Faʻaauau o mea ua fai ma vaisu: o se faafitauli o le toatele poʻo le toalaiti? (2011)

Suʻesuʻega Taʻiala

E fa suʻesuʻega na suesueina: PsycINFO, OVID Medline (1950 e ala i 2 muamua vaiaso o Aperila 2010), PubMed, ma Google Scholar. O fuaitau na faʻaaogaina i amioga a le 11 e fai ma vaisu, o "vaisu tapaa," "vaisu o le nicotine," "ava malosi," "faʻalagolago i le ava," "sauaina o mariuana," "faʻaaoga sese o fualaau faasaina," " "" O le tagofia o fualaau faasaina, "" o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu, "" mea e fai ma vaisu, "" le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu, "" meaʻai ua fai ma vaisu, , "" Vaisu i luga o le upega tafaʻilagi, "" faʻaaogaina o le Initaneti, "" vaisu o taaloga vitio "(na o le sailia o mea e fesoʻotai i le Initaneti)," alofa alofa, "" alofa faʻaleaga, "" faʻalagolago i feusuaiga, "" "o le faʻamalosi," "gaioiga faʻaleagaga," "faʻamalositino," "faʻamalositino faaletino," "faʻaaogaina o mea ua fai ma vaisu, sex addictio n "ma le" faʻamalosia o feusuaiga "), e aofia uma lava ma le lima o fuaitau na faʻaalia ai le masani (" faʻasolosolo "ma le" faʻalavelave ") poʻo se mea na tupu (" faʻatasi ai ma mea ua fai ma vaisu, "" faaletonu faʻatasi, "ma le" faʻamalosia ") . Suafa sa suesueina muamua e siaki ai tusiga talafeagai, sosoo ai ma tusi, ona ave loa lea o tusiga. O vaega o faʻamaumauga o tusitusiga na suʻeina na suesueina mo faʻamatalaga faaopoopo e leʻo maua i sailiga. Afai e maua ni tusiga talafeagai, o isi faaupuga na faʻataʻitaʻiina pe ua na o le amioga o mea ua fai ma vaisu na suʻeina e aunoa ma le fetaui ma se faʻasologa masani poʻo se taimi e faʻauu ai. O le 640 atoa na suʻeina suʻesuʻega muamua (32 faʻataʻitaʻiga o amioga faʻamalosi faaupuga × 5 faʻataunuʻuga / faʻatasi ai upu × 4 search engines).

fuafuaga

Ua matou faatuina se seti o le faaaofiaina ma le faʻatagaina o taʻiala e ono mafai ai ona taofia le tele o suʻesuʻega ae mafai foi ona tuʻuina atu nisi ituaiga o faʻatusatusaga i le tele o suʻesuʻega. Muamua, sa matou taumafai e aofia ai naʻo suʻesuʻega na lipotia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga sili o le 500 sui auai (eg, pei o le Stucki & Rihs-Middel, 2007). O le faia o lena mea, o le a tatou aloese ai mai mea sili ona filifilia ma talafeagai. Ae peitaʻi, afai e itiiti ni suʻesuʻega e maua mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga faapitoa o vaisu, matou te aofia ai faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga faʻatasi ma se laʻititi laʻititi laʻititi i le tusiga. Ona o le tele o suʻesuʻega faʻatasi na faia, o faʻamaumauga uma o faʻamaumauga o mea na fai ma vaisu o loʻo i totonu o le suʻega na aofia ai i le tusiga o lenei iloiloga, tusa lava po o le a le tele o le faʻataʻitaʻiga. Lona lua, na faʻatapulaʻaina le aofaʻi o le aofia mai 16 i le 65 tausaga, ina ia puʻeina vaitau atinaʻe mai le matua i le amataga o le tuputupu ae o le matua i le matua / matua. I mataupu e aofia ai le lautele o tausaga, matou te taumafai e faʻaaoga faʻamatalaga i totonu o le 16- i le 65 tausaga. Tolu, na aofia ai na o suʻesuʻega masani e suʻesuʻeina ai tane ma fafine, e faʻataʻitaʻiina ai faʻataʻitaʻiga filifilia faapitoa (eg, vailaau faʻasolosolo i le itupa e tasi le faalagolago i faʻamaʻi). Fa, tatou aofia ai na o suʻesuʻega e faʻaaogaina ai nisi o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma tuʻuina atu soʻo se mafaufauga e faʻaalia ai le faʻamaoni po o le faʻamaoni (eg, vaʻai Albrecht, Kirschner, & Grusser, 2007). Sa i ai nisi o tala na matua aʻafia ae le mafai ona faʻataunuʻuina manino fua faatatau o le faʻaogaina, ma o nei mea na le aofia mai le tuufaatasiga (eg, Brenner, 1997, e uiga i vaisu i luga ole Initaneti). O le mea mulimuli, na matou taumafai e faʻaaofia na o faʻamaumauga i le auai talu ai nei i amioga faʻafefete, aemaise lava le auai i le tausaga talu ai, ma matou faʻataʻitaʻiina suʻesuʻega na lipotia mai ai na o le olaga masani o se amioga ua fai ma vaisu (o tuusaunoaga o loʻo taʻua i le tusitusiga).

O faʻamatalaga e fetaui ma taʻiala e aofia ai Laulau 2 (n = Suesuega 83). O nei faʻamaumauga o loʻo aoteleina ai le maualuga o le maualuga o le amio e pei o "mea ua fai ma vaisu." O fualaau faasaina "saua" ma le "faalagolago" na manatu i ai o "vaisu" i luga o le laulau ma a tatou fua faatatau. I suʻesuʻega na fuaina ai le "lamatiaga," "faafitauli," ma le "faʻaleagaina" o taaloga tau tupe, e masani lava na o le faia o taaloga tau tupe i le laulau (pe a fai e tuʻuina atu ma tuʻueseese mai isi vaega). Seʻi vagana ua faʻamaonia, o faʻamatalaga na faʻaaoga i le 12 mulimuli masina (silasila Laulau 2). O le fuaina o le tulaga lautele o amioga a le 11 i vaisu o suʻesuʻega ua maeʻa e ala i le mafaufau (i se mea e mafai ai) se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le mamafa o le mamafa o fuainumera uma o loʻo tuʻuina atu e faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga. Tala faʻatatau na fuafuaina i le va o vaitausaga ma le itupa.

 

Laulau 2

Faʻaauau ma le Faʻaauau o le 11 Faʻasao o Suesuega Faatasi ai Ns i Least 500

Faʻaauau ma le Faʻalavelave Faʻafuaseʻi

Ua matou maua se aofaʻiga o aʻoaʻoga 83 ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o laʻititi o mataupu a le 500 (Laulau 2). I le isi itu o nei suesuega 83, na suesueina ai e le 12 le sikaleti le faʻalagolago i le faʻamalosia / nicotine (2 o nei mea na tilotilo i se ituaiga o faʻatasi ai ma se tasi o uiga o le 11), 22 suʻesuʻeina le faʻaaogaina o le ava / faalagolago (5) O le 20 o loʻo suʻesuʻeina le faʻaaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina / faʻalagolago (3) na suʻesuʻeina ai meaʻai / mea na fai ma vaisu (9 o nei mea na vaʻai i le mea na tupu), 2 na suʻesuʻeina taaloga faʻapitoa (26) ), 7 na suʻesuʻeina le mea na tupu i le Initaneti (16 o nei mea na tilotilo i le mea na tupu), 1 na suʻesuʻeina le faʻafeiloaʻiga alofa (leai se tasi o nei mea na vaʻai i mea na tupu), 2 na suʻesuʻeina le tagofiaina o feusuaiga (4 o nei mea na vaʻaia ai), 1 suʻesuʻeina O le 3 na suʻesuʻeina le agakalogol (e leai se tasi o nei mea na vaʻai i mea na tupu), ma o 3 na faʻatalanoaina le faʻatau / faʻaaluina / faʻatau mai mea ua fai ma vaisu (e leai se tasi o nei mea na vaʻavaʻai i mea faʻapitoa). O taunuʻuga ua tuʻuina atu o se galuega a le vaitausaga (talavou matutua, talavou o le kolisi, ona matutua).

Mariuana ma isi faʻamalosi fualaau faasaina / faalagolago

I le suʻesuʻega a le NAF, i aso taʻitasi (20 pe sili atu aso i aso mulimuli 30) ulaula mariuana e ese mai 5.4% i le 18-tausaga le matutua i le 2% i totonu o 50-tausaga (Johnston et al., 2009a, 2009b). Cohen et al. (1993) na maua ai le faʻateleina o le faʻaleagaina o mariuana i 17-20-tausaga le matua o 2.9%. O isi faʻamatalaga i le faʻaaogaina o le mariuana ma le faʻalagolago i faʻataʻitaʻiga o tagata faitauga na faʻaalia ai le faʻateleina o tupulaga matutua ma tagata matutua e tusa ma le 7%Agrawal, Neale, Prescott, & Kendler, 2004; Barnes et al., 2009; Coffey et al., 2002; Hall, Degenhardt, & Patton, 2008; Kandel et al., 1997; Kilpatrick et al., 2000; MacLaren & Sili, 2010; Young et al., 2002), e ui lava Chen, Sheth, Elliott, ma Yeager (2004) na maua le 13.4% i le va o tupulaga talavou, ma Agrawal, Neale, Prescott, ma Kendler (2004) na iloa ai o le mariuana ma le faʻalagolago i le mariuana i le aofaʻi o alii ma tamaitai o le US, o 18% ma le 7.5%, i le faasologa. I le isi itu, Compton, Grant, Collrice, Glantz, ma Stinson (2004), Grant et al. (2004), ma Stinson, Ruan, Picering, ma Grant (2006) Iloiloina se faataitaiga tele ma maua ai le 1.5% o le faʻaaogaina o le faʻaaogaina o mariuana ma le faʻalagolago i le faitau aofaʻi o le au matutua o le US (i le va o 4% ma le 5% faʻatasi ai ma 18 i le 29 tausaga); Farrell et al. (2003) na maua le 1.8% i Peretania Tele. Kandel, Chen, Warner, Kessler, ma Grant (1997) maua le 0.1% faʻateleina i totonu o tagata Amerika matutua (9.0% faʻasalalauga faʻatasi ma i latou sa faʻaaogaina i le tausaga mulimuli).

O le faʻaaogaina o isi faʻafitauli faʻaleagaina o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina, lea e aofia ai le mariuana e faʻaaoga i le faʻatusatusaga i nisi o suʻesuʻega, eseese i le va o 2% ma 5% faʻatasi ma talavou, tupulaga talavou i kolisi, ma tagata matutua (Alexander & Schweighofer, 1989; Chen et al., 2004; Cohen et al., 1993 [1.1% i le 17- i le 20-tausaga, manino le faʻaaogaina o le mariuana i le faʻatusatusaga]; Cook, 1987; Grant et al., 2004; Kandel et al., 1997 [maualalo, i le 0.3%; 11.6% i totonu o le aufaʻatauʻuga o le tausaga talu ai); Kilpatrick et al., 2000; Regier et al., 1990; Sussman & Ames, 2008; Young et al., 2002). Ae ui i lea, Agrawal et al. (2004) na maua ai se fua faatatau o le 9% ma le 19.2% o isi faʻamaloloina fualaau faasaina (e le aofia ai le mariuana) faʻatasi ma 2,125 matutua matutua ma tamaʻi masaga masaga, taʻitasi. Ae o lesi foi itu, Compton, Thomas, Stinson, ma Grant (2007), ma Warner, Kessler, Hughes, Anthony, ma Nelson (1995), na lipotia mai i le US matua matua 12 masina le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina / faalagolago (mariuana ma isi fualaau faasaina) o 2.0% ma le 1.8%, i le faasologa. I Peretania Tele, o lenei tulaga masani i totonu o le faitau aofaʻi o tagata matutua na maua o 2.1% (Farrell et al., 2003). O le matua matua 12-masina le faʻamaonia fualaau faasaina i Kanata na maua e tusa ma le 1% (Gadalla & Piran, 2007). E tusa ai ma lenei vaitaele o suʻesuʻega, matou te faʻatusatusa i le 12 masina faʻamaonia le faʻamaonia / faʻalagolago (mariuana ma / poʻo isi vailaau faʻamalosi) faʻateleina i le faitau aofai lautele o le Iunaite Setete pei o 5% (soo se fualaau faʻalagolago o 1% i 3% , eg, Regier et al., 1990; Teesson et al., 2006).

Faʻapotopotoina o le tapaa, ava malosi, ma fualaau faʻasaina o le tasi ma le isi poʻo isi amioga faʻafefete

E tele suʻesuʻega (na o 4 lea e aofia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 500 poʻo isi mataupu) ua maua 30-60% faʻatasi ai o sikaleti, ava malosi, ma isi faʻafitauli o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina i le va o talavou ma tagata matutua i Amerika ma isi mea (Essau & Hutchinson, 2008; Falk et al., 2006; Ford et al., 2009; Kaufman, 1982; Miller, Auro, & Klahr, 1990; Palmer et al., 2009 [olaga faaaoga-faavae]; Regier et al., 1990 [olaga faaaoga-faavae]; Stinson, Ruan, Picering, & Grant, 2006; Sussman & Ames, 2008). Ae ui i lea, i se faʻataʻitaʻiga tele a Siamani, na maua ai le 12% o le 18.4% faʻamalosi / faʻaaogaina / faʻamalosia / faʻalagolago i le ava i le faitau aofaʻi o tagata ulaula tapaa (Ulrich, Hill, Rumpf, Hapke, & Meyer, 2003).

I se toe iloiloga e Holderness, Brooks-Gunn, ma Warren (1994), e tolu ni suʻesuʻega laiti (ns = 20, 27, ma le 138) lea na faailoa mai e tusa ma le 20% o tagata faʻatau fualaau faasaina sa faʻaalia foi se maʻi e le 'ai (faʻalaʻau poʻo le faʻafefe), e ui Freimuth et al. (2008) ua fautua mai o lenei mea faʻaopoopo e sili atu i le 35%, ma Lesieur ma Blume (1993) na fautua mai ai o le mea e tupu faʻatasi ai e fesuisuiai i le matua ma sili atu ona maualuga i tagata matutua. Lesieur ma Blume (1993) lipotia mai se tasi suʻesuʻega o tamaʻitaʻi ava malosi (n = 31) lea na faʻaalia ai le 36% faʻatasi ai ma faʻamaoniga o le taumafa o le pinge ma le 21% faʻatasi ai ma se maʻi maʻi ile falemaʻi.

E naʻo le lima suʻesuʻega faʻatasi ma se faʻataʻitaʻiga sili o le 500 na maua ai le suʻesuʻeina o faʻatasi ai ma le 8 isi amioga faʻafefeteina i totonu oi latou o loʻo mafatia i le tapaa, ava malosi, poʻo le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina, ma o nei mea uma e faatatau i vaisu tau tupe (Cunningham-Williams, Cottler, Compton, Spitznagel, & Ben-Abdallah, 2000 [faaaogaina i le olaga atoa]; Farani ma al., 2008; Griffiths, Wardle, Orford, Sproston, & Erens, 2010; Toneatto & Brennan, 2002; Welte, Barnes, Wieczorek, Tidwell, & Parker, 2001). Faatasi ai ma se faataitaiga tele o tagata matutua i Peretania Tele na lipotia mai o "ulaula" i le tausaga talu ai, na lipoti mai e le 1.1% le faafitauli o taaloga eseese tau tupe (Griffiths et al., 2010). E le mafai ona matou mauaina nisi suʻesuʻega e faatatau i le tapaa. Faatasi ai ma le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga tele o vaiaso taʻitasi pe sili atu mea inu, ma i totonu o tagata matutua faʻamaʻi pipisi, na lipoti mai ai e 3-5% se faafitauli tau tupe taʻavale (Farani ma al., 2008; Griffiths et al., 2010; Lesieur, Blume, & Zoppa, 1986; Toneatto & Brennan, 2002), e ui lava i se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi o tagata matutua Amerika, o 24% o tagata faʻalagolago i le ava na latou lipotia foi se faafitauli tau tupe taʻavale (Welte et al., 2001). I se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o le 97 13- i le 18-tausaga le matua faʻamaualuga (ava malosi po o le ulaina mariuana / faalagolago), naʻo le 1% (n = 1) faʻafetaui ia taʻiala mo vaisu taʻavale (Kaminer, Burleson, & Jadamec, 2002). I se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 990 faʻatau mea taufaasese (mai le 28% o loʻo faalagolago i le faʻamavaega, i le 77% o loʻo faʻalauteleina le faalagolago), o 11% na lipotia mai foi o tagata taaalo e le masani ai (Cunningham-Williams et al., 2000 [faaaoga i le olaga atoa]), ma isi suʻesuʻega laʻititi laʻitiiti na faʻaalia foi o le 5-25% o tagata faʻatauvalea mea faʻasaina sa avea foi ma vaisu taʻavale (Freimuth et al., 2008; Lesieur & Blume, 1993; Lesieur, Blume, & Zoppa, 1986; Petry, 2007; Spunt, Dupont, Lesieur, Liberty, & Hunt, 1998; Steinberg, Kosten, & Rounsaville, 1992; Toneatto & Brennan, 2002).

Freimuth et al. (2008) fuafuaina e tusa o le vaetolu o tagata faʻatau mea oona o loʻo faʻaalia foi le faʻaopoopoga o feusuaiga; ae ui i lea, o le tasi lipoti e taumatemate. Griffin-Shelley (1995) na faʻamaonia ai e na o le 10% oi latou o loʻo i ai le faʻalagolago i fualaau faasaina e mafatia foi i le alofa poʻo le tagofia o feusuaiga. Matou te leʻi mauaina nisi suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai le faʻatasi ai ma isi mea ua fai ma vaisu i le ulaula tapaa, ulaula, poʻo le faʻamaonia o mea faʻatauvalea.

O le faʻatatau o le sikaleti, ava malosi, ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (mariuana poʻo isi vailaʻau) faʻamaʻi i tagata US matutua i 15%, 10%, ma 5%, i le faasologa, pe afai e maua e se tasi se 50% sili atu i le lua o nei fualaau e tolu. o le a mafai e le tasi ona tuʻuina le afa o nei amioga faʻafefete ma iloa ai o le 15% o le tagata matutua i le Iunaite Setete o se mea ua fai ma vaisu i sikareti, ava malosi, poʻo isi vailaau, pulea mo le faʻaputu (30% aofai e leai se mea ). O le mea taua, matou te faʻatusatusaina le 50% o loʻo popo i le tapaa, ava malosi, poʻo le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina. E le gata i lea, tatou te fuafua fuafua, e faʻavae i luga o nai tupe faʻataʻitaʻitupe ma faʻauluina ripoti (faʻapipiʻi foi le iloiloga Lacey & Evans, 1986), o le 20% o sikareti sikaleti, faʻatau mea inu ava, po o mea faʻatauvalea faʻasaina e mafai foi ona oʻo i soʻo se tasi o isi mea tagofia e ono. O loʻo faʻaalia lenei Laulau 3.

 

Laulau 3

Faʻatauaina o le Faʻateleina ma le Faʻaauau o 11 Faʻasologa Faʻatelega Faʻatele

Faiga Faʻavae Faʻasalalauga Faʻatasi ma le Faʻasalalau Aotelega

E tusa ai ma le iloiloga o loʻo i luga, matou te fuaina le aofaʻiga atoa o le 12 masina faʻataʻitaʻi i amioga a tagata matutua o le US e pei o nei: sikaleti-11%, alcohol-15%, faʻamalositino o fualaau faʻaaoga-10%, eating-5%, gambling- 2%, Internet-2%, alofa-2%, sex-3%, faamalositino-3%, galuega-3%, ma le faʻatau-10%. Naʻo le 6 o suʻesuʻega tetele na lipotia mai Laulau 2 tuʻuina atu soʻo se faʻamatalaga e uiga i vailaʻau faʻamaonia faʻamaonia. O le mea lea, matou te faʻaaogaina le faʻaaogaina o suʻesuʻega laiti i le tusitusiga. O se numera o le mea na tupu i le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu na faʻatulagaina mai i nei faʻamaumauga, e pei ona faʻaalia i Laulau 3. Mafaufau i le 11 uma o nei mea ua fai ma vaisu, e mafai e se tasi ona faia soʻo se manatu 3 e uiga i la latou mea na tupu. Muamua, e ono manatu se tasi e leai se mea na tupu i mea ua fai ma vaisu. Afai o lea, o le a na o le faaopoopoina o amioga masani a vaisu, ma le pasene pasene o vaisu o le a faaopoopo i le 61%. E manino lava, talu ai na lipotia faʻasalalau faʻamaʻi, o lenei manatu e le mafai ona faʻaaogaina.

Lona lua, e ono manatu le tasi e faapea o le "aofaiga atoa lava" o mea ua fai ma vaisu; o lona uiga, o tagata lava ia na mafatia i nei mea uma na fai ma vaisu 11. Afai e saʻo lea mea, ona lipotia mai ai lea e le ua afaina i amioga ua fai ma vaisu le aafia i vaisu 11 uma ma le 100% ua leʻoloa. Afai ei ai le 100% sili atu, o le a mafai e se tasi ona mafaufau i le tulaga lautele o le masani ai o se tasi o amioga e sili ona maualuga o vaisu, lea o le ulaula tapaa i le 15% o le faitau aofaʻi. Ae peitaʻi, mo soʻo se lua tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o le faʻasalaga e ave ai le 23.42% (range = 10-50%), faʻatasi ma le 110 paʻu o fua faʻatatau Laulau 3 (Vaai foi i talanoaga e Essau, 2008).

Lona tolu, atonu e manatu se tasi ei ai tagata ua fai ma vaisu i amioga nofofua ma tagata ua fai ma vaisu i ni amioga se lua pe sili atu foi. O lenei manatu e ogatasi ma faʻamatalaga avanoa. O le faamautinoaina o le pasene o le faitau aofaʻi o amioga ma mea e fai ma vaisu e le o se mea e le masani ai, e leʻi lelei ona faʻauluina. Ae ui i lea, e mafai e le tasi ona faia le tele o fua faatatau. E tasi le faʻatusatusaga e mafua mai i le faʻaaogaina o amioga masani o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o le laʻasaga laʻasaga laʻititi (23.42%), ona faʻasalalau ai lea o le 'eseʻesega' eseʻese. "E tutusa le 46.71%. O lena faʻatusatusaga e tutusa ma le toesea mai le aofaʻi o le faʻaaogaina nonoverlap (61%), 23.42% o lena aofaiga (ie, 61% - [61% × 23.42%]). I lea tulaga, e tusa ma le 47% o le faitau aofaʻi o tagata matutua o Amerika o le a faʻamaonia mai o loʻo mafatia i se amioga ua fai ma vaisu i masina 12 mulimuli. Afai e faaaoga e se tasi se algorithm e fautua mai ai o se tasi o pasene (fai mai 25%) o tagata na afaina i se fomaʻi ma, afai latou te faia, o le a iai se vaega patino o latou (fai mai 50%) o le a ono mafatia mai se vaisu lona tolu, o le feteʻenaʻiga faaopoopo o le faʻaaogaina o mea e fai ma vaisu o le a faʻamautu mai i totonu o le faʻasalaga faʻatasi ai muamua (talu ai o le lona tolu o mea ua fai ma vaisu o se tulaga e ono tulaʻi mai; Regier et al., 1990). O le mea lea, e leai se faʻaopoopoga faʻaitiitia i le tulaga lautele o amioga faʻafeusuaiga o le a matauina.

O le faʻatulagaga lona lua e mafua mai i le talitonuga lona tolu e faʻavae i luga o le finauga e faʻapea, o le toʻatele o tagata latou te le masani i le tele o mea ua fai ma vaisu, sei vagana ai se tasi o amioga faʻatau faʻatasi, o le ulaula sikaleti sili ona lauiloa. Afai e aveese e se tasi le ulaula sikaleti mai le lisi, ma manatu o le a tupu faatasi ma isi amioga ua fai ma vaisu, o lona uiga o le 46% o le faitau aofai o le a manatu o le a mafatia mai se amioga ua fai ma vaisu (ie, 61% - 15%).

O le faʻatusatusaga lona tolu e mafua mai i le manatu lona tolu o le, atonu e tatau i se tasi ona aveese le masani o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e sili ona aʻafia ma isi uma, ona aveese lea o le 25% o le mea na totoe mai amioga faʻafefete taʻitasi, ma manatu ole toe totoe, e maua mai ai pasene le mautonu. O le faia o lea mea, e tusa ai ma le 34.5% (ie, 46% - [46% × 25%]) o le faitau aofaʻi o le a fuafuaina e iai se amioga faʻafefete. O le lona lua ma le tolu faʻatusatusaga e mafua mai i le manatu lona tolu e foliga mai e matua le mafai ona puipuia aua e leai se amioga faʻafefete e ese ma sili atu lona aʻafia ma isi uma mea ua fai ma vaisu. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le ulaula sikaleti e manino le fesootaʻi atu i le faʻaaogaina o le ava malosi, isi faʻaaogaina o vailaau faʻasaina, ma le taalo tupe, ae le o isi amioga.

I le aotelega, atonu e ono manatu le tasi i le tele o nonoverlap, faʻafefe uma, poʻo le vaeluaina i luga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. Faʻataʻitaʻituina se vaega e foliga mai e fetaui lelei ma faʻamaumauga. I totonu o lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga, e mafai e le tasi ona aveese le avefeʻau e lua-vaisu, o le maualuga o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o le mea sili lea ona fai ma vaisu, ma le 25% faaopoopoina o se faʻataʻitaʻiga e le mautonu. E tele isi fua faatatau e mafai ona faia. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le isi manatu e mafua mai i le faʻamaoniga e tatau ona aveesea le sili ona maualuga o le faʻatasi (e pei o le 50%) mai le tasi ma le isi amioga faʻafefete, faigofie lava, pe atonu, e afua mai i le talitonuga o tagata o loʻo o mea ua fai ma vaisu e "faigata tele" e avea ma vaisu, ma e tatau ona latou mafatia mai le tele o vaisu. E naʻo le 30.5% o le faitau aofaʻi o le a manatu o loʻo mafatia mai le itiiti ifo ma le tasi o le faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu pe afai e aveesea 50% (ie 61% - [61% × 50%]).

Mafaufau i nei eseesega algorithms, matou te talitonu o le faʻaaogaina o le aofaʻiga o faʻasalalauga i luga o amioga uma ma toesea mai i lena vaega, o le fua faʻatatau o soʻo se lua o mea ua fai ma vaisu sili ona atagia ai le mamanu o loʻo faʻaalia i Laulau 3. O le mea lea, tatou te manatu e tusa ma le 47% o le tagata matua o le US ua pagatia mai le 1 o nei vaisu 11 i se vaitaimi 12-masina.

O le tagofia o vaisu o se maʻi poʻo se faʻafitauli i le ola

I le taimi nei, o le toatele o tagata tomai faapitoa latou te manatu o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu o se taimi masani, toe faʻafoʻi maʻi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, Leshner, 1997; Sussman & Ames, 2008), e talitutusa ma isi maʻi masani e pei o le maualuga o le maualuga poʻo le foma (O'Brien & McLellan, 1996). O le mea lea, e matua taua lava le iloa pe o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu o se mea e masani ona masani ai i le faamai (atonu, e masani ona pei o nisi o ituaiga o fomaʻi), pe o le foliga mai o le maualuga, o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ua atagia mai ai se isi mea. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, masalo, o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu (faʻaaogaina) o se tulaga o le olaga na faʻataʻitaʻiina e ala i tulaga faʻale-aganuʻu-siosiomagaSussman & Ames, 2008), atonu o ni vaitau taua o le atinaʻe lea e sili ona faigofie ai ona faʻaalia e lenei tagata lenei olaga (Volkow & Wise, 2005). Afai o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu e masani ona aʻoaʻoina e tagata afaina, e ese mai i mea faitino e ala i le faʻaaogaina i mea faitino, tulaga faʻale-aganuʻu, taimi e manaʻomia, ma isi faʻafesoʻotaʻi faʻalapotopotoga-atinaʻe, o lona uiga e manaʻomia suiga o faiga faʻavae faʻale-agafesoʻotaʻi, mai taunuʻuga o le tagata lava ia i le taimi atoa, ma faʻaalia le amio i ni faʻamatalaga sili atu ona lelei (silasila Griffiths, 2009b; Mareko, 1990; Orford, 2001; Schaef, 1987).

I le isi itu, Larkin, Wood, ma Griffiths (2006) finau e faapea e tatau i tagata tomai faapitoa o le soifua maloloina ona faaeteete ia aua le faapipiiina le igoa o le "vaisu" i tagata oe, ao latou matua aafia i, pe matua iloga foi ma, se gaoioiga patino, e le o mafatia i taunuuga le lelei. E pei Larkin ma paaga (2006) faʻamatalaga, seivagana ua iai se tulaga lamatia o tagata i le feagai ai ma faigata faaletino, lagona, sootaga, ma faigata tautupe ona o la latou gaioiga, e leai se aoga ma e le fetaui e faamatalaina ai i latou o mafatiaga mai se tulaga faʻamaʻi.

O le mea e leaga ai, e tusa lava pe o le a se manatu o se tagata e uiga i le "vaisu," o le auai pea i soo se uiga 11 o loo tuuina atu i lenei tusiga e ono mafua ai suiga taua i auala o le mafaufau, aemaise lava le mesolimbic dopaminergic (reward) system (system)Leshner, 1997; Sussman & Ames, 2008). O nei suiga, i le isi itu, atonu e aafia i faigata ma le faamutaina o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. I se taimi, o vaisu e tele lava ina taʻitaʻia i le faʻaputuina o ni aʻafiaga le lelei (Sussman & Ames, 2008). E oo lava i mea ua taʻua o vaisu lelei (Glasser, 1976; Griffiths, 1996) e ono i ai ni taunuuga le lelei mo le tagata ua fai ma vaisu (tagai Brown, 1993, i luga o "faʻafefiloi faʻamanuiaga"). E ono aofia ai le mu mai le tapkaholism, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga. O le mea e sili atu ona taua le taulai atu i tagata tomai faapitoa i le soifua maloloina, o le faʻamalosia e saili faʻasalaga masani e tele lava e tusa lava pe i ai le malamalama i taunuʻuga tau soifua maloloina ma agafesootai. O lenei faʻamalosia e mafai ona avea ma se gaioiga o suiga o le neurobiological, o faʻataʻotoga o mafaufauga faʻapitoa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, uiga loloto o le leai o se faʻalavelave, faʻaleagaina, poʻo le le fiafia), ma le faʻafaigofieina o le amio. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e manaʻomia ina ia malamalama atili ai i le mafuaaga e le faigofie ai nisi tagata ma isi, ma pe o eseʻesega faigofie o le faʻamalolo atonu o le a avea ma se gaioiga o aʻafiaga vavalalata o le physiology faʻatasi ma sosaiete lautele. E mautinoa lava, o le tele e mafai e se faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ona faʻaalia le agaalofa i togafitiga, e mafai ona faʻaauau pea ona galue i se galuega faʻamalosi (Sussman & Ames, 2008)

tapulaa

E tele tapulaa ma le auʻiliʻiliga na taumafai i lenei suʻesuʻega. Muamua, sa i ai le le lava o faʻamatalaga i luga o le faʻateleina ma le faʻaauau o nisi o amioga ua fai ma vaisu (e pei o le alofa, feusuaiga, faamalositino, taʻavale, ma le faʻatau). E tele suʻesuʻega e uiga i nei amioga e iai faʻataʻitaʻiga tetele e manaʻomia. Lona lua, o nai suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina ai le tele o vaisu i le faʻataʻitaʻiga tutusa. O isi galuega o lenei ituaiga e mafai ona faʻamalamalamaina. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i se suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega, o nisi o amioga faʻafeusuaiga faaletulafono na maua e ave i luga o le mea e tasi (galuega, taumafa, alofa, faʻamalositino, ma le faʻatau), ao le vaʻavaʻaleʻa na maua i se isi vaega ae o le tulafono lautele), ma le faaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (tapaa, ava malosi, ma le faaaogaina o fualaau faasaina) ma le tagofia o mea tau feusuaiga na maua ai le mamafa i se vaega lona tolu, masalo e atagia ai amioga ogaoga (MacLaren & Sili, 2010). O suʻesuʻega faʻaopoopo e suʻesuʻeina ai mamanu o le fesuiaiga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu i le faataitaiga lava e tasi e ono mafai ai e le tele o tagata e aafia ai (e aofia ai tagata suʻesuʻe ma fomaʻi i totonu o le faʻalapotopotoga amioga). sili ona togafitia nei amioga.

Tolu, o le faʻaaogaina o se amioga ua fai ma vaisu na iloiloina i la matou faʻatalanoaga na faʻalagolago i le faʻaaogaina o fuainumera. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, na matou taumafai e mafaufau na oi latou na lipotia mai le sili atu o le tele o mea tau tupe ("gaioiga faʻapitoa") e avea ma vaisu taʻalo. Pe na tatou faʻaauau pea ona aofia ai "faafitauli faafitauli tau tupe" (Lesieur et al., 1991), o le taatele o taaloga faitupe e ono faaluaina ma o le tele o isi mea ua fai ma vaisu atonu na sili atu. I le avea ai ma se isi faʻataʻitaʻiga i totonu o le malo o vaisu i luga o le Initaneti, na matou taumafai e na ona aofia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga lautele i la matou suʻesuʻega. Ae ui i lea, o le tele o suʻesuʻega i luga o le Initaneti ua faia i luga o le filifilia e le tagata lava ia o faʻataʻitaʻiga o le Initaneti ae le o luga o suʻesuʻega lautele. O le mea lea, o fua o vaisu i luga o Initaneti o le a foliga mai o le a faʻafefeteina. I le avea ai o se faʻataʻitaʻiga lona tolu, o nisi o tagata suʻesuʻe na latou faʻaalia le tagofia o feusuaiga e pei o le numera o orgasms i le vaiaso, e ese mai i le faʻavasegaga o taunuuga, ma le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o feusuaʻiga ma taimi leaga e leʻo manino (Kaplan & Krueger, 2010). Afai na matou faʻamalamalamaina le tagofia o feusuaʻiga e pei o le faʻagasolo i le sili atu o le 7 aso i le vaiaso, o le a sili atu le maualuga i le 5-7%. I le avea ai o se faʻataʻitaʻiga lona fa, aʻo faʻatupulaʻia le tele o suʻesuʻega i se 12 masina mulimuli ma faʻaaogaina DSM faʻataʻitaʻiga, sa i ai ni suiga i taimi faʻatulagaina ma faʻailoga (tagai Laulau 2). O lenei mea e faʻaopoopo atili le pisa pe a mafaufau e uiga i le faʻaaogaina o maʻauni faʻatusatusa i vaisu. I le faʻataʻitaʻiga lona lima, na matou taumafai e taulai atu i tagata Amerika matutua. E aofia ai isi atunuu poʻo vaega o le matutua i le faʻatulagaga atonu na suia nisi o faʻataʻitaʻiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le faʻaaoga pea o sikaleti sikaleti e foliga maualuga i nisi atunuu Europa nai lo le Iunaite Setete).

Fa, o lenei suʻesuʻega e leʻi suʻesuʻeina le manatu o le "suia mea ua fai ma vaisu." O le manatu o le suia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ua talanoaina mo le tele o tausaga e sui o le toe faaleleia ma le toe faaleleia o tagata faapitoa (Chiauzzi, 1991; Gorski & Miller, 1986; Horvath, 1999, 2006; Murphy & Hoffman, 1993; Sussman & Black, 2008). O lenei manatu e faatatau i soʻo se amio faʻafeusuaiga lea e sili atu i le tasi le galuega autu ua ausia muamua e se isi amioga o mea ua fai ma vaisu, ma o se mea e ono mafai ona avea ma soʻo se tasi o nei amioga o mea ua fai ma vaisu e avea ma sui mo le tasi ma le isi. Sei vagana ua aafia uma le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu i le vaitaimi tutusa o le 12-masina, semanu e le o taʻua o ni mea ua fai ma vaisu i le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei.

Lona lima, na o le iloa o le "mea" o se vaisu e le mafai ona maua ai le malamalama i ona uiga maoti, lea e mafai ona fesuiaʻi i luga o tagata taʻitoʻatasi. Faataitaiga, Griffiths (2000a) na finau e faapea o loʻo i ai se manaʻoga e iloa le va o vaisu i Initaneti ma vaisu on Initaneti (faʻataʻitaʻiga, taaloga vaʻavaʻai, taaloga komipiuta, alofa, poʻo le feusuaiga). O le mea moni, o nisi amioga e faʻaaoga i luga o le Initaneti (faʻataʻitaʻiga, cybersex, cyberstalking, ma talatalanoaga faʻapitoa) atonu o amio e naʻo le tagata e na o le Initaneti lava e mafai ona iloa e le o iloa igoa, e le o faʻasagaʻi, ma le faʻasaina (Griffiths, 2000a, 2000b; Talavou, 1996).

Ono, faigofie le faailoaina o le faatasi mai o mea ua fai ma vaisu e le o faailoa mai ai le mafuaʻaga o vaega "tulaga ese" ma "fetufaai" vaega. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e manaʻomia le iloiloga o mafuaʻaga e ono afaina ai nisi tagata mai le tasi o amioga ua fai ma vaisu, ae le o se isi, pe aisea foi e mafatia ai nisi tagata i le tele o mea ua fai ma vaisu (faataitaiga, e pei o le mataupu i tagata mafatia o le Borderline Personality Disorder; Bagby, Vachon, Bulmash, & Quilty, 2008). E le gata i lea, e tatau lava i le tagata ona faʻamatalaina le mea moni e faapea, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se vaega toaitiiti o tagata ua avea ma vaisu i le heroin poʻo le petipetupe, ae toaitiiti lava e manatu e avea ma vaisu, fai mai, togalaau.

Ma le mea mulimuli, o le lisi o mea ua fai ma vaisu ua filifilia i lenei tusiga e mafai ona tuuaia i le talafeagai o sampling. O loʻo i ai isi amioga e fai ma vaisu lea e mafai e se tasi ona aofia ai i se auʻiliʻiliga lea e mafai pe leai foi e tagata tutusa. O isi amioga na manatu i ai e fai ma vaisu e aofia ai caffeine (Cook, 1987), tapuaiga (Sussman & Black, 2008; Taylor, 2002), taʻaloga i luga o le vitio (Fisher, 1994 [6% o le 467 11- i le 16-tausaga-le-au-Peretania i Peretania na maua e avea ma vaisu vitio]; Griffiths & Meredith, 2009), faʻamalosia o peʻa pe tosoina le lauulu (ie, trichotillomania; Brewer & Potenza, 2008; Mareko, 1990), kleptomania (Cook, 1987; Mareko, 1990), telefoni feaveaʻi telefoni (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005), pica (Lacey, 1990), tanning (Poorsattar & Hornung, 2010), ma e oʻo lava i amioga vevesi (Sussman & Ames, 2008) poʻo le gaoi o taavale ma alu i le tietiega fiafia (Kellett & Gross, 2006). O le tele o suʻesuʻega i le lautele o amioga ua fai ma vaisu e ono oʻo atu ai i se malamalama sili atu i faiga masani o mea ua fai ma vaisu o loʻo faʻavaeina ai mea faitino faapitoa o mea ua fai ma vaisu.

faatupeina

Na faailoa mai e le tusitala le mauaina o le fesoasoani tau tupe mo le suʻesuʻega ma / poʻo le tusitala o lenei tusiga: o le National Institute on Drug Abuse (#sDA020138).

Tautinoga o Aiaiga Fefinauai

O le tusitala (s) na ia faailoa mai e leai ni feteenaʻiga tului e tusa ai ma le tusitala ma / poʻo le lolomiina o lenei tusiga.

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