleti ulaula ma e leʻi aʻafia ai le manaʻo faʻaosofia (Reid 'ua al., 2007), fesiligia le ono fa'aogaina o le topiramate e fai ma fesoasoani i le taofi o le ulaula. I se tulaga talitutusa, ua faʻaalia le topiramate e faʻaleleia ai lagona lelei faʻapitoa e gaosia e le methamphetamine (Johnson 'ua al., 2007). O le mea lea, e mafai e le topiramate ona taofi le folafolaga mo le fesoasoani i le togafitiga o vaisu i le ava malosi ma atonu o le cocaine ma le nicotine, ae sili atu suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e suʻesuʻe ai lona gafatia e avea o se togafitiga mo le togafitia o vaisu i isi vailaʻau faʻaleagaina.

E tusa ai ma vaisu o amioga, o nai suʻesuʻega laiti ma lipoti o mataupu na lolomiina i tausaga talu ai e faʻaalia ai o le topiramate e mafai foi ona faʻaaogaina i togafitiga o nei faʻafitauli. E oʻo mai i le taimi nei, o aʻafiaga lelei o le topiramate ua matauina i le faʻaitiitia o le toe faʻafoʻi atu i faʻafitauli faʻapitoa tau tupe (Dannon 'ua al., 2007) ma fa'aitiitia le 'ai fa'amalosi ma amioga fa'afeusuaiga (Fong 'ua al., 2005; Khazaal ma Zullino, 2006; Tata ma Kockler, 2006). E manino lava o lenei auala mo togafitiga o vaisu e le o ni fualaau faasaina e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina atili.

3. Aotelega ma Faaiuga

E tusa ai ma vailaʻau e valu o loʻo toe iloiloina iinei o loʻo i ai se faiga faʻaogaina o le glutamatergic (acamprosate, NAC, DCS, gabapentin, lamotrigine, memantine, modafinil, ma le topiramate), matou te faʻamaonia o le NAC, modafinil, ma le topiramate e sili ona faʻamaonia ma sili ona gafatia mo le faʻaaogaina i togafitiga o vailaʻau ma vaisu amioga. E mautinoa lava o soʻo se vailaʻau o loʻo iloiloina iinei o le a le avea o se faʻamaʻi mo vaisu uma, ae sili atu ona lelei fesoasoani faʻafomaʻi i tulaga masani psychotherapy poʻo le mafaufau-amio togafitiga auala mo le togafitia o vaisu i nisi vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina (aemaise cocaine ma le ava malosi) faʻapea foʻi ma vaisu e le o ni fualaau faasaina (aemaise lava taaloga faitupe). Faʻatasi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga masani poʻo fua faʻatatau i taumafaiga e faʻamaonia ai vaega laiti o vaisu taʻitoʻatasi e ono tali lelei atu i se tasi vailaʻau poʻo se isi, faʻatasi ai ma le itiiti ifo o aʻafiaga leaga, o le post-genomic era o aso nei o le a faʻamoemoe e mafai ai e tagata suʻesuʻe ma fomaʻi ona faʻaogaina pharmacogenetic. auala e faʻamaonia ai tagata e ono tali atu ma e le o tali atu i nei vailaʻau taʻitasi aʻo leʻi amataina togafitiga. Ole aofa'i fa'atapula'a o fa'amaumauga o lo'o avanoa mo nisi o nei mea, e pei ole DCS ma le lamotrigine, e fa'amaonia ai su'esu'ega tele-center. E le gata i lea, o le faʻateleina o suʻesuʻega ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga o manu i totonu o le glutamatergic mechanisms saʻo e faʻatalanoaina itu eseese o le taamilosaga o vaisu (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaaogaina fualaau faʻasaina, faʻamavaeina, tuʻinanau, amioga suʻesuʻe fualaau, ma le toe faʻafoʻi) o le a faʻamoemoe e taʻitaʻia ai le sili atu o le aoga o vailaʻau. e mafai ona fa'aoga e fa'alavelave i vaega fa'apitoa o vaisu.

Faʻafetai

E fia faafetai le au tusitala ia Katie Ris-Vicari mo le fesoasoani i le fausiaina o galuega taulima. O lenei galuega na lagolagoina e le NIH foaʻi DA024355, DA025606, ma AA013852 (MFO).

Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga

Le Faʻalauiloa a le Lomitusi: O le PDF lenei o se tusitusiga e leʻi faʻaaogaina lea na taliaina mo le lolomiina. I le avea ai ma se tautua mo o tatou tagata faʻatau, o loʻo tatou saunia lenei uluai kopi o tusitusiga. O le tusitusiga o le a faʻaaogaina le kopiina, faʻavasegaina, ma le toe iloiloga o le faʻamaoniga ao leʻi faʻasalalauina i lona tulaga mulimuli. Faamolemole ia matau i le faagasologa o le gaosiga e mafai ona maua ai mea sese e mafai ona aafia ai le anotusi, ma o tulafono uma e le faatagaina e faatatau i le tusi o talaaga.

mau faasino

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