Faʻafitauli i le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu: O faʻasalalauga faʻavaomalo "faʻalavelave e aafia ai le faʻaosoosoina o le faʻamalosi, le faʻasologa o le hedonic, ma le aʻoaʻoga faʻamaonia (2016)

Med Hypotheses. 2016 Aokuso; 93: 62-70. fai: 10.1016 / j.mehy.2016.05.015.

Patron E1, Gasbarri A2, Tomaz C3, Nishijo H4.

Faasologa o Mataupu

  1. faʻatomuaga
    1. O le "incent-sensitization" teori
    2. Le "hedonic disregulation" teori
    3. Le "masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoina" teori
  2. O le "tumau le tumau" faʻataʻitaʻiga e aofia ai le faʻaosofia gaioiga, le hedonic disregulation, ma le le malamalama aʻoaʻo
  3. Neuro-bio-physiological talaʻaga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu "le tumau le tumau" mafaufauga
  4. Le neural faavae o se vailaʻau faʻaosofia amioga
  5. Le neural faavae o se masani-aʻoga fualaʻau amio
  6. Le faʻatulafonoina ole faaupuga "meaʻai ua fai ma vaisu"
  7. Le neural faavae o meaʻai vaisu
  8. Faʻavae electrophysiological o amio-faʻatonu amioga
  9. O se fou tutusa amioga fai ma vaisu
  10. faaiuga
  11. Tusitala ma tagata fai saofaga
  12. Feeseeseaiga o tului
  13. mau faasino

 

 

  

lē faʻatino

 

 

O vaisu o se faʻamalosi faʻamalosi ma toe faʻafitauli faʻafitauli. E aofia ai le tele o faiʻai vaega ma faʻataʻamilosaga, lea e faʻavasega ai eseʻese gaioiga e pei o taui, faʻaosofia, ma manatua. O le tagofia o vailaʻau faʻasaina ua faʻamatalaina o se "faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaogaina o vailaʻau", o loʻo faʻailoaina mai i le le toe faʻatonutonuina o amioga e faʻatatau i fualaʻau, o le mulimulitaʻi i na amioga e oʻo lava i le i ai o ni taunuuga leaga, ma le malosi o le faʻamalosia o gaioiga e manatu ai. vailaʻau Tolu eseese eseʻese taʻiala faʻataʻitaʻi suʻesuʻega i vailaʻau vailaʻau. O nei aʻoaʻoga taʻitasi e mafaufau i uiga o tagata nofofua, pei o le faʻaosofia o le mafaufau, o le hedonic disregulation, ma le masani ai, o le autu lea e faʻamatalaina le gaioiga atoa o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. O le sini autu o lenei suʻesuʻega o le tuuina atu lea o se manatu fou o le fesuiaʻiga mai le faʻatonutonuina o le faʻaoga i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau oona i lalo o le aotelega o talitonuga eseʻese e tolu, ma le iloiloina o vaega taʻitasi o manatu taʻitasi e toʻatasi i luga o le mea lava e tasi "faʻaauau taimi" faʻaaoga e faʻaoga sese ai vailaʻau oona. Talu ai nei, na fautua mai ai o neura masani masani e mafai ona faʻagaoioia e le natura ma vailaʻau faʻamalosiʻau, faʻaosoina manatu e faʻapea o le fiafia tele i le 'ai faʻafitauli e mafai ona avea o se mausa amioga. O le faʻamoemoe lona lua o lenei suʻesuʻega o le tuʻuina atu o faʻamaoniga ina ia mafai ai ona faʻamalamalamaina le mafai ai o le psycho-bio-physiological superimposition i le va o fualaʻau ma le "vaisu o meaʻai". I le iuga, o fesili manaia na aumaia i luga e amata mai i sailiiliga mulimuli e uiga i le talitonuga / psycho-bio-physiological superimposition i le va o fualaʻau ma le "fai ma vaisu meaai" ma le latou ono tutusa fesuiaiga i le tutusa "tumau le tumau" mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau vailaʻau ina ia suʻesuʻe fou togafiti togafitiga faʻavae i luga o fou togafitiga faʻavae faʻavae i luga o le tagata lava ia taimi faʻailogaina le fesuiaʻiga mai le ofo fuaina o vailaʻau i le maladaptive fai ma vaisu amioga 

 

 

uputatala:

Fualaau faasaina / meaai taumafa, Motugaafa, Faʻaauau aʻoaʻoga, Hedonic faʻaleagaina, Sui, Polokalame taui

 

  

 

faʻatomuaga

 

 

O mea ua fai ma vaisu, mai le Latina "addictus" ("pologa i aitalafu" po o le "toilalo"), o se faaumiumi faamalosia ma le toe solia le le atoatoa e aafia ai tagata sili atu mafaufau nai lo le faaletino. O se tulaga masani e aofia ai le tele o faiʻai vaega ma taamilosaga, lea encode tele gaioiga e pei o taui, faaosofia ma manatuaina. O se mea ua fai ma vaisu e faasolosolo lava ona taulaʻi le tele o lona malosi i luga o le sailiga mo, mauaina, ma mulimuli ane mauaina ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau o le sauaina. E tupu lenei mea e ui lava i maʻi, toilalo i le olaga ma le motusia sootaga.

 

 

Talu ai nei, o vaisu na faʻamatalaina i le DSM-V o se "faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o le faʻaaogaina o se vailaʻau" faʻailoaina e le leiloa o le faʻatonutonuina o fualaʻau-faia-e fesoʻotaʻi amioga, o le mulimulitaʻia o na amioga e oʻo lava i le i ai o le leaga faʻaiuga, ma le malosi gaioiga faʻaosofia e faʻaaoga mea [1]. O le leiloa o le faʻatonutonu, o le tulituliloaina, ma le malosi faʻaosofia gaioiga e fai ai vailaʻau mafai ona auʻiliʻili ma faʻamatalaina mai le mafaufau e oʻo i meaola-molemole tulaga.

E tolu talitonuga eseʻese e faʻataʻitaʻi ai suʻesuʻega o faʻataʻitaʻiga i vaisu o fualaʻau [[2], [3], [4]]. O nei aʻoaʻoga taʻitasi e iloiloina vaega nofofua, pei o le faʻaosofia gaioiga [2], o le hedonic disregulation [3], ma le masani ai le masani ai masani masani [4] o le autu tagata faʻatino e faʻamatalaina le atoa gaioiga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. O le sini autu o lenei suʻesuʻega o le tuuina atu lea o se manatu fou o le fesuiaʻiga mai le faʻatonutonuina o le faʻaoga i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau oona i lalo o le aotelega o talitonuga eseʻese e tolu, ma le iloiloina o vaega taʻitasi o manatu taʻitasi e toʻatasi i luga o le mea lava e tasi "faʻaauau le tumau" mai faʻaaoga e faʻaoga sese ai vailaʻau oona

O iinei tatou te iloiloina ai ni manatu taua se tolu o le mafaufau o loʻo taumafai e faʻamatala le fuaitau mai le masani ona faʻaoga i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau vailaʻau: le faʻatosina-faʻalauiloaina manatu, le hedonic dysregulation teori, ma le masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga teori.

 

 

  

O le "incent-sensitization" teori

 

 

E tusa ai ma lenei talitonuga, o le faʻaaogaina pea o fualaʻau o le faʻaaoga faʻamalosi o le faʻaaliga e faʻaosofia ai le "nofouta" i le faiʻai e atili ai ona lalelei pe manaʻomia. Lenei mafai ona taitai atu i le tautinoga e maua fualaʻau tusa lava pe le lava le faʻamalosia o fualaʻau, faʻamatalaina le tulaga o le toe tupu.   

I le mafaufau, faʻaosofia e masani lava ona mafaufauina o le tulaga i totonu e faʻatautaia ma fesuiaʻi amioga a se tagata, agaʻi i se sini. O le mafaufau gaioiga taialaina amioga fai ma vaisu mafai ona suesueina e ala i manatu faʻaosofia, malamalama o fea faiʻai faiʻai aofia ai. Faʻamalosi vailaʻau sailia / faia amio ma toe paʻu (i le taimi atoa o le faʻaalia o fualaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma le vailaʻau pe ona o le popole) e mafua mai i se suiga i le faʻaosofia sisitema ma le manaʻoga vaega (manaʻo). Na faʻamatalaina e Berridge ma Robinson lenei tulaga ma le "insentif-sensitization theory" [2]. Latou te fautua mai o le faʻaaogaina faifai pea o se vailaʻau e mafua ai le faʻateleina o neula suiga i totonu o le taui system, maitauina le faiga i fualaʻau ma fesoʻotaʻiga faʻamalosia. O le faʻaleleia atili o fualaʻau-faʻamalosia paga faʻateleina le tauanauina taua o faʻamalosiʻau, maua ai se "suiga" i fualaʻau tagata faʻaoga e manaʻo vailaʻau, e ui lava latou te le maua le pei mai ia latou [5] (Mati. 1). Mati. 1 faʻaalia pe faʻapefea fiafia ma manaʻo mafai ona mulimuli i eseʻesega o mafaufauga / faiʻai ala i le eseʻesega i le faʻatusatusaga manatua. E ui ina faʻamatalaina e lenei manatu le tele o vaega o mea ua fai ma vaisu a tagata, pei o le tele o sailiga mo fualaʻau, manaʻoga tele, ma toe solomuli, e le mafai na ona faʻamatalaina le vaega autu o vaisu o fualaʻau: le le mafai e vaisu ona faʻatonutonu pe taofi le faʻaaogaina o se vailaʻau, e ui i le leaga iuga ma le tagata lava ia-faʻatamaʻiaina natura o lona umi faʻaaogaina. O le tagofia o vailaʻau oona o se psychopathology faigata faʻaalia, a itiiti mai i se vaega, e ala i le faʻamalosia e le fualaʻau, manatuaina o fualaʻau, ma uiga faʻatatau i lagona o fualaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma le "fiafia" stimulus [[6], [7]]. O le le paleni o le "manaʻomia" (eg insentif-sensitization) ma le "fiafia" e mafai ona i ai sona sao i le faʻaosoina o amioga ua fai ma vaisu [8]. Peitaʻi, e ui lava e le teʻena e lenei manatu le faʻatosina mai fualaʻau, faʻaui i tua, poʻo mausa o mafuaʻaga mo le sailia o fualaʻau / faia o amioga, e faʻapea o isi mea, pei o le sensitized manaʻo, mafai ona sili atu faʻamalamalamaina le faʻamalosia ma toe solomuli i vaisu.

Laʻititi ata o le Ata 1. tatalaina se ata tele

Mati. 1

Faʻamalosiʻau salience faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaosofia lagona faʻaosofia. O le "fiafia i ai" ma le "manaʻo" e tutusa ma eseʻesega o le mafaufau ma le neura. Laʻasaga faʻamalosia (CS) ma faʻamalosiʻuga e le faʻapipiʻiina (US) faia se faʻatusatusaga manatua. DA faʻataʻitaʻiga i le NAc ma le neostriatum mafua ai manaʻomia (faʻamalosia-salience vaega o faʻaosofia). I se isi itu, e le faʻatonuina e le DA le NAc ma le neostriatum e fiafia i ai (hedonia) ma le fesoʻotaʻi-aʻoaʻoina o faʻailoga. O isi auiliiliga malamalama e manaʻomia mo le iloiloga a le tagata lava ia o le fiafia ma le faʻaosofia, ina ia i ai le malamalama o lagona faʻavaeina "fiafia" ma le "manaʻo".

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Le "hedonic disregulation" teori

 

Lenei manatu faʻailoa mai o le faʻasolosolo i vaisu e tupu i le pasia o ni laʻasaga se tolu: "naunautaʻiga / naunautaʻi", "binge / onā", ma "toʻesea / leaga aafiaga" [9].   

O le matafaioi o le "faʻatauaina" i vaisu ua faʻamatalaina o se sologa lelei i se "faʻamalosia-salience" setete. O le faʻaaoga muamua e faʻalauiloa e le hedonically rewarding meatotino a le vailaʻau, pei o le euphoric maualuga, ae o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu ua faʻapea e tupuola i le "faʻamalosia le lelei" [10]. Le lelei faʻamalosia o se gaioiga e faʻateʻaina o aversive faʻaosofia, e pei o se le lelei lagona faʻalemafaufau o le toʻesea, faʻateleina le numera o fualaʻau taumafaina [3]. Ina ia mafai ona aloese mai le faʻaletonu ma le le lelei, tagata faʻaoga fualaʻau ave vailaʻau vailaʻau [11]. Ae ui i lea, o tagata faʻaoga fualaʻau e amata mai le masani ai i le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu, ma o mea taua e faʻatupu ai le "fesuiaiga" i le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau o loʻo faʻapea e suia mai le le faʻamalosi i taimi muamua, i le faʻamalosia i taimi mulimuli. O le manaʻoga (o se manaʻoga malosi ma le malosi) ei ai sona sao taua i mea ua fai ma vaisu, ma ua avea o se vaega o le tolu vaega: "naunautaʻiga / naunautaiga", "binge / onā", ma "toesea / leaga aafiaga" [10]. O laʻasaga e tolu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le tasi ma le isi, faʻalauteleina i le loloto, faʻaleagaina le hedonic homeostasis o taui system, ma mulimuli ane aumaia le tagata faʻaaoga i vaisu [[3], [10]] (Mati. 2). Mati. 2 faʻamatalaina le taʻamilosaga o mea ua fai ma vaisu i luga ma lalo lea e avea ai le "popolevale / naunautaʻi" laasaga o se naunautaʻiga tele e faaaoga fualaʻau tusa lava pe o lona olaga e tele tiute ma fegalegaleaiga faaletagata. Ole vaega ole "binge / intoxication" o loʻo faʻamaoti mai ai le manaʻomia tele o vailaʻau ina ia mafai ai ona maua le tutusa tulaga ole hedonic effects. "Aveʻese / aʻafiaga le lelei" e faʻasino i le psycho-faʻaletino aʻafiaga faʻamalosia e le leai o se faʻaauau fualaʻau faʻaaogaina, e manaʻomia togafitiga faʻafomaʻi (eg faʻataʻitaʻi vailaʻau o methadone).

Laʻititi ata o le Ata 2. tatalaina se ata tele

Mati. 2

Faʻasolosolo i totonu o luga-lalo liʻo leaga. O le ata o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai le taʻamilosaga o mea ua fai ma mausa i luga O le tuʻinanau e aafia tele i le gaioiga e mafai ai ona suia i se taimi le faʻaoga o fualaʻau, ma mulimuli ane toe paʻu ai. E faʻamatalaina lenei mea e ala ile tolu mea taua: "preoccupation / naunautaiga", "binge / intoxication", ma le "withdrawal / leaga" aafiaga. O nei laasaga e tolu fesoʻotaʻi ma le tasi ma le isi, avea atili malosi, disregulate le hedonic homeostasis o le taui faʻavasega, ma tau atu ai i le pathological setete taʻua o vaisu.

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O le hedonic disregulation theory faʻamatalaina le auala mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻasuaʻava o fualaʻau e pei o le "luga-lalo liʻo leaga", mafaufau i le autu matafaioi o se ituaiga le faʻapaleni i le hedonic tulaga o tagata faʻaoga fualaʻau [3]. Ae ui i lea, e le mafai e le teori ona faʻamalamalamaina le matafaioi a isi vaega taua o le tagofia o vailaʻau faʻasaina pei o le le masani lelei i le vailaʻau ma amioga taua e maua ai le vailaʻau. O le mesolimbic taui matagaluega na talitonu muamua lava e faʻavasega lelei le hedonic aʻafia fesoʻotaʻi ma fualaʻau aafiaga. Talu ai nei, ua manatu ai o lenei matagaluega e sili atu ona faigata i le taimi nei, faʻatonutonu manatu, faʻamoemoe mo taui, ma faʻatosina lagona faʻaosofia [12].

 

 

 

   

Le "masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoina" teori 

 

 

 

I le moni lalolagi, tagata faʻatau fualaʻau manaʻomia le faʻaputu i vailaʻau e masani ona le maua gofie fualaʻau. Neuroscience research ua faʻamamafaina faʻapitoa lenei mea moni [13]. O lenei manatu na mafua ai le faʻavaeina o se manu faʻataʻitaʻi o fualaʻau-saili / faia o amioga pe a fai o le nofouta e mafua mai i le sootaga i le va o mea faigaluega amio ma fualaʻau faʻatonutonu. O le mea moni, o fualaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau ma le malosi o le aʻafiaga o amioga e taua tele i le atinaʻeina o vaisu [[14], [15]]. Talu ai o le amioga-sailia amioga faʻataunuuina i luma o le vailaʻau tui, ua faʻaalia ai o fualaʻau-saili amioga e le afaina i soʻo se vailaʻau aʻafiaga o le vailaʻau [16]. O le mea moni e faʻapea o le sailiga fualaʻau amioga mafai ona i ai pea pe a le o tuʻuina mai le vailaʻau taitaiina atu ai i le finauga o le sailia fualaʻau amioga faʻalagolago nai lo le puʻupuʻu folasaga o "fualaʻau-fesoʻotaʻi faʻaaliga". Peitaʻi, o le sailia o fualaʻau / faia o amioga e faʻalagolago e le gata i faʻailo tuʻusaʻo, ae faʻapea foi i luga o faigata faigata faʻagasologa gaioiga pei o le faʻatauaina, faʻamoemoeina o le taui, le faʻamaoniaina o taui faʻamoemoeina, fesoʻotaʻiga o mafaufauga manatuaina, meafaigaluega aʻoaʻoga, ma le faʻaosofia lagona faʻaosofia. E le gata i lea, o isi mea e faʻagasolo ai le mafaufau, pei o le iloiloga o talaʻaga e faʻaalia ai fualaʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau [12]. O le manu faʻataʻitaʻiga o fualaʻau-sailiga / aveina amioga maua ai se avanoa e suʻesuʻe ai le faiʻai auala o le "faʻaaogaina" fesoʻotaʻiga sailiga fualaʻau. E le gata i lea, e aoga foi i le faʻatalanoaina o ni togafitiga fou e ono faʻaititia ai le faʻaaogaina o fualaʻau. O le sailia / ave fualaʻau amioga ma le faʻamalosia fualaʻau taumafaina, tusa lava poʻo le a le leaga faʻaiuga o le amio foliga foliga e faʻamatalaina a "fesuiaʻiga" manatu i fualaʻau vailaʻau mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻasauaina o vailaʻau. A manaʻomia le manaʻoga, e faʻatino e le mataupu le eseʻese ituaiga amioga e taʻitaʻia ai o ia e ave ni vailaʻau. "Amioga faʻatonuina amioga" ma le "masani aʻoaʻoina" faia ni auala se lua o le "mea faigaluega aʻoaʻoina": o le muamua auala e vave maua ma faʻafetaui e le iʻuga taunuʻuga; o le auala lona lua e sili atu fuafuaina, ma faʻatupuina e antecedent stimulus sili atu nai lo latou mulimuli ane [17]. O le psychobiology o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu faʻailoaina se "fesuiaʻiga" i nei amioga, mafaufau i le muamua e pei ona na ona paʻepaʻe, ma le lona lua o se pathological.   

E manatu Everitt o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu le laʻasaga mulimuli o ni laasaga faʻasolosolo mai le amataga ma le faʻatonutonuina o le faʻaaogaina o se vailaʻau [[13], [18], [19]] (Mati. 3). Mati. 3 faʻamatala laʻasaga o loʻo sosoʻo atu i le tagofia o vailaʻau. Pe a fai o le vailaʻau e ave ma le lotomalie mo lona faʻatosina aʻafiaga, sailia-amioga faʻasolosolo avea ma "masani", e ala i le faifai malie leiloa o le faʻatonutonu. Ma le mea lea, o le faʻaosofia-tali auala faia ai se taua tele i le tausiga o se mea faigaluega amio. I le iuga, o le agavaʻa o le stimulus (vailaʻau) e galue o se faʻamalosia (faʻamalosia faʻamalosia) faia se ituaiga o faʻatonutonu i luga o le sailiga / faia amioga. O le mea lea, o le tagofia o vailaʻau faʻasaina e mafai ona amata o se "amio faʻatonu-faʻatino amioga"; mulimuli ane, ma le tausiga o le "amioga mea faigaluega", mafai ona liua i se "amio masani", faʻaosofia ai se ituaiga o aʻoaʻoga faʻavae i luga o le masani (masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga) [[13], [16], [18]].

Laʻititi ata o le Ata 3. tatalaina se ata tele

Mati. 3

Mulimuli laʻasaga mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau. E tusa ai ma le tala a Everitt ma ana uo, o le tagofia o vailaʻau oona o se faʻasologa o laʻasaga e sosoʻo mai ai ma le amataina, lotomalie ma faʻagaeetia loto faʻaogaina o vailaʻau oona e oʻo atu i le leiloa o le faʻatonutonuina o le tutusa vailaʻau e ala i le suia o le matafaioi a le faʻamalosia faʻamalosia. . Faʻapitoa, pe a fai o le vailaʻau e ave ma le lotomalie mo lona faʻatosina aʻafiaga, sailia-amioga alualu i luma avea ma "masani", e ala i le faifai malie leiloa o le faʻatonutonu. Ma le mea lea, o le faʻaosofia-tali auala faia ai se taua tele i le tausiga o se mea faigaluega amio. I le iuga, o le agavaʻa o le stimulus (vailaʻau) e galue o se faʻamalosia (faʻamalosia faʻamalosia) faia se ituaiga o faʻatonutonu i luga o le sailiga / faia amioga.

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O le "tumau le tumau" faʻataʻitaʻiga e aofia ai le faʻaosofia gaioiga, le hedonic disregulation, ma le le malamalama aʻoaʻo 

 

Tolu sili autu teori faʻatautaia le faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega i le vaega o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu. O le manatu faʻaosofia-faʻalauiloa manatu e faʻapea o le "faʻaosofia le faʻaosofia" e saili ma tagofia fualaʻau mafai faʻailogaina vaisu, ma manatu o le "manaʻomia" e tele sona sao i le atinaʻeina o vaisu. O le hedonic disregulation theory o loʻo faʻauigaina ai le maualuga o le faʻasolosolo, mai le faʻaaoga i le faʻaoga sese o fualaʻau, ma taulaʻi i le sao o le faʻaleagaina i le heostonic homeostasis, ma le amanaʻia o se vaega taua o le "fiafia" faʻasologa. O le masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga aʻoaʻoga faʻamamafaina le matafaioi o se mea faigaluega aʻoaʻoga amioga avea ma masani, ina ia faʻamatalaina le faigata faʻaaogaina / faʻasaua suiga i totonu o le sailiga fualaʻau / faia amioga, ma tuu tutusa mamafa i matafaioi o uma "fiafia" ma le " manaʻo ”.   

 

O lenei suʻesuʻega e faʻamoemoe e iloilo manatu taua e tolu o le tagofia o fualaʻau faʻasaina mai se vaaiga fou o le lotogatasi, e ala i talitonuga faʻavae o se tulaga ese "faʻaletino tumau" lea e i ai le "faʻaosofia gofie", o le "hedonic disregulation", ma le "aberrant aʻoaʻoina" taoto faʻatasi ina ia mafai ai ona faʻamatala le suiga mai le faʻaoga i nisi taimi e faʻaoga sese ai fualaʻau (Mati. 4). Mati. 4 o loʻo faʻaalia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga taimi faʻatulagaina o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai mea taua e tolu o le tasi "faʻaauau le tumau" mai le taimi muamua feiloaʻi ma vailaʻau i le vaisu lava ia. O se vaega tele o tusitusiga na iloiloina lelei le matafaioi a le tasi i le tolu o talitonuga e uiga i le tagofia o vailaʻau. E le gata i lea, ua faʻamatalaina o le alualu i luma sifi e tupu mai masani-tulia i faʻaosofia-tulia-faʻamalosia fualaʻau / faia amioga lea na muamua faʻamalosia ai se hedonic faʻasolosolo i taimi masani masani ma faʻaauau pea ma le le faʻaosofia o le faʻaosofia e faʻaaoga fualaʻau. O le Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) mamanu e lua tuʻutuʻuga tulaga: (1) o le Pavlovian gaioiga e faʻamatalaina le malamalama i le mea na tupu i le va o le stimulus (S) ma le faamalosia (R); ma le (2) amioga faʻatino amioga maaleale i le mea na tupu i le va o gaioiga tali (R), ma taunuʻuga (O) [[20], [21]]. Neuro-bio-physiologically, o lenei e tutusa ma se agaʻi i luma suiga mai ventral i dorsal striatal pulea luga fualaʻau-sailia / faia amioga [12]. O le mea lea, e mafai ai ona mafaufau i se tutoʻatasi "faʻaauau le tumau" lea (1) o se agaʻi atu i luma o le "masani-aʻoaʻoina" tupu i taimi o le masani ai faʻaogaina fualaʻau, lea o le "hedonic disregulation" ua faʻagaoioia ma (2) taitai atu ai i se alualu i luma alualu i luma " salience-incentivation ”faaosofia le amio-inu fualaʻau. Ae ui i lea, i lo matou iloa, e leai ni faʻamaoniga o le tuʻufaʻatasia o vaʻaiga e tolu e ala i le "faʻaletino tumau" faʻataʻitaʻiga. E tele suʻesuʻega a tagata ma manu ua faʻaalia mai o le taimi o le taui e tele sona sao i le faʻagaioiga o taui [[22], [23]]. E le gata i lea, o faʻamalama taimi ma "taui o tau" e taua tele mo le faʻamamaina o fale, ma o neu neo e matua aafia i le faʻagaioiga o faʻamatalaga le tumau e uiga i faʻailoga. I le falemaʻi tulaga, lenei o le a fesoasoani foi ia malamalama pe faʻafefea ma o afea e faʻalavelave ai i le taimi nei le faʻaauau mai le faʻaaoga i lea taimi ma lea taimi i le sauaina o vailaʻau vailaʻau, ma fausia ai fou togafitiga togafitiga ina ia mafai ai ona aloese mai le osofaʻiga o le faʻasolitulafono fualaʻau-saili / aveina amioga . I le iuga, faʻamalosia, hedonic disregulation, ma masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga mafai ona avea ma vaega tuʻufaʻatasi o se tulaga ese ma faigata fualaʻau-sailia / aveina amioga.

Laʻititi ata o le Ata 4. tatalaina se ata tele

Mati. 4

Hypothetical timeline o le "faʻaletino tumau" mafaufauga. O le ata o loʻo faʻamatalaina mai ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga taimi faʻatulagaina o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai mea taua e tolu ose tasi "faʻaauau le tumau" mai le taimi muamua e feiloaʻi ma vailaʻau ile vaisu. I le taimi lea, o le suiga o le neurobeh behavioral e faʻatino i luga o le hedonic disregulation ma luga o le tulaga o le taua o le vailaʻau faʻatosinaina se masani-aʻoaʻoina, ma matua leiloa ai le faʻatonutonuina o fualaʻau taumafaina.

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Neuro-bio-physiological talaʻaga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu "le tumau le tumau" mafaufauga 

 

E ese mai i amioga faʻataʻitaʻi ua faʻamatalaina i luga, o le tele o suʻesuʻega ua tosoina se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o neural matagaluega ua faʻagaoioia i le fualaʻau-sailia / faia amioga. E taua le maitauina o le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau faʻasaina e faʻagaoioia ai le tele o vaega o le faiʻai "subortortical" ma liʻo o le neurotransmission o loʻo aafia i le "faʻamalosia o fualaʻau". Ina ia mafai ona faʻamautinoaina le faʻapea o le tolu foliga faʻaleleia i taʻitasi teori manatu mafai mafai ona taoto i le tasi "tumau le tumau" faʻamatalaina uma uma le fuaitau mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻaleagaina o vailaʻau, neural faʻavae o se fualaʻau faʻaosofia amioga ma se vailaʻau masani aʻoaʻo amio o le a toe iloiloina

 

 

 

 

 

Le neural faavae o se vailaʻau faʻaosofia amioga

 

Eseese suʻesuʻega i le neurobiology o mea ua fai ma vaisu lagolagoina le manatu e faapea o le dopamine (DA) faʻasalalauina e taua tele i le faʻatosina loto. Ole auala e sili ona manino ile faʻaogaina ole vailaʻau ole faʻagaoioia ole fesoʻotaʻiga a le DA ile faʻaiuga ole taui ole faiʻai [[24], [25], [26]]. O nofoaga tetele o nei suiga o le neuroplastic e manatu o le mesolimbic ma nigrostriatal DA-ergic matagaluega. Ua faʻailoa mai o le faʻalauteleina o le tuʻufaʻatasiga o le DA-ergic i le Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) o loʻo faʻatalanoa le faʻatonuina o vailaʻau faʻasaina / faʻamalosia aafiaga [[4], [11], [27], [28], [29]]. O le NAc o loʻo iai ni sub-nuclei eseʻese e lua e faʻaaogaina, taʻua ole "atigi" ma le "fatu". Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) ma le NAc shell o loʻo i ai soʻoga i totonu o le DA-ergic e taua i le faʻaosofia o le salience modulation ma ogatasi ma le faʻavaeina o ni aʻoaʻoga fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o faʻaosofia mea tutupu ma manatu taua o le siosiomaga. Neurochemical lesions o le NAc DA-ergic ala poʻo vailaʻau-poloka poloka faʻaititia faʻaititia manaʻo e 'ai, ae fiafia-o foliga vaʻai foliga tutusa mo le tutusa faʻailoga e le faʻaititia. [[5], [31], [32]]. E le gata i lea, o le extracellular DA i le NAc ua faʻateleina e opiates [27] ma le faʻaosofia o le faʻaosofia o le tino i le mesolimbic DA-ergic i le sailia o fualaʻau amioga ua toe faʻafouina e fualaʻau fualaʻau. E le gata i lea, o le NAc shell ma le VTA ua faʻaumatia ai le toe faʻagaoioia o le CPP ua maeʻa (Conditioned Place Prefers) e le morphine priming [5], e faʻaalia ai o faʻamatalaga a le DA mai le VTA i totonu o le limbic system e fesoʻotaʻi ma se mea taua e faʻaosofia ai [[33], [ 5]]. O tali talafeagai i amioga i le tulaga faʻaosofia e tupu i lalo o le tatalaina a le DA, ma faʻaosofia ai suiga o sela e faʻatutuina ai aʻoaʻoga malamalama ma le mea na tupu [34]. I se faatusatusaga, i le toe faia o fualaau faasaina, o le faasaʻoloto o DA e le o toe faʻaosofia e se faʻapitoa gaioiga, ona o se faʻaosofia gaioiga avea ma masani i le faʻaauau ona faʻaalia [35]. Mo lenei mafuaʻaga, o le amio faʻaiuga pea "sini-faʻatonuina" ma "lelei aʻoaʻoina", faia le toe manaʻomia atili DA-faʻaosoina neuroplastic suiga.   

I se faatusatusaga, o le NAc "autu" e foliga mai o se taua nofoaga e faʻatalanoa ai le aʻoaʻoina amio faʻaalia tali atu i faʻaosofia e valoia faʻaosofia talafeagai mea na tutupu [[30], [37], [38], [39]]. E le gata i lea, o le faʻaalia o amioga fetuutuunai e foliga mai e faʻatulagaina e le DA faʻasaʻoloto i le NAc autu i le taimi o tali i mea faʻaosofia e vavalo ai i se faʻamanuiaga aoga [[40], [41]]. I le aotelega, DA ono lua galuega ma ono ono taua i le "fesuiaʻiga" mai taimi i taimi faʻaoga fualaʻau i le sauaina. O le muamua faʻailo le totoga i le aliali mai o fou salient stimulus, ma ina ua maeʻa faʻamalosia le aʻoaʻoina neuroplasticity. Lona lua o le lapataia o le tino i le vave ona aliali mai o se masani ai talafeagai gaioiga, ma faaosofia i luga o le faavae o aʻoaʻoga asosi muamua faia e ala i siosiomaga stimulus-mea na tutupu valoʻaga [42]. I le iuga, o se faʻasologa o tutusa cortico – striato – pallido – cortical loops ua faʻamatalaina le mea o le ventral striatum (VS), e aofia ai le NAc autu e fesoʻotaʻi ma lagona aʻoaʻoga; ma le dorsal striatum (DS), e aofia ai le atigi NAc e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mafaufau ma galuega a le afi [[43], [44]].

 

 

 

   

Le neural faavae o se masani-aʻoga fualaʻau amio 

 

 

 

O faʻamaoniga ua maua mai ai o le amygdala basolateral (BLA) ma le autu o le NAc o loʻo i ai le taua tele i le tuʻu eseʻese o neurochhemical auala e faʻatonuina ai le sailia o fualaʻau e faʻasaoina e le au faʻamalosi tino. [[21], [45], [46], [47], [48] ]. O le BLA complex e faʻatinoina matafaioi taua i le manatuaina o mea ma le teuina e fesoʻotaʻi ma mea tutupu faʻalagona [[49], [50]]. E le gata i lea, e aofia ai i le manaʻomia (lelei) faʻamamaina [51]. E eseʻese neonone e tali atu i mea lelei ma le leaga, ae e le faʻavasega i latou i le anatomical nuclei [52]. Suʻesuʻega lipoti o infusions i le BLA o le talimalo talimalo a DA na taofia ai le "toe faʻaola mai e le CS" i le maeʻa ai o le iʻuga [53]. Lenei mafai ona uiga o se vaega taua o DA-ergic faʻasalalau i le BLA i fualaʻau-sailiga / faia amio. E o gatasi ma nei matauga, i le taimi o le tali atu-faʻalagolago faʻaaliga o tulaga faʻaosofia, DA efflux mai NAc autu e leʻi faʻateleina i se reinstatement taualumaga [[38], [54]], ae glutamate (GLU) efflux na faʻateleina i le NAc autu o manu i le taimi o galue malosi cocaine [55]. Ma le mea mulimuli, o le tuʻufaʻatasia o le “faʻaaliga + fualaʻau-faʻamuamua” toe faʻatulagaina aiaiga na faʻaalia ai le faʻateleina o le DA ma le GLU efflux i totonu o le medial prefrontal Cortex (mpFC) ma le NAc o loʻo faia se sao i le faʻalauiloaina o le toe faʻafouina, ma ono avea ma tagata faufautua taua o le "suiga" i fualaʻau- sailia amioga, primed e "tele faʻafuaseʻi afaina" [56]. I le tuʻufaʻatasia, o nei sailiiliga fautua mai ai o le suiga mai le faʻaaoga i le sauaina i le sailia o fualaʻau / faia o amioga e mafai ona faʻalagolago i le "fualaʻau fesoʻotaʻi faʻamalosia vailaʻau", lea i le isi itu, ono faʻamoemoe i DA-ergic faʻasalalauga i le BLA ma GLU-ergic lafoina i le NAc autu, ma faʻatasi i le mpFC.    

O lenei ua laga le fesili pe o nei filifilia neurochemical transmissions i le BLA ma le NAc autu o ni vaega o le faiʻai subsystem i totonu o le "limbic cortical-ventral striato-pallidal" circuitry [57]. I se vaega, talu ai o le metotia o le mea e faʻaigoaina o le "motusia", DS ma VS fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi ma le tasi i le isi, i le tele o ituaiga o faʻagaioiga tulaga, pei o le PIT i luga o sini faʻatonuina sini [21]. Mo se taimi umi, ua fautuaina le VS e tuʻu pea i lagona fesoʻotaʻi, faʻaosofia, ma gaioiga faʻafetai i ona tele fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o fausaga e pei o le BLA ma le orbitofrontal cortex (oFC) [[21], [57], [58]] . O le NAc autu e taua i le Pavlovian faʻamamaina, faʻapena foi i taimi o fegalegaleaiga i le "Pavlovian-instrumental" metotia aʻoaʻoga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faia fua amioga [[21], [38], [45]]. I se isi itu, ua faʻamatalaina o le DS ei ai sona sao i le mafaufau ma galuega a le afi, tuʻuina atu se neurobiological faʻavae mo uma sini faʻatonutonu ma pulea masani o le “aʻoaʻoina o mea faigaluega” [[59], [60], [61], [62]]. Pavlovian-instrumental learning faasologa laʻasaga mafai ono taua tele ile fesuiaʻiga mai lea taimi i lea taimi e faʻaogaina ai fualaʻau i le sauaina, e mafai foi ona aofia ai le faʻamalosia o le sailia o fualaʻau / aveina o amioga [13].

Talu ai nei, o le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻatinoina matauga lagolagoina le manatu o masani neural matagaluega fausiaina se eseʻese vaega i le baseb forebrain, taʻua o le "lautele amygdala". Lenei matagaluega ono faʻamatuʻu atu e galue i luga o le faʻaosofia, lagona, ma masani ai aʻafiaga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu [[63], [64], [65], [66]]. O le amygdala faʻalautele e aofia ai le tele basal forebrain fausaga e pei o le moega fatu o le stria terminalis (BNST), le ogatotonu ogatotonu amygdala (CeA), ma le NAc atigi [[63], [64]]. O nei fausaga e i ai mea e tutusa ai i le faʻataʻitaʻiga, tui puipuia, ma fesoʻotaʻiga [[65], [66]], ma latou mauaina ni fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata mai limbic fausaga e pei o le hippocampus (HP), ma BLA. O le amygdala faʻalautele o loʻo i ai vaega taua e aofia ai neurotransmission system e fesoʻotaʻi ma le "lelei faʻamalosia aʻafiaga" o fualaʻau o le sauaina, ma isi tetele faʻatulagaina fesoʻotaʻi i faiʻai faʻafitauli sisitema ma fesoʻotaʻi ma le "le faʻamalosia aafiaga faʻamalosia" o vailaʻau vailaʻau [[63], [67 ]]. O le mea lea, o isi suʻesuʻega e mafai ona suʻesuʻeina le sao o le lautele o le amygdala i le suiga mai le faʻaaogaina i le faʻaoga sese o vailaʻau.

 

 

 

   

O se fou tutusa amioga fai ma vaisu 

 

 

 

I le fia sefulu tausaga ua tuanaʻi, na matua suia lava le faiga o meaʻai. Faʻatasi ai ma suiga o le talafaʻasolopito na iloga ai le seneturi talu ai, Sisifo Atunuʻu o loʻo fesoasoani i le seti o suiga i tu ma aganuʻu meaʻai, lea na faʻaalia ai le masani ai ona faʻaaoga soʻo ma sili atu na meaʻai meaʻai na manatu e seasea ma taua. O le masani ai o le 'ai e sili atu nai lo le mea e manaʻomia, e masani ona o faatasi ma le le paleni taua i le va o vaega eseese o meaʻai, ua mafua ai le faʻatupulaia o le aʻafia o taumafa (ED). Talu ai nei lava, o le taofi e faapea o le tele o tutusa faiʻai sisitema ma neurotransmission taamilosaga e aafia i le tauia aafiaga e fesootai i meaai ma fualaau faasaina ua fautuaina. E mafai ona malamalama i le fesuiaiga mai le tutusa neural faiga i meaai ma fualaʻau [[68], [69], [70]], siitia manatu e faʻapea o le faʻatamaʻia o le 'ai e mafai ona avea ma amioga faʻatamaʻi. Lenei, matou toe iloiloina suʻesuʻega faʻaalia ai le mafai e suʻesuʻe foliga autu o le 'ai faʻaletonu, pei o le' ai malosi, ma faʻatusa na faʻaaogaina i vailaʻau fai ma vaʻaia togafitiga muamua.

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

Le faʻatulafonoina ole faaupuga "meaʻai ua fai ma vaisu"

 

 

 

I le matata o le psychobiology o mea ua fai ma vaisu, o le numera o suʻesuʻega e uiga i le faʻalagolago mai uma vailaʻau ma vailaʻau oona ua matua faʻateleina i tausaga talu ai. Talu ai nei, o amioga / suʻesuʻega o amioga i mea ua fai ma vaisu na siitia ai le taulaiga i luga o le avanoa o ituaiga eseese o vaisu i ituaiga eseese, pei o sukalati, feusuaiga ma petipetiga [[71], [72], [73], [74]]. I leisi itu, o ni suʻesuʻega na faʻailoa mai ai nisi o faʻafitauli faigata e uiga i le tele o ituaiga vailaʻau e ono avea ma vaʻavaʻaiga ma le manaʻoga e faʻauiga faʻapitoa vaega o na mea ua fai ma vaisu [75]. Ae ui i lea, na maitauina i nisi tulaga, o le malosi gafatia o nei faʻamalosia faʻamalosiʻau mafai ona taitai atu ai i amioga suia (sensitization o faiai taui taui, faateleina afi tali atu ma faʻaosofia) ma neurochemical suiga (mesolimbic DA-ergic system) e tutusa ma mea faʻatosina e vailaʻau faasaina [[76], [77], [78]]. O faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi na fausia e suʻesuʻe le suiga mai le faʻaaoga i le faʻasuaʻia o ituaiga eseese o vailaʻau [[71], [77], [79], [80], [81], [82]]. A faʻapitoa lava, o le soʻona faʻaaogaina o meaʻai e tele i le suka na fesoasoani, faʻatasi ai ma isi mea, i le faʻateleina o mataupu o le puta tele [77].    

O le 'ai malosi, e tai tutusa lava ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaʻau oona [78], ma le' ai malosi e ono avea o se "vaisu" i lana ia lava aia tatau. O suʻesuʻega i tagata ma manu o fale suesue, na faaalia ai, e ese mai i le paleni o le malosi, o amioga ai a le tagata e faatulafonoina e mea e le fesoʻotaʻi ma le pulea o metabolic ma faʻamaumauga mai suesuega a le falemaʻi e faʻapea o nisi e 'ai tele e mafai ona atiaʻe ni amioga faʻapei o mea ua fai ma masani pe a latou faʻaaogaina meaai lelei. [[26] , [83]]. Na fautuaina e faapea o le soona taumafa i mea taumafa lelei e ono maua ai ni neuroadaptations mo se taimi umi i ni taui ma ni mafatiaga i luga o le faiʻai [[10], [84]], e tai tutusa lava ma mea na gaosia e le umi ona faaaoga fualaau faasaina [26]. I le tuʻufaʻatasia ai, o nei molimau ua fautua mai ai, o le 'ai malosi, faʻapea foi ma le faʻamalosia o le sailia o fualaʻau, e mafai ona faʻamatalaina e faʻaaoga ai lava ia manatu taua e tolu o loʻo unaʻia ai le suʻesuʻeina o suʻesuʻega i vaisu o fualaʻau, ma o lea ua suʻesuʻeina ai le ono maua o se ituaiga "suiga" mai le faʻaaoga tatau o meaʻai manaia tele i lo latou sauaina.

Talu ai nei faʻamaoniga mai isumu ma manuki faʻailoa mai le ono mafai ona faia ni manu faʻatusa o le 'aʻai faʻaletonu [[71], [72], [77], [85], [86], [87]]. Ua faʻaalia o isumu ma le avanoa e ave ai le kalori-leai se saccharin solution poʻo le faʻatautaia e ia lava o le faʻaaogaina o le iniseti o le cocaine infusions, na latou le masalomia le filifilia muamua fofo nai lo le lona lua tasi [77]. Lenei faʻailoa mai pe faʻapefea ona gaosia e le macro-nutritive i meaʻai fiafia le faiʻai fai faʻaiʻoga tutoatasi mai a latou avega kalori [78]. E le gata i lea, o meaʻai faʻamalieina e mafai ona faʻagaoioi ai le faiʻai neurotransmission system e faʻatatau i le taui, faʻaosofia, ma le faia o filifiliga [69]. O meaʻai e sili ona manogi lelei e faʻaosofia ai mea e manatua i taimi o le sukalati e leʻo faia e tagata, ma le faafuaseʻi o meaʻai ona o le le maua o meaʻai e pei o le popolevale (e pei o le suʻesuʻeina), e aunoa ma ni suiga i le maualuga o le mafaufau o le tino o le cortisol [ 86]. Faʻamoemoeina i nei sailiiliga, 'ai amioga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le aʻoaʻoina o meaʻai e fesoʻotaʻi ma meaʻai e foliga mai e taua tele i le aʻafiaga ma / poʻo le toe faʻafitauli o le aʻafia i meaʻai. I le iuga, talu ai o vaega autu o vaisu fualaʻau, pei o le faʻamalosi sailia-amioga ma le toe solomuli mafai ona toe gaosia faʻaaogaina le tele o manu faʻataʻitaʻiga, e mafai ona mafaufauina o le ono suʻesuʻeina le tagofia o meaʻai vailaʻau o loʻo faʻataʻitaʻia muamua vaega taua o vaisu fualaʻau.

 

 

 

   

Le neural faavae o meaʻai vaisu 

 

 

 

E ese mai i amioga faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻamatalaina i luga, eseʻese suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i le neurobiology o mea ua fai ma vaisu e lagolagoina foi le manatu o le soona faʻaalu o nisi o meaʻai e tutusa lelei ma vaisu o fualaʻau [[26], [68], [69], [70], [71], [88 ]]. I lalo o nisi tulaga, o le malosi gafatia gafatia o manogi meaai ono ono taitai atu ai i amioga / neurochemical suiga tutusa ma na gaosia e fualaau faasaina [[26], [77]].    

O le faʻagaoioia o le fesoʻotaʻiga DA-aofia i faiʻai taui taui o le faiʻai o le sili ona manino ma sili atu ona faʻamatalaina faʻamatalaina i meaai ma fualaʻau-saili amioga [[25], [26], [69]]. Faʻapitoa lava, DA tatalaina foliga mai e fesoʻotaʻi ma taua faʻapitoa taui mai uma fualaʻau ma taumafa faʻaaogaina i tagata [[25], [69]]. Faʻaauau mesolimbic DA faʻaosofia faʻamalosia e faʻalauiloaina i vailaʻau fai ma vaisu gaosia faiai palasitika suiga e mafua ai le faʻamalosia fualaʻau. I se auala faʻapena, o le faʻaauau pea ona suamalie meaʻai faʻaaliga mafai ona faʻamalosia ai le faʻamalosia o le taumafaina o le faʻaaogaina o le tutusa neurotransmission faiga. E le gata i lea, o suʻesuʻega o neuroimaging ua faʻaalia ai suiga i le faʻamatalaga a le resitara o DA i mataupu lapoʻa e tai tutusa lava ma mataupu o loʻo maua i fualaʻau faʻasaina [[69], [78], [89], [90]].

O faʻaletonu o le 'ai e faʻaalia i amioga le taupulea o le' ai, e ui lava i tulaga matautia. Ua faʻapea e ono faʻapea o se faigata o le fesoʻotaʻiga o le siʻosiʻomaga-o le siʻosiʻomaga atonu o se vaega taua o amioga faʻamalosia o le 'ai [[91], [92]]. E tele suʻesuʻega na aafia ai DA type2 taliaina (D2Rs) i le naunautaiga i amioga malosi-pei o se mea na tupu i le vailaʻau fai ma vaisu [[18], [93]]. E le gata i lea, ua faʻaalia foi le fesoʻotaʻiga o le siʻosiʻomaga i se isumu faʻataʻitaʻiga faamalosia le sailia o sukalati / faia amioga faʻaaogaina C57 ma DBA isumu i se faʻatonutonuina taofiofi taofiofia [[88], [94]]. I lenei suʻesuʻega, na matou toe gaosia ai se amioga malosi i le faʻaaogaina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le taofiofia o le taofiofia o se sukalati saili amioga [71] ina ia faʻatusatusa le mamafa C57 ma DBA isumu. E le gata i lea, ua faʻapea o le maualalo o avanoa o accumbal D2Rs ua avea ma mafuaʻaga o le tupuʻaga o le tupuʻaga o le tausami o le sailia o amioga ma o le siʻosiʻomaga mafai ona faʻaosofia se malosi 'ai amioga suia ai le faʻaalia o D2Rs i le striatum. I lenei faʻamoemoe, na matou fuaina le D1Rs ma le D2Rs faʻaaliga i le striatum ma D1Rs, D2Rs ma NE-ergic α1 mauaina (α1Rs) tulaga i le mpFC, faʻatulagaina, i sisifo blot [88]. Na matou faʻaalia o le faʻaalia i se tulaga o le siosiomaga (faʻatapulaʻaina o meaʻai) faʻatosinaina amioga mamaʻi, faʻalagolago i le gafa o talaʻaga, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaititia o avanoa o NAc D2Rs. I se isi itu, o le striatum D2Rs luga-faʻatonutonu ma mpFC α1Rs lalo-tulafono faʻatonutonu e faʻaosofia i le taimi o le malosi 'ai amioga. O nei sailiiliga faʻamaonia ai le taua matafaioi o le gen-siʻosiʻomaga fegalegaleai i le malosi 'ai amioga, lagolagoina foi le manatu o le maualalo maua o NAc D2Rs o se "faʻavaeina" genetisi lamatiaga mo le' ai malosi amioga. I le iuga, striatum D2R ma mpFC α1R faʻatonutonu tulafono feteʻenaʻi e manatu e ono avea "tali neuroadaptive" tutusa ma le suiga mai le faʻaosofia i le 'ai malosi amioga, ma mulimuli ane ai i meaʻai fai ma vaisu, e pei ona faʻapea na faʻaaogaina i vailaʻau fai ma vaisu [[88], [94 ]].

 

 

 

   

Faʻavae electrophysiological o amio-faʻatonu amioga 

 

 

 

Faʻatusatusa i neurobiological suʻesuʻega, electrophysiological suʻesuʻega ua malamalama i se sili ese eseesega i suiga i le fanaina o striatal neurons i le taimi o se faaosofia amioga [[95], [96], [97]]. E le gata i lea, na faʻaalia foi i le taimi o le suʻesuʻe-saili amioga amio faʻafuaseʻi DA tali faʻafetaui le faʻaosofia ae le o le taofiofia tali o accumbal neurons [98]. O le mea lea, o le a faʻavave ona faʻailo e DA e le faʻatinoina gaioiga faʻavaomalo gaioiga ae faʻatonutonu palota eseese microcircuits accumbal e maua ai le aʻafiaga i gaioiga faʻatonuina sini. E le gata i lea, o puʻeina o gaioiga e tasi ole neo na faʻamaumauina mai le mesolimbic system (NAc ma VTA) i le a i vivo faʻataʻitaʻiga na aʻoaʻoina ai isumu e etoeto vai ma / pe faʻafofoina fofo [99]. O iʻuga na fautuaina ai le taua tele o le VTA e faʻamalosia manu ina ia mafai ai ona faʻateleina le taumafaina o meaai e fiafia iai ma vai. Lenei taʻu mai ai VTA foliga mai e fesoʻotaʻi ma le AMY faʻamatalaga e uiga i le hedonic aoga, ala i le NAc atigi [99]. E le gata i lea, na fautuaina o le tofo o le a faʻapipiʻiina foi e le AMY faʻavae i luga o le matagofie o sapid vailaʻau [[100], [101]].    

O le mea e mataʻina ai, ua maitauina le i ai o ni neuronal lua i le NAc [[102], [103]]: faavavevaveina spiking interneurons (FSIs) ma medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Na lipotia mai o FSIs o loʻo taofiofia MSNs, o loʻo faʻaaluina le faʻatonutonuina o latou "taimi faʻasolosolo" [[102], [104]], ma e ese le tali atu mai MSN i faʻamanuiaga [[102], [105]]. O nei sailiiliga fautua mai ai o FSIs ma MSNs e eseese matafaioi i na amioga faʻatatau i le faʻaosofia ma mausa aʻoaʻoina. I le iuga, o le NAc e taua tele sona sao i amioga faʻamalieina ma faʻamalieina. Masani lava, na maua ai o subpopulation o neu i le NAc ma le VS e tali faʻasolosolo i soʻo se tasi lava uiga o le manaʻomia ma faʻatamaʻia vaega [[97], [98], [99], [101]]. Talu ai o le tele o NAc neura ua faʻalavelaveina nai lo le fiafia i le taimi o 'ai' amioga, NAC taofiofia togafiti ono faʻalauteleina ai le sailia o meaai. E le ona o le gaioiga masani a le NAc, ae ona o le leai o se pisa o na neura latou te taofia le amio-sailia amioga. Peitai, o le tele o le tutusa taofia neurons unaʻia unaʻi 'ai amioga e faafeagai fiafia i le taimi o tagata faigaluega tali atu o le siosiomaga taumafataga fesoʻotaʻi. E finauina pe a fai e mafai e le electrophysiologically ona faʻailoga se tasi vaega o mesolimbic fausaga o taui system ina ia mafai ai ona suʻesuʻeina pe mafai ona suia mai se amioga masani i le tausami o le 'ai.

 

 

 

   

faaiuga 

 

 

 

O nai fesili manaia na aumaia i le malamalama o molimau felafolafoaʻi uma o loʻo folasia atu iinei, amata mai i le talitonuga / psycho-bio-physiological faʻavaeina o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu, e fesoʻotaʻi ma tolu sili autu teori unaʻia le vaisu suʻesuʻega, i le mulimuli sailiga e uiga i se teori. / Psycho-bio-physiological superimposition i le va o fualaʻau ma meaʻai ua fai ma vaisu ma a latou suiga suiga ua faʻaaoga e faʻasaua ai.    

O le fesili muamua pe o le tolu manatu faʻavae manatu, le "faʻaosofia-salience teori", le "hedonic dysregulation teori" ma le "masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga aʻoaʻo" mafai mafai ona faʻamatalaina faʻapitoa psychopathological foliga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu. A le o lea, e foliga mai o nei talitonuga e tolu e mafai ona avea o ni vaega o se tuʻufaʻatasia lautele faʻavaeina manatu e mafai ona faʻamatalaina lelei le psychopathological foliga o vailaʻau fai ma vaisu. O le manatu e faʻapea o le "faʻaosofia gofie", o le "hedonic disregulation", ma le "le malamalama aʻoaʻoina" e mafai ona avea ma foliga e tasi e mafai ona tuʻufaʻatasia i se tulaga ese "le tumau faʻaauau" i le faigata psychopathological vailaʻau saili / aveina amioga tatau ona mafaufauina.

O le fuaitau mai le faʻaaogaina i nisi taimi o fualaʻau i le sauaina e fesoʻotaʻi ma le suiga mai le faʻamalosia lelei i le le lelei, ma suiga i le faʻavae o le faʻamalosia o le mafaufau [106]. Taui fualaʻau o loʻo aofia ai vaega e lua: tasi le manaʻomia (orienting agai i meaʻai) ma le isi faʻaaogaina (hedonic iloiloina), lea e taua foi o le "manaʻomia" ma le "fiafia", faʻatulagaina. Na faʻamatalaina o le "manaʻo" ma le "fiafia" e mafai ona galue tutoʻatasi, faʻauigaina le vavaeeseina o mafaufauga ma neuroanatomical i le va o latou [[2], [5]]. E le gata i lea, ua faʻamatalaina o le manaʻo tele (manaʻomia tele) ma faifai pea suiga neuroplastic e aofia ai i le auala mai le faʻaaoga i le sauaina [11]. E le gata i lea, ua finau e naʻo le le masani lelei aʻoga faʻavae e mafai ona faʻaosofia ai le sailia o fualaʻau amio [4]. Peitaʻi, o nei talitonuga e tolu e mafai ona faʻamatalaina uiga tuʻufaʻatasi o le faʻafitauli atoa o vailaʻau oona, e pei o le faʻamalosia o le sailiga amioga ma le toe tupu. A le o lea, e mafai ona mafaufau i se tutoʻatasi "tumau le tumau" lea (1) o se agaʻi i luma le soʻoga masani aʻoaʻoga tupu i taimi o le masani ai faʻaogaina fualaʻau, lea na faʻaola ai le hedonic disregulation ma (2) e tau atu ai i se alualu i luma alualu i luma "salience-incentivation" faʻamalosia le amioga inu fualaʻau. I le iuga, faʻaosofia, hedonic disregulation, ma masani-faʻavae aʻoaʻoga mafai ona avea ma vaega tuʻufaʻatasi o se tulaga ese ma faigata fualaʻau-sailia / aveina amio; neuroanatomical ma neurobiological molimau talanoaina iinei e o gatasi ma nei faʻataʻitaʻiga. Ae ui i lea, e ui o le tele o suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina pe faʻafefea ma pe o afea nei uiga e tolu e aʻafia ai i fualaʻau faʻasaina, e itiiti se mea e iloa e uiga i latou ono mafai ona faʻatasi i se tasi "faʻaletino tumau". E tele suʻesuʻega a tagata ma manu ua faʻailoa mai o le taimi o le faʻailoga e iai sona sao taua i le faʻagaioiga o taui [[22], [23]]. E le gata i lea, o faʻamalama taimi ma "taui o tau" e taua tele mo le faʻamamaina o fale, ma o neu neo e matua aafia i le faʻagaioiga o faʻamatalaga le tumau e uiga i faʻailoga. DA-ergic neu i totonu o le meso-cortico-limbic system o loʻo faʻaalia ai le muai taimi o taui ma le lagona faʻaosoosoina e tali e faʻatatau i taui ma le vave ona maua o le avanoa [22]. O lenei mea e faʻamalosia ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tasi mafai "faʻaauau le tumau" mai le faʻaogaina i lea taimi ma lea taimi i le faʻamalosia o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau, faʻatalanoa e se meso-cortico-limbic DA-ergic matagaluega. I le tulaga o le falemaʻi, o le a fesoasoani foi lenei ia malamalama pe faʻafefea ma le taimi e faʻalavelave ai i le taimi o le "le tumau le tumau" mai le faʻaogaina i nisi taimi e faʻasuaʻia ai vailaʻau vailaʻau, ma fausia ai fou togafitiga togafitiga ina ia mafai ai ona aloese mai le osofaʻiga o le faʻasolosolo faʻapitoa vailaʻau / faia amioga. E le gata i lea, na fautuaina e faapea o le mea e taʻua o le "alualu i luga o le amygdala circuit" e mafai ona faamatuu atu e galue i luga o le faaosofia, lagona, ma masani masani aafiaga o fualaau faasaina [[63], [64], [65], [66]] . O fausaga o faiʻai o loʻo aofia ai le amygdala faʻalauteleina e i ai mea e tutusa ai i le faʻaletino, tui puipuia, ma fesoʻotaʻiga.

O le tuputupu aʻe o faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻia faʻatatau i le mafai o se amioga / soʻotaga tino i le va o fualaʻau ma meaai vaisu. O se galuega talu ai nei a le matou vaega ua faʻapea o le mpFC Norepinephrine (NE) faʻasalalau o loʻo avea foʻi ma sao taua i le faʻamalosi sukalati saili / faia amioga, faʻapea mai o le MPFC NE e i ai sona sao i le faʻaosofia o meaʻai saili / faia amioga, faʻatonutonuina e mesolimbic DA-ergic faʻasalalauga [71]. E le gata i lea, ua faʻaalia foi o le mpFC NE e faʻateleina ai le neurotransmission o le GABA-ergic e ala atu i le α1 receptors [110], o loʻo fautua mai ai le taua tele o le NE i le tulaga o le toe solia o amioga o loʻo sailia ai fualaʻau [[111], [112], [113] , [114], [115]]. O le mea lea, o isi suʻesuʻega e uiga i le matafaioi a NE i le faʻatonutonuina o le interneuronal amygdaloid gaoioiga ua fautuaina malosi, ina ia mafai ai ona malamalama lelei i le auala meso-cortico-limbic auala i le fesuiaiga o vailaʻau ma fualaʻau taumafa. [[116], [117], [ 118]].

O le fesili lona lua pe o mea e tolu o loʻo faʻaalia i luga (faʻaosofia le faʻamaoni, faʻaleagaina o le hedonic ma le aʻoaʻo sese), ma amioga faʻafitauli o fualaʻau faʻasaina e mafai foi ona faʻamatalaina le amio psychopathological e faʻamatalaina ai le 'ai faʻaleagaina. E ui lava o loʻo tele ni suʻesuʻega e uiga i amioga / faʻasolosolo soʻosoʻoga i le va o vailaʻau ma meaʻai ua fai ma vaisu, e itiiti se mea e iloa e uiga i le ono matafaioi o le "faʻaosofia gaioiga faʻaosofia", o le "hedonic disregulation" ma le "aʻoaʻoga le mama" i le psychopathological amioga faʻamatalaina a mafai suiga i mea ua fai ma vaisu, mai le masani ai i le tausami le tausami i amioga. O nei talitonuga e tolu e mafai ona saofaga i le malamalama atili lelei i le psychopathological foliga o le 'ai faʻaletonu, pei o le faʻamalosia faʻaaogaina ma le toe paʻu atu i vailaʻau, e pei o uiga o vailaʻau vaisu. O le mea lea, o lumanaʻi galuega e mafai ona faʻamoemoe ia malamalama atili i elemene autu faʻamatalaina o le psycho-physio-pathological itu o uma fualaʻau ma meaʻai vaisu, pei o le faʻamalosia faʻaaogaina ma le toe tupu.

 

 

 

Tusitala ma tagata fai saofaga    

 

 

 

EP na tusia le pepa. AG, CT, ma HN toe teuteu le pepa.    

 

 

 

Feeseeseaiga o tului    

 

 

 

Fai mai tusitala, o le suʻesuʻega na faia i le leai o ni pisinisi poʻo ni mea tautupe.    

 

 

 

Faʻafetai    

 

 

 

EP na lagolagoina e le JSPS (Japan Society for Promotion of Science) Postdoctoral Fellowship mo North American ma European Researchers (Short-term).    

 

 

 

 

 

 

mau faasino

 

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