O le a le totonugalemu o le dopamine i taaloga faitupe po o le faaletonu o taaloga faitupe? (2013)

Front Behav Neurosci. 2013; 7: 206.

Lomia i luga o le initaneti Dec 23, 2013. Tui:  10.3389 / fnbeh.2013.00206
PMCID: PMC3870289

Pathological gambling [PG—lea ua taʻua nei o le “gabling disorder” i le DSM-5 (APA, 2013; Petry et al., 2013)] o loʻo faʻaalia i mamanu faʻaletonu o taaloga faitupe e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻaletonu tele i le gaioiga. I le sefulu tausaga ua tuanaʻi, ua faia ni faʻalautelega taua i le malamalama i le pathophysiology o le PG (Potenza, 2013). Tulaga tutusa i le va o le PG ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau (Petry, 2006; Potenza, 2006; Leeman ma Potenza, 2012) na mafua ai le toe faʻavasegaina o le PG i le DSM-5 o se faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi (nai lo le faʻalavelave faʻalavelave, e pei o le tulaga i le DSM-IV).

Tele neurotransmitter system ua aafia i le PG e aofia ai serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, opioidergic, ma glutamatergic (Potenza, 2013). O le malamalama i nei faiga e fa'atatau i le PG e taua tele mo le atina'eina o vaila'au aua o le taimi nei e leai ni vaila'au fa'amaonia e le FDA ma fa'ailoga mo le PG. O le Dopamine ua leva ona aʻafia i vaisu o vailaʻau ma tala muamua na faʻaalia ai se matafaioi taua tutusa mo le dopamine i le PG (Potenza, 2001). Ae ui i lea, o se matafaioi tonu mo le dopamine i le PG e le o manino. O suʻesuʻega o faʻataʻitaʻiga o le sua o le cerebrospinal na faʻaalia ai le maualalo o le dopamine ma le maualuga o le dopamine metabolites i le PG, ma faʻatupulaʻia ai le avanoa e faʻateleina ai le suiga o le dopamine (Bergh et al., 1997). Ae ui i lea, o vailaʻau e faʻatatau i le dopamine galuega e leʻi faʻaalia ai aʻafiaga ile PG. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o vailaʻau e poloka ai le dopamine D2-like receptor function (faʻataʻitaʻiga, olanzapine) ua faʻaalia iʻuga le lelei i faʻataʻitaʻiga laiti faʻapitoa faʻapitoa (Fong et al., 2008; McElroy et al., 2008). E le gata i lea, o le D2-pei o le dopamine receptor antagonist faʻaaogaina lautele i le togafitiga o faʻafitauli o le mafaufau (haloperidol) na maua e faʻateleina ai faʻaosofiaga ma amioga e fesoʻotaʻi ma taaloga i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma PG (Zack ma Poulos, 2007). Ae ui i lea, o le puleaina o le pro-dopaminergic (ma pro-adrenergic) fualaau faasaina amphetamine na taitai atu ai foi i le faateleina o mafaufauga ma amioga e faatatau i taaloga faitupe i PG (Zack ma Poulos, 2004).

O suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga lata mai ua amata ona faʻaogaina le radioligands ma le positron-emission tomography e suʻesuʻe ai le gaioiga o le dopamine i le PG. E ese mai i suʻesuʻega i le cocaine faʻalagolago lea na vaʻaia ai eseesega i le va o vaega i [11C] raclopride-binding i le striatum, tutusa tulaga na matauina i le PG ma faʻatusatusa mataupu e lua vaega suʻesuʻe (Linnet et al., 2010, 2011; Clark et al., 2012). I se tulaga talitutusa, e leai se eseesega i le va o kulupu i le va o le PG ma mataupu faʻatusatusa na matauina e faʻaaoga ai [11C]raclopride poʻo le D3-preferring agonist-radioligand [11C]-(+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin (PHNO) (Boileau et al., 2013). Ae ui i lea, i nei suʻesuʻega, o mafutaga ma lagona e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻalavelave faʻapitoa, faʻaletonu le faia o filifiliga poʻo faʻafitauli-taaloga faigata na lipotia, e faʻapea o le gaioiga o le dopamine e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi ma vaega patino o le PG (Potenza ma Brody, 2013). O nei su'esu'ega e o gatasi ma le manatu o le PG o lo'o fa'atusalia se tulaga e ese'ese ma o le fa'ailoaina o eseesega fa'aletagata ta'ito'atasi po'o vaega laiti e mafai ona fesoasoani i le fa'alauteleina o le atina'eina o togafitiga po'o le fa'atatauga talafeagai o togafitiga fa'afoma'i.

O se fesoʻotaʻiga faʻamaonia lelei i le va o le dopamine ma le PG o loʻo i ai i le maʻi o Parkinson (PD) (Leeman ma Potenza, 2011). Aemaise lava, o le dopamine agonists (faʻataʻitaʻiga, pramipexole, ropinirole) ua fesoʻotaʻi ma le PG ma le tele poʻo faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i isi vaega (faʻatatau i feusuaiga, 'ai, ma faʻatau) i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma PD (Weintraub et al., 2010). E le gata i lea, o le levodopa dosing ua fesoʻotaʻi ma nei tulaga i le PD (Weintraub et al., 2010). Ae ui i lea, o mea e foliga mai e le fesoʻotaʻi ma le dopamine (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tausaga o le amataga o le PD, tulaga faʻaipoipo ma le nofoaga faʻafanua) ua fesoʻotaʻi foi ma nei tulaga i le PD (Voon et al., 2006; Weintraub et al., 2006, 2010; Potenza et al., 2007), faʻamaonia ai le lavelave etiologies o nei faʻafitauli. Ae ui i lea, i se suʻesuʻega e faʻaaoga ai [11C] raclopride, tagata taʻitoʻatasi e iai le PD ma le PG pe a faʻatusatusa ia i latou o loʻo i ai le PD naʻo latou na faʻaalia i totonu o le ventral (ae le o le pito i tua) striatum faʻaititia D2-pei fusi i le laina ma sili atu [11C] faʻasologa o le raclopride i le taimi o se taaloga faitupe / fai filifiliga (faʻaalia le sili atu o le faʻamalolo o le dopamine i le vaega PG i le taimi o galuega) (Steeves et al., 2009). O nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻamanatuina ai i latou o loʻo fautua mai le faʻafefe o levodopa-faʻaosoina o le [11C] raclopride i le ventral ae le o le dorsal striatum i mataupu PD o loʻo faʻatautaia e le tagata lava ia togafitiga o le dopamine-suiga i le sili atu (pe a faʻatusatusa ia i latou e le faia) (Evans et al., 2006). E pei ona iloa e isi suʻesuʻega i le fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu o amioga i le PD (vs. i latou o loʻo i ai naʻo le PD) e faʻaitiitia le faʻailoga i le ventral striatum i le laina faʻavae ma le taimi e lamatia ai (Rao et al., 2010), o se fesili e tulaʻi mai pe mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi le dopamine i nei faiga i le PD. O fesili tutusa e iai e uiga i le faʻagaioiina o le ventral striatal activation o loʻo vaʻaia i le PD PG i faʻataʻitaʻiga e le-ligand i le taimi o taaloga faitupe faʻataʻitaʻi (Reuter et al., 2005) ma le faiga o taui tau tupe (Balodis et al., 2012a; Choi et al., 2012). E ui o le tele o suʻesuʻega na maua ai le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o le ventral striatal i le taimi o le tupe-taui-faʻatalitali vaega (aemaise lava i le taimi o le faʻatinoina o galuega Faʻateteleina Faʻaosoina Tupe) i le tele o faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu [eg, ava malosi (Wrase et al., 2007; Beck et al., 2009) ma le tapaa (Peters et al., 2011) faʻalavelave] ma isi tulaga faʻaalia i le faʻaletonu o le pulea o lagona [faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi-ai (Balodis et al., 2013, i le lomitusi)], o isi suʻesuʻega ua maua ai le faʻateleina o le faʻaogaina o le ventral striatal activation i le faagasologa o taui i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma PG ma i latou o loʻo i ai isi vaisu (Hommer et al., 2011; van Holst et al., 2012a), toe faʻatupuina fesili e uiga i le faʻaogaina o galuega faʻapitoa i le PG ma vaisu ma pe faʻafefea ona aʻafia le dopamine i nei gaioiga (Balodis et al., 2012b; Leyton ma Vezina, 2012; van Holst et al., 2012b).

E ui lava o le tele o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi atu i le radioligand o loʻo faʻamatalaina i luga e suʻesuʻeina le D2 / D3 faʻaogaina galuega, o isi faʻasalalauga dopamine e faʻamaonia le iloiloga i le PG. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i luga o se masini masini masini, o le D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole na faʻaleleia ai faʻamoemoega sese o le taui i faʻataʻitaʻiga lata mai, ma o lenei aafiaga na faʻaitiitia e le D4 filifilia (ae le D3 poʻo le D2) dopamine receptor antagonist (Cocker). et al., 2013). O nei suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e faʻapipiʻi suʻesuʻega a le tagata e fautua mai ai se matafaioi mo le D4 dopamine receptor i amioga tau tupe. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o fesuiaiga ole allelic i le gene coding mo le D4 dopamine receptor ua fesoʻotaʻi ma tali eseese i le faʻatupulaia o le levodopa i amioga tau tupe (Eisenegger et al., 2010). O nei suʻesuʻega e faʻapipiʻi ai le tele o tusitusiga e fesoʻotaʻi ai le D4 dopamine receptor i le faʻaogaina o mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻalavelave e pei o le le atoatoa o le mafaufau / faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi, e ui lava e le tutusa (Ebstein et al., 1996; Gelernter et al., 1997; DiMaio et al., 2003). I le tulaga muamua (Fairbanks et al., 2012) ma tagata (Sheese et al., 2012) faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga e faʻaalia ai fegalegaleaiga faʻasolosolo e aofia ai le kenera faʻapipiʻiina le D4 dopamine receptor ma vaega o amioga faʻamalosi poʻo le le lelei ona pulea, o isi suʻesuʻega e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina se matafaioi mo le D4 dopamine receptor i le PG, aemaise lava i suʻesuʻega e faʻaaogaina iloiloga faʻaeteete o le siosiomaga ma kenera. mea taua. E ui lava o le tele o D4-preferring / selective agonist compounds (faʻataʻitaʻiga, PD-168,077 ma CP-226,269) na faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa e suʻesuʻe ai le D4, e manaʻomia suʻesuʻega faaopoopo e suʻesuʻe ai tagata D4 dopamine receptors e mafai ona ausia e ala i le positron-emission- su'esu'ega tomography-e fai ma sui o se laina taua o su'esu'ega i le lumana'i (Bernaerts ma Tirelli, 2003; Tarazi et al., 2004; Basso et al., 2005). E le gata i lea, ona o le D1 dopamine receptor ua aʻafia i vaisu e pei o le cocaine faʻalagolago (Martinez et al., 2009), o se matafaioi mo le D1 dopaminergic system i le PG tusi saisai suʻesuʻega.

O suʻesuʻega o loʻo taʻua i luga o loʻo faʻaalia ai pe faʻafefea ona fesoasoani le galuega dopaminergic i le PG ma isi vaisu o loʻo i ai nei i le amataga o le malamalama. O faʻamatalaga o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo fautua mai ai o le fesuisuiai o tagata taʻitoʻatasi i le galuega o le dopamine e mafai ona faʻapogisaina eseesega i le va o le PG ma tagata e le o ni PG, ma e mautinoa o le sili atu ona malosi o eseesega i le va o kulupu i le taimi nei o loʻo matauina i totonu o se vaega e iai le dopaminergic pathology (PD). O uiga taʻitoʻatasi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, impulsivity, faia o filifiliga ma amioga e fesoʻotaʻi ma taaloga faitupe) e fesoʻotaʻi ma le dopamine galuega i PG ma mataupu e le o ni PG e faʻamaonia ai foi le iloiloga mai se vaaiga faʻapitoa ma fautua mai e mafai ona faʻatusalia togafitiga fou e fesoʻotaʻi vavalalata i meaola. galuega [faʻatupulaʻia le avanoa e mafai ona latou faʻamaonia faapitoa i le faʻatatauina i vailaʻau (Berlin et al., 2013)]. E le gata i lea, o isi endophenotypes e mafai e pei o le faʻamalosia (Fineberg et al., 2010, i le lomitusi) fa'amaonia iloiloga ona o latou ulua'i feso'ota'iga i togafitiga i le PG (Grant et al., 2010). E le gata i lea, o faiga e mafai ona faʻatonutonu ai le gaioiga o le dopamine e faʻamaonia atili ai le iloiloga i le atinaʻeina o togafitiga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa faʻataʻitaʻiga, o tagata tetee opioid e pei o le nalmefene ma le naltrexone ua maua e sili atu nai lo le placebo i le togafitia o le PG (Grant et al., 2006, 2008b), aemaise lava i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i ai le malosi o le faʻamalosia o taaloga faitupe poʻo talafaasolopito o aiga o le ava malosi (Grant et al., 2008a). E faapena foi, faiga glutamatergic e tatau ona iloiloina i lenei tulaga (Kalivas ma Volkow, 2005), faʻatasi ai ma faʻamatalaga muamua e fesoʻotaʻi ai le neutraceutical n-acetyl cysteine ​​i le lelei o togafitiga ile PG (Grant et al., 2007). Aʻo faʻasalalau le faiga o le dopamine o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai faʻamatalaga i le PG, e tatau ona faʻaogaina auala tutusa e suʻesuʻe ai le serotonin galuega i le PG (Potenza et al., 2013), aemaise lava le tuʻuina atu o suʻesuʻega le ogatasi ma vailaʻau serotonergic i le togafitiga o le PG (Bullock ma Potenza, 2012). O se faiga faʻapitoa e suʻesuʻe ai le neurobiology ma uiga faʻapitoa o le PG e tatau ona fesoasoani i le faʻalauteleina o togafitiga ma togafitiga mo PG.

Faailoaina

O Dr. Marc N. Potenza e leai ni fete'ena'iga tau tupe e tusa ai ma mea o lo'o i totonu o lenei tusitusiga ma ua maua le lagolago tau tupe po'o se taui mo mea nei: Dr. Marc N. Potenza na fa'atalanoaina ma fautuaina Boehringer Ingelheim, Ironwood, ma Lundbeck; ua fa'atalanoaina mo ma ei ai mea tau tupe i Somaxon; ua maua le lagolago suʻesuʻe mai le Mohegan Sun Casino, le National Center for Responsible Gaming, Forest Laboratories, Ortho-McNeil, Oy-Control/Biotie, Psyadon, Glaxo-SmithKline, National Institutes of Health and Veteran's Administration; sa auai i su'esu'ega, meli po'o fa'atalanoaga i telefoni e feso'ota'i ma vaisu o fualaau fa'asaina, fa'alavelave fa'atosina po'o isi mataupu tau soifua maloloina; ua fa'atalanoaina ofisa loia ma le ofisa o loia a le malo feterale i mataupu e feso'ota'i ma fa'alavelave fa'anatinati; saunia tausiga fa'afoma'i ile Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services Problem Gambling Services Program; ua faia iloiloga fesoasoani mo le National Institutes of Health ma isi lala sooupu; o lo'o iai vaega fa'asalalau fa'asalalau fa'asalalau; na faia lauga fa'alea'oa'oga i ta'amilosaga tetele, fa'alavelave CME ma isi nofoaga fa'apitoa po'o fa'asaienisi; ma ua fa'atupuina tusi po'o mataupu tusi mo le au lomitusi o tusitusiga o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau.

tautinoga

O lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻatupeina e le National Institute on the Drug Abuse (NIDA) foaʻi P20 DA027844, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism grant RL1 AA017539, Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Connecticut Mental Health Center, ma le National Center for Responsible Nofoaga Autu o Taaloga i Su'esu'ega Ta'aloga Taaloga i le Iunivesite o Yale.

mau faasino

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