O le faʻatasi i le methamphetamine ma amioga tau feusuaʻiga e faʻaleleia atili ai le faʻamaʻiina o fualaau faasaina ma mafua ai amioga malolosi i feusuaiga i tama tane (2011)

J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 9;31(45):16473-82. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4013-11.2011.

Frohmader KS, Lehman MN, Laviolette SR, Coolen LM.

puna

Matagaluega o Anatomy ma Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Iunivesite o Western Ontario, Lonetona, Ontario N6A5C1, Kanata.

lē faʻatino

Faʻaalia e le au Methamphetamine (Meth) le sili atu o le fiafia i feusuaiga, le tele o paaga feusuaiga, ma le auai i se tulaga e le puipuia ona o le leiloa o le pulea o le inhibitory. O lenei amioga feusuaʻiga malosi e fesoasoani i le faʻalauteleina o le faʻateleina o faʻamaʻi pipisi i feusuaiga, ae o le faavae i totonu o le tino e le o iloa. Na matou faavaeina muamua se mea na mafua ai amioga mataga i feusuaiga i tama tane na mafua ai ona maua le gasegase faanatura e le chloride lithium ma le amio feusuai (Davis et al., 2010, Frohmader et al., 2010a). O suʻesuʻega nei na suʻesuʻeina ai aafiaga o le pulega faifai pea a Meth i le faia o feusuaʻiga, amioga mataga tau feusuaiga, ma feusuaiga poʻo le taui Meth. Muamua, o faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻataʻitaʻiina e fitu faʻasalalauga o 2 mg / kg, ae le o 1 mg / kg, na faateleina e le Meth ni laasaga e amata ai le faʻaipoipo. O lenei faaletonu na manino i le 30 min ina ua maeʻa le pulega a Meth, ae na soloia pe a maeʻa le 1 poʻo le 7 d o le faʻasaina o fualaau faasaina. Faʻaauau le 1 mg / kg O le faʻafefeina o Meth na mafua ai le faʻamalosia o le sailia o feusuaiga 2 vaiaso mulimuli mai i le pulega Meth mulimuli. O lenei aafiaga na faalagolago i le pulega a Meth e tutusa ma aafiaga tau feusuaiga ma e le o matauina i manu feusuai masani na maua Meth na o ia. E le gata i lea, o le Meth ma le faʻafeusuaiga masani ua sili atu le fiafia i le tulaga (CPP) mo Meth, ma mo Meth tutusa ma mating e faʻatusatusa i le Meth poʻo le matai naʻo ia. I le eseesega, o le CPP mo le matutua na o ia na faʻaititia. Faʻatasi, o nei faʻamaumauga o loʻo faʻamaonia ai o le mafutaga i le va o fualaau faʻataʻitaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻataʻitaʻi e mafai ona manaʻomia mo faʻamatalaga o amioga mataga tau feusuaʻiga ma e faʻatasi ma le faʻateleina o taui e sailia ai faʻatasi ma Meth faʻatasi ma matai.

Fuaiupu muamuaLe isi vaega

faʻatomuaga

O faʻamaʻi pipisi i le soifua maloloina o tagata i totonu o fuainumera o fualaau faʻasaina ua faʻalauiloaina ai aʻafiaga o fualaau faasaina i amioga tau feusuaʻiga, e pei o fesoʻotaʻiga masani faʻafeusuaiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma faiga faʻafeusuaiga le saogalemu e mafua ai le faateleina o le faʻateleina o faʻamaʻi pipisi i feusuaiga, e aʻafia ai le faʻamaʻi pipisi o le tagata (HIV)Crowe ma George, 1989; Peugh ma Belenko, 2001; Sánchez et al., 2002; Raj et al., 2007; Fisher et al., 2011). O nei aʻafiaga o fualaau faasaina i amioga tau feusuaiga e lelei ona tusia mo le psychostimulant methamphetamine (Meth). E tele taimi e masani ai ona faʻaalia e le au Meth le faʻateleina o le manaʻo feusuaʻi, faʻanoanoa, ma le fiafia ma faʻaalia nei tulaga e avea ma faʻamuamua autu mo le faʻaaogaina fualaau (Semple et al., 2002; Schilder et al., 2005; Green ma Halkitis, 2006). E le gata i lea, o le faʻaleagaina o Meth e fesoʻotaʻi ma le leai o se puipuiga o le amio a le tamaʻitaʻi po o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Halkitis et al., 2001; McKirnan et al., 2001; Rawson et al., 2002; Green ma Halkitis, 2006) ma faʻateleina le faʻatupulaʻia o le HIV (Frosch et al., 1996; Halkitis et al., 2001; Parsons ma Halkitis, 2002).

O lipoti a le tagata e faʻaaogaina ai Meth o se faʻamatalaga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga e faʻavae i luga o lipoti a le tagata lava ia mai le faʻaaogaina o Meth masani e leai se faʻatuatuaina lelei mo le sootaga i le va o le Meth ma le amio faʻafeusuaiga (Frohmader et al., 2010b). O le mea lea, o se suʻesuʻega i le Meth-induced changes in amioga feusuaʻiga i lalo o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaaogaina ai se meaola manu e manaʻomia ina ia malamalama i le fesoʻotaʻiga faigata i le va o Meth ma amioga tau feusuaʻiga.

Talu ai nei, na suʻesuʻe ai e lo matou fale suʻesuʻe aafiaga o le Meth i luga o le malosi o le sailia o feusuaiga i tama tane (Frohmader et al., 2010a). O nei suʻesuʻega sa faʻaaogaina ai se faʻalavelave faʻafeusuaiga o feusuaiga lea na iloa ai e tamaloloa le faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma le gasegase o gasegase mulimuli ane (Peters, 1983; Agmo, 2002). I le taimi lava na faʻamautuina ai lenei fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le paʻu ma le faʻalauteleina o manu, e le mafai e manu ona amataina amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Davis et al., 2010; Frohmader et al., 2010a). Meth pretreatment o se tasi vaiaso o tuiina aʻo lei faʻamaonia le faʻamaonia le maua mai o faʻamatalaga faʻafeusuai (Frohmader et al., 2010a). O le mea lea, o Meth-pretreated male rats na latou sailia amio feusuaʻi e ui lava o fesoʻotaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma se mea e faʻaosofia ai; o lenei mea na taua o matamuli poʻo le faʻamalosia o le vaʻai.

E pei o suʻesuʻega muamua na suʻeina ai aafiaga o se vailaʻau faʻasaina ma suʻesuʻega o aʻafiaga o Meth faifaipea i amioga tau feusuaʻiga male, o le sini autu o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei, o le suʻesuʻeina o aafiaga o le pulega faifai pea a Meth i itu eseese o amioga tau feusuaiga e aofia ai faatinoga, sailia malosi o feusuaiga, ma taui. Muamua, o le aafiaga o le Meth faifai pea i luga ole mating na tofotofoina ina ua uma le togafitiga o fualaau faasaina ma i le maea ai o taimi o le vailaau faasaina e iloagofie ai aafiaga puupuu ma le umi o Meth i luga o galuega tau feusuaiga. I le isi itu, o aafiaga o le toe faia pea o Meth pulega i amioga tau feusuaʻiga i feusuaiga, na suʻesuʻeina, faʻaaogaina le tulaga o le faʻafefe o le faʻafeusuaiga. E le gata i lea, na faʻamautinoaina pe na taua i le va o Meth faʻalauiloa ma amioga tau feusuaʻiga mo aafiaga o Meth i amioga mataga faʻafeusuaiga. I le mea mulimuli, sa tofotofoina pe faʻaalia pea le faʻaalia o Meth i le faʻaleleia atili o taui mo Meth ma / poʻo le mating, e pei ona fuafuaina e ala i le tulaga o mea e fiafia ai le CPP.

Mea ma Metotia

Mataupu

Na maua mai i le Charles Rail Laboratories male paʻu tane Sprague Dawley (210-225 g) ma nonofo i paga tutusa i totonu o Plexiglas cages (fale o fale) e aofia ai paipa o PVC mo le faʻaolaina o le siosiomaga. O manu na nonofo i totonu o se potu e tausia i le 12 / 12 h e liliuina le liʻo malamalama / pouliuli (moli i le 11: 00 AM) faʻatasi ai ma meaai ma vai e maua ad libitum. O faʻataʻitaʻiga uma sa faia i le taimi o le faataamilosaga pogisa i lalo o le moli mumu. O tamaʻitaʻi (200-225 g Charles Laboratories) na faʻaaogaina mo amio feusuaʻi na faʻapipiʻiina ma maua ai se iniseti o loʻo aofia ai le 5% estradiol benzoate ma le 95% cholesterol. I le faatosinaina o le taliaina o feusuaiga, na faafoeina ai tamaitai i le 0.5 mg o le gasegase i le 0.1 ml o le suauu sesame (sc) 4 h i luma o amioga feusuaʻi. Ua faamaonia e le Komiti o Tausiga Manu i le Iunivesite o Western Ontario ma le Komiti o le Iunivesite o Michigan le tausiga ma le faaaogaina o manu ma sa ogatasi ma taʻiala na otooto mai e le Kanata Kanata mo tausiga o manu ma le National Institute of Health.

Ata faataitai

Feusuaiga

O suʻesuʻega nei na suʻesuʻeina ai aafiaga o Meth faifai pea i le faia o feusuaʻiga ma le faʻamalositino i le taimi lava e mulimuli ai i le tuiina o fualaau ma mulimuli i vailaʻau faʻasaina. O le tolusefulu-tolu tama tama na maua aafiaga faʻafeusuai i isi suʻesuʻega eseese (matai i luga o le 60 × 45 × 50 cm) o loʻo i ai le mama mama i le taimi o le fa fa fa vaiaso. I le taimi o vasega taʻitasi, e faʻatagaina alii e faʻatasi ma se fafine faʻaleleia seʻia oo i le faʻaalia o se tasi ejaculation poʻo le 1 h, poʻo fea lava na tupu muamua. I le tasi vaiaso talu ona maeʻa le faʻataʻitaʻiga mulimuli, na masani ai ona masani tagata i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga ma maua ai le iniseti ole 1 ml / kg saline mo aso sosoo e tolu. I le maea ai o tui taʻitasi, sa tuʻuina atu manu i totonu o potu o galuega a le Plexiglas locomotor (40.5 × 40.5 cm; Med Associates) faʻapipiʻi i ata 16 × 16 photobeam; O le locomotor activity na tusia mo 30 min. I le faaopoopo atu i le tusia o amioga mimita ina ua uma togafitiga togafitiga, o le tuʻuina o tane i totonu o potu nofofale na tuʻuina atu ai se vaʻaiga e fesootai ma fualaau faʻasaina ese mai i le tulaga o le faʻafeusuaiga. I le isi itu, na maua e alii i aso taitasi le 1 poʻo le 2 mg / ml / kg Meth poʻo le taavale (saline, 1 ml / kg; n = 11 taʻitasi) mo 7 aso sosoo. I le maea ai o tui taitasi, sa tuʻuina alii i totonu o le potu o le potu faʻatasi ma le potu o le locomotor na tusia mo le 30 min, ma mulimuli ane na latou toe foi atu i le latou fale. I le aso mulimuli o le pulega a Meth, na aveesea ai tama mai le potu o le potu i lalo o le 30 min ma tuʻuina i le malae matai e suʻe ai aafiaga o Meth i amioga feusuaʻi. O manu na toe tofotofoina mo amioga tau feusuaiga i le matai e le o mulimuli i le 1 d poo le 1 vaiaso o le faʻasaina o fualaau faasaina.

A o faagasolo le taimi o le tafaoga, o tulaga faatapulaa mo amio feusuaʻiga na matauina ma faamaumauina, e aofia ai le taofiofia i luga o le mauga (taimi mai le amataga o le tamaitai i le mauga muamua) ma le faamatuu ese (taimi mai le afua mai o le tamaitai i le uluai faaosoosoga), lea e faailoa ai le faaosofiaina o feusuaiga (Hull et al., 2002), faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻalētonu i le faʻasologa (taimi mai le muamua faʻasalaga), numera o le maualuga ma le faʻasalaga ao le i faʻamalosia, ma le vavalalata taimi, o fua ia o le faia o feusuaiga (Hull et al., 2002; Pfaus, 2009). Eseesega i le va o kulupu na fuafuaina mo vaega taʻitasi o amioga tau feusuaʻiga e faʻaaoga ai le nonparametric Kruskal – Wallis analysis ma Dunn's faʻailoga faatusatusaga, i tulaga taua o 0.05.

Galuega Locomotor

Locomotor gaioiga mulimuli uma metotia tuiina na suʻesuʻeina faʻaaogaina Med Associates auiliiliga polokalama pei o le mamao femalagaaʻi i totonu o 5 minute va. Vasega eseesega na suʻesuʻeina faʻaaogaina le nonparametric Kruskal – Wallis auiliiliga ma Dunn's faʻailoga faatusatusaga. I le suʻesuʻeina o le Meth-induced solitoisation, o le gaoioiga a Meth i le 10 minu mulimuli o le suʻega na faʻatusatusaina i le va o le aso muamua ma le fitu aso inisi i totonu ole kulupu o fualaau o fualaau oona e faʻaaogaina ai le lua t suega. O se tulaga taua o le 0.05 sa faʻaaoga i faʻatusatusaga uma.

Faʻalavelave faʻafeusuaiga e faʻaalia

Faʻamatalaga 1.

Muamua, o le 50 male tamaʻi sa masani ona faʻafeiloaʻi i ni togafitiga mo aso sosoo e tolu ma maua ai e tamaloa ni faʻafeusuaiga i taimi o le tolu taimi. Aʻo leʻi amataina vasega taʻitasi, na faʻamaʻi manu i 1 mg / kg Meth poʻo 1 ml / kg saline (sc), tuʻuina i matatini, ma, 30 min mulimuli ane, na faʻatagaina e feʻaveaʻi ma se fafine faʻaleleia seʻia oʻo i le faʻasologa poʻo le 1 h. Faʻamaumauga mo amio feusuaʻi na faamaumauina ma auʻiliʻili (tagaʻi amioga tau feusuaiga, luga). I le lua vaiaso mulimuli ane, o manu vaefa na maua i lalo o se tulaga faʻafefeteina o feusuaiga. O alii na vaevaeina i vaega e fa o suʻega e tusa ai ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga (Meth poo le saline) ma le faʻatulagaina o [chloride lithium (LiCl) -o le faʻamamaina poʻo le faʻamanuiaina]; vaega o saline-e le totogia (n = 12), Meth-unpaired (n = 12), faʻafeiloaʻi lelei (n = 13), ma Meth-paipa (n = 13). O le fesuiaiga o le fesuiaiga o le tino e aofia ai i le 2 d sosooina o faamasinoga. I le aso muamua, na tuʻuina uma tama i le malae mating mo se vaitaimi o le 10 min, ma mulimuli ane na faʻafeiloaʻi ai se tamaitai faʻaleleia. O tamaitai sa manogi i le sasbbing o le almond oil i luga o le ua ma le pito i lalo o le siʻusiʻu aʻo leʻi oʻo i le mating, e pei ona faʻaalia ai faʻamaonia le fesoasoani e faʻataʻitaʻi le amio a le tama ma faʻamalosia le faʻamafanafanaga (Lawrence ma Kiefer, 1987; Agmo, 2002). Na faʻatagaina tane e paʻu mo le 30 min pe oʻo i le tasi le ejaculation. Afai e leʻi tupu se faʻasalaga i totonu o le 15 min muamua, ua faʻamuta le matāliʻi. I le minute e tasi talu ona maeʻa le faʻamalolo poʻo le faʻamutaina o faamasinoga, na tuʻuina atu i tama le 127.2 mg / kg intraperitoneal injection of 10 ml / kg LiCl (tane paʻu) poʻo le saline (tane e leʻi totogia). LiCl poo le saline na faia e tusa lava pe na tupu mai le tane. O le aso na sosoo ai, na maua ai e alii le totogiina le 10 ml / kg le tui o le LiCl ao maua e tane paʻi le saline. Na toe foʻi mai manu i le fale i le fale pe a uma ona tui.

Faʻamatalaga 2.

Le faʻataʻitaʻi pe o faʻafitauli o le Meth pretreatment i luga o le tulaga o le faʻafefe o feusuaiga e faʻalagolago i le faʻaalia tutusa i Meth ma mating pe na o Meth na o ia, o se isi suʻesuʻega na faia. Masini tama (n = 20) na maua aafiaga tau feusuaʻiga i le lima taimi o le pagaina ae leai se Meth poo togafiti (n = 10 taʻitasi). Nai lo lena, o le 1 vaiaso ina ua maeʻa le feusuaʻiga, na latou maua i le aso tasi ni injections o le Meth (1 mg / kg, sc) poʻo le saline ma 2 vaiaso mulimuli ane na aʻafia ai i le tulaga faʻafeusuai o le fafine (tagai i le Experiment 1, luga).

Mo faʻataʻitaʻiga uma ma ao faagasolo tofotofoga taʻitasi, o faʻataʻitaʻiga mo amioga tau feusuaʻiga na suʻeina ma fevaevaeaʻiga vaega na fuafuaina mo faamasinoga taʻitasi taʻitasi e faʻaaogaina ai le ANOVA e lua ala (faʻailoga: faʻataʻitaʻiga Meth / saline, faʻamalosi). Pearson χ2 iloiloga na faʻaaogaina e faʻatusatusa ai feeseeseaiga i le va o vaega i pasene o tane o loʻo faʻaalia le maualuga, faʻalavelave, poʻo le faʻamalosi i totonu o tulaga taʻitasi.

Faʻatulagaina nofoaga e sili ona lelei

Ina ia faʻataʻitaʻia pe na aʻafia le faʻamanuiaga mo Meth poʻo amioga tau feusuaʻiga i le Meth, na faʻatautaia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga CPP. O se mea faigaluega tolu-potu (Med Associates) o loʻo iai potu e lua lapoʻa i fafo atu (28 × 22 × 21 cm) faʻatasi ai ma ni foliga vaʻaia eseese ma faʻafesoʻotaʻi e se tamaʻi potu tutotonu (13 × 12 × 21 cm), na faʻaaoga mo suʻega uma ole CPP . O faitotoʻa i itu uma o le potu tutotonu na vavaeʻese potu, ma e mafai ona sisiina e faʻataga ai manu ona feʻaveaʻi i totonu o mea faigaluega, pe tuʻuina i lalo e taofia i latou i se vaega faapitoa. O mea faigaluega na faʻaauupegaina i ata puʻeata e fua ai le taimi faʻaalu i potu taʻitasi. I le aso muamua, na faia ai le 15 minute mo le faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻamautinoa ai le muamua potu o meaola, lea na faʻatagaina ai manu taʻitasi e feoaʻi i le va o potu o mea faigaluega a le CPP. Leai ni taua taua mo le tasi potu na maua i le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga kulupu. O manu na aveʻesea mai le suʻesuʻega pe a fai latou te faʻaalia se faʻalautelega fiafia mo se potu faapitoa (o se eseʻesega sili atu 120 s; faʻaalia e <10% o mataupu). O le faʻatonuga na faʻatautaia i aso 2 ma le 3. I le taimi o le potu faʻamamaina, o le potu na le muaʻi faʻaaofiaina (potu faʻapipiʻi) na tuʻufaʻatasia ma se faʻamanuiaga mo le 30 min. O le potu na muamua manaʻomia (potu e le faʻaaogaina) na tuʻufaʻatasia ma le faʻatonutonuina o le potu. O le faʻasologa na faʻaalia ai meaola i potu paga ma potu e le faʻaopoopoina, sa faʻapaleni i totonu o vaega faʻataʻitaʻi. O le posttest na tutusa lelei ma le pretest na faia i le aso fa ma le aso mulimuli.

Faʻamatalaga 1.

Muamua, o le 50 male tamaʻi sa masani ona faʻafeiloaʻi i ni togafitiga mo aso sosoo e tolu ma maua ai e tamaloa ni faʻafeusuaiga i taimi o le tolu taimi. I taimi taʻitasi, e faʻamaʻi manu i 1 mg / kg Meth poʻo le 1 ml / kg saline (sc), tuʻu i totonu o suʻega suʻesuʻe, ma, 30 min mulimuli ane, faʻatagaina e paʻu ma se fafine faʻaleleia seʻia oʻo i le faʻasologa poʻo le 1 h. Taimi mo amioga feusuaʻiga na tusia ma auʻiliʻili (mo faʻamatalaga, tagaʻi amioga tau feusuaiga, luga). I le tasi vaiaso mulimuli ane, na tufatufa atu ai manu i vaega e fa o faʻataʻitaʻiga e fetaui ma togafitiga fualaau ma gaioiga faʻafeusuaiga mo le suʻega CPP. I le taimi o le faʻamalosia, na faʻamaʻi ai tane ma Meth poʻo le saline (faʻafetaui ma togafitiga muamua) ma le 30 min mulimuli ane na faʻatagaina e paʻu seʻia oʻo i le faʻalavelave. I le minute e tasi talu ona faʻasolosolo, na tuʻuina atu le manu i totonu o le potu tuʻufaatasi. O le potu e leʻi totogia sa fesoʻotaʻi ma se tui (Meth poo le saline) poʻo le mating e aunoa ma se tui. I le maeʻa ai o le meli, o se pasene sili atu (o le pasene o le taimi na faʻaalu i le potu tuʻufaatasi i le taimi o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le meli; ua fuafuaina e pei o le taimi faʻaalu i luga o le potu vaelua na vaevaeina i le taimi i le potu e le i totogiina) X 100 ma le score CPP (Faʻailoga 1; taimi na faʻaaluina i le potu na tuʻufaʻatasia i le taimi o le tala faʻatusa e itiiti ifo i le pretest) na fuafuaina mo mataupu taitasi. O fuainumera faʻamoemoe na faʻatusatusaina i totonu o vaega faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaogaina faʻatasi t suʻega ma CPP togi na faʻatusatusaina i le va o kulupu faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaaoga ai le tasi auala ANOVA ma Fisher le sili taua taua eseesega suʻega mo faʻailoga faʻatusatusaga, faʻatasi uma ma 95% faʻalagolago i tulaga talitonuina.

Faʻamatalaga 2.

Ina ia suʻesuʻeina pe o faʻamaoniga o le Meth pretreatment on CPP mo Meth poʻo le mating e faalagolago i le faʻaalia i Meth ma mating pe na o Meth na o ia, sa faia se isi suʻesuʻega. Na maua e tamaiti Meth (1 mg / kg) ma faʻatasi i le taimi lava e tasi mo 4 aso mulimuli (n = 10). E lua vaega puleaina na tumau pea i feusuaiga ma maua Meth poo le saline (n = 10 taʻitasi). I le tasi vaiaso mulimuli ane, na faia CPP mo Meth. Na maua uma e alii le tui o Meth i le potu faʻasolosolo ma o le iniseti saline na fesoʻotaʻi ma le potu e leʻi totogia. O fuainumera e sili ona lelei na fuafuaina ma faatusatusa i totonu o vaega faataitai e faʻaogaina faʻatasi t suega ma le taua o le 0.05.

Faʻamatalaga 3.

Ina ia suʻesuʻeina pe faʻapitoa le faʻaalia o le Meth ma le mating mo le taui tau feusuaʻiga, na faia ai se suʻesuʻega CPP mating. O tamaʻi tama na mauaina Meth (1 mg / kg) poʻo le saline i le taimi lava e tasi mo le fa aso mulimuli (n = 10 taʻitasi). I le tasi vaiaso mulimuli ane, na tofotofoina ai le CPP mo amio feusuaʻi. O tama uma sa tuʻuina i totonu o le potu tuʻufaʻatasi pe a maeʻa le mating ma e leai se paaga e faʻatasi ma le potu e leʻi totogia. O fuainumera e sili ona lelei na fuafuaina ma faatusatusa i totonu o vaega faataitai e faʻaogaina faʻatasi t suega ma le taua o le 0.05.

Tuʻu i luga o le nofoaga

Ina ia suʻeina pe faʻaalia le Meth e suia ai le lagona ile maʻi o le LiCl, o le a faʻataʻitaʻiina se suʻega o le nofoaga e faʻaaoga ai le CPA. O le suʻeina o le CPA na faia i le afa muamua o le taimi pogisa faʻaaogaina le masini e tasi e pei ona faʻaaogaina mo suʻega CPP (silasila i le Faʻatulagaina o le nofoaga, maualuga). Mo aso sosoo e tolu, na maua ai e tamaloloa ni feusuaʻiga masani ma le Meth (1 mg / kg) poʻo le saline (n = 10 taʻitasi). I le tasi vaiaso mulimuli ane, na maua ai e tane uma se tui LiCl (10 ml / kg, ip) faʻatasi ma le potu na muai filifilia, ae o se fua tutusa o le saline na fesoʻotaʻi ma le potu muamua e leʻi faʻaaogaina. I le maea ai o le meli, o lona uiga o le pasene (le pasene o le taimi na faʻaalu i le potu tuʻufaatasi i le taimi o le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le meli; fuafuaina e pei o le taimi faʻaalu i luga o le potu vaeluaina vaevaeina i le taimi i le potu e le i totogiina) X 100 ma le CPA pale (eseese i le taimi faʻaalu le potu na tuʻufaʻatasia i le taimi o le tala faʻatusa i lalo ifo o le pretest) na faʻatulagaina mo mataupu taitasi. O fuainumera faʻamoemoe na faʻatusatusaina i totonu o vaega faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaogaina faʻatasi t suʻega, aʻo faʻatusatusa le numera o le CPA i le va o vaega faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaaogaina le le totogiina t suʻega, uma ma le taua o 0.05.

i'uga

Feusuaiga

Meth na afaina tele le amataina o amio feusuaʻiga pe a tofotofoina le matua i le 30 min mulimuli i le tui tui mulimuli. O lenei aʻafiaga na faʻalagolago i le 2 mg / kg, ae le o 1 mg / kg, Meth. Meth na faʻalauteleina le maualuga o le mauga ma le faʻasaina o le nofo aitalafu (p = 0.001 ma le 0.002, i le faasologa) faʻatusatusa i le pule saline (Mati. 1A). Meth e le aafia ai le pasene o alii na amataina le amio, ma 100% o alii na fetaui i vaega uma e tolu. Meth e le o iai sona aafiaga umi i le amataina o amioga tau feusuaiga, e pei o tane Meth-pretreated e leʻi faʻaalia amioga faʻafeusuai faʻatusatusa i togafitiga o le saline pe a tofotofoina le vaʻai i le taimi o le faʻasaina o vailaʻau 1 ma le 7 (Mati. 1B,C). Mulimuli ane, e leʻi afaina ai Meth i gaioiga faʻafeusuaiga i soo se taimi ona e leai ni aʻafiaga i luga o le faʻaupuga i le faʻamalosi (Mati. 1) po o numera o mauga ma mea faʻatau (faʻamatalaga e le o faʻaalia). O le mea lea, o Meth na le faʻamalosia le amataina o le tamaʻitaʻi pe a tofotofoina i se taimi pupuu talu ona maeʻa le pulega, ae leai ni aafiaga umi i le faʻaipoipoga po o le faʻatinoga.

Ata 1. 

Aafiaga o Meth faifai pea i le faia o feusuaiga. A-I, Latini e faʻasaina (ML), faʻasalaga (IL), ma ejaculation (EL) i le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 0, 1, poʻo le 2 mg / kg Meth 30 min i le maea ai o le tui lona fitu ma le faʻamaʻi mulimuli (A) ma vailaʻau faʻasaina 1 (B) ma le 7 (C). O faʻamaumauga o loʻo tuʻuina mai o se uiga ± SEM. * Eseesega taua mai tamaʻi vailaʻau faʻasaina (p <0.05).

Galuega Locomotor

Meth i 1 poʻo 2 mg / kg atiaʻe le faʻatupulaia o galuega faʻatusatusa i faʻatonuga (p <0.001, 1 ma le 2 mg / kg; Mati. 2A,B). Na faia e le Meth le tele o le tali a le locomotor-tane na faʻatautaia 1 mg / kg Meth na faʻaalia se gaioiga sili ona maualuga i le maea ai o le tui muamua na faʻatusatusa i le tui muamua (p = 0.042; Mati. 2C). I le eseesega, o le 2 mg / kg Meth na mafua ai le faaitiitia o le locomotor gaoioiga i le aso mulimuli pe a faatusatusa i le aso muamua (p = 0.009; Mati. 2C), lea e mafai ona faʻaalia ai le faʻapupulaina o amioga faʻataʻitaʻiga.

Ata 2. 

Aafiaga o Meth faifai pea i luga o le galuega faʻavave. A, B, O le mamao e faʻatautaia e alii na faʻamanuiaina 0, 1, poʻo 2 mg / kg Meth mulimuli i le muamua (A) ma mulimuli (B) Tui tui. O faʻamaumauga o loʻo tuʻuina mai o se uiga ± SEM. * Eseesega eseese mai le pulea mo vaega uma e togafitiga (p <0.05); #eseesega taua i le 1 mg / kg Meth ma le pulea (p <0.05). C, Meth-induced na faʻaalia le tali a le locomotor. Vaʻa mamao na faʻatautaia e tamaʻitaʻi na faʻamanuiaina 0, 1, poʻo 2 mg / kg Meth mulimuli i le muamua ma le mulimuli Meth tui i le 10 min mulimuli o faʻamaumauga a le locomotor. O faʻamaumauga o loʻo tuʻuina mai o se uiga ± SEM. * O le eseesega taua mai alii taufeusuaʻiga o feusuaiga o le vaega o togafitiga tutusa (p <0.05).

Faʻalavelave faʻafeusuaiga e faʻaalia

Feusuaiga

I le taimi o le faʻataʻitaʻiga a Meth o le Faʻataʻitaʻiga 1, amioga le faʻafeusuaiga sa le aafia i le 1 mg / kg Meth togafitiga i taimi taʻitasi o le tolu vasega mulimuli ane faʻatusatusa i tamaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga (saline-pretreated males)Laulau 1). O nei taunuʻuga e leai se aʻafiaga o lenei fualaau o Meth i amioga tau feusuaʻiga, e tusa lava pe faʻafoeina ile siosiomaga tutusa. E le gata i lea, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga a Meth e leʻi suia ai amioga tau feusuaʻiga i le aso muamua o le fomaʻi (ao leʻi liu LiCl; Laulau 1) poʻo i le taimi o soʻo se faʻafitauli o tuʻutuʻuga i vaega o le LiCl-le totogia. O nei taunuʻuga na faʻamaonia ai e le o iai ni aafiaga umi o Meth i amioga tau feusuaʻiga.

Vaʻai i lenei laulau: 

Laulau 1. 

Aotelega o amio feusuai

Tausiga mataga feusuaʻi

Faʻamatalaga 1.

I le eseesega, o le toe faia o Meth togafitiga na faʻaleleia atili ai le malosi o feusuaiga. I le puleaina, manu feʻai, e faʻamaonia le faʻafefe o feusuaiga e matua taofia ai amioga feusuaʻi. Aemaise lava, o le faaitiitia o pasene o alii LiCl-paleni na sii aʻe ma faʻanoanoa pe a faatusatusa i tane e leʻi totogia le saline ua faʻamaonia i le ono (p = 0.039) faʻamaloiloina faamasinoga ma faʻaauau pea i le faʻatulagaina o le faamasinoga 7 (p = 0.005; faʻamaumauga e leʻi faʻaalia) ma le 8 (p <0.001; Mati. 3B). O se eseʻesega tele i le pasene o tamaʻitaʻi na faʻamaonia muamua na faʻamaonia muamua ile fa (p = 0.041) faʻamalosia faamasinoga ma faʻaauau i le faʻatulagaina (p <0.001; Mati. 3C). Ae ui i lea, o le faʻailoga a Meth na afaina ai le faʻafeusuaiga o feusuaiga, e pei o tane Meth-pretreated male LiCl e leʻi oʻo atu i le taua tele o amioga tau feusuaʻiga seia oʻo i le faʻamasinoga mulimuli e faʻatusatusa i tane e lei faaipoipoina Meth-pretreated. Aemaise lava, o le pasene o Meth-pretreated LiCl-male paga o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻasaʻoina ma le faʻasolosolo na faʻaitiitia i le naʻo le taimi o le faʻamasinoga o le 8 (p = 0.03 ma p = 0.011, i le faasologa). O le mea lea, o le Meth pretreatment 2 vaiaso aʻo lumanaʻi le faʻamautuina na mafua ai le amio faʻasalaga poʻo le faʻamalosia o le sailia o feusuaiga.

Ata 3. 

Aafiaga o feusuaiga tutusa (feusuaiga) ma le Meth pretreatment i luga o tuutuuga o feusuaʻiga (Faʻailoa 1). A, Vaega o faʻataʻitaʻiga na aofia ai tamaʻi saline- (Sal) poʻo Meth-pretreated male na maua le LiCl i le maeʻa ai o le tane ma le tane ma le tamaʻi Meth-pretreated male na maua le saline pe a maeʻa le tane. I le aso lona lua o faʻasalaga taʻitasi, tuʻuina atu e alii paʻu tane le tamaʻi saline ma tane e le totogia na maua LiCl. B, C, Pasene o tane faʻatulagaina (B) ma faʻasolosolo (C) i le taimi o le faʻamalosia o le faʻafeusuaiga e mulimuli i le Meth pretreatment e faʻatasi i le taimi lava e tasi ma le faʻafeusuaiga. * O le eseesega taua mai tamaʻitaʻi e leai ni totogi faʻataʻitaʻi (saline-pretreated male)p <0.05); #eseesega taua mai Meth-pretreated male lei totogiina (p <0.05).

Faʻamatalaga 2.

O aʻafiaga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga a Meth i luga o tuutuuga o feusuaʻiga i feusuaiga na faalagolago i le faʻatasi ma le Meth male matai. Aemaise lava, e le aafia le tulaga o feusuaiga i feusuaʻiga i tamaʻitaʻi faʻafeusuai e maua le faʻataʻitaʻiga a Meth ma le poto masani i le taimi o taimi (e le o se mea e le masani ai). O pasene o tamaʻitaʻi LiCl e faʻataʻitaʻitagaina o loʻo faʻaalia ai le maualuga ma le faʻasolosolo e le eseese mai tamaʻi vavalo faʻataʻitaʻiga (salted-pretreated males)Mati. 4). O nei faʻamatalaga e taʻu mai ai o le uluaʻi faʻatalatalanoaga i le va o Meth ma le faʻafeusuaiga faʻaleagaga na avea ma mafuaʻaga i aafiaga o le Meth i amioga mataga o feusuaiga.

Ata 4. 

Aafiaga o matai e le masani ai (feusuaiga) ma le Meth pretreatment i luga o tuutuuga o feusuaʻiga (Faʻailoa 2). Faʻatefulu o tane faʻatulagaina (A) ma faʻasolosolo (B) i le taimi o le LiCl faʻasalaga faʻafeusuaiga e mulimuli i faʻataʻitaʻiga a Meth e le fesootaʻi ma aafiaga tau feusuaiga. E lua vaega sa aofia ai: LiCl-faʻataʻitaʻi faʻatasi ma le saline ma le LiCl-faʻaluaina faʻatasi ma Meth.

Tuʻu i luga o le nofoaga

O suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻaalia ai o le le mafai ona taofiofia le matua ina ua maeʻa le faʻataʻitaʻiga o Meth e le mafua mai i le le mautonu i le maʻi o le viscase i le LiCl, ona o tane uma na faia se suiga i le potu e fesoʻotai ma se tasi o le LiCl. Aemaise lava, o tane saline ma male Meth-pretreated na faʻaaluina le itiiti ifo o le taimi i totonu o le potu LiCl i le taimi o le meli faʻatusatusa i le faʻataʻitaʻiga (p = 0.037 ma le 0.045, i le faasologa; Mati. 5A). E le gata i lea, o le eseesega o le taimi na faʻaalu i totonu o le potu LiCl i le maeʻa ai o le meli ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga e foliga tutusa i vaega o Meth- ma saline-pretreated groups (Mati. 5B).

Ata 5. 

Aafiaga o feusuaiga tutusa (feusuaiga) ma Meth pretreatment i luga o le CPA faʻaaogaina LiCl. A, B, Faailoga o filifiliga (taimi faʻaalu i luga o le potu na vaeluaina e vaevaeina i le taimi i le potu tuʻufaʻatasi + e leʻi totogia × 100; A) ma le score CPA (eseesega i le taimi na faʻaalu i le potu tuʻufaʻatasi i le taimi o le meli ua le faʻataʻitaʻiina; B) i tamaʻitaʻi matai ua faʻataʻitaʻiina i le saline (Sal male sex + saline) poʻo Meth (sex + Meth). O faʻamaumauga o loʻo tuʻuina mai o se uiga ± SEM. * Eseesega eseese mai le faʻataʻitaʻiga i totonu o le vaega faʻataʻitaʻiga tutusa (p <0.05).

Faʻatulagaina nofoaga e sili ona lelei

Faʻamatalaga 1

O suʻesuʻega a le tagata lava ia e faʻaalia ai e faʻaaogaina e Meth le faʻaleleia atili o tuʻinanauga o feusuaiga ma o se mafuaaga autu mo le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasainaSemple et al., 2002; Schilder et al., 2005; Green ma Halkitis, 2006). O lenei faʻaleleia Meth-faʻaleleia le fiafia i feusuaiga e lei faʻataʻitaʻiina i le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tootoo. O le mea lea, na faʻaaogaina le faʻaoga o le CPP e faʻamaonia ai pe sili atu le tauia o amioga tau feusuaʻiga ma Meth nai lo le faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo le Meth. I le maliega ma suʻesuʻega muamua (Agmo ma Berenfeld, 1990; Pfaus ma Phillips, 1991; Tenk et al., 2009), o le mating in control-control pretending treated males na mafua ai le tele o taimi i le sex + saline-pailed room nai lo le potu malolo i le taimi o le misi (CPP)p = 0.001; Mati. 6C,D). E le gata i lea, o le pulea o tane e leʻi faia se mea e sili ona fiafia mo le sex + saline-pailed room over chamber sex-pailed, e faʻaalia ai o le tui o le saline ao leʻi oʻo i le vaʻai e leʻi afaina ai le tau feusuaʻiga (Mati. 6C,D). Iʻuga na faʻaalia ai le maualuga o le CPP mo le faʻafeusuaiga pe a faatusatusa i le matutua poʻo Meth naʻo ia. Maʻa faʻaalu le tele o le taimi i le taimi o le faʻataʻitaʻiga i le itupa + Meth-paired chamber nai lo le potu tuʻufaʻatasi (sex-paired chamber)p <0.001; Mati. 6C) poʻo le potu Meth-paipa (p = 0.02; Mati. 6C), pe faʻatusatusa atu i le kulupu e pulea (p = 0.002 ma le 0.05, i le faasologa; Mati. 6D). O le mea lea, o amioga feusuaʻi e faʻatasi ma Meth e foliga mai e sili atu le tauia nai lo amioga tau feusuaʻiga poʻo Meth na o ia i meaola na faʻataʻitaʻiina i amioga tau feusuaʻiga ma Meth i taimi tutusa.

Ata 6. 

Aafiaga o feusuaiga tutusa (feusuaiga) ma Meth pretreatment on mating- ma le Meth-induced CPP (Faʻailoa 1). E fa vaega na aofia ai. A, E lua vaega na maua togafitiga o le sex + Saline (Sal) ma le togafitiga nei i le potu tuʻufaʻatasia / le totogia: sex + saline / sex, sex + saline / saline. O le vaega muamua na avea ma se le lelei, aua o le saline e le o faamoemoe e suia le CPP mo le feusuaiga. O le vaega lona lua sa avea o se pule lelei, ona o le tulaga o feusuaiga na faamoemoe e mafua ai le CPP. B, O isi vaega e lua na maua le feusuaʻiga + Meth pretreatment ma mea nei i totonu o potu tuʻufaatasi / leai se totogi: sex + Meth / sex or sex + Meth / Meth. O le faasologa lea na faʻaalia ai meaola i totonu o potu faʻaluaina ma le totogia e le faʻaaogaina i totonu o vaega faʻapitoa taʻitasi. C, Faailoga o le pasi (taimi faʻaalu i luga o le potu na vaeluaina e vaevaeina i le taimi i le potu tuʻufaʻatasi + e leʻi totogia × 100). O faʻamaumauga o loʻo tuʻuina mai o se uiga ± SEM. * Eseesega eseese mai le faʻataʻitaʻiga i totonu o le vaega faʻataʻitaʻiga tutusa (p <0.05). D, Score CPP (eseesega i le taimi na faʻaalu i le potu tuʻufaʻatasi i le taimi o le meli e itiiti ifo i le pretest). O faʻamaumauga o loʻo tuʻuina mai o se uiga ± SEM. * Eseesega taua mai le sex + saline / sex group (p <0.05).

Faʻamatalaga 2

I le isi itu, na faʻamauina pe faʻataʻitaʻi faʻatasi ma Meth ma feusuaiga na aafia ai le CPP mo Meth na o ia lava pe a faatusatusa i togafitiga i le potu e leʻi totogia. O le mea moni, o tamaʻitaʻi Meth-pretreated e faʻatasi ma ia inumaga vailaʻau taʻitasi na faia se mea e sili ona fiafia i ai le potu Meth-paired (p = 0.01; Mati. 7). I le eseesega, o tane na maua faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafefeteina poʻo Meth e aunoa ma le faʻalauteleina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e leʻi faʻaalia le sili atu le fiafia mo le potu Meth-pailed during the posttest.

Ata 7. 

Aafiaga o feusuaiga tutusa (feusuaiga) ma Meth pretreatment i luga o le CPP Meth (inumaga 2). Faailoga o le filifiliga (taimi na faaaluina i potu fefiloi ua vaevaeina i le taimi i potu tuufaatasi + e lei totogia × 100) i tama ua faafoligaina i le saline (Sal), Meth, poo le sex + Meth. O faʻamaumauga o loʻo tuʻuina mai o se uiga ± SEM. * Eseesega taua mai le faʻataʻitaʻiga i totonu o le vaega faʻataʻitaʻiga tutusa (p <0.05).

Faʻamatalaga 3

Mulimuli ane, na tofotofoina pe o Meth tutusa ma faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻafeiloaʻiina le CPP mo le matai na o ia. O tagata faʻatauvaʻa ma Meth ma mating e leʻi faia se mea e sili ona fiafia i ai mo amioga tau feusuaʻiga, e molimauina i le leai o se taimi tele e faʻaaluina i le potu e feusuaʻi ai. I se faatusatusaga, o tane na togafitia i le saline ma le mating na latou faia se mea e sili ona fiafia i ai mo le potu e feusuaʻi i le itupa (p = 0.003; Mati. 8). Faʻatasi, o nei faʻamatalaga e taʻu mai ai o le fegalegaleaiga i le va o Meth ma mating e mafua ai le faʻaleleia atili o le soifua maloloina mo Meth i le leai o se tamaʻitaʻi ma mo le vavalalata faʻatasi ma Meth, ae faʻaitiitia ai le faʻamalosia o le soifuaga mo mating i le leai o le fualaau faasaina.

Ata 8. 

Aafiaga o feusuaiga tutusa (feusuaiga) ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga a Meth i le CPP matai (Faʻailoa 3). Faailoga o le filifiliga (taimi na faaalu i luga o potu tuufaatasi na vaevaeina i le taimi i totonu o le potu lua e le i totogiina le 100) i tama ua faia i le tamaʻitaʻi + saline (Sal) poo le sex + Meth. O faʻamaumauga o loʻo tuʻuina mai o se uiga ± SEM.

Talanoaga

O suʻesuʻega nei na tofotofoina ai aafiaga o Meth faifai pea i amioga tau feusuaʻiga ma le taulaʻi faapitoa i le faia o feusuaiga, faʻasalalauina poʻo le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga, ma le mating ma / poʻo le taui Meth. O le suʻesuʻega autu o lenei suʻesuʻega, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga a Meth e le aʻafia ai le faʻaalia o amioga tau feusuaiga, ae mafua ai le faʻamalosia o amioga tau feusuaʻiga i vaiaso e sosoo ai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga. O lenei aʻafiaga i amioga mataga tau feusuaʻiga e faʻalagolago i le tulaga faʻatasi ma Meth ma mating. E le gata i lea, o Meth faʻatasi ma faʻataʻitaʻiga ua faʻaleleia le taui o Meth, ae na faʻaititia le tau feusuaʻiga. Faʻatasi, o nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le vavalalata i le va o Meth ma mating e taua tele mo le atinaʻeina poʻo le faʻaalia o amioga mataga tau feusuaʻiga ma suiga i taui tau feusuaiga ma fualaau faasaina.

Meth pretreatment, pe a felagolagomaʻi ma feusuaiga, ei ai ona aafiaga umi i luga o le malosi o le tuusaʻoina o feusuaiga e faʻafefe ai amioga tau feusuaiga. O lenei aafiaga e le mafai ona faigofie ona faamatalaina e ala i le le atoatoa o le aʻoaʻoina poʻo le manatuaina, talu ai o tane Meth-pretreated e leʻi faʻaalia soʻo se faʻamaonia o aʻoaʻoga le lelei i le taimi o le CPP poʻo le LiCl e faʻaosoosoina ai le faʻafefe o feusuaiga. I le faaopoopo atu i ai, e foliga mai o le toe faia o le pulega o le maualalo o le Meth na mafua ai ona faaletonu le mafaufau ma mea e le masani ai ona o le masani ona maua i le maualuga o Meth i niumu (Walsh ma Wagner, 1992; Friedman et al., 1998; Chapman et al., 2001; Schröder et al., 2003) ma tagata (Ornstein et al., 2000; Simon et al., 2002; Kalechstein et al., 2003), e pei o le Meth bingeing paradiges e tasi i le aso e tasi e faʻaaoga ai le fua tutusa e pei o suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei e leʻi faʻaaogaina ai le aʻoaʻoga faʻataʻitaʻiga-e leʻi faʻaleagaina ai le mea na afaina ai (Marshall et al., 2007). O le isi faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga mo le faʻaleagaina o le mauaina po o le faʻamaoniga o le faʻafefe o le faʻafeusuaiga o le leai o se lagona lelei mo le LiCl. Ae ui i lea, o manu sa tutusa lava le mafai ona maua se feteʻenaʻiga i se potu na vaʻaia muamua ma LiCl. O le mea lea, o tane Meth-pretreated e leʻi i ai se mea e le lelei ai le manatuaina o mafutaga poʻo le faʻaitiitia o le lagona lelei i le LiCl poʻo le maʻi pipisi mai le LiCl. E foliga mai o le faʻataʻitaʻiga a Meth na mafua ai le gasegase faʻasalalau poʻo le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga, e ui lava i aʻafiaga le lelei aʻoaʻoga, lea e ogatasi ma lipoti faaletagata (Frosch et al., 1996; Halkitis et al., 2001; McKirnan et al., 2001; Rawson et al., 2002; Somlai et al., 2003; Green ma Halkitis, 2006; Springer et al., 2007).

E le gata i lea, o le aafiaga o le Meth ma le faafoliga o pepe i le faaitiitia o le taofiofi o amioga tau feusuaʻiga faaleaganuu e le faigofie ona faamalamalamaina e se tau faaleleia atili e fesootai ma le matua. I le eseesega, i manu na mauaina faʻatasi Meth male matai, o le sailia o faʻamanuiaga faʻatasi ma matāʻupu na faʻaititia. O le mea lea, o le isi faʻamatalaga e tatau ona faʻatulagaina mo aafiaga o le Meth tutusa ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafeusuaiga i luga o le faʻamatalaga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga faatausala. O se suesuega lata mai talu mai le matou falesuesue na faailoa mai ai vaega ole mafaufau e mafai e Meth ona faʻatalanoa aafiaga i amioga tau feusuaiga (Frohmader et al., 2010c). O iinei, na faʻataʻitaʻiina ai le faʻafouina o le tino e le mating poʻo le Meth e faʻaaoga ai ni mea e fai ai mea e faʻaaoga ai le neural such as Fos or phosphorylation of MAPK. Meth ma le mating e faʻaaogaina ai uʻamea i le tumutumu o le tumutumu, amygdala o le vanotilela, ma le pito i tua o le tui o le medial frontfront cortex (Frohmader et al., 2010c) ma i totonu o le faʻapipiʻi faʻapipiʻi (Frohmader ma Coolen, 2010). O faʻamuamua ma mea faʻapitoa e faʻapitoa i ai ao latou saofagā i amioga ua fai ma vaisu (Kalivas ma Volkow, 2005; Kalivas et al., 2005; Lasseter et al., 2010; Winstanley et al., 2010). E le gata i lea, o le hypoactivity o nei vaega o faiʻai na faʻataʻatia ma nisi o faʻafitauli o le mafaufau e aʻafia ai ma le leai o se faʻalavelave faʻasaina (Gisipeli ma Rauch, 2000; Taylor et al., 2002; Lonetona ma al., 2005). O nei laina o faʻamaoniga o loʻo fautua mai ai e mafai e Meth ona galue i nei vailaau faʻasalalau e mafua ai suiga i taimi uumi lea o le a faʻasaga ai amioga mataga tau feusuaʻiga. E tusa ai ma lenei mea, o le maualuga o le aʻafiaga o amio feusuaʻiga mataga na faʻaalia e faʻalavelave ai i isi faʻafitauli o le mafaufau, e aofia ai le tagofia o vailaʻau, popolega, ma faʻafitauli o le mafaufau (Bancroft, 2008). E le gata i lea, o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina o le pito i luma o le medial ma orbitofrontal o loʻo faʻamoemoeina e nafa ma le faʻaitiitia o le malosi o le manaʻoga (Brewer ma Potenza, 2008; Fineberg et al., 2010) ma le faʻatupulaʻia o amioga pulea e faʻafeusuai i le vaʻai i le tele o mea ua fai ma vaisu (Jentsch ma Taylor, 1999; Bancroft, 2008). I le maliliega i lenei mea, o liona o le gasegase i luma o le tane na mafua ai le malosi o le sailia o feusuaiga i le tulaga faaletonu o feusuaiga o loo faaaoga i suesuega o loo i ai nei (Davis et al., 2010).

O suʻesuʻega muamua na faʻaalia ai o le faʻaauau ona faʻatonuga i psychostimulants poʻo sui e faʻaleleia ai le faʻatautaia o fualaau faasaina e pei ona fuaina e le CPP (Lett, 1989; Shippenberg ma Heidbreder, 1995; Shippenberg et al., 1996). E le gata i lea, o aafiaga tau feusuaʻiga na mafua ai le faʻaleleia atili o le taui o le amphetamine (Pitchers et al., 2010). I suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei, o aʻafiaga o Meth ma / poo le feusuaʻiga i le Meth CPP na tofotofoina i lalo o tulaga e le o faamoemoeina e maua ai le CPP: fua maualalo ole Meth, faʻataʻitaʻiga toʻatasi, ma suʻega i le taimi o le po i taimi maualalo o le CPP (Webb et al., 2009a,b). O le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o Meth masani poʻo aafiaga tau feusuaʻiga na faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei e leʻi mafua ai le faaleleia ole MPC CPP. Ae ui i lea, o le Meth pretreatment faʻatasi ma le vaʻai na faʻamalosia ai le taui o Meth, ma faʻamaonia ai o lenei mafutaga i le va o Meth ma le mating na mafua ai se faʻaleleia atili i taui o loʻo sailia mo Meth. O nei taunuuga e foliga mai o malilie i lipoti a tagata e uiga i le faateleina o le Meth e sailia le faʻailoaina o fiafiaga faʻafeusuaiga ao avea Meth ma avega muamua mo le faʻaaogaina fualaau (Semple et al., 2002; Schilder et al., 2005; Green ma Halkitis, 2006). E le o manino i le taimi nei po oa vaega o amio feusuaiga e taua tele mo le mafutaga i le va o Meth ma mating. I suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei, o alii uma lava e fetaui i le faʻasolosolo. Ae ui i lea, oa tatou sailiga muamua ua fautuaina ai o fegalegaleaiga faaagafesootai atonu e lava e faaosofia ai amioga faasamasamanoa o sailiiliga o feusuaiga (Frohmader et al., 2010a).

O mea faʻapipiʻi e mafai ona faʻatalanoaina ai le faʻaleleia o aafiaga o le Meth tutusa ma le faʻataʻitaʻiina i le taui o Meth e aofia ai le nucleus accumbens ma le amygdala faʻamalosi. Suiga tumau i le dendritic spin density ma le morphology i le accumbens taunuuga mai le toe faia o fualaau faasaina (Brown ma Kolb, 2001; Robinson et al., 2002; Li et al., 2003; Robinson ma Kolb, 2004) poʻo le faʻafeusuaiga (Meisel ma Mullins, 2006; Pitchers et al., 2010), ma ua faʻamaonia e faʻatalanoa le locomotor-induced locomotor ma le faʻamanuiaina o taui (Pierce ma Kalivas, 1997; Vanderschuren ma Kalivas, 2000; Li et al., 2004). O le amygdala matagata e taua tele mo le manatuaina o fualaau oona e fesootaʻi ma fualaau faasaina (Grace ma Rosenkranz, 2002; Laviolette ma Grace, 2006) ma aʻafia i le faʻamanuiaina o taui ma le faʻamalosia (Everitt et al., 1999; Cardinal et al., 2002; Vaʻai, 2002). Liona po o le le faʻaaogaina o le amygdala le faʻasaina le mauaina (Whitelaw et al., 1996) ma faʻamatalaga (Grimm ma See, 2000) o le toe faʻaleleia o cocaine e faʻapipiʻiina. E le gata i lea, o le amygdala faʻamaonia e mafua ai le faʻaititia o le tali atu mo fua faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo e fetaui ma meaai (Everitt et al., 1989) poʻo le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga (Everitt et al., 1989; Everitt, 1990) i tamaʻi. O le mea lea, e mafai ona suia le psychostimulant- ma le faʻafeiloaʻiga i mea e tutupu i le amygdala ma le faʻaleagaina o le amygdala i le manuia manuia o Meth.

O faʻalauiloaina o tulafono o vailaau faʻasaina ua faʻaalia e faafaigofie ai amioga tau feusuaiga. O le mafaufauina o le-amphetamine (10 i aso uma o le inumaga o le 1.5 mg / kg) e faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaiga (Fiorino ma Phillips, 1999a,b) faʻapea foi ma le faʻaalia o amio i fualaau faʻafeusuaiga (Nocjar ma Panksepp, 2002). O suʻesuʻega i tamaʻitaʻi teine ​​na faʻataʻitaʻiina ma Meth (tolu injections i aso taʻitasi o le 5 mg / kg) na mafua ai ona faʻatupulaʻia amioga faʻaleleia (Holder et al., 2010). I le eseesega, o suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei e leʻi faʻaalia ai le aafiaga o se faiga faʻapitoa o le Meth togafitiga i amioga tau feusuaʻiga. O faʻamatalaga talafeagai mo lenei faʻaeseesega e aofia ai le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau faʻasaina o loʻo faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei, o iloiloga eseese o le faʻafeusuaiga, ma feeseeseaiga i feusuaiga (Becker ma Hu, 2008).

O suʻesuʻega i faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga a le Meth ua leva ona taulai atu i vailaau faʻasaʻo e suʻesuʻeina ai faʻafitauli faaletonu a le Meth (induced behavioral behaviors)Belcher et al., 2008; Izquierdo et al., 2010; O'Dell et al., 2011), suiga e le mafai ona faʻaaogaina (Brennan et al., 2010), ma le neurotoxicity (Moszczynska et al., 1998; Kuczenski et al., 2007; Graham et al., 2008). O le sini autu o nei suʻesuʻega o le ausia lea o fualaau faʻasaina i le rat e latalata i mea o maua i le tagata Meth addicts. I le eseesega, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na faʻaalia ai e tasi lava le taimi e fai ai le puleaina o le Meth maualalo e mafua ai amioga tumau feusuaʻiga tumau. O le Meth bingeing paradigme e leʻi faʻaaogaina mo mafuaaga aoga: maualuga tulaga o Meth faʻaleagaina amioga feusuaʻi (Frohmader et al., 2010a) ma tagata faʻaaoga tagata e masani ona faʻaaogaina feusuaiga faʻaleleia fualaau faʻasaina e faʻamausali ai galuega tau feusuaigaSemple et al., 2009). O le taulaiga o seti o aʻoga o loʻo i ai nei o le suʻesuʻeina o taui tau feusuaʻiga ma le faʻamalosia o le paaga i meaola e aunoa ma le faʻamalieina o le faʻatamaʻi. O taunuʻuga e faʻaalia ai amioga faʻamalosi ma le faʻataʻitaʻiina o fualaau faasaina ma le tau feusuaʻiga e mafai ona mafua mai i le maualalo o le faʻamaʻiina o fualaau faʻasaina i taimi uma faʻatasi ma le faʻafeusuaiga ma e le faalagolago i le faʻaosoina o le maualuga o Meth i totonu o le mafaufau.

Faʻatasi, o le seti o suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei o se laasaga taua e agai atu i se malamalamaga sili atu i aafiaga o Meth i luga o amioga malolosi tau feusuaiga ma mafutaga i le va o fualaau faasaina ma feusuaiga. E le gata i lea, o nei faʻamatalaga e talitutusa ma lipoti ua lipotia mai i tagata ua fai ma vaisu; o lea, e mafai ona faʻaaogaina atili le tamaʻi male malele e suʻesuʻe ai molécula ma faʻavaeina faʻavaeina o Meth i aʻafiaga i feusuaiga ma mafai ona saofagā i togafitiga o vailaau faʻasaina i le lumanaʻi.

Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga

  • Maua Aokuso 4, 2011.
  • Toe iloiloga na maua ia Setema 8, 2011.
  • Talia ia Setema 23, 2011.

  • O lenei galuega na lagolagosua e le Kanesa a le Canadian Institute of Health Health Grant RN 014705 i LMC

  • O tusitala e leai se tauvaga tautupe tauva.

  • E tatau ona tuʻuina atu le faʻasalalauga ia Lique M. Coolen, Iunivesite o Michigan, Matagaluega o Momocular and Physical Physical, Science Science II, potu 7732B, 1137 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5663. [imeli puipuia]

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