Faia o Filifiliga mo Gaioiga Mataʻutia ma le Leiloloa i le va o College Students with Internet Gaming Disorder (2015)

PLoS se tasi. 2015 Jan 23; 10 (1): e0116471. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.

  • Yuan-Wei Yao,

    Mafutaga: Aʻoga o Mafaufauga, Beijing Normal Iunivesite, Beijing, Saina⨯

  • Pin-Ru Chen,

    Mafutaga: Aʻoga o Mafaufauga, Beijing Normal Iunivesite, Beijing, Saina⨯

  • Pese Li,

    Mafutaga: Aʻoga o Saienisi Matematika, Beijing Normal Iunivesite, Beijing, Saina⨯

  • Ling-Jiao Wang,

    Mafuaʻaga: State Laboratory Key of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG / McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, Saina⨯

  • Jin-Tao Zhang,

    * I-meli: [imeli puipuia] (JTZ); [imeli puipuia] (XYF)

    Mafutaga: Setete Key Laboratory o Cognitive Neuroscience ma Aʻoaʻoga ma IDG / McGovern Institute mo Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China⨯

  • Sarah W.Yip,

    Mafuaʻaga: Matagaluega o Fomaʻi, Yale Iunivesite Aʻoga Faʻafomaʻi, New Haven, CT, Iunaite Setete o Amerika⨯

  • Kegi Chen,

    Mafutaga: Saienitisi ma Fuainumera Faʻamaumauga Taua, National Inisetiute o le Mafaufau Soifua Maloloina, National Inisitituti o le Soifua Maloloina, Matagaluega o le Soifua Maloloina ma Tagata Auaunaga, Bethesda, Maryland, Iunaite Setete o Amerika⨯

  • Lin-Yuan Deng,

    Mafutaga: Mafuaʻaga o Aʻoga, Beijing Normal Iunivesite, Beijing, Saina⨯

  • Qin-Xue Liu,

    Mafutaga: Aʻoga o Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Saina, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behaviour (CCNU), Matagaluega o Aʻoga, Wuhan, Saina⨯

  • Xiao-Yi Fang

    * I-meli: [imeli puipuia] (JTZ); [imeli puipuia] (XYF)

    Mafutaga: Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, Saina, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG / McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, Academy of Psychology and behaviour, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, Saina

    ⨯

PLOS
  • Lomia: Ianuari 23, 2015
  • FAIA: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471

lē faʻatino

Tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le initaneti taʻaloga faʻaletonu (IGD) foliga mai e faʻaalia le lelei lamatia filifiliga faia e le gata i lo latou moni olaga ae faʻapea foi i fale suesue galuega. Faʻaiuga filifiliga o se faigata tele multifaceted gaioiga ma eseʻese agavaʻa gaioiga e aofia ai i filifiliga-faia mo gaioiga ma tupe leiloa. Ae ui i lea, o le sootaga i le va o faʻaletonu filifiliga-faia ma mauaina faʻatusatusa leiloa gaioiga i le tulaga o le IGD e le malamalama lelei i ai. O le autu autu o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega o le vaʻavaʻaia iloiloina faʻaiuga mo lamatiaga maua ma leiloa i le kolisi tamaiti aʻoga ma IGD faʻaaogaina le Ipu galuega. E le gata i lea, sa matou suʻesuʻeina foi ma aʻafiaga o le maoaʻe o taunuʻuga ma le tulaga talafeagai i le faiga o filifiliga e fesoʻotaʻi ma tupe maua ma mea leiloa. Ono sefulu kolisi tamaiti aʻoga ma IGD ma 42 fetaui lelei faʻatonutonu maloloina (HCs) auai. Iʻuga faʻailoa mai o mataupu a le IGD na faʻaalia i se tulaga sili atu le ono aʻafia i ni faʻalavelave masani nai lo HCs. I le faʻatusatusa i HCs, IGD mataupu faia sili atu le lelei filifiliga le mautinoa i le leiloa vaega (ae le o le maua le vaega). O suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina na taʻu mai ai o le faaletonu na fesoʻotaʻi ma le le malamalama i suiga o le maualuga o le taunuuga ma le tulaga avanoa mo mea leiloloa i le va o mataupu a le IGD. I se faʻaopopoga, o togi maualuluga Initaneti ogaoga togi na fesoʻotaʻi ma pasene o le le lelei filifiliga ono i le leiloa vaega. O nei sailiga faʻamamafaina le aʻafiaga o le le malamalama i mea leiloa i le le lelei filifiliga i lalo o le lamatiaga i le tulaga o le IGD, lea e i ai aʻafiaga mo lumanaʻi fesoʻotaʻiga suʻesuʻega.

Fuaiupu:Yao YW, Chen PR, Li S, Wang LJ, Zhang JT, et al. (2015) Filifiliga-Faia o Risky Gains ma Leiloa i Kolisi Tamaiti Aʻoga ma Initaneti Taʻaloga Maʻi. PLoS TASI 10 (1): e0116471. fai: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471

Faatonu Faʻatonu: Ingmar HA Franken, Erasmus University Rotterdam, NETHERLANDS

Maua: Iulai 17, 2014; Talia: Tesema 9, 2014; Lomia: Ianuari 23, 2015

O se avanoa avanoa e avanoa ai, e aunoa ma se puletaofia uma, ma e mafai ona kopiina, tufatufa atu, faʻasalalau, faʻaleleia, fausia i luga, poʻo le faʻaaogaina e se tasi mo soʻo se mafuaaga faaletulafono. Ua avanoa le galuega i lalo o le Creative Commons CC0 lautele faʻapaʻiaina tulaga

Faʻamatalaga o Faamatalaga:O faʻamatalaga talafeagai uma o loʻo i totonu o le pepa ma ona faila Faʻamatalaga Faʻamatalaga.

Faatupeina:O lenei suʻesuʻega na lagolagoina e le National Natural Science Foundation o Saina (Nu. 31170990). SWY mauaina totogi lagolago mai le fesoasoani mai NIDA (T81100992 DA2012-01). E leai se sao a le au faʻatupe i le suʻesuʻeina o tusitusiga, aoina ma le auiliiliga o faʻamatalaga, poʻo le sauniuniga o tusitusiga.

Tauvaga malie: Ua faailoa mai e tusitala e leai ni aia tauva.

faʻatomuaga

Initaneti faʻaletonu faʻaletonu (IGD) o loʻo faʻamatalaina o le tele ma le le pulea taʻaloga i luga o le upega tafailagi e ui lava i le poto masani o le leaga faʻaiuga, e aofia ai le le moe, le lelei aʻoaʻoga gaioiga, ma agafesoʻotaʻiga vavae ese [1,2]. IGD ua faʻateleina aloaʻia o se faʻafitauli tau le mafaufau i le lalolagi atoa [3], pei ona faʻamamafaina e lona talu ai e aofia ai i le Vaega III o le DSM-5 o se mataupu tatau tatau tele i lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega [4]. E le gata i lea, talu ai e maua fua le Initaneti i lotoa, o le tele o tamaiti aʻoga kolisi taʻalo Initaneti taʻaloga mo tafaoga, ae, e ui i lea, faia i latou o se tasi o sili ona faigofie le faitau aofai o tagata i le IGD [5,6].

Maladaptive filifiliga-o se tasi o faʻailoga taua o le faʻaopopoina [7-9]. Talu ai sailiiliga fautua mai o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma vailaʻau faʻasuaʻavaʻa pe faʻalagolago ua le lelei faʻatinoina i luga o le tele o filifiliga filifiliga-filifiliga [10-14]. Talu ai nei suʻesuʻega faʻailoa ai le le lava o filifiliga i le IGD. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, na maua e tagata suʻesuʻe o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le IGD na faia ni filifiliga le lelei i luga o le Game of Dice Task e faʻatatau i soifua maloloina e le o taʻalo faʻatusatusaina mataupu [15], ma o ia faʻaletonu atonu o se itu o se taunuuga o le le mafai ona faʻaaoga manatu faaalia [16]. Faʻamaonia foi molimau o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le Initaneti o mea ua fai ma vaisu e faʻaletonu i le faia o faʻaiuga i lalo o le le mautinoa na fuaina e le Iowa Gambling Task [17,18]. Neuroimaging studies using other paradigms (eg, matemate galuega, ono tuʻuina i lalo galuega) faʻapea foi suiga i neural tali i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le IGD i le taimi o filifiliga filifiliga, e aofia ai le vaʻai ma faʻagaioia taui ma faʻasalaga19-21] ma iloiloina tulaga lamatia [22].

O le faia o faʻaiuga o se mea faigata i le mafaufau, ma o le faʻaputuina o faʻamaoniga e taʻu mai ai o eseʻese gaioiga e aofia ai i le faia o filifiliga mo gaioiga ma tupe leiloa [23-26]. O nisi tagata suʻesuʻe ua latou iloaina o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma faʻafitauli o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu faia sili atu le le lelei filifiliga muamua lava i le maua-pe a faʻatusatusa i le leiloa-vaega [27,28], ae o loʻo iai foʻi faʻamaumauga o loʻo fautua mai ai o le le malamalama i mea ua leiloa e taua tele ile faia o faʻaiʻuga i le le lava o filifiliga ile tagata.29,30]. Ae ui i lea, o le lautele na mafua ai le faʻaletonu o filifiliga i mataupu a le IGD e mafua mai i suiga i le mauaina ma le faiaʻina gaosi tumau le malamalama lelei. O loʻo vaʻavaʻaia eseese o uiga o le sailia o faʻamanuiaga ma le leiloa o le toʻaga i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le IGD o le a alualu ai i luma le malamalamaaga i le faiga o faʻaiuga filifiliga i lenei faitau aofaʻi, ma ono fesoasoani i le atinaʻeina o sili atu aoga faʻalavelave mo IGD.

I le taimi nei suʻesuʻega, matou saili e vaʻavaʻaia iloiloga filifiliga-faia mo gaioiga ma tupe leiloa i le kolisi tamaiti aʻoga ma IGD. Mo lenei faʻamoemoe, sa matou taliaina le galuega o le Ipu [26], lea e tuʻuʻesea filifiliga faia mo le mauaina ma le leiloa vaega. I se faʻaopopoga, sa matou saili atili e suʻesuʻeina aʻafiaga o vaega taua e lua, o le maualuga o le taunuʻuga ma le tulaga maualuga, i luga o filifiliga e fesoʻotaʻi ma tupe mama ma tupe leiloa. Faʻavae i luga o muamua suesuega [15,16,21], matou faʻapea e: (1) IGD mataupu, faʻatusatusa i faʻafetaui soifua maloloina faʻatonutonuina (HCs) o le a faia sili sili atu lamatia filifiliga lautele; (2) IGD mataupu, pe a faʻatusatusa i HCs, o le a sili atu le leaga i luga o lamatiaga le lelei faʻataʻitaʻiga uma i le mauaina ma leiloa fanua; (3) O faʻaiuga le lelei i mataupu a le IGD na fesoʻotaʻi ma le le malamalama i le maualuga o le faʻaiuga ma le tulaga maualuga e ono tupu mai ai; ma (4) O togi ogaoga a le IGD sa fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma filifiliga le mautinoa sa faia i le galuega o le Ipu.

Metotia

Talosaga Tetele

O le aiaiga o lenei suʻesuʻega na pasia e le Faʻalapotopotoga Iloiloga Komiti o Aʻoga o Mafaufauga, Beijing Normal Iunivesite. O i latou uma na auai na latou tuʻuina atu se faʻatagaga tusitusia i luma o le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma mauaina tupe tauia mo lo latou auai.

Tagata e Auai

E toʻa 102 tamaiti aʻoga o kolisi (60 mataupu a le IGD ma 42 HCs) na aumai mai iunivesite e ala i luga o le initaneti faʻasalalauga i Beijing, Saina. Tuuina atu le maualuga maualuga o le IGD i alii ma fafine1,31-33], naʻo aliʻi mataupu na filifilia. Leai ni tagata na auai na lipotia muamua le poto masani i vailaʻau faasaina (eg, cocaine) poʻo le taalo tupe (e aofia ai le taʻalo i luga o le initaneti). E le gata i lea, o sui na lipotia mai soʻo se talaaga o faʻamaʻi o le mafaufau poʻo neura, faʻaogaina o vailaʻau psychotropic e afaina ai le ogatotonu o le tino na aveʻesea mai isi suʻesuʻega.

O le faʻamaoniga o le IGD na faʻamautuina e vaiaso taʻaloga Initaneti taimi ma le fua Initaneti o Initaneti (CIAS) [34]. O le CIAS e aofia ai aitema e 26, faʻavae luga o le fua o le Likert e 4, e iloilo ai le 5 itu o le tagofia o mea i luga o Initaneti: faʻaaoga faʻamalosi, toʻesea, faʻapalepaleina, faʻafitauli o le va fealoaloaʻi, ma le puleaina o taimi. Le faʻatuatuaina ma le faʻamaoni o le CIAS i totonu o kolisi tamaiti aʻoga na faʻaalia muamua atu [33]. O le tuʻufaʻatasia aiaiga mo mataupu IGD o: (1) togi 67 pe maualuga atu luga CIAS [33,35], (2) faʻaalu le tele o taimi i taʻaloga Initaneti nai lo nisi lava Initaneti polokalama, ma le (3) faʻaalu a itiiti mai 14 itula i le vaiaso mo le tusa ma le tasi le tausaga. Ina ia faʻamaonia atili o mataupu a le IGD sa fai ma vaisu i taʻaloga i luga o Initaneti ma ia le taliaina aʻafiaga o isi gaioiga i luga o le upega tafaʻilagi (ae maise lava taʻaloga i luga o le initaneti) i le faiga o filifiliga, na fesiligia mataupu o le IGD e lisi muamua ni mea se tele i luga o Initaneti na faʻaaluina le tele o latou taimi i luga o le upega tafailagi. O latou uma na faʻatulagaina muamua le taʻaloga Initaneti i le muamua ma faʻailoa mai ua latou 'fai ma vaisu' i taʻaloga Initaneti, ae leai se tasi o latou aofia ai taʻaloga i luga ole laiga poʻo taʻaloga poker i a latou lisi. O tuʻufaʻatasiga o faʻavae mo HCs o: (1) faʻatulagaina (50 i luga o le CIAS, (2) i nisi taimi taʻaloga Initaneti (≤ 2 itula i le vaiaso) pe le taʻalo i taʻaloga i luga ole laiga io latou olaga.

Gaoioiga o Ipu

O le komepiuta Saina komipiuta o Ipu galuega na suia mai le uluaʻi galuega na atiaʻe e [26]. O le galuega aofia ai 54 tofotofoga vaevaeina i tupe maua ma leiloa le tutusa. I faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi, na fesiligia ai sui e filifili i le va o se filifiliga le mautinoa ma se filifiliga saogalemu, ma o le filifiliga saogalemu o loʻo avea ma sui o le ipu e tasi ma e fesoʻotaʻi ma le 100% ono maua a le o le manumalo pe leiloa le 100 yuan. O le filifiliga le mautinoa o loʻo avea ma sui o le 2, 3 poʻo le 4 ipu ma e fesoʻotaʻi ma le 50%, 33% poʻo le 25% o le manumalo poʻo le leiloa o se aofaʻi tele o tupe (ono taunuʻuga: 200 yuan, 300 yuan, poʻo le 400 yuan). I totonu o vaega taʻitasi, soʻo se tuʻufaʻatasiga o tulaga e ono tupu ma faʻaiuga tulaga e tupu faʻatolu, ma o lea e maua ai ma maua ai leiloa itu o loʻo faʻaalia o ni poloka eseese e 27 o ni faʻataʻitaʻiga e le masani ai. O sui na faʻailoa mai le latou filifiliga e ala ile oomiina o le agavale ma le taumatau. Ina ua maeʻa filifiliga taʻitasi, sa vave ona tuʻuina i ai sui e uiga i le iʻuga o le faʻamasinoga. O le luasefulu sui auai na mauaina le maualuga aofaʻi togi o le a tuʻuina atu i ai ma se faʻaopoopoga ponesi.

Faʻavae i luga o le tutoʻatasi faʻataʻitaʻiga o avanoa tulaga ma taunuʻuga tulaga, tuʻufaʻatasia e le: (1) ono lamatia lelei (RA), o lona uiga o le faʻamoemoe fuafuaina (EV) o lamatiaga filifiliga e sili atu le fiafia nai lo o le saogalemu filifiliga; (2) lamatia le lelei (RD), o lona uiga o le EV o filifiliga le mautinoa e laʻititi nai lo le filifiliga saogalemu; poʻo le (3) le faʻaituʻau, o lona uiga o filifiliga lamatia ma le saogalemu e tutusa lelei le tulaga faatauaina (EQEV).

Fuainumera Faamaumauga

Na faʻatinoina suʻesuʻega faʻafuainumera faʻaaogaina SPSS lomiga 20.0 ma R lomiga 3.1.0. O suʻega uma sa lua-taʻai ma o le fuafaatatau o le taua na faʻatulagaina i P <.05. Muamua, na matou faʻaaogaina le suʻega-faʻataʻitaʻiga t-suʻega e suʻesuʻe ai le eseʻesega o kulupu i fesuiaʻiga o tagata. Lona lua, ina ia faʻatusatusa le faʻatinoina o mataupu a le IGD ma HCs i luga o le Ipu galuega, na matou faʻaaogaina ai auiliiliga o eseesega (ANOVAs) ma le tele o taimi e fua ai. Ina ia mafai ona suʻesuʻeina fofo faʻafesoʻotaʻiga, faigofie faʻapitoa auiliiliga na faia. O nofoaga na faʻataʻitaʻia ai Mauchly faʻataʻitaʻiga o le solia o le sphericity manatu, Greenhouse-Geisser faʻasaʻoga na faʻaaogaina. Sa faʻatautaia suʻesuʻega pe a maeʻa le faʻasologa o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le faʻasaʻoga a Bonferroni. Lona tolu, na matou vavaeeseina EV i ni vaega se lua: tulaga maualuga ma le tele o le taunuʻuga, ina ia suʻesuʻeina le aoga o nei vaega e lua i le faia o filifiliga mo faʻataʻitaʻiga taʻitasi, faʻaaogaina le R lmer function of the lme4 faletusi. I le iuga, e suʻesuʻe le sootaga i le va o le Initaneti ogaoga faigata ma faia ai faaiuga o le ausiaina o gaioiga ma le aloese mai le leiloa, o le tuufaatasiga a Pearson na faaaogaina e suesue ai fegalegaleaiga i le va o togi CIAS ma le pasene o filifiliga lamatia na faia i le taimi o le EV tulaga tolu (RA, EQEV, RD ) mo le mauaina ma leiloa fanua taʻitasi.

i'uga

Uiga Tauleleia

E pei ona faʻaalia i Laulau 1, o mataupu a le IGD ma HCs e leʻi eseese i tausaga, averesi le umi o aʻoaʻoga, ma tausaga o le olaga atoa i le Initaneti. O gatasi ma a matou tuʻutuʻuga aofia (ie, CIAS togi ≥ 67 mo IGA mataupu ma ≤ 50 mo HCs), IGD mataupu na matua sili atu maualuga CIAS togi, t (100) = 27.14, P <.001. O le luasefulu-lua o le 42 HCs na taʻalo i nisi taimi i taʻaloga Initaneti, peitaʻi, o mataupu a le IGD na faʻaaluina tele taimi i taʻaloga Initaneti i vaiaso taʻitasi nai lo le HCs. t (80) = 15.41, P <.001.

ata vali
Laulau 1. Faʻataʻitaʻi, Initaneti faʻaaoga i le olaga atoa, togi CIAS ma taimi faʻaalu i mataupu IGD ma HCs.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.t001

Tulaga o le tapaa ma le 'ava malosi faʻaaoga e maualalo mo vaega uma e lua: tolu IGD mataupu ma tasi HCs lipotia mai lea taimi i lalo (itiiti ifo ma le tasi i le masina) sikaleti ulaula. Iva sefuluiva mataupu a le IGD ma le 12 HCs na lipotia le inuina o le ava i le olaga atoa ae o mea uma e maualalo le masani (e tasi i le vaiaso pe itiiti ifo), ma o nei fua faatatau e leʻi eseesega i le va o kulupu. t (29) = 1.27, P = .216.

Faʻaaogaina lamatiaga

O le faʻaaogaina o tulaga lamatia o se fua lea o le naunautaʻiga o se tagata e filifili le filifiliga le mautinoa nai lo le filifiliga saʻo i vaega taʻitasi e tolu o le EV (RA, EQEV, RD) fuafua eseese mo le mauaina ma le leiloa vaega [36]. Na matou faʻatautaia se 2 (vaega: mauaina, leiloa) × 3 (EV tulaga: RA, EQEV, RD) × 2 (kulupu: IGD mataupu, HCs) toe fai ANOVA. E pei ona faʻamoemoeina, na matou maitauina le taua aʻafiaga o kulupu, F (1, 100) = 5.67, P = .019, vaega η2 = .05, faʻailoa mai ai o mataupu a le IGD na filifilia ni filifiliga e sili atu le lamatia i le aotelega nai lo o le HCs i luga o tupe maua uma ma leiloa; ma le aʻafiaga autu o EV tulaga, F (2, 200) = 289.64, P <.001, vaega η2 = .74. O suʻesuʻega pe a maeʻa le faʻaaliga na faʻaalia ai na sili atu le lamatia filifiliga a tagata na aʻafia ina ua avea le EV ma tulaga RA nai lo le RD. O auala e tolu i le va o le EV tulaga, kulupu ma vaega e leʻi oʻo atu i le taua, F (2, 200) = 1.43, P = .242, vaega η2 = .01. Ae ui i lea, na matou mauaina se EV tulaga × kulupu fegasoloaʻi, F (2, 200) = 6.08, P = .006, vaega η2 = .06, ma faʻataʻitaʻiga aafiaga faigofie faʻaalia ai o le taua fegalegaleaʻiga e mafua ona o le tele lamatiaga ave i luga o le RD auala i totonu o mataupu IGD pe a faʻatusatusa i HCs, F (2, 99) = 7.54, P = .001, vaega η2 = .13. Na matou mauaina foi le taua tele EV tulaga × fegalegaleaiga o le malo, F (2, 200) = 7.70, P = .001, vaega η2 = .07, ma faigofie faʻataʻitaʻiga aafiaga faʻaalia ai o le au auai filifilia sili sili lamatia filifiliga i le leiloa fanua i le faʻatusatusa i le mauaina vaega i luga o le EQEV (le RA ma RD) faʻataʻitaʻiga, F (1, 100) = 7.57, P = .007, vaega η2 = .07.

Vavaeʻese ANOVAs mo vaega taʻitasi na faʻatautaia atili. Mo le leiloa fanua, i le faʻaopopoina i taua taua tele aʻafiaga o le kulupu ma le EV tulaga, sa i ai se taua fegalegaleaiga aʻafiaga o EV tulaga × kulupu fegalegaleai, F (2, 200) = 6.90, P = .002, vaega η2 = .07. Sailiiliga mai faʻamatalaga faigofie o suʻesuʻega na faʻailoa mai ai o mataupu a le IGA na sili atu ona lamatia filifiliga na i lo HCs i luga o faʻamasinoga RD. F (1, 100) = 15.11, P <.001, vaega η2 = .13, ae le ese mai HCs ile numera o filifiliga le mautinoa ile faamasinoga ole RA ma le EQEV (Mati. 1). I le faʻatusatusaga, mo le mauaina o vaega, e leai se taua tele pe faʻafesoʻotaʻi aʻafiaga o le kulupu poʻo le EV tulaga × kulupu (P = .092 ma P = .138, i le faasologa).

ata vali
Ata 1. Faʻaiuga filifiliga mo IGD mataupu ma HCs i luga o le Ipu galuega.

 

Ole aofaʻi ole pasene o filifiliga le mautinoa na faia ile (A) o le tupe maua male (B) ole vaega leiloa, ose aoga ole EV level ma le kulupu. O paʻu sese e faʻailoa mai ai mea sese masani. IGD = Initaneti faʻaletonu le atoatoa; HCs = faʻatonutonu maloloina; EV = tau faʻamoemoeina; RA = ono afaina; EQEV = tutusa tutusa faʻatulagaina; RD = ono lamatia.

Pule: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.g001

Malamalama lelei e oʻo mai ai i le maualuga ma le ono mafai ona tupu

Na matou vavaeʻese foʻi le EV i ni vaega se lua: o le maualuga o le faʻaiuga ma le tulaga maualuga. Ina ia mafai ona suʻesuʻeina aʻafiaga o nei vaega e lua i le faia o filifiliga le mautinoa, na matou faia ni faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasolosolo faʻaaogaina le R lmer function o le faletusi lme4 e amanaʻia ai le eseesega o faʻataʻitaʻiga i mataupu o le ono aʻafia i mataupu, pe a maeʻa le taualumaga ua faʻamatalaina. i se suʻesuʻega talu ai [37]. Lua faʻavae faataʻitaʻiga faʻatulagaina mo le mauaina ma le leiloa vaega aofia ai kulupu (0 = HCs, 1 = IGD mataupu), avanoa tulaga (faʻatusalia le ono manumalo poʻo le faiaʻina mo lamatiaga filifiliga: 0.25, 0.33, 0.50), taunuʻuga tele (2, 3, 4 sui 200, 300, 400 i lamatiaga filifiliga) ma fegalegaleaiga o kulupu × tulaga maualuga ma kulupu × taunuʻuga tele pei o tumau-aafiaga valoʻaga, ma tagata taʻitasi eseesega i filifiliga pei o le tupu fua. O le faʻalagolago fesuiaʻiga o mataupu 'filifiliga mo tofotofoga taʻitasi (0 = saogalemu filifiliga, 1 = ono lamatia filifiliga).

E pei ona faʻaalia i laulau 2, sa i ai taua taua aʻafiaga o tulaga ono ma taunuʻuga tele i uma le mauaina ma leiloa itu. O nei aʻafiaga na faʻailoa mai, mo le mauaina ma le leiloa vaega, o le isi itu IGD mataʻupu ma HCs, mataupu aveina laʻititi tulaga lamatia ona o le ono maua o le ono lamatia filifiliga avea ma faʻaititia (autu aʻafiaga o avanoa tulaga) ma o mataupu na tele ni tulaga lamatia o le iuga maualuga o le tulaga lamatia filifiliga faʻateleina (autu aʻafiaga o taunuʻuga tele).

ata vali
Laulau 2. Aʻafiaga o le tulaga maualuga ma faʻaiuga tele i le ono avea o se galuega o vaega ma vaega.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.t002

I le mauaina o vaega, e leai ni taua fegalegaleaiga aʻafiaga i le va o soʻo se tolu o fesuiaʻiga suʻesuʻeina. I se faatusatusaga, i le leiloa vaega sa i ai taua fegalegaleaiga i le va o kulupu × tulaga maualuga ma le va o le kulupu × taunuʻuga maualuga, e faʻailoa mai ai o mataupu a le IGD, e faʻatatau i le HCs, sa tau le mafai ona fetuʻunaʻi a latou filifiliga faʻavae i luga o avanoa tulaga ma taunuʻuga tele i le leiloa fanua .

Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga i le va o Initaneti Faʻataua Maua ma Faiga filifiliga

Na faʻatinoina foi le faʻamaopoopoga a Pearson i le va o togi a le CIAS ma le numera o filifiliga le mautinoa mo le tolu tulaga EV (RA, EQEV, RD) eseese mo le mauaina ma leiloa vaega. I le leiloa igoa, o iʻuga na faʻailoa mai ai o le CIAS togi na fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma filifiliga lamatia faia i RD faʻataʻitaʻiga, r = .22, P = .001. O le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o togi CIAS na faʻamaopoopoina faʻatasi ma le numera o filifiliga le mautinoa i RD faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le mauaina oʻaa, r = .19, P = 0.056.

Talanoaga

I lo matou iloa, o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega o le muamua e iloilo lamatiaga le faia o filifiliga i le IGD mataupu eseese mo ono ono leiloa ma tupe maua. E o gatasi ma le matou manatu muamua, o mataupu a le IGD na faʻaalia e sili atu le tele o tulaga lamatia i le faia o Ipu, pe a faʻatusatusa i HCs. Faʻatasi vaega ma le matou manatu lona lua ma le lona tolu, mataupu IGD faia sili atu lamatia filifiliga nai lo HCs i luga o le RD faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le leiloa-ae le o le mauaina-vaega, ma le faʻaletonu na fesoʻotaʻi ma le le malamalama i suiga i taunuʻuga tele ma avanoa tulaga mo ono lamatia Leiloa i mataupu a le IGD. E o gatasi ma le matou manatu fa afa, o faʻavasegaga suʻesuʻe atili na faʻaalia ai fesoʻotaʻiga lelei i le va o togi i luga ole Initaneti o togi ogaoga ma filifiliga le lelei i le itu leiloa. I le tuʻufaʻatasia, o nei faʻamaumauga o loʻo maua atili ai faʻamaoniga o faʻaletonu i faʻaiʻuga i lalo o tulaga lamatia i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le IGD, ma faʻaopopoina faʻapea foi o suiga leiloa (faʻatusatusa mauaina) gaioiga ono maua ai faʻaiuga filifiliga i lenei faitau aofaʻi.

I le leiloa igoa, IGD mataupu faia sili atu lamatia filifiliga i luga o le RD faʻataʻitaʻi e faʻatatau i HCs, ma le suʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻe atili faʻailoa mai o mataupu a le IGD e tau le mafai ona fetuʻunaʻi a latou filifiliga faʻavae i luga o avanoa tulaga ma taunuʻuga tele i lenei vaega. O nei sailiga e ogatusa ma i latou mai suesuega talu ai le faʻaaogaina tutusa filifiliga-faia gaioiga ma le faʻaalia o le faʻaletonu i le faia o faʻaiuga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le leiloa i le va o tagata ma vailaʻau vailaʻau [38], faʻaletonu o 'ai [39], ma le IGD [16, 19]. O se tasi faʻamatalaga talafeagai mo nei sailiga o le, e ala i le toe faia o a latou taʻaloga amioga, tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le IGD ono ono auai i le leiloa-fesoʻotaʻi fofo faʻafitauli, lea e ono avea ai latou sili atu onosaʻi i faʻasalaga. I se faʻaopopoga, o la matou sailiga o fesuiaiga faia-faʻaiuga filifiliga e ogatusa ma le faʻailoaina o falemaʻi o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le IGD latou te taumafai e faʻavaivaia taua ono ola le lelei iuga ina ia tumau ai i le taʻalo lugalaina [2,40,41].

O suʻesuʻega talu ai na faʻaalia ai le siitia o amioga le lelei i le mauaina o avanoa i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma faʻafitauli o le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu faʻatusalia e le le atoatoa i le faʻatonutonuina o le manaʻoga, e pei o faʻataʻitaʻiga tau tupe [28] ma le faʻalagolago i le 'ava malosi [27]. Peitaʻi, e leai se iʻuga o le ANOVA poʻo faʻataʻitaʻiga i le suʻega na faʻaalia ai le faʻatupulaia o filifiliga le mautinoa i le mauaina o faʻamasinoga i mataupu o le IGA. E tele faʻamatalaga talafeagai mo nei eseesega o loʻo iai. Faʻapitoa lava, tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma faʻamalositino faʻataʻitaʻi faʻaalia ai faʻateleina taui tali atu i mea tau tupe faʻatasi ai ma tupe e le o ni taui [42], ma o lenei ono mafua ai le sili atu le leaga faʻaletonu-aveina i le mauaina (versus leiloa) vaega, pei ona lipotia muamua [28]. Mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le faʻalagolago i le 'ava, o le tumau ma tele le inu ava malosi ono suia ai faiʻai fai ma fesoʻotaiga gaioiga, e aofia ai autu itulagi i taui faʻagaioiga pei o amygdala [43,44]. Faʻamaoniga molimauina o tagata mamaʻi ma lesi o le amygdala na faʻaalia ai ni faʻaletonu o le faia o faʻaiuga e tele lava i le mauaina o le vaega [26]. E ui lava e manaʻomia nisi suʻesuʻega e faʻamaonia ai nei faʻamatalaga, o le leai o se faʻaititia o mea e maua mai i mataupu a le IGD e ono atagia mai ai le faʻagaioiga masani o faʻamanuiaga tau tupe (ae leʻo leiloa) i lenei faitau aofaʻi. I se faʻaopopoga, o nei sailiga ua faʻailoa mai ai le taua o le iloiloina o itu eseʻese o le faiga o faʻaiuga i soʻo se ituaiga o maʻi e fesoʻotaʻi ma vaisu.

O togi ogaoga i mea tau fai ma vaisu i Initaneti na mautinoa na fesootai ma le numera o filifiliga le mautinoa le mautinoa na faia i luga o le Ipu galuega, ma faailoa ai o mataupu ma sili atu le maualuga o mea ua fai ma vaisu i luga o Initaneti na faia ai faaiuga sili atu le lelei e faatatau i lamatiaga leiloa i taimi o tofotofoga RD. O nei sailiga o loʻo faʻatusatusa i suʻesuʻega talu ai, na lipotia mai ai foʻi le fiafia i isi mea e ono lamatia ai, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ogaoga o le IGD o loʻo faʻaaoga tutusa faʻatusa, pei o le Game of Dice Task [15,16] ma le ono faʻaititia le galuega [22]. O nei sailiga lagolagoina le manatu faʻapea o le faʻaletonu i le faia o faʻaiuga e fesoʻotaʻi ma lamatiaga leiloa e fesoʻotaʻi ma le tulaga o Initaneti ogaoga faigata (ie, CIAS togi) ma atonu o se talafeagai togafitiga faʻatulagaina mo le togafitiga o le IGD.

I se aotelega, o matou sailiga e faʻailoa mai ai faʻaletonu i le faia o filifiliga le mautinoa i totonu o le tulaga o le leiloa aloese mai tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le IGD. O isi suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e faʻamautu ai le neurobiological faʻavae mo nei suiga. Tasi le manatu e faʻapea o le le lelei o filifiliga i le leiloa itu e ono fesoʻotaʻi ma suiga i le tino o le tino o le tagata i le IGD, e pei ona lipotia i tagata taʻitasi ma amioga ma vailaʻau faʻasāina.45-47]. A faʻapitoa lava, e taua tele le vaega o loʻo iai i le biology o mea uma ua fai ma vaisu ma faia filifiliga [9,48,49] ma e aafia i le leiloa naunautaiga ma aloese mai le aʻoaʻoina [50]. O lea la, tasi manatu taumatemate o le faaletonu i le leiloa aloese-faʻaiuga filifiliga ono fesoʻotaʻi ma le insular gaioiga i totonu o tagata ma IGD.

E tele tapulaʻa o lenei suʻesuʻega e tatau ona maitauina. Muamua, talu ai o le IGD e sili ona taatele i tamaloloa [1,32], o lenei suʻesuʻega e leʻi aofia ai fafine na auai. E faʻapea isi suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e iloilo ai filifiliga-faia mo gaioiga ma tupe leiloa i le va o fafine ma IGD. Lona lua, matou faʻatosinaina naʻo kolisi tamaiti aʻoga faʻatapulaʻa le lautele o a matou sailiga. E ui lava o tamaiti aʻoga kolisi o se tasi o sili sili ona faigofie gofie faitau aofaʻi i IGD [5,33], lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e suʻesuʻe le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le lamatiaga-faia mo ono ono maua ma leiloa ma IGD i totonu o falemaʻi faʻataʻitaʻi. I le iuga, o suʻesuʻega ma foliga uumi e manaʻomia ina ia mafai ai ona suʻesuʻeina pe o ni filifiliga e faia ni suiga o se iʻuga poʻo se muamua o le IGD.

I le iʻuga, o lenei suʻesuʻega o le muamua e iloiloina filifiliga-faia i le mauaina ma leiloa 'eseʻese vaega i le va o tamaiti aʻoga kolisi ma IGA faʻaaogaina le Ipu galuega. O mataupu a le IGD na faʻaalia ai le tele o mea e ono tutupu i le faʻalavelave i lo le HCs. E le gata i lea, o mataupu a le IGD na faia filifiliga sili atu ona lamatia nai lo le HCs i luga o le RD faʻataʻitaʻiga i le leiloa ae le o le mauaina o se itu, ma o ia faʻaletonu na fesoʻotaʻi ma le le malamalama i le ogaoga o taunuʻuga ma le tulaga avanoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma lamatiaga leiloa. I se faʻaopopoga, Initaneti togi ogaoga ogaoga togi na fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma le le lelei lamatiaga filifiliga faia i le leiloa vaega. A tuʻu faʻatasia, o nei sailiga e fautua mai ai, o suiga ua leiloa (faʻatusatusa i le mauaina) o gaioiga e ono avea ma mafuaʻaga o le faia o faʻaiʻuga i lenei faitau aofaʻi.

Lagolagoina o Faamatalaga

S1 File. Aoteleina faʻamatalaga.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.s001

(XLSX)

S2 File. Faʻamatalaga mo suʻesuʻega faʻasolitulafono

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.s002

(XLSX)

tautinoga

Faʻafetai tusitala ia Dr. Elaine Bossard mo le sauniaina o le ata o le uluaʻi kopi o le Ipu, ma Dr. Shan Luo mo le fesoasoani i faʻamaumauga o auiliiliga.

Tusitala Tusitala

Mafaufauina ma fuafuaina ia faataʻitaʻiga: YWY PRC JTZ LYD QXL XYF. Faʻataʻitaʻia le faʻataʻitaʻiga: YWY PRC SL LJW JTZ. Iloilo faʻamaumauga: YWY SL JTZ GC. Fesoasoani fesoasoani / meafaigaluega / auiliiliga mea faigaluega: JTZ XYF. Tusia le pepa: YWY JTZ SWY XYF.

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