Med Hypotheses. 2016 Aokuso; 93: 62-70. fai: 10.1016 / j.mehy.2016.05.015.
Patron E1, Gasbarri A2, Tomaz C3, Nishijo H4.
Faasologa o Mataupu
- faʻatomuaga
- O le "tumau le tumau" faʻataʻitaʻiga e aofia ai le faʻaosofia gaioiga, le hedonic disregulation, ma le le malamalama aʻoaʻo
- Neuro-bio-physiological talaʻaga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu "le tumau le tumau" mafaufauga
- Le neural faavae o se vailaʻau faʻaosofia amioga
- Le neural faavae o se masani-aʻoga fualaʻau amio
- Le faʻatulafonoina ole faaupuga "meaʻai ua fai ma vaisu"
- Le neural faavae o meaʻai vaisu
- Faʻavae electrophysiological o amio-faʻatonu amioga
- O se fou tutusa amioga fai ma vaisu
- faaiuga
- Tusitala ma tagata fai saofaga
- Feeseeseaiga o tului
- mau faasino
lē faʻatino
uputatala:
Fualaau faasaina / meaai taumafa, Motugaafa, Faʻaauau aʻoaʻoga, Hedonic faʻaleagaina, Sui, Polokalame taui
faʻatomuaga
O mea ua fai ma vaisu, mai le Latina "addictus" ("pologa i aitalafu" po o le "toilalo"), o se faaumiumi faamalosia ma le toe solia le le atoatoa e aafia ai tagata sili atu mafaufau nai lo le faaletino. O se tulaga masani e aofia ai le tele o faiʻai vaega ma taamilosaga, lea encode tele gaioiga e pei o taui, faaosofia ma manatuaina. O se mea ua fai ma vaisu e faasolosolo lava ona taulaʻi le tele o lona malosi i luga o le sailiga mo, mauaina, ma mulimuli ane mauaina ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau o le sauaina. E tupu lenei mea e ui lava i maʻi, toilalo i le olaga ma le motusia sootaga.
Talu ai nei, o vaisu na faʻamatalaina i le DSM-V o se "faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o le faʻaaogaina o se vailaʻau" faʻailoaina e le leiloa o le faʻatonutonuina o fualaʻau-faia-e fesoʻotaʻi amioga, o le mulimulitaʻia o na amioga e oʻo lava i le i ai o le leaga faʻaiuga, ma le malosi gaioiga faʻaosofia e faʻaaoga mea [1]. O le leiloa o le faʻatonutonu, o le tulituliloaina, ma le malosi faʻaosofia gaioiga e fai ai vailaʻau mafai ona auʻiliʻili ma faʻamatalaina mai le mafaufau e oʻo i meaola-molemole tulaga.
E tolu talitonuga eseʻese e faʻataʻitaʻi ai suʻesuʻega o faʻataʻitaʻiga i vaisu o fualaʻau [[2], [3], [4]]. O nei aʻoaʻoga taʻitasi e iloiloina vaega nofofua, pei o le faʻaosofia gaioiga [2], o le hedonic disregulation [3], ma le masani ai le masani ai masani masani [4] o le autu tagata faʻatino e faʻamatalaina le atoa gaioiga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. O le sini autu o lenei suʻesuʻega o le tuuina atu lea o se manatu fou o le fesuiaʻiga mai le faʻatonutonuina o le faʻaoga i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau oona i lalo o le aotelega o talitonuga eseʻese e tolu, ma le iloiloina o vaega taʻitasi o manatu taʻitasi e toʻatasi i luga o le mea lava e tasi "faʻaauau le tumau" mai faʻaaoga e faʻaoga sese ai vailaʻau oona
O iinei tatou te iloiloina ai ni manatu taua se tolu o le mafaufau o loʻo taumafai e faʻamatala le fuaitau mai le masani ona faʻaoga i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau vailaʻau: le faʻatosina-faʻalauiloaina manatu, le hedonic dysregulation teori, ma le masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga teori.
O le "incent-sensitization" teori
I le mafaufau, faʻaosofia e masani lava ona mafaufauina o le tulaga i totonu e faʻatautaia ma fesuiaʻi amioga a se tagata, agaʻi i se sini. O le mafaufau gaioiga taialaina amioga fai ma vaisu mafai ona suesueina e ala i manatu faʻaosofia, malamalama o fea faiʻai faiʻai aofia ai. Faʻamalosi vailaʻau sailia / faia amio ma toe paʻu (i le taimi atoa o le faʻaalia o fualaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma le vailaʻau pe ona o le popole) e mafua mai i se suiga i le faʻaosofia sisitema ma le manaʻoga vaega (manaʻo). Na faʻamatalaina e Berridge ma Robinson lenei tulaga ma le "insentif-sensitization theory" [2]. Latou te fautua mai o le faʻaaogaina faifai pea o se vailaʻau e mafua ai le faʻateleina o neula suiga i totonu o le taui system, maitauina le faiga i fualaʻau ma fesoʻotaʻiga faʻamalosia. O le faʻaleleia atili o fualaʻau-faʻamalosia paga faʻateleina le tauanauina taua o faʻamalosiʻau, maua ai se "suiga" i fualaʻau tagata faʻaoga e manaʻo vailaʻau, e ui lava latou te le maua le pei mai ia latou [5] (Mati. 1). Mati. 1 faʻaalia pe faʻapefea fiafia ma manaʻo mafai ona mulimuli i eseʻesega o mafaufauga / faiʻai ala i le eseʻesega i le faʻatusatusaga manatua. E ui ina faʻamatalaina e lenei manatu le tele o vaega o mea ua fai ma vaisu a tagata, pei o le tele o sailiga mo fualaʻau, manaʻoga tele, ma toe solomuli, e le mafai na ona faʻamatalaina le vaega autu o vaisu o fualaʻau: le le mafai e vaisu ona faʻatonutonu pe taofi le faʻaaogaina o se vailaʻau, e ui i le leaga iuga ma le tagata lava ia-faʻatamaʻiaina natura o lona umi faʻaaogaina. O le tagofia o vailaʻau oona o se psychopathology faigata faʻaalia, a itiiti mai i se vaega, e ala i le faʻamalosia e le fualaʻau, manatuaina o fualaʻau, ma uiga faʻatatau i lagona o fualaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma le "fiafia" stimulus [[6], [7]]. O le le paleni o le "manaʻomia" (eg insentif-sensitization) ma le "fiafia" e mafai ona i ai sona sao i le faʻaosoina o amioga ua fai ma vaisu [8]. Peitaʻi, e ui lava e le teʻena e lenei manatu le faʻatosina mai fualaʻau, faʻaui i tua, poʻo mausa o mafuaʻaga mo le sailia o fualaʻau / faia o amioga, e faʻapea o isi mea, pei o le sensitized manaʻo, mafai ona sili atu faʻamalamalamaina le faʻamalosia ma toe solomuli i vaisu.
Mati. 1
Faʻamalosiʻau salience faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaosofia lagona faʻaosofia. O le "fiafia i ai" ma le "manaʻo" e tutusa ma eseʻesega o le mafaufau ma le neura. Laʻasaga faʻamalosia (CS) ma faʻamalosiʻuga e le faʻapipiʻiina (US) faia se faʻatusatusaga manatua. DA faʻataʻitaʻiga i le NAc ma le neostriatum mafua ai manaʻomia (faʻamalosia-salience vaega o faʻaosofia). I se isi itu, e le faʻatonuina e le DA le NAc ma le neostriatum e fiafia i ai (hedonia) ma le fesoʻotaʻi-aʻoaʻoina o faʻailoga. O isi auiliiliga malamalama e manaʻomia mo le iloiloga a le tagata lava ia o le fiafia ma le faʻaosofia, ina ia i ai le malamalama o lagona faʻavaeina "fiafia" ma le "manaʻo".
Vaʻaia le Ata Tele | Faʻaalia le Ata Hi-Res | Faʻasologa o le SlidePoint Slide
Le "hedonic disregulation" teori
O le matafaioi o le "faʻatauaina" i vaisu ua faʻamatalaina o se sologa lelei i se "faʻamalosia-salience" setete. O le faʻaaoga muamua e faʻalauiloa e le hedonically rewarding meatotino a le vailaʻau, pei o le euphoric maualuga, ae o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ua faʻapea e tupuola i le "faʻamalosia le lelei" [10]. Le lelei faʻamalosia o se gaioiga e faʻateʻaina o aversive faʻaosofia, e pei o se le lelei lagona faʻalemafaufau o le toʻesea, faʻateleina le numera o fualaʻau taumafaina [3]. Ina ia mafai ona aloese mai le faʻaletonu ma le le lelei, tagata faʻaoga fualaʻau ave vailaʻau vailaʻau [11]. Ae ui i lea, o tagata faʻaoga fualaʻau e amata mai le masani ai i le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu, ma o mea taua e faʻatupu ai le "fesuiaiga" i le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau o loʻo faʻapea e suia mai le le faʻamalosi i taimi muamua, i le faʻamalosia i taimi mulimuli. O le manaʻoga (o se manaʻoga malosi ma le malosi) ei ai sona sao taua i mea ua fai ma vaisu, ma ua avea o se vaega o le tolu vaega: "naunautaʻiga / naunautaiga", "binge / onā", ma "toesea / leaga aafiaga" [10]. O laʻasaga e tolu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le tasi ma le isi, faʻalauteleina i le loloto, faʻaleagaina le hedonic homeostasis o taui system, ma mulimuli ane aumaia le tagata faʻaaoga i vaisu [[3], [10]] (Mati. 2). Mati. 2 faʻamatalaina le taʻamilosaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu i luga ma lalo lea e avea ai le "popolevale / naunautaʻi" laasaga o se naunautaʻiga tele e faaaoga fualaʻau tusa lava pe o lona olaga e tele tiute ma fegalegaleaiga faaletagata. Ole vaega ole "binge / intoxication" o loʻo faʻamaoti mai ai le manaʻomia tele o vailaʻau ina ia mafai ai ona maua le tutusa tulaga ole hedonic effects. "Aveʻese / aʻafiaga le lelei" e faʻasino i le psycho-faʻaletino aʻafiaga faʻamalosia e le leai o se faʻaauau fualaʻau faʻaaogaina, e manaʻomia togafitiga faʻafomaʻi (eg faʻataʻitaʻi vailaʻau o methadone).
Mati. 2
Faʻasolosolo i totonu o luga-lalo liʻo leaga. O le ata o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai le taʻamilosaga o mea ua fai ma mausa i luga O le tuʻinanau e aafia tele i le gaioiga e mafai ai ona suia i se taimi le faʻaoga o fualaʻau, ma mulimuli ane toe paʻu ai. E faʻamatalaina lenei mea e ala ile tolu mea taua: "preoccupation / naunautaiga", "binge / intoxication", ma le "withdrawal / leaga" aafiaga. O nei laasaga e tolu fesoʻotaʻi ma le tasi ma le isi, avea atili malosi, disregulate le hedonic homeostasis o le taui faʻavasega, ma tau atu ai i le pathological setete taʻua o vaisu.
Vaʻaia le Ata Tele | Faʻaalia le Ata Hi-Res | Faʻasologa o le SlidePoint Slide
O le hedonic disregulation theory faʻamatalaina le auala mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻasuaʻava o fualaʻau e pei o le "luga-lalo liʻo leaga", mafaufau i le autu matafaioi o se ituaiga le faʻapaleni i le hedonic tulaga o tagata faʻaoga fualaʻau [3]. Ae ui i lea, e le mafai e le teori ona faʻamalamalamaina le matafaioi a isi vaega taua o le tagofia o vailaʻau faʻasaina pei o le le masani lelei i le vailaʻau ma amioga taua e maua ai le vailaʻau. O le mesolimbic taui matagaluega na talitonu muamua lava e faʻavasega lelei le hedonic aʻafia fesoʻotaʻi ma fualaʻau aafiaga. Talu ai nei, ua manatu ai o lenei matagaluega e sili atu ona faigata i le taimi nei, faʻatonutonu manatu, faʻamoemoe mo taui, ma faʻatosina lagona faʻaosofia [12].
Le "masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoina" teori
E manatu Everitt o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu le laʻasaga mulimuli o ni laasaga faʻasolosolo mai le amataga ma le faʻatonutonuina o le faʻaaogaina o se vailaʻau [[13], [18], [19]] (Mati. 3). Mati. 3 faʻamatala laʻasaga o loʻo sosoʻo atu i le tagofia o vailaʻau. Pe a fai o le vailaʻau e ave ma le lotomalie mo lona faʻatosina aʻafiaga, sailia-amioga faʻasolosolo avea ma "masani", e ala i le faifai malie leiloa o le faʻatonutonu. Ma le mea lea, o le faʻaosofia-tali auala faia ai se taua tele i le tausiga o se mea faigaluega amio. I le iuga, o le agavaʻa o le stimulus (vailaʻau) e galue o se faʻamalosia (faʻamalosia faʻamalosia) faia se ituaiga o faʻatonutonu i luga o le sailiga / faia amioga. O le mea lea, o le tagofia o vailaʻau faʻasaina e mafai ona amata o se "amio faʻatonu-faʻatino amioga"; mulimuli ane, ma le tausiga o le "amioga mea faigaluega", mafai ona liua i se "amio masani", faʻaosofia ai se ituaiga o aʻoaʻoga faʻavae i luga o le masani (masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga) [[13], [16], [18]].
Mati. 3
Mulimuli laʻasaga mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau. E tusa ai ma le tala a Everitt ma ana uo, o le tagofia o vailaʻau oona o se faʻasologa o laʻasaga e sosoʻo mai ai ma le amataina, lotomalie ma faʻagaeetia loto faʻaogaina o vailaʻau oona e oʻo atu i le leiloa o le faʻatonutonuina o le tutusa vailaʻau e ala i le suia o le matafaioi a le faʻamalosia faʻamalosia. . Faʻapitoa, pe a fai o le vailaʻau e ave ma le lotomalie mo lona faʻatosina aʻafiaga, sailia-amioga alualu i luma avea ma "masani", e ala i le faifai malie leiloa o le faʻatonutonu. Ma le mea lea, o le faʻaosofia-tali auala faia ai se taua tele i le tausiga o se mea faigaluega amio. I le iuga, o le agavaʻa o le stimulus (vailaʻau) e galue o se faʻamalosia (faʻamalosia faʻamalosia) faia se ituaiga o faʻatonutonu i luga o le sailiga / faia amioga.
Vaʻaia le Ata Tele | Faʻaalia le Ata Hi-Res | Faʻasologa o le SlidePoint Slide
O le "tumau le tumau" faʻataʻitaʻiga e aofia ai le faʻaosofia gaioiga, le hedonic disregulation, ma le le malamalama aʻoaʻo
O lenei suʻesuʻega e faʻamoemoe e iloilo manatu taua e tolu o le tagofia o fualaʻau faʻasaina mai se vaaiga fou o le lotogatasi, e ala i talitonuga faʻavae o se tulaga ese "faʻaletino tumau" lea e i ai le "faʻaosofia gofie", o le "hedonic disregulation", ma le "aberrant aʻoaʻoina" taoto faʻatasi ina ia mafai ai ona faʻamatala le suiga mai le faʻaoga i nisi taimi e faʻaoga sese ai fualaʻau (Mati. 4). Mati. 4 o loʻo faʻaalia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga taimi faʻatulagaina o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai mea taua e tolu o le tasi "faʻaauau le tumau" mai le taimi muamua feiloaʻi ma vailaʻau i le vaisu lava ia. O se vaega tele o tusitusiga na iloiloina lelei le matafaioi a le tasi i le tolu o talitonuga e uiga i le tagofia o vailaʻau. E le gata i lea, ua faʻamatalaina o le alualu i luma sifi e tupu mai masani-tulia i faʻaosofia-tulia-faʻamalosia fualaʻau / faia amioga lea na muamua faʻamalosia ai se hedonic faʻasolosolo i taimi masani masani ma faʻaauau pea ma le le faʻaosofia o le faʻaosofia e faʻaaoga fualaʻau. O le Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) mamanu e lua tuʻutuʻuga tulaga: (1) o le Pavlovian gaioiga e faʻamatalaina le malamalama i le mea na tupu i le va o le stimulus (S) ma le faamalosia (R); ma le (2) amioga faʻatino amioga maaleale i le mea na tupu i le va o gaioiga tali (R), ma taunuʻuga (O) [[20], [21]]. Neuro-bio-physiologically, o lenei e tutusa ma se agaʻi i luma suiga mai ventral i dorsal striatal pulea luga fualaʻau-sailia / faia amioga [12]. O le mea lea, e mafai ai ona mafaufau i se tutoʻatasi "faʻaauau le tumau" lea (1) o se agaʻi atu i luma o le "masani-aʻoaʻoina" tupu i taimi o le masani ai faʻaogaina fualaʻau, lea o le "hedonic disregulation" ua faʻagaoioia ma (2) taitai atu ai i se alualu i luma alualu i luma " salience-incentivation ”faaosofia le amio-inu fualaʻau. Ae ui i lea, i lo matou iloa, e leai ni faʻamaoniga o le tuʻufaʻatasia o vaʻaiga e tolu e ala i le "faʻaletino tumau" faʻataʻitaʻiga. E tele suʻesuʻega a tagata ma manu ua faʻaalia mai o le taimi o le taui e tele sona sao i le faʻagaioiga o taui [[22], [23]]. E le gata i lea, o faʻamalama taimi ma "taui o tau" e taua tele mo le faʻamamaina o fale, ma o neu neo e matua aafia i le faʻagaioiga o faʻamatalaga le tumau e uiga i faʻailoga. I le falemaʻi tulaga, lenei o le a fesoasoani foi ia malamalama pe faʻafefea ma o afea e faʻalavelave ai i le taimi nei le faʻaauau mai le faʻaaoga i lea taimi ma lea taimi i le sauaina o vailaʻau vailaʻau, ma fausia ai fou togafitiga togafitiga ina ia mafai ai ona aloese mai le osofaʻiga o le faʻasolitulafono fualaʻau-saili / aveina amioga . I le iuga, faʻamalosia, hedonic disregulation, ma masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga mafai ona avea ma vaega tuʻufaʻatasi o se tulaga ese ma faigata fualaʻau-sailia / aveina amioga.
Mati. 4
Hypothetical timeline o le "faʻaletino tumau" mafaufauga. O le ata o loʻo faʻamatalaina mai ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga taimi faʻatulagaina o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai mea taua e tolu ose tasi "faʻaauau le tumau" mai le taimi muamua e feiloaʻi ma vailaʻau ile vaisu. I le taimi lea, o le suiga o le neurobeh behavioral e faʻatino i luga o le hedonic disregulation ma luga o le tulaga o le taua o le vailaʻau faʻatosinaina se masani-aʻoaʻoina, ma matua leiloa ai le faʻatonutonuina o fualaʻau taumafaina.
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Neuro-bio-physiological talaʻaga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu "le tumau le tumau" mafaufauga
E ese mai i amioga faʻataʻitaʻi ua faʻamatalaina i luga, o le tele o suʻesuʻega ua tosoina se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o neural matagaluega ua faʻagaoioia i le fualaʻau-sailia / faia amioga. E taua le maitauina o le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau faʻasaina e faʻagaoioia ai le tele o vaega o le faiʻai "subortortical" ma liʻo o le neurotransmission o loʻo aafia i le "faʻamalosia o fualaʻau". Ina ia mafai ona faʻamautinoaina le faʻapea o le tolu foliga faʻaleleia i taʻitasi teori manatu mafai mafai ona taoto i le tasi "tumau le tumau" faʻamatalaina uma uma le fuaitau mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau, neural faʻavae o se fualaʻau faʻaosofia amioga ma se vailaʻau masani aʻoaʻo amio o le a toe iloiloina
Le neural faavae o se vailaʻau faʻaosofia amioga
I se faatusatusaga, o le NAc "autu" e foliga mai o se taua nofoaga e faʻatalanoa ai le aʻoaʻoina amio faʻaalia tali atu i faʻaosofia e valoia faʻaosofia talafeagai mea na tutupu [[30], [37], [38], [39]]. E le gata i lea, o le faʻaalia o amioga fetuutuunai e foliga mai e faʻatulagaina e le DA faʻasaʻoloto i le NAc autu i le taimi o tali i mea faʻaosofia e vavalo ai i se faʻamanuiaga aoga [[40], [41]]. I le aotelega, DA ono lua galuega ma ono ono taua i le "fesuiaʻiga" mai taimi i taimi faʻaoga fualaʻau i le sauaina. O le muamua faʻailo le totoga i le aliali mai o fou salient stimulus, ma ina ua maeʻa faʻamalosia le aʻoaʻoina neuroplasticity. Lona lua o le lapataia o le tino i le vave ona aliali mai o se masani ai talafeagai gaioiga, ma faaosofia i luga o le faavae o aʻoaʻoga asosi muamua faia e ala i siosiomaga stimulus-mea na tutupu valoʻaga [42]. I le iuga, o se faʻasologa o tutusa cortico – striato – pallido – cortical loops ua faʻamatalaina le mea o le ventral striatum (VS), e aofia ai le NAc autu e fesoʻotaʻi ma lagona aʻoaʻoga; ma le dorsal striatum (DS), e aofia ai le atigi NAc e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mafaufau ma galuega a le afi [[43], [44]].
Le neural faavae o se masani-aʻoga fualaʻau amio
O lenei ua laga le fesili pe o nei filifilia neurochemical transmissions i le BLA ma le NAc autu o ni vaega o le faiʻai subsystem i totonu o le "limbic cortical-ventral striato-pallidal" circuitry [57]. I se vaega, talu ai o le metotia o le mea e faʻaigoaina o le "motusia", DS ma VS fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi ma le tasi i le isi, i le tele o ituaiga o faʻagaioiga tulaga, pei o le PIT i luga o sini faʻatonuina sini [21]. Mo se taimi umi, ua fautuaina le VS e tuʻu pea i lagona fesoʻotaʻi, faʻaosofia, ma gaioiga faʻafetai i ona tele fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o fausaga e pei o le BLA ma le orbitofrontal cortex (oFC) [[21], [57], [58]] . O le NAc autu e taua i le Pavlovian faʻamamaina, faʻapena foi i taimi o fegalegaleaiga i le "Pavlovian-instrumental" metotia aʻoaʻoga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faia fua amioga [[21], [38], [45]]. I se isi itu, ua faʻamatalaina o le DS ei ai sona sao i le mafaufau ma galuega a le afi, tuʻuina atu se neurobiological faʻavae mo uma sini faʻatonutonu ma pulea masani o le “aʻoaʻoina o mea faigaluega” [[59], [60], [61], [62]]. Pavlovian-instrumental learning faasologa laʻasaga mafai ono taua tele ile fesuiaʻiga mai lea taimi i lea taimi e faʻaogaina ai fualaʻau i le sauaina, e mafai foi ona aofia ai le faʻamalosia o le sailia o fualaʻau / aveina o amioga [13].
Talu ai nei, o le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻatinoina matauga lagolagoina le manatu o masani neural matagaluega fausiaina se eseʻese vaega i le baseb forebrain, taʻua o le "lautele amygdala". Lenei matagaluega ono faʻamatuʻu atu e galue i luga o le faʻaosofia, lagona, ma masani ai aʻafiaga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu [[63], [64], [65], [66]]. O le amygdala faʻalautele e aofia ai le tele basal forebrain fausaga e pei o le moega fatu o le stria terminalis (BNST), le ogatotonu ogatotonu amygdala (CeA), ma le NAc atigi [[63], [64]]. O nei fausaga e i ai mea e tutusa ai i le faʻataʻitaʻiga, tui puipuia, ma fesoʻotaʻiga [[65], [66]], ma latou mauaina ni fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata mai limbic fausaga e pei o le hippocampus (HP), ma BLA. O le amygdala faʻalautele o loʻo i ai vaega taua e aofia ai neurotransmission system e fesoʻotaʻi ma le "lelei faʻamalosia aʻafiaga" o fualaʻau o le sauaina, ma isi tetele faʻatulagaina fesoʻotaʻi i faiʻai faʻafitauli sisitema ma fesoʻotaʻi ma le "le faʻamalosia aafiaga faʻamalosia" o vailaʻau vailaʻau [[63], [67 ]]. O le mea lea, o isi suʻesuʻega e mafai ona suʻesuʻeina le sao o le lautele o le amygdala i le suiga mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻaoga sese o vailaʻau.
O se fou tutusa amioga fai ma vaisu
I le fia sefulu tausaga ua tuanaʻi, na matua suia lava le faiga o meaʻai. Faʻatasi ai ma suiga o le talafaʻasolopito na iloga ai le seneturi talu ai, Sisifo Atunuʻu o loʻo fesoasoani i le seti o suiga i tu ma aganuʻu meaʻai, lea na faʻaalia ai le masani ai ona faʻaaoga soʻo ma sili atu na meaʻai meaʻai na manatu e seasea ma taua. O le masani ai o le 'ai e sili atu nai lo le mea e manaʻomia, e masani ona o faatasi ma le le paleni taua i le va o vaega eseese o meaʻai, ua mafua ai le faʻatupulaia o le aʻafia o taumafa (ED). Talu ai nei lava, o le taofi e faapea o le tele o tutusa faiʻai sisitema ma neurotransmission taamilosaga e aafia i le tauia aafiaga e fesootai i meaai ma fualaau faasaina ua fautuaina. E mafai ona malamalama i le fesuiaiga mai le tutusa neural faiga i meaai ma fualaʻau [[68], [69], [70]], siitia manatu e faʻapea o le faʻatamaʻia o le 'ai e mafai ona avea ma amioga faʻatamaʻi. Lenei, matou toe iloiloina suʻesuʻega faʻaalia ai le mafai e suʻesuʻe foliga autu o le 'ai faʻaletonu, pei o le' ai malosi, ma faʻatusa na faʻaaogaina i vailaʻau fai ma vaʻaia togafitiga muamua.
Le faʻatulafonoina ole faaupuga "meaʻai ua fai ma vaisu"
O le 'ai malosi, e tai tutusa lava ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaʻau oona [78], ma le' ai malosi e ono avea o se "vaisu" i lana ia lava aia tatau. O suʻesuʻega i tagata ma manu o fale suesue, na faaalia ai, e ese mai i le paleni o le malosi, o amioga ai a le tagata e faatulafonoina e mea e le fesoʻotaʻi ma le pulea o metabolic ma faʻamaumauga mai suesuega a le falemaʻi e faʻapea o nisi e 'ai tele e mafai ona atiaʻe ni amioga faʻapei o mea ua fai ma masani pe a latou faʻaaogaina meaai lelei. [[26] , [83]]. Na fautuaina e faapea o le soona taumafa i mea taumafa lelei e ono maua ai ni neuroadaptations mo se taimi umi i ni taui ma ni mafatiaga i luga o le faiʻai [[10], [84]], e tai tutusa lava ma mea na gaosia e le umi ona faaaoga fualaau faasaina [26]. I le tuʻufaʻatasia ai, o nei molimau ua fautua mai ai, o le 'ai malosi, faʻapea foi ma le faʻamalosia o le sailia o fualaʻau, e mafai ona faʻamatalaina e faʻaaoga ai lava ia manatu taua e tolu o loʻo unaʻia ai le suʻesuʻeina o suʻesuʻega i vaisu o fualaʻau, ma o lea ua suʻesuʻeina ai le ono maua o se ituaiga "suiga" mai le faʻaaoga tatau o meaʻai manaia tele i lo latou sauaina.
Talu ai nei faʻamaoniga mai isumu ma manuki faʻailoa mai le ono mafai ona faia ni manu faʻatusa o le 'aʻai faʻaletonu [[71], [72], [77], [85], [86], [87]]. Ua faʻaalia o isumu ma le avanoa e ave ai le kalori-leai se saccharin solution poʻo le faʻatautaia e ia lava o le faʻaaogaina o le iniseti o le cocaine infusions, na latou le masalomia le filifilia muamua fofo nai lo le lona lua tasi [77]. Lenei faʻailoa mai pe faʻapefea ona gaosia e le macro-nutritive i meaʻai fiafia le faiʻai fai faʻaiʻoga tutoatasi mai a latou avega kalori [78]. E le gata i lea, o meaʻai faʻamalieina e mafai ona faʻagaoioi ai le faiʻai neurotransmission system e faʻatatau i le taui, faʻaosofia, ma le faia o filifiliga [69]. O meaʻai e sili ona manogi lelei e faʻaosofia ai mea e manatua i taimi o le sukalati e leʻo faia e tagata, ma le faafuaseʻi o meaʻai ona o le le maua o meaʻai e pei o le popolevale (e pei o le suʻesuʻeina), e aunoa ma ni suiga i le maualuga o le mafaufau o le tino o le cortisol [ 86]. Faʻamoemoeina i nei sailiiliga, 'ai amioga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le aʻoaʻoina o meaʻai e fesoʻotaʻi ma meaʻai e foliga mai e taua tele i le aʻafiaga ma / poʻo le toe faʻafitauli o le aʻafia i meaʻai. I le iuga, talu ai o vaega autu o vaisu fualaʻau, pei o le faʻamalosi sailia-amioga ma le toe solomuli mafai ona toe gaosia faʻaaogaina le tele o manu faʻataʻitaʻiga, e mafai ona mafaufauina o le ono suʻesuʻeina le tagofia o meaʻai vailaʻau o loʻo faʻataʻitaʻia muamua vaega taua o vaisu fualaʻau.
Le neural faavae o meaʻai vaisu
O le faʻagaoioia o le fesoʻotaʻiga DA-aofia i faiʻai taui taui o le faiʻai o le sili ona manino ma sili atu ona faʻamatalaina faʻamatalaina i meaai ma fualaʻau-saili amioga [[25], [26], [69]]. Faʻapitoa lava, DA tatalaina foliga mai e fesoʻotaʻi ma taua faʻapitoa taui mai uma fualaʻau ma taumafa faʻaaogaina i tagata [[25], [69]]. Faʻaauau mesolimbic DA faʻaosofia faʻamalosia e faʻalauiloaina i vailaʻau fai ma vaisu gaosia faiai palasitika suiga e mafua ai le faʻamalosia fualaʻau. I se auala faʻapena, o le faʻaauau pea ona suamalie meaʻai faʻaaliga mafai ona faʻamalosia ai le faʻamalosia o le taumafaina o le faʻaaogaina o le tutusa neurotransmission faiga. E le gata i lea, o suʻesuʻega o neuroimaging ua faʻaalia ai suiga i le faʻamatalaga a le resitara o DA i mataupu lapoʻa e tai tutusa lava ma mataupu o loʻo maua i fualaʻau faʻasaina [[69], [78], [89], [90]].
O faʻaletonu o le 'ai e faʻaalia i amioga le taupulea o le' ai, e ui lava i tulaga matautia. Ua faʻapea e ono faʻapea o se faigata o le fesoʻotaʻiga o le siʻosiʻomaga-o le siʻosiʻomaga atonu o se vaega taua o amioga faʻamalosia o le 'ai [[91], [92]]. E tele suʻesuʻega na aafia ai DA type2 taliaina (D2Rs) i le naunautaiga i amioga malosi-pei o se mea na tupu i le vailaʻau fai ma vaisu [[18], [93]]. E le gata i lea, ua faʻaalia foi le fesoʻotaʻiga o le siʻosiʻomaga i se isumu faʻataʻitaʻiga faamalosia le sailia o sukalati / faia amioga faʻaaogaina C57 ma DBA isumu i se faʻatonutonuina taofiofi taofiofia [[88], [94]]. I lenei suʻesuʻega, na matou toe gaosia ai se amioga malosi i le faʻaaogaina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le taofiofia o le taofiofia o se sukalati saili amioga [71] ina ia faʻatusatusa le mamafa C57 ma DBA isumu. E le gata i lea, ua faʻapea o le maualalo o avanoa o accumbal D2Rs ua avea ma mafuaʻaga o le tupuʻaga o le tupuʻaga o le tausami o le sailia o amioga ma o le siʻosiʻomaga mafai ona faʻaosofia se malosi 'ai amioga suia ai le faʻaalia o D2Rs i le striatum. I lenei faʻamoemoe, na matou fuaina le D1Rs ma le D2Rs faʻaaliga i le striatum ma D1Rs, D2Rs ma NE-ergic α1 mauaina (α1Rs) tulaga i le mpFC, faʻatulagaina, i sisifo blot [88]. Na matou faʻaalia o le faʻaalia i se tulaga o le siosiomaga (faʻatapulaʻaina o meaʻai) faʻatosinaina amioga mamaʻi, faʻalagolago i le gafa o talaʻaga, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaititia o avanoa o NAc D2Rs. I se isi itu, o le striatum D2Rs luga-faʻatonutonu ma mpFC α1Rs lalo-tulafono faʻatonutonu e faʻaosofia i le taimi o le malosi 'ai amioga. O nei sailiiliga faʻamaonia ai le taua matafaioi o le gen-siʻosiʻomaga fegalegaleai i le malosi 'ai amioga, lagolagoina foi le manatu o le maualalo maua o NAc D2Rs o se "faʻavaeina" genetisi lamatiaga mo le' ai malosi amioga. I le iuga, striatum D2R ma mpFC α1R faʻatonutonu tulafono feteʻenaʻi e manatu e ono avea "tali neuroadaptive" tutusa ma le suiga mai le faʻaosofia i le 'ai malosi amioga, ma mulimuli ane ai i meaʻai fai ma vaisu, e pei ona faʻapea na faʻaaogaina i vailaʻau fai ma vaisu [[88], [94 ]].
Faʻavae electrophysiological o amio-faʻatonu amioga
O le mea e mataʻina ai, ua maitauina le i ai o ni neuronal lua i le NAc [[102], [103]]: faavavevaveina spiking interneurons (FSIs) ma medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Na lipotia mai o FSIs o loʻo taofiofia MSNs, o loʻo faʻaaluina le faʻatonutonuina o latou "taimi faʻasolosolo" [[102], [104]], ma e ese le tali atu mai MSN i faʻamanuiaga [[102], [105]]. O nei sailiiliga fautua mai ai o FSIs ma MSNs e eseese matafaioi i na amioga faʻatatau i le faʻaosofia ma mausa aʻoaʻoina. I le iuga, o le NAc e taua tele sona sao i amioga faʻamalieina ma faʻamalieina. Masani lava, na maua ai o subpopulation o neu i le NAc ma le VS e tali faʻasolosolo i soʻo se tasi lava uiga o le manaʻomia ma faʻatamaʻia vaega [[97], [98], [99], [101]]. Talu ai o le tele o NAc neura ua faʻalavelaveina nai lo le fiafia i le taimi o 'ai' amioga, NAC taofiofia togafiti ono faʻalauteleina ai le sailia o meaai. E le ona o le gaioiga masani a le NAc, ae ona o le leai o se pisa o na neura latou te taofia le amio-sailia amioga. Peitai, o le tele o le tutusa taofia neurons unaʻia unaʻi 'ai amioga e faafeagai fiafia i le taimi o tagata faigaluega tali atu o le siosiomaga taumafataga fesoʻotaʻi. E finauina pe a fai e mafai e le electrophysiologically ona faʻailoga se tasi vaega o mesolimbic fausaga o taui system ina ia mafai ai ona suʻesuʻeina pe mafai ona suia mai se amioga masani i le tausami o le 'ai.
faaiuga
O le fesili muamua pe o le tolu manatu faʻavae manatu, le "faʻaosofia-salience teori", le "hedonic dysregulation teori" ma le "masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga aʻoaʻo" mafai mafai ona faʻamatalaina faʻapitoa psychopathological foliga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu. A le o lea, e foliga mai o nei talitonuga e tolu e mafai ona avea o ni vaega o se tuʻufaʻatasia lautele faʻavaeina manatu e mafai ona faʻamatalaina lelei le psychopathological foliga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu. O le manatu e faʻapea o le "faʻaosofia gofie", o le "hedonic disregulation", ma le "le malamalama aʻoaʻoina" e mafai ona avea ma foliga e tasi e mafai ona tuʻufaʻatasia i se tulaga ese "le tumau faʻaauau" i le faigata psychopathological vailaʻau saili / aveina amioga tatau ona mafaufauina.
O le fuaitau mai le faʻaaogaina i nisi taimi o fualaʻau i le sauaina e fesoʻotaʻi ma le suiga mai le faʻamalosia lelei i le le lelei, ma suiga i le faʻavae o le faʻamalosia o le mafaufau [106]. Taui fualaʻau o loʻo aofia ai vaega e lua: tasi le manaʻomia (orienting agai i meaʻai) ma le isi faʻaaogaina (hedonic iloiloina), lea e taua foi o le "manaʻomia" ma le "fiafia", faʻatulagaina. Na faʻamatalaina o le "manaʻo" ma le "fiafia" e mafai ona galue tutoʻatasi, faʻauigaina le vavaeeseina o mafaufauga ma neuroanatomical i le va o latou [[2], [5]]. E le gata i lea, ua faʻamatalaina o le manaʻo tele (manaʻomia tele) ma faifai pea suiga neuroplastic e aofia ai i le auala mai le faʻaaoga i le sauaina [11]. E le gata i lea, ua finau e naʻo le le masani lelei aʻoga faʻavae e mafai ona faʻaosofia ai le sailia o fualaʻau amio [4]. Peitaʻi, o nei talitonuga e tolu e mafai ona faʻamatalaina uiga tuʻufaʻatasi o le faʻafitauli atoa o vailaʻau oona, e pei o le faʻamalosia o le sailiga amioga ma le toe tupu. A le o lea, e mafai ona mafaufau i se tutoʻatasi "tumau le tumau" lea (1) o se agaʻi i luma le soʻoga masani aʻoaʻoga tupu i taimi o le masani ai faʻaogaina fualaʻau, lea na faʻaola ai le hedonic disregulation ma (2) e tau atu ai i se alualu i luma alualu i luma "salience-incentivation" faʻamalosia le amioga inu fualaʻau. I le iuga, faʻaosofia, hedonic disregulation, ma masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga mafai ona avea ma vaega tuʻufaʻatasi o se tulaga ese ma faigata fualaʻau-sailia / aveina amio; neuroanatomical ma neurobiological molimau talanoaina iinei e o gatasi ma nei faʻataʻitaʻiga. Ae ui i lea, e ui o le tele o suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina pe faʻafefea ma pe o afea nei uiga e tolu e aʻafia ai i fualaʻau faʻasaina, e itiiti se mea e iloa e uiga i latou ono mafai ona faʻatasi i se tasi "faʻaletino tumau". E tele suʻesuʻega a tagata ma manu ua faʻailoa mai o le taimi o le faʻailoga e iai sona sao taua i le faʻagaioiga o taui [[22], [23]]. E le gata i lea, o faʻamalama taimi ma "taui o tau" e taua tele mo le faʻamamaina o fale, ma o neu neo e matua aafia i le faʻagaioiga o faʻamatalaga le tumau e uiga i faʻailoga. DA-ergic neu i totonu o le meso-cortico-limbic system o loʻo faʻaalia ai le muai taimi o taui ma le lagona faʻaosoosoina e tali e faʻatatau i taui ma le vave ona maua o le avanoa [22]. O lenei mea e faʻamalosia ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tasi mafai "faʻaauau le tumau" mai le faʻaogaina i lea taimi ma lea taimi i le faʻamalosia o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau, faʻatalanoa e se meso-cortico-limbic DA-ergic matagaluega. I le tulaga o le falemaʻi, o le a fesoasoani foi lenei ia malamalama pe faʻafefea ma le taimi e faʻalavelave ai i le taimi o le "le tumau le tumau" mai le faʻaogaina i nisi taimi e faʻasuaʻia ai vailaʻau vailaʻau, ma fausia ai fou togafitiga togafitiga ina ia mafai ai ona aloese mai le osofaʻiga o le faʻasolosolo faʻapitoa vailaʻau / faia amioga. E le gata i lea, na fautuaina e faapea o le mea e taʻua o le "alualu i luga o le amygdala circuit" e mafai ona faamatuu atu e galue i luga o le faaosofia, lagona, ma masani masani aafiaga o fualaau faasaina [[63], [64], [65], [66]] . O fausaga o faiʻai o loʻo aofia ai le amygdala faʻalauteleina e i ai mea e tutusa ai i le faʻaletino, tui puipuia, ma fesoʻotaʻiga.
O le tuputupu aʻe o faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻia faʻatatau i le mafai o se amioga / soʻotaga tino i le va o fualaʻau ma meaai vaisu. O se galuega talu ai nei a le matou vaega ua faʻapea o le mpFC Norepinephrine (NE) faʻasalalau o loʻo avea foʻi ma sao taua i le faʻamalosi sukalati saili / faia amioga, faʻapea mai o le MPFC NE e i ai sona sao i le faʻaosofia o meaʻai saili / faia amioga, faʻatonutonuina e mesolimbic DA-ergic faʻasalalauga [71]. E le gata i lea, ua faʻaalia foi o le mpFC NE e faʻateleina ai le neurotransmission o le GABA-ergic e ala atu i le α1 receptors [110], o loʻo fautua mai ai le taua tele o le NE i le tulaga o le toe solia o amioga o loʻo sailia ai fualaʻau [[111], [112], [113] , [114], [115]]. O le mea lea, o isi suʻesuʻega e uiga i le matafaioi a NE i le faʻatonutonuina o le interneuronal amygdaloid gaoioiga ua fautuaina malosi, ina ia mafai ai ona malamalama lelei i le auala meso-cortico-limbic auala i le fesuiaiga o vailaʻau ma fualaʻau taumafa. [[116], [117], [ 118]].
O le fesili lona lua pe o mea e tolu o loʻo faʻaalia i luga (faʻaosofia le faʻamaoni, faʻaleagaina o le hedonic ma le aʻoaʻo sese), ma amioga faʻafitauli o fualaʻau faʻasaina e mafai foi ona faʻamatalaina le amio psychopathological e faʻamatalaina ai le 'ai faʻaleagaina. E ui lava o loʻo tele ni suʻesuʻega e uiga i amioga / faʻasolosolo soʻosoʻoga i le va o vailaʻau ma meaʻai ua fai ma vaisu, e itiiti se mea e iloa e uiga i le ono matafaioi o le "faʻaosofia gaioiga faʻaosofia", o le "hedonic disregulation" ma le "aʻoaʻoga le mama" i le psychopathological amioga faʻamatalaina a mafai suiga i mea ua fai ma vaisu, mai le masani ai i le tausami le tausami i amioga. O nei talitonuga e tolu e mafai ona saofaga i le malamalama atili lelei i le psychopathological foliga o le 'ai faʻaletonu, pei o le faʻamalosia faʻaaogaina ma le toe paʻu atu i vailaʻau, e pei o uiga o vailaʻau vaisu. O le mea lea, o lumanaʻi galuega e mafai ona faʻamoemoe ia malamalama atili i elemene autu faʻamatalaina o le psycho-physio-pathological itu o uma fualaʻau ma meaʻai vaisu, pei o le faʻamalosia faʻaaogaina ma le toe tupu.
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