faatumutumuga
- • Tele itula o vailiili taimi e fesoʻotaʻi ma maualalo manuia i tausaga 2 i le 17.
- • Maualuga tagata faʻaalia faʻaalia le faʻaititia o le fia iloa, amio pulea, ma lagona faʻamautu.
- • Faʻaluaina le tele o tagata maualuluga (vs. maualalo) o tagata vailiili na i ai le popolevale poʻo le faʻanoanoa o le mafaufau.
- • E leʻo eseʻese le soifua manuia o tagata e leʻo faʻaaogaina ma maualalo tagata faʻaaoga.
- • O faʻatasiga ma le soifua manuia sa tele atu i talavou nai lo tamaiti.
lē faʻatino
O suʻesuʻega talu ai i fegalegaleaiga i le va o le vaitau taimi ma le mafaufau lelei i le va o tamaiti ma talavou sa feteʻenaʻi, taʻitaʻia ai nisi tagata suʻesuʻe e fesiligia le tapulaʻa i le vaitau taimi fautuaina e fomaʻi faʻalapotopotoga. Sa matou suʻesuʻeina se tele (n = 40,337) faʻataʻitaʻiga a le atunuʻu o tamaiti 2 - i le 17-tausaga le matutua i le US i le 2016 na aofia ai ma le maeʻa o taimi o vailiili (aofia ai telefoni feʻaveaʻi, komepiuta, masini eletise, taʻaloga faʻaeletise, ma TV) ma le tele o manuia manuia o le mafaufau. Ina ua maeʻa le 1 h / aso o le faʻaaogaina, o le tele o itula o aso masani o taimi e fesoʻotaʻi ai ma le maualalo o le mafaufau manuia, e aofia ai le itiiti o le fiailoa, faʻaititia le pulea o oe lava, sili atu faʻalavelave, tele faigata fai uo, faʻaitiitia lagona faʻamautuina, sili atu faigata ona tausi. , ma le le mafai ona faʻauma galuega. Faʻatasi ai ma le 14- i le 17-tausaga le matutua, o tagata maualuluga e faʻaaogaina le lau (7+ h / aso vs. maualalo tagata faʻaaoga le 1 h / aso) na sili atu ma le faʻalua ona foliga mai na maua i le faʻanoanoaga (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.54, 3.70), faʻamaonia lava ma le popole (RR 2.26, CI 1.59, 3.22), togafitia e se polofesa mo le mafaufau (RR 2.22, CI 1.62, 3.03) pe na inu ni vailaʻau mo se mafaufau poʻo mataupu tau amio (RR 2.99, CI 1.94, 4.62) i le 12 masina talu ai. Faʻatulagaina le faʻaaogaina o pupuni (4 h / day) na fesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma le soifua manuia maualalo o le mafaufau. E leʻo eseʻese le soifua manuia o tagata e leʻo faʻaaogaina ma maualalo tagata faʻaoga. Faʻatasiga i le va o le vaitau taimi ma le maualalo o le mafaufau manuia na sili atu i talavou nai lo tamaiti laiti
1. faʻatomuaga
O se tuputupu ae faʻatupulaia o tamaiti ma talavou 'taimi paganoa taimi paganoa e faʻaaluina i lau e aofia ai telefoni poto, tapeleti, taʻaloga faʻamafanafana, ma televise (Faʻasalalauga Masani Lagolago, 2015; Twenge et al., 2019), faʻalauteleina popolega e uiga i le aʻafiaga o le vaʻai taimi i le soifua manuia i totonu o matua, soifua maloloina polofesa, ma faiaʻoga (eg, Kardaras, 2017). O nei atugaluga ua unaʻia ai faʻalapotopotoga faʻafomaʻi pei o le American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) e fautua atu ai i matua faʻatapulaʻa tamaiti vaitau i aso uma, ma faʻapitoa taimi faʻatapulaʻaina mo tamaiti aʻoga aʻoga ma se fautuaga lautele o le faʻatapulaʻaina o taimi i luga o vaʻavaʻa mo tamaiti matutua ma talavou (Radesky ma Christakis, 2016). I se faʻaopopoga, na filifili talu ai nei e le faʻalapotopotoga o le soifua maloloina a le lalolagi e faaaofia ai ma le faaletonu o le taalo i le 11th toe iloiloga o le International Classification of Diseases (WHO, 2018).
O faʻafesoʻotaʻiga i le va o vaitau taimi ma le le lelei o le soifua maloloina e pei o le lapoʻa ma le leai o se faʻamalositino ua maeʻa lelei ona faʻatautaia (eg, Chiasson et al., 2016; de Jong et al., 2013; Dumuid et al., 2017; Poitras et al., 2017). Peitaʻi, o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe asosi i le va o vaitau vaitau ma sili atu mafaufauga vaega o le manuia i totonu o tamaiti ma talavou ua le ogatasi. Nisi o suʻesuʻega maua taua faʻatasiga i le va o vaitau taimi ma maualalo manuia (Babic et al., 2017; Page et al., 2010; Romer et al., 2013; Rosen et al., 2014; Twenge et al., 2018a, Twenge et al., 2018b; Yang et al., 2013), ae o isi e maua ni faʻaleaogaina ni faʻamanuiaga poʻo ni penefiti foʻi ma le tele o le taimi sikurini (Granic et al., 2014; Odgers, 2018; Przybylski ma Weinstein, 2018; Valkenburg ma Peter, 2009). O le mea lea, fai mai nisi e manaʻomia nisi suʻesuʻega ae leʻi faʻapea o le tapulaa o taimi faʻatapulaʻa e talafeagai, finau e taua taimi faʻatulagaina fomaʻi taimi le tatau ona faʻaaluina e talanoaina taimi vaʻaia e aunoa ma le lava faʻamaoniga mo taua fesoʻotaiga ma le soifua manuiaPrzybylski ma Weinstein, 2017, Przybylski ma Weinstein, 2018). O nisi tagata suʻesuʻe na latou faia ni faʻamatalaga lava e uiga i le WHO faʻailogaina faʻaletonu faʻafitauli o se mataupu tau le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau, faʻamautuina o faʻatasiga i le va o taʻaloga ma le soifua maloloina lelei e le tele pe tutusa lava e faʻamaonia ai sea faʻavasega (Davis, 2018; van Rooij et al., 2018).
O aʻoaʻoga ma suʻesuʻega i le manuia o le mafaufau e lagolagoina le manatu o se lautele lautele e aofia ai le mautu o lagona, fegalegaleaiga lelei i le va o le tagata lava ia, amio pulea, ma faailoga o le olaola (Diener et al., 1999; Ryff, 1995) faʻapea foʻi ma faʻamaoniga o faʻafitauli tau lagona e pei o le popole poʻo le faʻanoanoa (Manderscheid et al., 2010). Maualalo lagona mautu, faʻaletonu sootaga, ma maualalo amio pulea na aafia uma i sili atu maʻi ma le olaga faitino (Graham et al., 2017; Shipley et al., 2007; Shor et al., 2013; Turiano et al., 2015), ma faʻafitauli tau le mafaufau e pei o le faʻaletonu o le mafaufau ose mea taua tele lea mo le faʻamaʻi ma le olaga faitino, e aofia ai ala i le le pule i le ola, e pule i le ola, ma pule i le ola.Hawton et al., 2013; Murray et al., 2012).
I tulaga o le puipuia, faʻavaeina mafuaʻaga mafuaʻaga ma taunuʻuga o le maualalo o le mafaufau lelei e sili ona taua mo tamaiti ma talavou faitau aofaʻi. Afa o faʻafitauli tau le mafaufau e tupu aʻe i le talavou (Erskine et al., 2015). O le mea lea, o loʻo iai se manaʻoga tele e faʻamautinoa mea e fesoʻotaʻi i faʻafitauli tau le mafaufau e faigofie ona faʻatosina mai ile faitau aofai o tagata nei, ona ole tele o talaʻaga (pei ole tupuʻaga, faʻalavelave, mativa) e faigata pe le mafai ona faʻaosofia. Faʻatusatusa i nei antecedents sili atu le mafaamatalaina o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau, pe faʻapefea ona faʻaalu e tamaiti ma talavou a latou taimi paganoa e sili atu ona fiafia e suia.
I lo matou iloa, e toʻaitiiti pe a fai o ni suʻesuʻega talu ai na suʻesuʻeina le lautele o mea lelei o le mafaufau i mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma le taimi vaʻai. E le gata i lea, e ui lava o isi suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina fegalegaleaiga i le va o le vaitau taimi ma faailoga o le popole ma le faʻanoanoa, leai se suʻesuʻega talu ai ua tatou iloa na suʻesuʻeina faʻatasi i le va o taimi vaitau ma le moni faʻamaonia o le popole poʻo le faʻanoanoa poʻo lipoti o faʻataʻitaʻiga togafitiga mo faʻafitauli o le mafaufau. E le gata i lea, e taua tele mo fua o taimi vaʻai ia aofia ai e le naʻo le televise ae talu ai nei faʻalauiloa faʻasalalau numera e aofia ai taʻaloga eletise, telefoni poto, tapeleti, ma komipiuta. I se faʻaopopoga, o suʻesuʻega faʻaaogaina o mea lava e tasi e iloilo ai le tele o vaitausaga o tamaiti ma talavou e seasea maua, e le faʻaletonu ona o le matutua e ono avea ma taua tele faʻatulagaina i le va o vaitau taimi ma le mafaufau manuia.
O le taimi nei suʻesuʻega faʻamoemoe e suʻesuʻe fegalegaleaiga i le va o taimi vaitau ma le tele o ituaiga o fuataga o le mafaufau manuia (e aofia ai lagona faʻamautuina, fegalegaleaiga ma tagata vaʻaia, pulea-oe lava, faʻamaoniga o le faʻaletonu o lagona, ma togafitiga o faʻafitauli o le mafaufau) i totonu o le toatele o tagata -maua faʻavae suʻesuʻega o tagata tausi tamaiti ma talavou matutua 2 i le 17 aoina i le 2016 i le US
2. Metotia
2.1. Tagata auai
O i latou na auai o ni tagata e vaʻaia le 44,734 tamaiti ma talavou 2 tausaga le matutua ma sili atu i le US i le National Survey of Children Health (NSCH) faʻatautaia i le 2016 e le US Census Bureau. O le tele o aitema i luga o le mafaufau manuia na fesiligia naʻo tagata tausi ma tamaiti tausaga 2 ma luga atu, matou faʻatapulaʻa a matou auiliiliga i tamaiti tausaga 2 i le 17.
Sa fesoʻotaʻi aiga i meli i soʻo se taimi e faʻailoa ai latou e iai tamaiti poʻo talavou 17 tausaga pe laiti ifo. I totonu o aiga uma, tasi le tamaititi na filifilia fua e avea ma autu o le suʻesuʻega. O le suʻesuʻega na faʻatautaia a le i luga ole initaneti poʻo luga o pepa, faʻatasi ai ma le ova o tamaiti e iai manaʻoga faʻapitoa mo le soifua maloloina. O le tali a le tali e 40.7%. O faʻamatalaga e avanoa lautele i luga ole upega tafailagi NSCH.
Na matou tuʻuʻesea tamaiti ma talavou e le itiiti ifo ma le tasi le 8 ogaoga tulaga e ono aʻafia ai a latou galuega i lea aso ma lea aso. vaivai o laʻua mafaufau, tauaso, gasegase pipi, tutuli, Leʻi faʻafitauli, tolopo atinae, epilepsy, po o le atoatoa le mafaufau (faʻaleagaina mafaufau), aua o nei e fesoʻotaʻi i uma manuia-ma le vaʻai taimi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i le 14- i le 17-tausaga le matutua, 33% o i latou e leai se aoga i aso uma o pupuni na i ai se tasi o nei tulaga, faʻatusatusa i le aofaʻi atoa 10.1% faʻavae tulaga. O le suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega lautele mo faʻapitoa tausiga soifua maloloina manaʻomia e le mafai ona faʻaaogaina ona e aofia ai foi ma i latou e mauaina soʻo se mafaufau soifua maloloina auaunaga tautua, o se fesuiaʻiga o aia. O nei faʻateʻaina na mafua ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga n o 40,337.
I le faʻaiuga mulimuli, o tamaiti ma talavou e 49.8% aliʻi ma 50.2% fafine ma e 71% Paʻepaʻe, 16% Hispanic, 6% Black, ma le 7% isi. Tupe maua a aiga na tufatufa lautele, ma le 9% o tamaiti i lalo ifo o le 100% mativa tulaga ma 44% ma aiga tupemaua i le 400% tulaga pe sili atu. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga na fuafuaina e avea ma sui o le atunuʻu uma o tamaiti US i nei tausaga ae le faʻailoaina ni vaega ona o le maualalo o tali tali.
Sa matou faʻavasegaina tamaiti ma talavou i le fa vasega faʻavae luga o tausaga e matua tutusa ma aʻoaʻoga tulaga: Preschoolers 2 i le 5 tausaga (n = 9361), tamaiti aʻoga tulaga lua 6 i le 10 tausaga le matutua (n = 10,668), tamaiti aʻoga ogatotonu 11 i le 13 tausaga (n = 7555), ma tamaiti aʻoga maualuga 14 i le 17 tausaga le matutua (n = 12,753). O nei vaega e faʻatatau foi i le faʻatulagaina o le suʻesuʻega, ma nisi o fesili e naʻo fesili a tagata e vaʻaia tamaiti aʻoga aʻoga aʻo isi na fesili i tamaiti naʻo le 6 tausaga le matutua ma luga atu.
2.2. Fua
Na fesiligia e le suʻesuʻega ni aitema se lua e uiga i le taimi o vailiiliga. Muamua, “I se averesi o le vaiaso, tusa o le a le tele o le taimi e faʻaalu ai [igoa o le tamaititi] i luma o le TV matamata i polokalame TV, vitio, poʻo taʻaloga i vitio?” Lona lua, “I le averesi o le vaiaso, tusa o le a le tele o le taimi e faʻaalu e [igoa o le tamaititi] i komepiuta, telefoni feʻaveaʻi, taʻaloga vitio e uu i lima, ma isi masini eletise, faia mea e ese mai i meaaʻoga?” Mo mea uma e lua, o tali tali na toe faʻafoʻiina i le leai = 0, itiiti ifo i le itula = 0.5, le itula = 1, 2 h = 2, 3 h = 3, ma le 4 poʻo le sili atu itula = 5. Mo auala, vaʻai Laulau 1.
Laulau 1. Fua faʻatusatusa itula i le aso e faʻaaoga ai le lau e vaega o tausaga, US, 2016.
| 2 e 5 | 6 e 10 | 11 e 13 | 14 e 17 | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TV ma vitio taʻaloga | 1.46 (1.09) | 1.53 (1.10) | 1.80 (1.39) | 1.89 (1.39) | 0.34 |
| Masini faaeletise | 0.82 (0.96) | 1.25 (1.11) | 2.00 (1.40) | 2.70 (1.53) | 1.46 |
| Taimi atoa o lau | 2.28 (1.72) | 2.78 (1.95) | 3.80 (2.36) | 4.59 (2.50) | 1.06 |
Faʻaaliga: 1. SDs i puipui.
Na matou faʻaopoopoina le aofaʻi faʻatatau o itula na faʻaalu i TV / vitio taʻaloga ma luga o masini komepiuta faʻavaomalo e fausia ai se fuataga o le aofaʻi o taimi o ata ma toe faʻatulagaina ia iʻuga ile 8 vaega: Leai (leai se vaʻai taimi), <1 h (0.01 i le 0.99) , 1 h (1.00 i le 1.49), 2 h (1.50 i le 2.49), 3 h (2.50 i le 3.49), 4 h (3.50 i le 4.49), 5 h (4.50 i le 5.49), 6 h (5.50 i le 6.49) ma le 7 h pe sili atu (6.50 ma maualuga atu). Faʻatasi ai ma vaega matutua e lua, e toʻaitiiti na lipotia le leai o se taimi sikuea (n = 46 mo le 11- i le 13-tausaga le matutua ma n = 24 mo le 14- i le 17-tausaga le matutua), o nei sela e tatau ona faʻamatalaina ma le faʻaeteete.
Na matou suʻesuʻeina uma aitema i le suʻesuʻega NSCH e fuaina le soifua manuia o le mafaufau, lautele faʻamatalaina (vaʻai Faʻaopoopoga mea mo aitema upu aofia ai tali filifiliga). O le tele o aitema e leʻi faʻapipiʻiina tele e tuʻufaʻatasia i una ma faʻapea ona suʻesuʻeina o mea e tasi. O tuusaunoaga e tolu aitema fuaina le faigofie o le tamaititi ma le fa aitema fuaina le pulea o ia lava. Na matou faʻailogaina uma mea ina ia maualuga togi na faʻailoa mai e maualuga le soifua manuia.
2.3. Fuafuaina auiliiliga
Suʻesuʻega aofia faʻatonutonuina mo ono fesuiaʻi fesuiaiga: tamaititi ituaiga (dummy fesuiaʻiga mo Black, Hispanic, ma Isi, ma le-Hispanic Paʻepaʻe e pei o le faʻatusatusaga kulupu), teine feusuaiga, tamaiti tausaga, aiga matutua 'maualuga vasega maeʻa (faʻaauau, faʻaaoga le auiliiliga aitema aofia aʻoga kolisi), aiga mativa fuataga (se fua o tupe maua a le aiga), ma aiga faatulagaga (nonofo ma lua moni / vaetama matua vs. leai). Matou te leʻi faʻamamaina suʻesuʻega ma e leʻi suia faʻamatalaga ua misi.
Mo aitema i luga o se faʻaauau, tatou lipoti uiga i laulau ma pasene maualalo i le soifua manuia i fuainumera; vaega faʻavasega (eg, ioe pe leai, pei o faʻamaoniga o le popole poʻo le faʻanoanoa) e lipotia o pasene i latou uma. Lipoti a le laulau aafiaga tele (d, poʻo le eseʻesega i tulaga o faʻasesega masani) faʻapea foi ma p-mea taua mo t- Suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusa lona uiga i tulaga eseʻese o le faʻaaogaina. O loʻo lipotia mai e le tusitusiga le ono lamatiaina o le tino (RR) ma le 95% vaʻaia o le talitonuina o le mafaufau (CI) mo aitema e faʻaaogaina.
Na muamua matou suʻesuʻeina aitema e fesiligia ni tagata vaʻaia o ni tausaga o tamaiti ona tuʻuina atu ai lea ia latou naʻo tamaiti tausi aʻoga. Tuuina atu le va fealoai va i le va o vaitau taimi ma le soifua manuia na maua i suesuega muamua (Przybylski ma Weinstein, 2017; Twenge et al., 2018b), matou iloa le inflection manatu lea o le tulaga i le soifua lelei siitia mai lelei i le leaga e faʻailoa atu a matou auiliiliga (Simonsohn, 2017). O le mea lea, matou te le faʻatusatusaina le faʻaaogaina i ni tulaga maualalo o le faʻaaogaina, maualalo le faʻaaoga e feololo le faʻaaogaina, ma le maualalo faʻaaogaina i le maualuga faʻaaogaina.
3. Iʻuga
3.1. Eseesega tausaga ile vaitau vaitau
Ole aofaʻiga ole taimi ole averesi ole 3.20 ha aso (SD = 2.40) ma na faasolosolo ina maualuga i tamaiti matutua, na unaʻia lava e le tele o taimi e faʻaalu ile masini eletise (tagai Laulau 1 ma Mati. 1). Ole faʻateleina ole faʻateleina ole taimi ole vaʻai na tupu ile va o aʻoga tulaga lua male aoga tutotonu. E ala ile aʻoga maualuga (tausaga 14 i le 17), talavou faʻaalu 4 h ma 35 min i le aso ma pupuni e tusa ai ma tagata tausi tala 'lipoti.
Mati. 1. Itula i le aso faʻaaluina i uma laupepa, masini eletise, ma televise ma taʻaloga vitio i tausaga taʻitasi o le tausaga, US, 2016. O faʻamau sese o ± 1 SE.
3.2. Vaʻai le taimi ma le soifua manuia
O le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le vaitau taimi ma le soifua lelei e leʻo laina laina ma faʻaalia ai le faʻasolosolo i le 1 h / aso o faʻaoga mo le tele o fua (vaʻai. Laulau 2 ma Mati. 2, Mati. 3, Mati. 4, Mati. 5, Mati. 6). Tasi le tuusaunoa (le aitema i luga o le fia iloa), soifua maloloina e leʻi eseesega tele i le va oi latou faʻaaluina leai se taimi luga o pupuni ma i latou faʻaaluina le itula i le aso. Ina ua tuanaʻi le itula i le aso, ae ui i lea, o le faʻateleina o taimi e faʻaalu ai e masani lava ona fesoʻotaʻi ma agaʻi i lalo i lalo le soifua manuia o le mafaufau. I le tulaga o le ono lamatiaina (RR), maualuga tagata faʻaaogaina o pupuni (7+ h / aso) tauaveina faalua le tulaga lamatia o le maualalo soifua maloloina o le maualalo tagata faʻaaoga (1 h / aso), aofia ai le le nofo filemu (eg, i le 14- i 17-tausaga le matutua, RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.72, 2.50), le maeʻa galuega (RR 2.53, CI 2.01, 3.20), le fiailoa (RR 2.72, CI 2.00, 3.71), ma finauga tele ma tagata vaʻai ( RR 2.34, CI 1.85, 2.97; vaʻai Mati. 2, Mati. 3, Mati. 4, Mati. 5, Mati. 6). Maualuga (vs. maualalo) tagata faʻaoga o pupuni na faʻamatalaina foi e sili atu ona faigata ona tausia. Aʻafiaga tele sa tele atu i le va o talavou nai lo tamaiti.
Laulau 2. Lelei o lona uiga i itula i le aso o le aofaʻi o taimi vailiili (ma faʻatonutonu) i le va o kulupu tausaga ma d's faʻatusatusaina sela, US, 2016.
| Leai se (0) | <1 h | 1 itula | 2 itula | 3 itula | 4 itula | 5 itula | 6 itula | 7+ h | d 0 vs. 1 h | d 1 h vs. 4 h | d 1 h vs. 7+ h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faigofie tamaiti (3 aitema) | ||||||||||||
| 2 i le 5 (aoga faataʻitaʻi) | 4.42 (0.53) 320 | 4.33 (0.61) 749 | 4.37 (0.57) 1707 | 4.32 (0.61) 2687 | 4.29 (0.62) 1843 | 4.28 (0.63) 912 | 4.26 (0.66) 280 | 4.14 (0.73) 243 | 4.18 (0.67) 263 | -0.09 | -0.15 * | -0.33 * |
| 6 i le 10 (elem.) | 4.28 (0.65) 215 | 4.33 (0.63) 348 | 4.36 (0.63) 1457 | 4.36 (0.62) 3203 | 4.32 (0.63) 2187 | 4.33 (0.64) 1483 | 4.27 (0.65) 397 | 4.26 (0.63) 431 | 4.18 (0.69) 496 | 0.13 | -0.05 | -0.28 * |
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 4.37 (0.65) 46 | 4.28 (0.72) 104 | 4.38 (0.66) 477 | 4.38 (0.60) 1621 | 4.35 (0.62) 1537 | 4.33 (0.63) 1464 | 4.33 (0.60) 525 | 4.21 (0.70) 566 | 4.15 (0.73) 895 | 0.02 | -0.08 | -0.33 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 4.36 (0.99) 24 | 4.49 (0.58) 80 | 4.54 (0.51) 370 | 4.46 (0.57) 1679 | 4.40 (0.57) 2488 | 4.35 (0.60) 2468 | 4.30 (0.66) 1118 | 4.20 (0.71) 1370 | 4.09 (0.77) 2547 | 0.33 | -0.32 * | -0.61 * |
| Fiafia | ||||||||||||
| 2 i le 5 (aoga faataʻitaʻi) | 2.98 (0.12) 319 | 2.98 (0.14) 752 | 2.98 (0.12) 1716 | 2.98 (0.15) 2705 | 2.98 (0.16) 1853 | 2.96 (0.21) 919 | 2.96 (0.22) 280 | 2.95 (0.25) 245 | 2.96 (0.22) 266 | 0.00 | -0.13 * | -0.15 |
| 6 i le 10 (elem.) | 2.94 (0.22) 215 | 2.94 (0.23) 349 | 2.95 (0.19) 1462 | 2.95 (0.22) 3225 | 2.93 (0.26) 2200 | 2.93 (0.29) 1488 | 2.88 (0.34) 401 | 2.88 (0.35) 434 | 2.88 (0.37) 504 | 0.05 | -0.08 * | -0.30 * |
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 2.88 (0.32) 47 | 2.91 (0.25) 105 | 2.91 (0.28) 480 | 2.88 (0.32) 1631 | 2.89 (0.30) 1537 | 2.86 (0.36) 1474 | 2.86 (0.36) 533 | 2.79 (0.46) 571 | 2.76 (0.47) 901 | 0.11 | -0.15 * | -0.37 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 2.64 (0.58) 24 | 2.90 (0.26) 82 | 2.90 (0.30) 375 | 2.88 (0.31) 1691 | 2.86 (0.34) 2501 | 2.82 (0.39) 2485 | 2.79 (0.43) 1132 | 2.74 (0.48) 1371 | 2.71 (0.49) 2583 | 0.78 * | -0.21 * | -0.41 * |
| Leai se faigata i le faia o uo | ||||||||||||
| 2 i le 5 (aoga faataʻitaʻi) | 2.87 (0.35) 181 | 2.89 (0.31) 400 | 2.90 (0.30) 1112 | 2.91 (0.29) 1980 | 2.90 (0.32) 1405 | 2.86 (0.38) 707 | 2.81 (0.41) 204 | 2.85 (0.38) 191 | 2.84 (0.39) 209 | 0.10 | -0.12 * | -0.19 * |
| 6 i le 10 (elem.) | 2.81 (0.42) 211 | 2.83 (0.40) 346 | 2.85 (0.38) 1454 | 2.85 (0.38) 3189 | 2.83 (0.41) 2176 | 2.82 (0.43) 1470 | 2.78 (0.48) 396 | 2.77 (0.45) 429 | 2.77 (0.47) 492 | 0.10 | -0.07 * | -0.20 * |
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 2.74 (0.53) 47 | 2.80 (0.45) 104 | 2.78 (0.47) 473 | 2.82 (0.43) 1620 | 2.78 (0.48) 1525 | 2.79 (0.44) 1464 | 2.82 (0.43) 522 | 2.70 (0.52) 569 | 2.66 (0.58) 888 | 0.08 | 0.02 | -0.22 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 2.81 (0.49) 23 | 2.76 (0.48) 81 | 2.88 (0.36) 367 | 2.85 (0.40) 1678 | 2.82 (0.42) 2476 | 2.79 (0.46) 2464 | 2.76 (0.49) 1113 | 2.72 (0.51) 1355 | 2.66 (0.58) 2521 | 0.19 | -0.20 * | -0.40 * |
| Faʻafilemu pe a luʻiina | ||||||||||||
| 6 i le 10 (elem.) | 2.46 (0.60) 211 | 2.42 (0.58) 344 | 2.48 (0.54) 1450 | 2.45 (0.56) 3190 | 2.39 (0.57) 2176 | 2.37 (0.60) 1465 | 2.32 (0.60) 394 | 2.35 (0.59) 428 | 2.32 (0.62) 491 | 0.04 | -0.19 * | -0.29 * |
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 2.62 (0.54) 47 | 2.54 (0.54) 104 | 2.56 (0.56) 475 | 2.57 (0.53) 1619 | 2.53 (0.56) 1521 | 2.51 (0.56) 1459 | 2.51 (0.56) 524 | 2.43 (0.60) 567 | 2.35 (0.62) 887 | -0.11 | 0.09 | -0.35 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 2.70 (0.58) 23 | 2.68 (0.56) 81 | 2.75 (0.45) 367 | 2.70 (0.49) 1677 | 2.66 (0.50) 2472 | 2.60 (0.54) 2462 | 2.55 (0.57) 1110 | 2.48 (0.60) 1352 | 2.45 (0.62) 2523 | 0.11 | -0.29 * | -0.50 * |
| Galue e faauma galuega amata | ||||||||||||
| 6 i le 10 (elem.) | 2.71 (0.48) 211 | 2.66 (0.49) 345 | 2.72 (0.46) 1450 | 2.70 (0.48) 3182 | 2.65 (0.50) 2175 | 2.64 (0.52) 1465 | 2.58 (0.55) 392 | 2.61 (0.55) 430 | 2.57 (0.56) 491 | 0.02 | -0.16 * | -0.31 * |
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 2.75 (0.50) 47 | 2.79 (0.39) 104 | 2.72 (0.46) 474 | 2.72 (0.46) 1625 | 2.70 (0.47) 1522 | 2.67 (0.50) 1461 | 2.67 (0.50) 525 | 2.55 (0.57) 566 | 2.51 (0.59) 887 | 0.06 | -0.10 * | -0.39 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 2.67 (0.49) 24 | 2.78 (0.45) 81 | 2.83 (0.37) 366 | 2.81 (0.39) 1675 | 2.76 (0.43) 2468 | 2.71 (0.47) 2455 | 2.66 (0.52) 1114 | 2.60 (0.57) 1352 | 2.54 (0.58) 2523 | 0.38 | -0.26 * | -0.52 * |
| E le finau tele | ||||||||||||
| 6 i le 10 (elem.) | 2.66 (0.51) 209 | 2.64 (0.57) 346 | 2.67 (0.55) 1452 | 2.64 (0.58) 3193 | 2.60 (0.60) 2178 | 2.58 (0.61) 1467 | 2.56 (0.63) 393 | 2.58 (0.59) 430 | 2.48 (0.67) 490 | 0.04 | 0.16 * | -0.33 * |
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 2.69 (0.56) 47 | 2.54 (0.55) 104 | 2.68 (0.55) 476 | 2.69 (0.54) 1621 | 2.63 (0.58) 1524 | 2.62 (0.59) 1465 | 2.61 (0.59) 526 | 2.54 (0.65) 569 | 2.47 (0.68) 887 | -0.02 | -0.10 * | -0.33 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 2.60 (0.66) 23 | 2.71 (0.55) 80 | 2.81 (0.46) 366 | 2.79 (0.46) 1681 | 2.73 (0.50) 2477 | 2.71 (0.53) 2461 | 2.68 (0.57) 1114 | 2.61 (0.60) 1354 | 2.52 (0.67) 2530 | 0.45 | -0.19 * | -0.45 * |
| Na maua lava ma le popole | ||||||||||||
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 9.6% (0.29) 47 | 6.8% (0.25) 105 | 9.9% (0.30) 481 | 7.6% (0.26) 1634 | 10.0% (0.30) 1540 | 8.5% (0.28) 1477 | 9.3% (0.29) 532 | 11.2% (0.32) 573 | 12.2% (0.33) 904 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 11.5% (0.32) 24 | 12.0% (0.33) 80 | 7.9% (0.26) 374 | 8.4% (0.28) 1698 | 9.7% (0.30) 2504 | 12.2% (0.33) 2489 | 13.4% (0.34) 1131 | 17.7% (0.38) 1374 | 18.1% (0.39) 2578 | -0.13 | 0.13 * | 0.27 * |
| Ua maua lava i le maʻi faʻanoanoa | ||||||||||||
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 4.6% (0.21) 47 | 1.6% (0.12) 105 | 3.7% (0.19) 481 | 1.9% (0.14) 1629 | 4.1% (0.19) 1543 | 3.8% (0.19) 1479 | 4.3% (0.21) 534 | 5.4% (0.23) 573 | 7.2% (0.26) 906 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.15 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 10.2% (0.30) 24 | 8.3% (0.28) 82 | 5.3% (0.23) 376 | 5.1% (0.23) 1700 | 6.3% (0.24) 2508 | 8.6% (0.28) 2493 | 8.8% (0.29) 1131 | 11.6% (0.32) 1379 | 12.7% (0.33) 2582 | -0.20 | 0.12 * | 0.23 * |
| Fa' togafitia pe manaʻomia e togafitia e le fomaʻi faʻapitoa mafaufau, past 12 masina | ||||||||||||
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 7.6% (0.25) 47 | 10.4% (0.30) 104 | 13.5% (0.34) 480 | 10.5% (0.30) 1633 | 12.6% (0.33) 1539 | 12.2% (0.33) 1474 | 9.8% (0.30) 532 | 14.8% (0.36) 573 | 18.1% (0.39) 904 | 0.18 | -0.04 | 0.12 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 25.8% (0.42) 24 | 15.9% (0.37) 82 | 9.8% (0.29) 374 | 11.5% (0.32) 1693 | 12.8% (0.34) 2496 | 14.1% (0.35) 2487 | 17.0% (0.38) 1128 | 20.7% (0.41) 1373 | 21.9% (0.41) 2578 | -0.53 | 0.13 * | 0.30 * |
| Sa inu vailaʻau mo le mafaufau mataupu, ua tuanaʻi 12 masina | ||||||||||||
| 11 i le 13 (ogatotonu) | 9.0% (0.29) 46 | 6.2% (0.24) 105 | 8.6% (0.28) 479 | 6.9% (0.25) 1623 | 8.5% (0.28) 1529 | 9.4% (0.29) 1473 | 9.1% (0.29) 529 | 12.4% (0.33) 571 | 13.3% (0.34) 894 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.15 * |
| 14 i le 17 (hs) | 11.7% (0.32) 23 | 11.7% (0.32) 82 | 5.5% (0.22) 372 | 8.2% (0.28) 1686 | 8.6% (0.28) 2492 | 9.9% (0.30) 2481 | 12.1% (0.33) 1116 | 14.9% (0.36) 1366 | 16.1% (0.37) 2562 | -0.27 | 0.15 * | 0.30 * |
Faʻamatalaga: 1. I totonu o tulaga o taimi e faʻaalu ai numera, numera i potu taʻitasi o le: soifua manuia o lona uiga, SDs i puipui, ma n's. 2. d = fua tele e faʻatatau i le eseʻesega i vavaeesega masani. 3. * = t-Test faʻatusatusaina sela taua ile p <.05. 4. Mo faʻamaoniga, togafitiga, ma vailaʻau, o fua faʻavae na lava le maualuga mo faʻatuatuaina faʻatusatusaga na o le lua matutua tausaga kulupu.
Mati. 2. Ole togi togi i luga ole lisi faigofie ole tamaititi (1–5), ile tausaga ma le maualuga ole taimi ole suʻega, ma faʻatonutonu, US, 2016. Faʻailoga sese o ± 1 SE.
Mati. 3. Pasene e le fiailoa pe fiafia ile aʻoaʻoina o mea fou, ile tausaga ma le maualuga ole taimi ole vaʻavaʻa, ma pulega, US, 2016. Paʻaga sese o ± 1 SE.
Mati. 4. Pasene e le faʻalologo pe a luʻiina, ile tausaga ma le maualuga ole taimi o vailiili, ma faʻatonutonu, US, 2016. Faʻailoga sese o ± 1 SE.
Mati. 5. Pasene e le faʻauʻuina galuega amata, ile tausaga ma le maualuga o taimi o vailiili, ma faʻatonutonu, US, 2016. Faʻailoga sese o ± 1 SE.
Mati. 6. Pasene o loʻo finau tele ma a latou tagata tausi, ile tausaga ma le maualuga o taimi o vailiili, ma faʻatonutonu, US, 2016. O faʻamau sese o ± 1 SE.
I le tele o tulaga, feololo tagata faʻaoga o pupuni (4 h / aso) sa faʻapea foi ona matua maualalo i le soifua manuia nai lo tagata maualalo (1 h / aso), e ui lava e maualalo le tele o aofai (vaʻai Laulau 2). Faʻatasi ai ma le 14- i le 17-tausaga le matutua, feololo tagata faʻaaoga (vs. maualalo tagata faʻaaoga) sa 78% sili atu ono le fiailoa (RR 1.78, CI 1.30, 2.43), 60% sili atu ono le toʻafilemu pe a luʻiina (RR 1.60 , CI 1.32, 1.93), 66% sili atu ono le maeʻa galuega na latou amataina (RR 1.66, CI 1.31, 2.11), ma le 57% ono finau tele ma a latou tagata tausi (RR 1.57, CI 1.24, 2.00; vaʻai Mati. 2, Mati. 3, Mati. 4, Mati. 5, Mati. 6). E pei foi o faʻatusatusaga i le va o le maualalo ma le maualuga faʻaaogaina, o eseesega i le soifua lelei i le va o le maualalo ma le feololo o tagata faʻaaoga e laʻititi ifo i tamaiti laiti nai lo talavou matutua.
3.3. Vaʻai taimi ma faʻamaoniga ole popolevale ma le faʻanoanoa
Maualuga tagata faʻaoga o pupuni na sili atu foi ono foliga mai na maua i le popole poʻo le faʻanoanoa. Sefulufa i le 17-tausaga le matutua faʻaalu 7+ h / aso ma pupuni (vs. 1 h / aso) na sili atu ma le faalua nai lo ono ono maua i se faʻanoanoaga (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.54, 3.70) poʻo le popole ( RR 2.26, CI 1.59, 3.22; vaʻai Mati. 7). Maualuga tagata faʻaaogaina lau o foliga na foliga mai na vaʻaia pe manaʻomia na vaʻaia e se fomaʻi faʻapitoa polofesa (RR 2.22, CI 1.62, 3.03), ma tele foliga mai na ave vailaʻau mo se mafaufau mataupu (RR 2.99, CI 1.94, 4.62; tagai Mati. 8) i le 12 masina talu ai. Faʻaoga feololo na fesoʻotaʻi foʻi ma le tele o aʻafiaga o le faʻanoanoaga (RR 1.61, CI 1.03, 2.52) ma faʻafitauli o le popolevale (RR 1.52, CI 1.06, 2.18) i le va o le 14 i le 17 tausaga le matutua, e ui e leʻo iai i le 11 i le 13 taʻi tausaga.
Mati. 7. Pasene pasene na faʻamaonia i le popole poʻo le faʻanoanoa, i le matua ma le maualuga o le taimi o vaʻai, ma faʻatonutonu, US, 2016. O faʻamau sese o ± 1 SE.
Mati. 8. Pasene o loʻo mauaina togafitiga faʻafomaʻi ole mafaufau ma pasene o loʻo inu vailaʻau mo faʻafitauli tau ile mafaufau ile 12 masina ua tuanaʻi, ile tausaga ma le maualuga ole taimi e vaʻai ai, ma faʻatonutonu, US, 2016. O pa faʻasese e ± 1 SE.
3.4. Ole taimi ole suʻega ma mea e faʻamanuiaina ai e naʻo tagata e manaʻomia tamaiti aʻoaʻo
Na matou toe suʻesuʻeina o aitema na fesiligia naʻo tagata e vaʻaia tamaiti aʻoga aʻoga. Maualuga tagata faʻaaogaina lau o foliga na foliga mai na le maua lo latou ita, faʻaititia e toʻafilemu pe a sagisagi fiafia, ma tau le minoi galuega e aunoa ma le popole po o le ita (vaʻai Laulau 3 ma Mati. 9). O le tele tele lapoʻa aafiaga faʻaalia mo oe lava pulea (d = −0.41), e aofia ai le faʻapalepale, nofo filemu, faʻamaeʻaina o galuega faigofie, ma le le faʻalavelave; uma maualuluga ma feololo tagata faʻaoga o pupuni faʻaalia tino maualalo pulea-ia lava nai lo maualalo tagata faʻaaoga. I tulaga o tulaga lamatia, maualuga (vs. maualalo) tagata faʻaoga o pupuni sa faalua ona foliga mai e masani ona le toe ita (RR 1.99, CI 1.44, 2.77) ma sa 46% ono foliga mai e le mafai ona faʻafilemu pe a fiafia (RR 1.46, CI 1.13, 1.88). Tamaiti aʻoga faataʻitaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina lelei o suʻesuʻega sa maualalo foi le tulaga manuia nai lo i latou e maualalo le tulaga o le faʻaaoga (tagai Laulau 3). I tulaga o tulaga lamatia, tagata feololo (vs. maualalo tagata faʻaaoga) sa 30% sili atu ono le toe solomuli (RR 1.30, CI 1.15, 1.47) ma le 33% sili atu ono leiloa o latou ita (RR 1.33, CI 1.02, 1.72) .
Laulau 3. Lelei-o lona uiga i luga o aitema fesiligia na o tagata tausi tamaiti aʻoga aʻoga i le va o le 2- i le 5-tausaga le matutua i itula i le aso o le aofaʻi atoa o taimi screen (ma faʻatonutonu) ma d's faʻatusatusaina sela, US, 2016.
| Leai se (0) | <1 h | 1 itula | 2 itula | 3 itula | 4 itula | 5 itula | 6 itula | 7+ h | d 0 vs. 1 h | d 1 h vs. 4 h | d 1 h vs. 7+ h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alofa | 2.98 (0.14) 321 | 2.95 (0.21) 754 | 2.96 (0.19) 1714 | 2.96 (0.20) 2704 | 2.96 (0.20) 1857 | 2.94 (0.26) 917 | 2.93 (0.27) 281 | 2.95 (0.23) 243 | 2.93 (0.34) 266 | -0.11 * | -0.10 * | -0.14 |
| Ataata ma ata | 2.98 (0.11) 322 | 2.98 (0.14) 755 | 2.98 (0.12) 1715 | 2.98 (0.15) 2705 | 2.99 (0.12) 1858 | 2.98 (0.18) 919 | 2.96 (0.24) 280 | 2.97 (0.19) 246 | 2.98 (0.18) 266 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Paʻu i tua | 2.74 (0.44) 321 | 2.70 (0.49) 751 | 2.73 (0.46) 1708 | 2.72 (0.48) 2701 | 2.72 (0.49) 1857 | 2.64 (0.56) 915 | 2.63 (0.57) 281 | 2.68 (0.52) 246 | 2.68 (0.55) 265 | -0.01 | -0.18 * | -0.11 |
| E le itaita | 3.05 (0.53) 181 | 3.05 (0.48) 400 | 3.05 (0.53) 1113 | 3.03 (0.51) 1987 | 2.99 (0.53) 1406 | 2.96 (0.57) 709 | 2.89 (0.59) 205 | 2.82 (0.68) 190 | 2.89 (0.68) 210 | 0.00 | -0.16 * | -0.29 * |
| Mafai ona toʻafilemu pe a e fiafia | 3.09 (0.60) 180 | 3.00 (0.57) 397 | 3.00 (0.61) 1112 | 3.02 (0.61) 1984 | 2.99 (0.62) 1403 | 2.98 (0.62) 710 | 2.85 (0.65) 205 | 2.81 (0.68) 191 | 2.86 (0.68) 210 | -0.15 | -0.03 | -0.23 * |
| Fesuiai galuega e aunoa ma le popole po o le ita | 3.49 (0.56) 182 | 3.44 (0.54) 400 | 3.49 (0.55) 1114 | 3.48 (0.56) 1986 | 3.41 (0.58) 1404 | 3.40 (0.60) 711 | 3.38 (0.57) 205 | 3.32 (0.57) 190 | 3.39 (0.63) 211 | 0.00 | -0.16 * | -0.20 * |
| Gaoioiga amio pulea (4 aitema) | 3.16 (0.37) 177 | 3.10 (0.42) 394 | 3.08 (0.40) 1107 | 3.06 (0.40) 1980 | 3.00 (0.42) 1396 | 2.98 (0.40) 704 | 2.96 (0.47) 201 | 2.86 (0.49) 189 | 2.91 (0.46) 207 | -0.21 * | -0.25 * | -0.41 * |
| Taʻalo lelei ma isi | 3.35 (0.54) 180 | 3.39 (0.53) 399 | 3.41 (0.54) 1114 | 3.39 (0.55) 1985 | 3.35 (0.55) 1407 | 3.35 (0.57) 711 | 3.27 (0.66) 203 | 3.34 (0.61) 190 | 3.40 (0.61) 210 | 0.11 | -0.11 * | -0.01 |
| Agaga Malamalama | 3.24 (0.70) 182 | 3.32 (0.66) 399 | 3.32 (0.66) 1115 | 3.30 (0.67) 1989 | 3.27 (0.70) 1409 | 3.25 (0.70) 711 | 3.23 (0.74) 205 | 3.27 (0.68) 191 | 3.31 (0.71) 211 | 0.12 | -0.10 * | -0.01 |
Faʻamatalaga: 1. I totonu o tulaga o taimi e faʻaalu ai numera, numera i potu taʻitasi o le: soifua manuia o lona uiga, SDs i puipui, ma n's. 2. d = fua tele e faʻatatau i le eseʻesega i vavaeesega masani. 3. * = t-Test faʻatusatusaina sela taua ile p <.05.
Mati. 9. Pasene e le toe solomuli, e masani ona le toe ita, pe le mafai foʻi ona toʻafilemu pe a faʻafiafiaina pe faʻaletonu, i le aofaʻi o taimi e vaʻai ai, 2- i le 5-tausaga le matutua, ma faʻatonutonu, US, 2016. O pa faʻatonu e ± 1 SE .
Sa i ai ni nai faʻafesoʻotaʻiga taua i le va o vaitau vaʻai ma aga fesoʻotaʻi lautele e pei o le faʻaalia o le alofa i tagata e vaʻaia tagata, ataata ma ata, taʻalo lelei ma isi, poʻo le faʻaalia o le tigaalofa mo isi (vaʻai Laulau 3). Ae ui i lea, o nisi o nei aitema (faʻapitoa faʻaalia le alofa ma 'ataʻata ma talie) na tigaina ona o le matua leai o se eseesega ma 95% o tagata tausi mai ua latou ioeina e moni lea i le tamaititi, faʻatapulaʻaina a latou aoga.
4. Talanoaga
Tamaiti ma talavou na faʻaaluina le tele o taimi e faʻaaoga ai le aufaasālalau na maualalo i le mafaufau manuia nai lo tagata maualalo. Maualuga tagata faʻaaogaina lau o ata na foliga mai e faʻaalia le le lelei o tulafono faʻatonutonu (le nofo filemu, finau tele, faigata ona fealofani), le mafai ona faʻauma galuega, tuʻu ifo i lalo le fiailoa, ma sili atu faigata faigata faia uo. Na faʻamatalaina foʻi e le au tausi maʻi tagata maualuluga tagata faigaluega e sili atu ona faigata ona tausi ma ia maualalo le amio pulea. Faʻatasi ai ma talavou, maualuga (vs. maualalo) tagata faʻaoga na faaluaina foi ona mauaina faʻamaoniga o le faʻanoanoa poʻo le popole pe manaʻomia togafitiga mo le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau poʻo amioga. O tagata feololo na latou faʻaaogatotonuina foliga maualalo nai lo le maualalo o le au faʻaoga o pupuni e maualalo le soifua manuia ma, i le va o le 14 i le 17 tausaga le matutua, na maua ai i le faʻanoanoaga poʻo le popolevale pe manaʻomia togafitiga o le mafaufau. E leʻo tele le eseʻesega ole le faʻaaogaina e tagata e leʻo faʻaaogaina le maualalo o tagata.
O faʻatonuga a le AAP faʻatulagaina taimi faapitoa tapulaʻa taimi mo naʻo tamaiti 5 tausaga le matutua. Tasi le seti o tagata suʻesuʻe na fesiligia nei tapulaʻa faʻavae i luga o le leai se aoga i le va o le vaitau taimi ma le fa o le soifua maloloina aitema aofia ai i le 2011 NSCH (Przybylski ma Weinstein, 2018). Peitai, o le sili atu auiliiliga seti o le soifua lelei mea i le 2016 NSCH maua taua fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o vaitau taimi ma le soifua manuia i luga o 18 o 19 faʻailo, maua ai tele lagolago mo vaʻavaʻai taimi faʻatapulaʻa. E maitauina, na matou mauaina o le faʻatasiga i le va o le vaitau taimi ma le laʻititi o le soifua laulelei na tele atu mo talavou nai lo tamaiti laiti, o gatasi ma le le itiiti ifo ma le tasi muamua suʻesuʻega (Rosen et al., 2014). O loʻo fautua mai ai o le AAP ma isi faʻalapotopotoga e taulaʻi i le soifua maloloina lautele e ono mafaufau e faʻalauteleina ni fautuaga mo faʻatapulaʻa tapulaʻa i le vaitau taimi i tamaiti matutua ma talavou.
E taua le taumatemate pe aisea na sili atu ai i le va o le vaitau vaitau ma le manuia o le mafaufau le toatele i le autalavou. Tasi le avanoa o talavou, pe a faʻatusatusa i tamaiti laiti, e foliga mai e tele a latou upega tafaʻilagi tala ma faʻaalu ai le tele o taimi i luga ole laiga. E taua tele le va fealoaʻi ma tupulaga (Fuligni ma Failauga, 1993), ma afai e suia e ala o fesoʻotaʻiga le fesoʻotaʻiga feagai, o lena mea ono afaina ai le soifua maloloina ma le mafaufau. O le taimi e faʻaalu i luga o upega tafailagi, taʻaloga, ma luga ole laiga e sili atu ona faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma maualalo le soifua manuia nai lo le matamata i le TV / vitio, ma le TV / vitio e sili ona masani ai faʻaaliga ata mo tamaiti laiti (Rosen et al., 2014). Ae paga lea, o faʻafesoʻotaʻiga ma le soifua manuia mo le TV vs. isi gaioiga o gaioiga e le mafai ona fuafuaina i lenei seti e pei o taimi faʻaalu i luga o TV ma eletise taʻaloga na aofia ai i le tutusa aitema.
Tamaiti talavou e ono sili atu foi nai lo tamaiti laiti e iai a latou lava telefoni poto (Rosen et al., 2014), e faʻatagaina ai le faʻaaogaina o tekonolosi i isi tulaga. Lenei ono faʻateleina ai le ono maua i Initaneti, tele mea taʻalo, poʻo faʻafitauli o ala o faasalalauga faaleagafesootai, lea na fesoʻotaʻi ma maualalo le soifua manuia (Satici ma Uysal, 2015). E mafai foi ona faʻateleina le aʻafiaga o le moe, ona o telefoni poto e mafai ona aumaia i totonu o le potumoe poʻo le moega foʻi, ma leaga ai aʻafiaga o le moe umi ma / poʻo le lelei o le moe (Twenge et al., 2017). E mafai foi ona faʻaaogaina telefoni poto i taimi o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafesoʻotaʻi, lea e ono afaina ai na fegalegaleaiga ma faʻaleagaina a latou masani lelei i le soifua manuia (Dwyer et al., 2018).
Ona o le cross-sectional design o le suʻesuʻega, ua le mafai ai ona iloa pe o le taimi o le pupuni e taitai atu ai i le maualalo o le soifua manuia, o le soifua lelei laʻititi e tau atu ai i le screen taimi, poʻo ia mea e lua Ae peitaʻi, o ni suʻesuʻega faʻa umi na maua ai le faʻateleina o taimi faʻafiafiaga muamua a e maualalo le soifua manuia o le mafaufau i tamaiti ma talavou (Allen ma Vella, 2015; Babic et al., 2017; Hinkley et al., 2014; Kim, 2017) faʻapea foʻi ma tagata matutua (Kross et al., 2013; Schmiedeberg ma Schröder, 2017; Shakya ma Christakis, 2017). I se faʻaopopoga, faʻataʻitaʻiga ua faʻaalia ai o le i ai o telefoni poto e mafai ona faʻaititia ai le fiafia i taimi o fegalegaleaiga lautele (eg, Dwyer et al., 2018; Kushlev et al., 2017) ma o le faʻamamaina mai ala o faasalalauga lautele faʻaaoga mo le tasi le vaiaso e mafai ona faʻateleina le soifua manuia (Tromholt, 2016). I isi suʻesuʻega, o le faiā e aliali mai e fefaʻasoaaʻi, ma le vaʻai taimi ma le soifua lelei e mafua ai le isi (Gunnell et al., 2016). O nei suʻesuʻega faʻailoa mai a itiiti mai o nisi o mafuaʻaga e alu ese mai le taimi o le taimi i le faʻaititia o le soifua manuia. Tusa lava poʻo le a le itu o le mafuaʻaga, peitaʻi, o nei faʻalapotopotoga e i ai ni uiga taua o le falemaʻi mo le siakiina ma faʻalavelaveina. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se suʻesuʻega o le taimi vaʻai e mafai ona fesoasoani i kamupani e faʻailoa mai tamaiti ma talavou i sili atu lamatiaga mo faʻafitauli o le mafaufau ma le mafaufauina o le autu o le ono matafaioi o le vaʻai taimi i le mafaufau i totonu o nei tagata.
O nei faʻamatalaga e faʻatapulaʻaina e le tele o mea. Muamua, taimi o lipoti na lipotia mai e tagata vaʻaia ae le o tamaiti poʻo talavou lava latou. O lenei ono mafua ai underestimates o vailiili taimi ma ono i ai le le mailoa fesoʻotaʻiga ma lipoti o le manuia. O le soifua laulelei auala e ono aʻafia e le tagata vaʻaia manatu ma ono le lipotia mataupu e le faʻamatalaina e fanau io latou matua. E foliga mai e laʻititi atu le mataupu mo mea o loʻo i luga faʻamaoniga o le popole ma le faʻanoanoa ma lipoti o le inuina o vailaʻau. I se faʻaopopoga, informant lipoti e masani ona avea o se malosiʻaga i suʻesuʻega mamanu, e pei o nisi tulaga tagata maitau e mafai ona tuʻuina mai sili atu faʻamatalaga saʻo nai lo mafai e ala ia lava-lipoti (Connelly ma Ones, 2010); e moni lena mea mo tamaiti laiti. Lona lua, o le suʻesuʻega na iloiloina naʻo aso o le vaiaso, ma o le taimi e faʻaalu ai e ono maualuga atu i faaiuga o vaiaso. Peitaʻi, o suʻesuʻega na muamua atu, na maua faʻatasi fesoʻotaʻiga ma le soifua manuia mo le aso o le vaiaso ma le faʻaiuga o le vaiaso e faʻaaogaina ai le laupepa (Przybylski ma Weinstein, 2017). O le Taimi o le Vaiaso taimi e foliga mai e fesuisuiaʻi laititi ifo ma o lea e ono maua ai se sili faʻatuatuaina fuafuaina. Lona tolu, o suʻesuʻega aitema na tuʻufaʻatasia TV ma taʻaloga faʻaeletoroni i le fesili e tasi, lea na faʻatagaina ai naʻo se auiliiliga o le taimi atoa o ata ae le o se eseesega i le va o tala faʻasolopito (TV) ma faʻasalalau numera (taʻaloga faaeletonika, Initaneti, ala o faasalalauga lautele, ma isi). Lona fa, e ui lava na taumafai le Ofisa o Tusigaigoa e suʻe se sui faʻataʻitaʻi, o le tali fua faatatau e leʻo 100% ma o ni vaega (e pei o le Black American) o loʻo avea ma sui o lo latou pasene o le aofaʻi o le faitau aofai o tagata o Amerika i le faʻataʻitaʻiga mulimuli.
I se aotelega, o nei taunuʻuga faʻaalia ai se le lelei fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le vaitau taimi ma le mafaufau manuia i le va o tamaiti ma talavou. Faʻafetaui eseese fuataga o le soifua laulelei fuataga, aofia ai fua o le faʻatonutonu, faʻafesoʻotaʻiga ma tagata vaʻaia, lagona mautu, faʻamaoniga o le popole ma faʻanoanoaga, ma le mafaufau maloloina togafitiga, mafaufau manuia sa faʻasolosolo maualalo mai le 1 ha aso o le vaʻai taimi i le 7 poʻo le sili atu itula i le aso o taimi vaʻavaʻaia, aemaise lava i talavou. Ole faʻafesoʻotaʻiga taua ile va ole vaitau ma le soifua manuia atonu e iai ni mea taua ole aʻoga mo le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau ma le tino o tamaiti ma talavou ma mo le atinaʻeina o taiala mo tapulaʻa faʻapitoa taimi mo tamaiti matutua ma talavou.
faatupeina
O lenei suʻesuʻega e leai se faʻatupeina.
Feteenaʻiga o tului
Fai mai tusitala e leai ni feteʻenaʻiga.
Faaopoopoga A. Faamatalaga faaopoopo
Faʻaopoopoga mea
mau faasino
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Faʻasalalauga Masani Lagolago, 2015
Schmiedeberg ma Schröder, 2017
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