Faʻamatalaga: O se iloiloga a se tasi o tagata suʻesuʻe pito i luga o loʻo faʻamatalaina pe faʻafefea ona faʻaogaina taui masani ma vaisu.
Su'esu'ega Atoa: O le Neuroscience o Taui Faanatura Fa'atatau i Vailaau Fa'asaina
Le Journal of Neuroscience, 1 Me 2002, 22 (9): 3306-3311; Ann E. Kelley1 ma Kent C. Berridge2
+ Failauga Tusitala
1 Matagaluega o Psychiatry, Iunivesite o Wisconsin–Madison Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, ma
2 Matagaluega o Psychology, Iunivesite o Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1109
faʻatomuaga
O vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e galue i faiga faʻamalieina faiʻai, e ui lava na tupu le faiʻai e le tali atu i vailaʻau ae i taui masani, e pei o meaʻai ma feusuaiga. O tali talafeagai i taui fa'anatura na matua'i taua tele mo le ola, toe gaosia, ma le malosi. I se quirk o le evolusione taunuuga, na maua e tagata le auala e faaosofia ai lenei faiga faafoliga i fualaau faasaina. O le tele o vaega mole mole o le neural system e vave maua ai le taui, ma o na faiga e aʻafia i vailaʻau faʻamaʻi, o loʻo faʻasaoina i ituaiga uma mai Drosophilae i isumu i tagata ma aofia ai le dopamine (DA), G-proteins, protein kinases, amine transporters, ma faʻamaumauga e pei ole le polotini e fusifusia elemene (CREB). O se malamalama sili atu i faiga masani o taui o le faiʻai o le a faʻaleleia atili ai le malamalama i le mafuaʻaga o le neural o vaisu.
Fa'amalosi, ta'avale, ma faiga fa'aosofia
E fesoasoani muamua le mafaufau pe fa'afefea ona fa'agaoioia le fanua i le tele o tausaga talu ai. E ui lava e le mafai ona vaʻaia lagona, o le tele o faʻamatalaga faʻamoemoe ma amioga, physiological, ma neural tali i faʻalagona lagona ua filifilia e le evolusione. O suʻesuʻega o nei tali faʻamoemoe i manu ma tagata e maua ai faʻamalama taua i totonu o le faiʻai taui galuega. Fai mai a'oa'oga muamua o le ta'avale, o le fia'ai ma le fia inu na fa'aosofia sa'o le amio e pei ona ta'u mai e le ta'avale fa'amalosi ma na o le fa'aitiitia o na setete, fa'amalosia ai masaniga fa'aosofia-tali (S-R) muamua po'o le fa'atuputeleina o le avanoa o le fa'aosoina o tali. O taui o lo'o fa'aalia i le taimi nei e fa'atino e sili atu le taua e pei o fa'aoso fa'amalosi, fa'atupu fa'aaliga neural e fa'aosofia ai le fa'aosofiaga ma le tulituliloaina o sini, nai lo le na'o le fa'amalosia masani. O le ta'avale fa'aletino o lo'o ta'ua e ui i lea o lo'o i ai sao taua i le fa'aosofiaga fa'aosofia, ae fa'amuamua e ala i le fa'atuputeleina o le fa'atauva'a ma le tau fa'aosofia o le taui tutusa; mo se faataitaiga, e sili atu le tofo o meaai pe a fia aai, inu pe a fia inu, ma isi. Masalo o se mea e ofo ai, e oʻo lava i le taui o vailaʻau ma le faʻamavaeina e foliga mai e faʻaosofia ai le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina e ala i mataupu faavae faʻaosofia nai lo le tuusaʻo e ala i taʻavale faigofie (Stewart ma Wise, 1992). E tusa ai ma lea, e manaʻomia e tagata suʻesuʻe faʻamalosi e malamalama i le faʻavae neural o mea faʻaosofia o taui.
Mesocorticolimbic dopamine: fiafiaga, faʻamalosia, valoʻaga taui, faʻamalosi faʻamalosi, poʻo le a?
Ua leva ona iloa o le faʻaogaina o taui e faʻalagolago i le mesocorticolimbic DA system, e aofia ai DA neurons i le ventral tegmental area (VTA) ma a latou faʻataʻitaʻiga i nucleus accumbens (NAc), amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), ma isi vaega o le forebrain. O taumafaiga tetele ua taumafai e fa'amaoti mai po'o le a le aoga e saofagā ai lenei faiga. E faʻatautaia e le mesocorticolimbic DA le fiafia o faʻaosofiaga taui? O lenei mea na muamua fautuaina ona o le mesocorticolimbic system e faʻagaoioia e le tele o taui masani ma vailaʻau, ma o latou poloka e faʻaleagaina ai le amio lelei o le tele o faʻamalosi (Wise, 1985). E a'oa'o ea ma va'ai le tupu mai o taui? O lena manatu faʻapitoa faʻapitoa na faʻavae i luga o faʻamaoniga e faʻaalia e le DA neurons faʻamatalaga e vaʻai ai taui ae leʻo muaʻi vaʻaia taui hedonic (Schultz, 2000). Pe fa'aogaina e le mesocorticolimbic DA le fa'aosofiaga fa'aosofia e fa'atatau i neural fa'atusa o taui ma fa'ailoga, ma mafua ai ona latou manatu o ni sini "mana'omia"? O lena manatu faʻaosofia "manaʻo" na faʻavae muamua i luga o faʻamaoniga e le manaʻomia le mesolimbic DA e faʻatalanoaina le aʻafiaga o le hedonic poʻo le "fiafia" mo taui suamalie, poʻo se aʻoaʻoga fou e uiga ia i latou, e ui lava i lona taua mo amioga faaosofia e maua ai taui tutusa (Berridge ma Robinson, 1998). Po o le mea mulimuli, pe o le mesocorticolimbic DA auai i le sailiga o taui e atagia ai galuega lautele, e pei o le gauai atu, faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻapitoa, taumafaiga, poʻo le fesuiaʻiina o polokalame amio? O na galuega na faʻatulagaina i luga o le faʻavae o faʻamatalaga eseese e le o fetaui lelei ma se faʻatulagaga o taui mama (Salamone, 1994; Grey et al., 1999; Ikemoto ma Panksepp, 1999; Redgrave et al., 1999; Horvitz, 2000). O manatu ta'itasi e iai ona tagata, e ui lava o lo'o i ai le fa'ailoaina latou te fefa'asoaa'i taua, ma o se maliega i luga o le fa'aosofiaga fa'aosofia galuega e mafai nei ona fausia.
O le mauaina o se tali sili atu ona saʻo i le fesili o le "o le a le mea e fai e le DA i le taui" e taua tele i le malamalama i vaisu, aua o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi ua malilie lautele e galue muamua, e ui lava e le gata, i luga o le faiʻai mesocorticolimbic system. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o manatu faʻapitoa o mea ua fai ma vaisu e manatu o le mesocorticolimbic DA e faʻatautaia ai le fiafia tele o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi ma le anhedonia i le taimi o le toesea (Volkow et al., 1999; Koob ma Le Moal, 2001). O aʻoaʻoga faʻavae aʻoaʻoga o mea ua fai ma vaisu e faʻaalia pe suia le telefoni feaveaʻi o le aʻoaʻoina o le SR, ma faʻailoga taui e mafua ai le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (Di Chiara, 1998; Kelley, 1999; Berke ma Hyman, 2000; Everitt et al., 2001). O le faʻamalosia o le faʻaogaina o mea ua fai ma vaisu e manatu o le faʻaogaina o le neural e mafua ai le tele o le faʻaogaina o le faʻamalosia o le faʻamalosi i faʻamalosi ma gaioiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau, lea e faʻamalosia ai le "manaʻo" e toe inu fualaau (Robinson ma Berridge, 1993,2000; Hyman ma Malenka, 2001). ).
E tusa ai ma sao o taui masani i vaisu neuroscience, e maitauina o manatu tetele uma o suʻesuʻega galuega a le mesocorticolimbic DA na faʻatulagaina muamua i luga o suʻesuʻega o taui masani. O le mea lea, o se malamalama sili atu i mea e fai e le DA mo taui faʻanatura o le a faʻamalamalamaina ai faiga faiʻai o vaisu fualaau.
Mesocorticolimbic dopamine: manaʻo ma faʻamalosi faʻamalosi
I tua atu o le i ai o se sao i le taui, o le mesocorticolimbic system e auai foi i tulaga le lelei o lagona ma le faaosofia o le loto.
O le a se sootaga e mafai ona i ai se faaosofiaga leaga (e ese mai le alu ese) ma vaisu? O auga leaga o le mafaufau, paranoia, poʻo le popole o nisi taimi e faʻatupuina i vaisu a tagata ma faʻataʻitaʻiga manu e vailaʻau e pei o le amphetamine poʻo cocaine (Ettenberg ma Geist, 1993), ae faʻafefea ona faʻafefeina e le faiʻai "faiga taui" le faʻaosofia ma lagona le lelei? O nisi manatu e fautua mai ai o le mesocorticolimbic system e faʻatautaia galuega lautele, e pei o le gauai poʻo le faʻaogaina o le sensorimotor, ae le o le taui poʻo le faʻafefe faapitoa (Salamone, 1994; Grey et al., 1999; Horvitz, 2000). O le isi manatu o le tali atu a le DA i le faʻaosofia o le faʻaosofia e atagia ai auala faʻaosofia natia o loʻo aʻafia i le sailiga o le saogalemu (Rada et al., 1998; Ikemoto ma Panksepp, 1999), faʻataʻitaʻiina aʻoaʻoga o mafaufauga o le aloese mai le aʻoaʻoina. I se isi faaupuga, o le tulituliloaina o mea'ai pe a fia'ai po'o le saogalemu pe a lamatia e mafai ona aofia ai faiga fa'aoso fa'amesocorticolimbic. Ae ui i lea, o le tele o tagata suʻesuʻe atonu e lagolagoina le manatu lona tolu e faapea o nisi o mesocorticolimbic o loʻo i ai se sao malosi i le faʻaosofia o ia lava, e ese mai le DA mediation of reward. (Salamone, 1994; Berridge ma Robinson, 1998; Grey et al., 1999).
E tele laina o faʻamaoniga e faʻaalia ai le faʻasalalauga tuusaʻo mesocorticolimbic o le faʻaosofia o le aversive. Mesocorticolimbic faiga faiʻai o loʻo faʻagaoioia i manu ma tagata e ala i faʻalavelave faʻafefe e pei o le atuatuvale, teʻi eletise, ma isi. (Piazza et al., 1996; Becerra et al., 2001). O le pulega o le Amphetamine e faʻaleleia ai le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o tali o amioga (Gray et al., 1999), ae o faʻamaʻi o le NAc autu e faʻalavelaveina ai le faʻatulagaina o tali faʻafefe i Pavlovian faʻaaliga (Parkinson et al., 1999). Le fa'aosofiaga le lelei ma taui e mafai ona fa'atalanoaina e ala eseese mesocorticolimbic o fa'amatalaga fa'amatalaga. Neuroanatomical ma neurochemical segregation o valence o loʻo faʻaalia i le matauina o GABAergic microinjections i le atigi NAc e mafai ona faʻaalia ai le malosi malosi poʻo le le lelei, e faʻatatau i le vaega o le atigi. GABA agonist microinjections i totonu o le atigi pito i luma e faʻaalia ai le manaʻo o le 'ai, ae o le microinjections tutusa i le pito i tua o le atigi o loʻo faʻaalia ai le mataʻutia o le soli (Stratford ma Kelley, 1999; Reynolds ma Berridge, 2001), o se amioga e masani ona faʻapolopolo e tootoo i le vao mo fa'aoso fa'aleaga e pei o gata tau fa'amata'u (Treit et al., 1981; Coss and Owings, 1989; Owings ma Morton, 1998). O le faʻamalamalamaga atili o le faʻafefea e le mesocorticolimbic subsystems code positive versus state motivational e tatau ona avea ma faʻamuamua maualuga e avea o se auala e faʻamalamalamaina ai pe aisea e maua ai e fualaau faʻaleagaina i nisi taimi aʻafiaga faʻaosofia, e aofia ai le popole ma le faʻafefe i le mafaufau.
O taui masani e pei o faamalama i taui "fiafia" ma taui "manaʻo"
E ui lava ina mana'o tagata ua fai ma vaisu e inu fualaau e sili atu nai lo isi tagata, atonu latou te le fiafia tele i na vaila'au, aemaise lava pe a tupu le faapalepale neuropharmacological i lo latou aafiaga fiafia; ae ui i lea, o le eseesega i le va o faiga neural o le taui "manaʻo" ma le taui "fiafia" ua sili ona manino mai suʻesuʻega o taui faʻanatura, aemaise lava taui suamalie suamalie, lea e mafai ai ona faʻaogaina foliga faʻaalia e fua vave ai le "fiafia" poʻo le aʻafiaga. I pepe a tagata (Ata. 1), o le tofo o le sucrose e faʻaalia ai se seti o foliga "fiafia" faʻaaliga (tulaga laulaufaiva, ataata, ma isi), ae o le tofo quinine e faʻaalia ai foliga "le fiafia" (gape, ma isi) (Steiner et al., 2001). O fa'atusatusaga o fa'aaliga o pepe a le tagata ma fa'aaliga a le itiiti ifo ma le 11 ape ma manuki e fa'ailoa mai ai o fa'amatalaga muamua mo le "fiafia" ma le "le fiafia" o lo'o fa'aalia e ala i le fa'aauauina pea o lafoga i ituaiga ma e ala i le homology o foliga o microstructure, e pei o le fa'atonutonuina o vaega. saoasaoa (Steiner et al., 2001). E oo lava i isumu e faʻaalia nei tali i tofo e atagia mai ai faʻagasologa o aʻafiaga ma faʻaogaina neural hedonic e tutusa ma tagata (Grill ma Norgren, 1978; Berridge, 2000).
Fig. 1.
O su'esu'ega fa'alenatura o le fiafia i taui ma le puipuiga mata'utia le lelei. O le fiafia i foliga vaaia e maua mai i le tofo o le sucrose mai pepe faatoa fananau mai, orangutans, ma isumu [agavale pito i luga, ata o foliga mai ia Steiner et al. (2001) ma Berridge (2000)]. O fa'aaliga le fiafia e fa'aalia e le tofo o le quinine. NAc fa'afanua o le opioid fiafia ma le mana'o nofoaga mo taui meaai e fa'aalia ai le malosi o mea'ai e mana'omia e gaosia e morphine microinjections i totonu o le atigi [agavale i lalo, Peciña ma Berridge (2000)]. O le kalafi o lo'o fa'atasi ai o lo'o fa'aalia ai le fa'atupula'ia o lagona fiafia o le sucrose e mafua mai i le morphine microinjections i le atigi accumbens. I le isi itu, o a'afiaga fa'apopole ma le mafaufau o vaila'au fa'amasani e mafai ona feso'ota'i ma tali fa'anatura fa'afefe fa'amalosi (taumatau). O le solia o le puipuiga o le fefe e mafua mai i rodents e gata uogo ma totonugalemu e GABA agonist microinjections i le caudal accumbens atigi [California ground squirrel photo by John Cooke from Coss and Owings (1989); ata o isumu mai Reynolds ma Berridge (2001)]. O le kalafi paʻu o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻaalia o le mataʻutia o le puipuia o le soli i luga o le rostrocaudal gradient i le atigi NAc ina ua maeʻa GABA agonist microinjections (Reynolds ma Berridge, 2001). O ala eseese o le mesocorticolimbic mo galuega faʻamalosi ma faʻafefeteina o loʻo fautuaina mai e le faʻafanua sagittal o le NAc shell rostrocaudal segregation o le GABA-elicited amio lelei fafaga (faailoga anteriorx) faʻasaga i amioga faʻafefe mataʻutia (faʻailoga pito i tua).
Opioid peptide neurotransmission i totonu o le NAc e faʻaogaina ai le aʻafiaga o le taui o meaʻai (Glass et al., 1999; Peciña ma Berridge, 2000; Kelley et al., 2002), e tuʻuina atu ai le lagolago atili o fualaau faʻaleagaina o loʻo galue i luga o faiga faʻavae e faʻatalanoa ai sea natura masani. fiafia e pei o le suamalie "fiafia." Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le microinjection o le morphine i totonu ole atigi NAc e faʻapupulaina saʻo ai iole "fiafia" faʻaaliga faʻapitoa e faʻaalia e le sucrose (Peciña ma Berridge, 2000) ma suia le faʻaaogaina e ogatasi ma le faʻaleleia atili o meaʻai (Zhang ma Kelley, 2000). O ia suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai le taua o le neurochemical system e ese mai i le dopamine i le faʻaleagaina o taui.
O le mea muamua na ofo ai na maua e le mesocorticolimbic DA manipulations e le suia le "fiafia" mo le tofo o le sucrose. (Peciña et al., 1997; Wyvell ma Berridge, 2000), e ui lava i la latou matafaioi i le "manaʻo" faʻaosofia mo nei mea ma isi taui. O le vavaeeseina o le neurochemical o le "fiafia" mai le "manaʻo" e manino le taua i vaisu. O le manatu faʻaosofia-faʻaalia e taʻu mai ai o vaisu e mafai ona faʻaalia i le faateleina o le "manaʻo" o vailaʻau e mafua mai i faiga faʻapitoa a le DA, e tusa lava pe leai se vailaʻau "fiafia" (Robinson ma Berridge, 2000; Hyman ma Malenka, 2001).
Mai nodes i fesoʻotaʻiga faʻamalosi
O amioga e fa'atatau i taui e alia'e mai i le gaioioiga malosi o feso'ota'iga neural uma nai lo so'o se fausaga fai'ai e tasi. O galuega a le NAc, amygdala, ma isi, i taui masani poʻo vaisu e mafai ona malamalama i ai naʻo le faʻalauteleina o le neural system o loʻo latou nonofo ai (Fig. 2). E ui lava o loʻo i ai nei lo matou malamalamaga galue o le faiʻai autu o le taui, o le malamalama loloto o le a manaʻomia ai le suʻesuʻeina o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o vaega laiti o amygdala, PFC, NAc, ma isi fausaga i taui ma faʻaosofia (Kalivas ma Nakamura, 1999; Rolls, 1999; Everitt. et al., 2000; Schultz, 2000; Jackson ma Moghaddam, 2001). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le amygdala ma le orbital prefrontal cortex e mafai ona faia ni sao faʻatasi i le aʻoaʻoina o taui e uiga i le mauaina o le faʻamalosiaga faʻamalosia ma le filifiliga tali (Schoenbaum et al., 1999; Baxter et al., 2000).
Fig. 2.
Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atusa o le fai'ai iole vaega sagittal o lo'o fa'aalia ai ala o lo'o a'afia i le fa'agaioiina o taui fa'alenatura ma le palasitika neural fa'avae a'oa'oga fa'atatau i taui. O le taamilosaga o loʻo faʻatusalia i le lanumoana o loʻo faʻaalia ai auala umi glutamatergic i le va o le cortex muamua (PFC), amygdala (Amyg), hippocampus (Hipp), ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), ma le ventral tegmental area (VTA). O le laina mumu o loʻo faʻatusalia ai faiga faʻavae o le mesocorticolimbic dopamine. Greendescending ala fa'aalia muamua le GABAergic fa'asolo ifo faiga.Tafatolu i lanu tutusa o lo'o fa'aalia tutusa DA, glutamate, ma GABAergic coding i dorsal striatum. Pusa lanu violet e fai ma sui taua nodes i totonu o lenei feso'ota'iga tufatufaina lea e fa'atatau i le NMDA/D1 fa'afeso'ota'i-mediated palasitika o lo'o fa'ailoa mai e avea ma mea taua tele. mea'ai mo le fetuuna'iga o amio ma le a'oa'oina. Mo fa'amoemoega o le fa'afaigofie, e le'o fa'aalia uma matagaluega talafeagai; mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o loʻo i ai fesoʻotaʻiga taua i le va o le hypothalamus ma le amygdala, ma e le o faʻaalia mea faʻaoga glutamatergic thalamic. O le ata o le vaega e fa'avae i luga o le atlas a Paxinos ma Watson (1998). O aū tetele e faʻaalia ai le tafe o auala faʻaogaina o loʻo faʻafeiloaʻi i luga o le viscero-endocrine ma le autonomic system (e aliaʻe mai le hypothalamus ma amygdala) ma somatic voluntary motor systems (e aliaʻe mai le basal ganglia ma ventral midbrain). -fa'alagolago i le palasitika i totonu o pona ua fa'aalia (violet paolo). O ia palasitika, lea e ono iu ai i le suiga o fesoʻotaiga fesoʻotaʻiga, o loʻo faʻamoemoeina e faʻatautaia aʻoaʻoga masani ma manatua e fesoʻotaʻi ma taui masani ae o se vaega autu foi o vaisu. AcbC, Accumbens atigi;Acb atigi, accumbens atigi; Cpu, caudate–putamen; VP, ventral pallidum; Hypo, hypothalamus; SN, substantia nigra. O isi fa'apuupuuga e mafai ona maua i Paxinos ma Watson (1998).
O se isi feso'otaiga feso'ota'iga e fa'atatau i le va'aiga o le NAc e fa'atatau i fausaga e pei ole lateral hypothalamus ma ventral pallidum. O lenei tafega e foliga mai e taua tele i le NAc mediation o amioga faʻanatura masani (Kalivas ma Nakamura, 1999; Stratford ma Kelley, 1999; Zahm, 2000). O le faʻaaogaina o amioga e ala i le faʻalavelaveina o neurons spiny i totonu o le atigi NAc e faʻalagolago i faailoilo i le hypothalamus pito i tua, lea e faʻagaoioia ai le hypothalamic neurons e ala i le disinhibition (Rada et al., 1997; Stratford ma Kelley, 1999). O le mea lea, e mafai e le atigi NAc ona faʻaogaina faʻamatalaga corticolimbic i le hypothalamus pito i tua ma faʻaaogaina le pule faʻapitoa i luga o le faiʻai e pulea ai le fafagaina o amioga ma faʻaosofiaga faʻatatau (Kelley, 1999; Petrovich et al., 2001). O lenei fesoʻotaʻiga corticostriatal-hypothalamic-brainstem e tatau ona avea ma taulaiga o suʻesuʻega atili, i totonu o faʻalapotopotoga o taui masani ma vaisu (Swanson, 2000).
Neural ensembles ma filifiliga amio
Ole suiga malosi ole tau fa'aosofia e alia'e mai fa'ailo feso'ota'iga afferent e mafua ai suiga i setete o neu NAc spiny ta'ito'atasi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o nei neurons o loʻo faʻaalia ai le "bistable" membrane, e faʻalagolago i le faʻaogaina o le glutamatergic excitatory mai fausaga faʻafefe e pei o le hippocampus (O'Donnell ma Grace, 1995). O le NAc neurons e faʻaumatia e le PFC pe a latou i ai i le hippocampal-gated "up" state, ma faʻapea ona tulaʻi mai fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le NAc ma le hippocampus (Goto ma O'Donnell, 2001). E mafai ona tupu le faʻaogaina tutusa o le NAc neurons i le va o amygdala ma hippocampal inputs (Mulder et al., 1998; Floresco et al., 2001b). O le faʻaoga a le DA e iai foʻi se sao taua i le suiga o le NAc ma e aʻafia i le faʻaogaina o le hippocampal glutamatergic i le VTA (Legault and Wise, 2001). O le mea lea, o suiga malosi e ala i faʻailoga fesoʻotaʻiga o loʻo oʻo mai e mafai ona pulea poʻo fea faʻalapotopotoga faʻamalosi a le NAc e faʻateleina e taʻitaʻia amioga agai i taui masani poʻo fualaau faasaina.
Feso'ota'iga palasitika fa'atalanoaina e feso'ota'iga DA-glutamate
O vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e faʻaosofia ai le neuroadaptation umi i le fausaga, cellular, molecular, ma genomic levels (Hyman ma Malenka, 2001), ae faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi le palasitika i taui masani ma le faʻaosofia? O lo'o alia'e mai se fa'asologa fa'afiafiaina mai su'esu'ega o le palasitika fa'asalalauina o le glutamate-DA ma ona taunu'uga fa'aliliu. O le faʻagaioiina faʻatasi o le faʻaogaina o le DA D1 ma le glutamate NMDA faʻafeiloaʻi e taua tele i le faʻatulagaina o faʻasologa o synaptic ma neural ensembles e aʻafia i le faʻaosofia ma le aʻoaʻoina.
I le striatum ma le PFC, D1 activation potentiates NMDA tali (Seamans et al., 2001; Wang ma O'Donnell, 2001), ma potentiation umi i hippocampal-prefrontal cortex synapses e faalagolago i le coactivation o NMDA ma D1 receptors ma luga. intracellular cascades e aofia ai le protein kinase A (Gurden et al., 2000). O le faʻaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina o loʻo faʻafaigofieina e se fesoʻotaʻiga glutamate-dopamine e mafua mai pe a faʻaaogaina vailaʻau i totonu o se siosiomaga tulaga ese (Uslaner et al., 2001). I totonu o le faʻaogaina o neurons, o le galulue faʻatasi a le D1 ma le NMDA faʻafeiloaʻi e faʻasalalau le gaioiga o le hippocampal-evoked (Floresco et al., 2001b), ma o se mea tutusa tutusa e matauina mo le auala amygdalo-accumbens (Floresco et al., 2001a). O suʻesuʻega mole e faʻapipiʻiina nei suʻesuʻega, e faʻaalia ai le faʻalagolago i le NMDA-receptor o le D1-mediated phosphorylation o le CREB (Konradi et al., 1996; Das et al., 1997), o se faʻamatalaga tusitusia e manatu o se faʻaleleia faʻaleleia o le faʻaogaina o gaioiga manatua. O aʻafiaga faʻasalalau o le NMDA ma le D1 coactivation i le NAc core ma le PFC e manaʻomia mo le aʻoaʻoina o le manaʻo e uiga i faʻamatalaga, taui, ma amioga, aemaise lava i le amataga o le mauaina (Baldwin et al., 2000, 2002a, b; Smith-Roe ma Kelley, 2000). I le aotelega, o le faʻamaopoopoina o le faʻagaioiina o DA D1 ma le NMDA i totonu o corticolimbic-striatal circuits o se vaega taua o le aʻoaʻoina o taui.
O lenei tala o loʻo fautua mai ai o vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina e faʻatatau i le DA ma le glutamate synapses e tatau ona faʻaauau ona suia galuega faʻavae ma mole mole. O ia ituaiga palasitika umi i totonu o neurons taui e mafua mai i fualaau faasaina e mafai ona saofagā i le faʻaogaina o faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga ma amioga, e mafua ai le le lelei o le faia o filifiliga, leiloa le pulea, ma le faʻamalosi e faʻaalia ai vaisu. O vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina e faʻaosofia ai le D1- ma le NMDA-mediated neuronal cascades faʻatasi ma le aʻoaʻoina o taui masani o se malamalamaaga taua e uiga i vaisu na aliaʻe i le sefulu tausaga talu ai.
Taui i fafo atu o feso'ota'iga limbic masani?
E ui ina laʻititi suʻesuʻega, e mafai foi ona matua faʻaogaina le taui i fausaga o faiʻai e le masani ona manatu i ai mesocorticolimbic, faʻaosofia, pe fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o vaega "motor" o caudate-putamen o loʻo i ai ni neu e tali atu i meaʻai ma meainu faʻaosofia taui, i se auala e tutusa ma DAergic poʻo ventral striatal neurons (Aosaki et al., 1994; Schultz, 2000). O le 'ai e mafai ona maua sa'o i isumu e ala i microinjections o opioid agonists i totonu o nei lava afi afi o le dorsal striatum (Zhang ma Kelley, 2000). O le 'ai e faʻalavelaveina e le DA receptor blockade poʻo faʻamaʻi i totonu o le pito i tua e tasi (Cousins and Salamone, 1996). O vaega o le sensorimotor o le striatum e feagai ma suiga tetele i le taimi o le aʻoaʻoina o le "mausa" (Jog et al., 1999), ma o latou faʻaleagaina e faʻaleagaina ai aʻoaʻoga (Packard ma White, 1990). O ia faʻamaoniga e taʻu mai ai o fausaga "sensorimotor" e mafai ona auai i galuega faʻalenatura i se tulaga e ofo ai (White, 1989). Afai o lea, o le faʻalauteleina o le faʻaogaina o taui neural e iai foʻi aʻafiaga mo vaisu.
iʻuga
O vaila'au e mafai ona a'afia ai faiga fa'alenatura fai'ai e maua ai vaisu i na'o le tolu auala. (1) O taui o fualaau e mafai ona fa'agaoioia ai le faiga o fai'ai e pei o taui fa'alenatura. O a'oa'oga o vaisu e fa'avae i luga o vaila'au fa'amalieina hedonia po'o le fa'amalosia lelei e fa'apea o vaila'au e fai ma taui fa'alenatura. (2) O taui o fualaau fa'asaina e ono suia ai fo'i le fa'afuainumera o nisi vaega o taui, vaevae ma fa'asese faiga masani o taui e fa'atupu ai amioga fa'amalosi. O aʻoaʻoga o vaisu e faʻavae i luga o le faʻaogaina o le faʻamalosia o le faʻamalosia e faʻaalia ai o vailaʻau e faʻaalia ai le mesocorticolimbic substrates o le faʻamalosia o le salience, faʻavasegaina taui masani e ala i le faʻateleina o le "manaʻo" faʻaleagaina e mafua ai le faʻamalosi o fualaau faasaina (Robinson ma Berridge, 2000; Hyman ma Malenka, 2001). O aʻoaʻoga o vaisu e faʻavae i luga o le faʻalauteleina o taimi umi poʻo suiga i faiga aʻoaʻoga e faʻaalia ai le malosi tele o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina SR mausa (O'Brien et al., 1992; Di Chiara, 1998; Robbins ma Everitt, 1999; Berke ma Hyman, 2000; Everitt et al., 2001). (3) O vailaʻau faʻamaʻi e mafai ona faʻaosofia ai faiga fou o le faiʻai, e pei o le faʻamavaeina o setete, lea e mafai ona sili atu le faʻagasologa o le fili-faʻasologa mo vaisu nai lo taui masani (Solomon ma Corbit, 1974; Koob ma Le Moal, 2001).
O nei avanoa e tolu e le atoatoa ae e le faʻatasi. Ua maua le tele o mea moni mata'ina e faamalamalamaina ai a latou fegalegaleaiga. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi o le a faʻamalamalamaina atili pe faʻafefea ona fegalegaleai fualaau faʻatasi ma faiga faʻameamea o le faiʻai e maua ai le faʻamalosi malosi ma le toe faʻafoʻi e faʻaalia ai vaisu.
Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga
• O lenei galuega na lagolagoina e Grants DA09311, DA04788, ma DA13780 mai le National Institute on Drug Abuse (AEK) ma le IBN 0091611 mai le National Science Foundation (KCB). Matou te faafetai atu ia Terry Robinson, Sheila Reynolds, Matthew Andrzejewski, ma Susana Peciña mo fautuaga aoga i lenei tusitusiga.
• E tatau ona fa'asalalau tusi i AE Kelley, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison Medical School, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719. I-meli:[imeli puipuia].
• Puletaofia © 2002 Sosaiete mo Neuroscience
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