Faʻagasologa o gaioiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma Faʻafitauli Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻaaogaina (PPU): O Se Faʻalapotopotoga Iloiloga o Suʻega Suʻega (2021)

J. Castro-Calvo, V. Cervigón-Carrasco, R. Ballester-Arnal, C. Giménez-García,

Lipoti o amioga ua fai ma vaisu, 2021, 100345, ISSN 2352-8532,

faamatalaga: Lelei tusia, ma fesoasoani i le malamalama i le tele o neuropsychological suʻesuʻega lisiina i YBOP faiʻai faiʻoga suʻega itulau. Ole iloiloga lea ole 21 suʻesuʻega o porn e iloilo ai le 4 neuro-psychological "gaioiga" ua suia i vailaʻau ma amioga ua fai ma vaisu.
1- faʻaituau faʻaituau
2- taofiofi taofiofi
3- galue manatua
4- faia filifiliga
Iloiloga lipotia o uma 4 masani faiga na suia i faʻafitauli tagata faʻaaoga porn (PPU):
i'uga: O suʻesuʻega na faʻatauaina i le fa agavaʻa gaioiga: faʻaituau faʻaituau, taofiofia o le taofiofia, manatuaina o galuega, ma filifiliga. I se faapuupuuga, o le PPU e fesoʻotaʻi ma (a) faʻaituau faʻaituau i lagona faʻamalosi, (b) le lava taofiofia taofi (faʻapitoa, i faʻafitauli ma le tali atu o le taofiofia o le tino ma sui le mafaufau ese mai faʻamalosiʻau le faʻatosinaina), (c) sili atu le lelei gaioiga i gaioiga iloiloina galue manatuaina, ma (d) filifiliga faia faʻaletonu (i faapitoa, i mea e fiafia i ai mo ni taimi puʻupuʻu maua nai lo le umi-taimi tetele gaioiga, sili atu le faʻaosofia filifiliga filifiliga nai lo le -erotica tagata faʻaoga, faʻalatalata agaʻi atu i lagona faʻaosofia feusuaiga, ma le saʻo pe a faʻamasinoina le ono mafai ma le tele o ono taunuʻuga i lalo o le le mautonu).
Faaiu le iloiloga:
"I se tulaga masani, o taunuʻuga o lenei iloiloga e lagolagoina ai le talafeagai o vaega autu o le mafaufau o le I-PACE faʻataʻitaʻiga (Brand, 2016)".

O le I-PACE o se faʻataʻitaʻiga vaisu mo amioga ua fai ma vaisu, e aofia ai ma vaisu o porn: https://sciencedirect.com/saienisi / tala / pii /S0149763419303707? Ala i le% 3Dihub

Aotelega I-PACE:
  1. O amioga ua fai ma vaisu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina ma le manaʻo tele. 
  2. O amioga ua fai ma vaisu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaitiitia o le taofiofia. 
  3. O amioga masani e atiaʻe i le faiga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. 
  4. O le le paleni i le va o le fronto-striatal Circuits e mafua ai amioga faʻatama.

Fuaitau mai le Intro:

Ae mo lona faʻavasegaina ma faʻavasegaga, ua manatu PPU o se subtype o Hypersexual Disorder (HD; Kafka, 2010), o se ituaiga o Faʻafeusuaiga Faʻafeusuaiga (SA; Rosenberg et al., 2014), pe faʻapea o se faʻaalia o le Faʻamalosi amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻamalosi (CSBD; Kraus et al., 2018). O se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le talafeagai o le PPU i SA, Wéry et al. (2016) maua o le 90.1% o se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 72 na faʻailoaina e ia ia lava ia vaisu feusuaʻi lipotia PPU o latou muamua feusuaʻi faʻafitauli. O lenei sailiga e tagitagi pea ma iʻuga mai le DSM-5 faʻataʻitaʻiga fanua mo HD (Reid et al., 2012), lea 81.1% o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o 152 tagata mamaʻi o loʻo sailia togafitiga mo lenei tulaga na lipotia mai le PPU o le latou faʻafitauli muamua lea i faʻafeusuaiga.

faatumutumuga
  • O nisi tagata e maua faʻailoga e mafua mai i ponokalafi matamata.
  • Faʻagasologa o gaioiga atonu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le atinaʻeina o Faʻataʻitaʻiga o Ponokalafi Faʻaoga (PPU).
  • Na matou faʻatinoina se iloiloga faʻavasega o 21 suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻeina gaioiga faʻapitoa e fesoʻotaʻi ma PPU.
  • Na matou faʻailoaina ni metotia faʻapitoa e 4 talafeagai mo le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o le PPU.

lē faʻatino

faʻatomuaga

O nisi tagata e maua faʻailoga ma taunuʻuga le lelei na mafua mai i lo latou finafinau, soʻona fai, ma faʻafitauli aʻafia i le matamataina o ponokalafi (ie, Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻaoga, PPU). Talu ai nei o mafaufauga faʻavae na liliu i faʻagaioiga eseese o mafaufauga (eg, taofiofia o le taofiofia, faia o filifiliga, faʻaituau, ma isi mea) e faʻamatalaina ai le atinaʻeina ma le faʻamautuina o le PPU, ae o faʻamaoniga taua na maua mai i suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega o loʻo gata lava. I lenei tulaga, o le taimi nei iloiloga faʻatulagaina faʻatatau e toe iloilo ma tuʻufaʻatasia ia molimau e uiga i le faʻagasologa o mafaufauga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PPU.

Metotia: O se iloiloga faʻasolosolo na faia e tusa ai ma le PRISMA taʻiala e tuʻufaʻatasia ai faʻamaoniga e uiga i le faʻagasologa o mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma PPU. Na matou taofia ma auʻiliʻili 21 suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega e talanoaina ai lenei mataupu.

i'uga: Sa faʻatatau suʻesuʻega i le fa agavaʻa gaioiga: faʻaituau faʻaituau, taofiofia o le taofiofia, manatuaina o galuega, ma filifiliga. I se faapuupuuga, o le PPU e fesoʻotaʻi ma (a) faʻaituau faʻaituau i lagona faʻamalosi, (b) le lava taofiofia taofiofia (ae maise lava, i faʻafitauli ma le tali atu o le afi taofi ma faʻasolosolo ese le vaʻaiga mai le faʻaosofia lagona faʻamalosi), (c) sili atu le leaga o galuega i galuega iloiloina galue manatuaina, ma (d) filifiliga faia faʻaletonu (aemaise, i filifiliga mo puʻupuʻu tupe maua laiti nai lo le umi-gaioiga tele gaioiga, sili atu le faʻatosina filifiliga mamanu nai lo le-erotica tagata faʻaoga, faʻalatalata agaʻi atu i feusuaʻiga faʻaosofia, ma le saʻo pe a faʻamasino le ono mafaia ma le tele o mea e ono aliali mai i lalo ole le manino).

iʻuga: O lenei faʻavasega iloiloga ofoina se maeʻaeʻa vaʻavaʻaiga o le taimi nei tulaga o le poto e uiga i le mafaufau foliga vaʻaia e fesoʻotaʻi ma PPU, ma faʻailoa mai fou vaega e tatau ai nisi suʻesuʻega.

uputatala

Faʻafitauli Faʻamataʻu ponokalafi Faʻaaoga
Faʻasologa o gaioiga
Iloiloga faʻasolosolo

1. faʻatomuaga

O le taunuʻu mai o le Initaneti ua matua suia lava le auala e faʻaaoga ai ponokalafi (Kohut et al., 2020). I aso nei, tele masini (eg, komipiuta feaveaʻi, PC, tapeleti, telefoni poto) faʻatagaina le le mailoa ma le maua fua i le tele o ituaiga o ata ponokalafi, mai soʻo se nofoaga ma 24/7 (Döring & Mohseni, 2018). O lona iʻuga, i tausaga ua teʻa, na matou faʻamaonia ai le faʻateleina o le aofaʻi o tagata e faʻaaoga ata mataga. Faʻavae luga o 'upega tafaʻilagi faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga, Lewczuk, Wojcik, ma Gola (2019) fua faatatau o le va o le 2004 ma le 2016, o le aofaʻiga o le initaneti o tagata faʻaaogaina ponokalafi na siʻitia i le 310%. O lenei fuainumera na tagitagi foi ma le lipotia e Pornhub i luga o lana lipoti faʻaletausaga: i le va o le 2013 ma le 2019, o le aofaʻi o asiasiga na lesitalaina i lenei lauiloa ponokalafi upega tafaʻilagi na tupu mai le 14.7 i le 42 piliona (Pornhub., 2013, Pornhub., 2019). Suesuega faia mai se tagata-totonugofie auala fuafuaina o le olaga atoa salalau o ponokalafi taumafaina e tusa ma le 92-98% i alii ma 50-91% i fafine (Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, García-Barba, Ruiz-Palomino, & Gil-Llario, 2021). Pe a faʻatusatusa i faʻamaumauga na aoina i le sefulu tausaga talu ai, o le soifuaga atoa o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi na faʻateleina e le 41% i aliʻi ma le 55% i fafine i le va o 18-25 tausaga (Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, Gil-Llario, & Gil-Juliá, 2016). O nei fuainumera foliga mai e teʻena o se aoga o le taimi faʻatulagaina suʻesuʻeina: i lenei laina, Grubbs, Kraus, ma Perry (2019) maua o le salalau o ponokalafi taumafaina i le US atunuʻu sui sui faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻaititia mai le 50% (70% o aliʻi; 33% o fafine) pe a fuaina i totonu o le tausaga talu ai i le 31% (47% ma 16% faʻatulagaina) pe a iloiloina i totonu o taimi ua tuanaʻi masina, ma i le 20% (33% ma le 8%) pe a fua i totonu o le vaiaso ua tuanaʻi.

E i ai le finauga tele e uiga i penefiti ma ono ono aʻafia i lenei faʻateleina o ituaiga o ponokalafi, aemaise lava i talavou ma talavou (mo se toe iloiloga, vaʻai Döring, 2009). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o nisi suʻesuʻega faʻamalamalamaina o ponokalafi atonu o se aoga auala e faʻamalieina ai tuʻinanau feusuaiga (Daneback, Ševčíková, Mänsson, & Ross, 2013), taui mo le leai o se malamalamaaga e uiga i feusuaiga ma saili feusuaʻiga saogalemu (Smith, 2013), faʻaopopo faʻaeseesega i fafo atu o feusuaiga feusuaʻi (Daneback, Træen, & Månsson, 2009), faʻalavelave mai i le fiu ma faʻafitauli i aso uma (Hald & Malamuth, 2008), pe fesoasoani i le togafitia o nisi feusuaʻiga le lelei (Miranda et al., 2019). I leisi itu, o ponokalafi e mafai foi ona mafua ai le lautele o faʻafitauli o se faʻaiuga a le o le 'ituaiga o ata ponokalafi faʻaaogaina' poʻo le 'auala e faʻaumatia ai ponokalafi' (Owens, Behun, Manning, & Reid, 2012). Ole autu ole porn e taulaʻi ile fiafiaga ole aliʻi, tuleia mafaufauga o tamaʻitaʻi ma manaʻoga i tua, ma seasea faʻaalia amio mataga faʻafeusuaiga (pei o le faʻaaogaina o le condom i taimi o feusuaiga) (Gorman, Monk-Turner, & Iʻa, 2010). Ua atili ai foʻi ona popole, o le toʻatele o tagata atamamai, ua finau mai o ata ma ata mataga ua amata ona faʻaleagaina ma faʻasauā i fafine (Lykke & Cohen, 2015). E ui o suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na finauina ai lenei 'poto taliaina' (Shor & Seida, 2019), o loʻo i ai le maliega e faʻatatau i le mea moni o ponokalafi o loʻo iai nei (uma faʻapolofesa ma faʻataʻutaʻua) foliga mai e faʻaalia ai tama tane puleʻaga (Klaassen & Peter, 2015). O lona iʻuga, ua fautuaina e ono aʻafia ai ma le le lelei feusuaʻiga i ponokalafi e ala i le: (a) faʻaosofia amioga faʻasotoma ma amioga faʻasaua, (b) faʻafaigofieina le atinaʻeina o amioga le lelei i feusuaiga (eg, muamua feusuaʻiga muamua, feusuaʻiga le puipuia, faʻaleagaina, ma isi. .), (c) fausiaina o foliga tino le talafeagai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o feusuaiga, (d) solia tu masani taua o le toʻatasi ma le faʻamaoni; po o (e) le faalauiloaina o tuinanau e le masani ai tau feusuaiga (Braithwaite et al., 2015, Döring, 2009, Stanley et al., 2018). E le gata i lea, o loʻo tupuola pea se vaega o suʻesuʻega e faʻailoa mai ai o ponokalafi e ono avea ma faʻafitauli pe a fai e faʻasuaʻi i tulaga o taimi, ogaoga, ma le faʻaleagaina o galuega. O le mea lea, o se tasi o le sili lamatiaga o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina o le ono mafai ona atiaʻe faʻailoga ma le leaga taunuʻuga maua mai le finafinau, soʻona tele, ma faʻalavelave faʻafitauli i lenei gaioiga (Duffy et al., 2016, Wéry ma Billieux, 2017).

O loʻo fuafuaina i le va o 0.8% -8% o tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi faʻaalia faʻailoga ma faʻailoga o Faʻafitauli Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻaoga Faʻaoga (mulimuli ane, PPU) (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2016, Bőthe et al., 2020, Ross et al., 2012). Faʻailoga iloga mai le PPU aofia ai: (a) tele taimi ma taumafaiga faʻaalu i le matamata / saili mo ponokalafi; (b) le lelei amio pulea i le faaaogaina o ponokalafi; (c) le mafai ona faataunuuina tiute faaleaiga, agafesootai, po o galuega; ma (d) finafinau i amioga tau feusuaiga e ui lava i lona iʻuga (Efrati, 2020, Wéry ma Billieux, 2017). Faʻaosofia e taʻiala na faʻaaogaina i Substance Use Disorder (SUDs), o isi tusitala e aofia ai foʻi le faʻapalepale, faʻaletonu, ma le manaʻo o ni faʻailoga masani i nei tagata (Allen et al., 2017, Rosenberg et al., 2014). Ae ui i lea, o le faʻaaogaina o taiala e pei o le toʻesea ma le faʻapalepale o loʻo faia pea i le finauga (Starcevic, 2016b). Ae mo lona faʻavasegaina ma faʻavasegaga, ua manatu PPU o se subtype o Hypersexual Disorder (HD; Kafka, 2010), o se ituaiga o Faʻafeusuaiga Faʻafeusuaiga (SA; Rosenberg et al., 2014), pe faʻapea o se faʻaalia o le Faʻamalosi amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻamalosi (CSBD; Kraus et al., 2018). O se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le talafeagai o le PPU i SA, Wéry et al. (2016) maua o le 90.1% o se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le 72 na faʻailoaina e ia ia lava ia vaisu feusuaʻi lipotia PPU o latou muamua feusuaʻi faʻafitauli. O lenei sailiga e tagitagi pea ma iʻuga mai le DSM-5 faʻataʻitaʻiga fanua mo HD (Reid et al., 2012), lea 81.1% o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o 152 tagata mamaʻi na sailia togafitiga mo lenei tulaga lipotia PPU o latou muamua faʻafitauli faʻafeusuaiga amioga. I se isi itu, Bőle et al. (2020) maua ai tagata faʻavasegaina o faʻafitauli ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga e ala i se faʻamaumauga-tulia auala sikoa faʻavasega maualuga maualuga i se fuataga o HD; ioe, togi i lenei fua sili faʻailoga tagata i le va o sili ona punouai ae le faʻafitauli ma faʻafitauli tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi nai lo se isi lava fesuiaʻiga (e aofia ai le tele o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina). O lona iʻuga, o aga o loʻo i ai nei i fafo atu o le faʻatonutonu amioga faʻafeusuaiga mafaufau PPU o se subtype o SA / HD / CSBD (o le sili ona lauiloa moni) nai lo o se tutoʻatasi falemaʻi tulaga (Gola et al., 2020), ma faʻapea foi o le tele o tagata gasegase o loʻo iai le SA / HD / CSBD o le a faʻaalia le PPU o latou muamua faʻafitauli faʻafeusuaiga amioga. I se tulaga aoga, o lona uiga o le tele o tagata gasegase o loʻo faʻaalia ma le PPU o le a faʻamaoniaina ma se tasi o nei 'lautele' falemaʻi igoa, ma PPU o le a tulaʻi mai o se faʻapitoa i totonu o lenei faʻataʻatiaga faʻavae.

O se tele tino o tusitusiga i luga o le mafaufau gaioiga faʻavae autu SUDs (Kluwe-Schiavon et al., 2020) ma Vaisu amioga (BAs)1 (eg, petipetiga [Hønsi, Mentzoni, Moulde, & Pallesen, 2013], Faʻafitauli Initaneti faʻaaogaina [Ioannidis et al., 2019], faʻaletonu faaletonu [Schiebener & Brand, 2017], pe faʻafaigata fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaaoga [Wegmann & Brand, 2020]) na saunia faʻamaoniga e uiga i latou talafeagai i tulaga o faʻaalia ma le ogaoga o nei falemaʻi tulaga. I le fanua o SUDs, o nisi o faʻataʻitaʻiga sili ona taua (faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le lua faiga o manatu)Bechara, 2005] poʻo le manatu faʻaosofia-faʻalauiloa manatu [Robinson & Berridge, 2001]) ua liliu atu i eseese gaioiga mafaufau e faʻamatalaina le atinaʻe ma le tausiga o amioga ua fai ma vaisu. I le fanua o BAs, o le I-PACE faʻataʻitaʻiga (Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016) na faʻatulagaina o eseʻese gaioiga faʻapitoa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, taofiofi taofi, faia o filifiliga, ma isi) e totonugalemu i le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o nei tulaga. I se isi atinaʻeina o lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga, Brand et al. (2019) fautuaina o lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga ono mafai foi ona faʻamatalaina le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o le PPU. Talu ai o le PPU ua avea o se amio faʻapitoa mo HD (Kafka, 2010), o le talafeagai o faʻafitauli tau le mafaufau pe a faʻamatala atu le PPU o loʻo aloaʻia foʻi e se ata faʻavae o le HD: o le Sexh amioga cycle (Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017). Lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatulagaina le manatu o le 'malamalama gaioiga' e faʻamatala ai nisi o le neuropsychological foliga i tua atu o le HD. E ui lava i le taua o le suʻesuʻeina o le mafaufau i tua atu o le PPU, o suʻesuʻega taua e uiga i lenei itu ua amata ona faia i totonu o ni nai tausaga ua tuanaʻi. O nei uluaʻi suʻesuʻega na lagolagoina le talafeagai o eseʻese gaioiga malamalama pe a faʻamatalaina le PPU (eg, Anetone & Brand, 2020); ae ui i lea, e manaʻomia nisi suʻesuʻega e faʻamaonia ai la latou sao i le atinaʻeina ma le tausiga o le PPU. E le gata i lea, o se galuega o le toe iloiloina ma le tuʻufaʻatasia o le empirical suʻesuʻega faʻatautaia nei e manaʻomia e faʻaputuputuina ma auiliili uma avanoa avanoa i lenei mataupu. I lenei tulaga, o le taimi nei iloiloga faʻatulagaina faʻatatau e toe iloilo ma tuʻufaʻatasia ia faʻamaoniga e uiga i le mafaufau faʻagasologa fesoʻotaʻi ma PPU. Talu ai o le PPU e mafai ona tufatufa tutusa ma SUDs ma isi BA, na matou taulaʻiina lenei iloiloga i le fa gaioiga gaioiga masani lava e fesoʻotaʻi ma nei tulaga: faʻaituau faʻaituau, taofiofia taofi, galue manatua, ma filifiliga (Wegmann & Brand, 2020).

2. Metotia

O lenei iloiloga faʻatulagaina na faia e tusa ai ma le PRISMA (Preferred Lipoti aitema mo Systematic Review ma Meta-Suʻesuʻega) taiala (Moher et al., 2009). Ona o le eseesega o suʻesuʻega o loʻo aofia i lenei iloiloga, na matou filifili ai e faʻaaoga se agavaʻa faʻavae e faʻavae i luga o le suʻesuʻega o mea taua na maua i suʻesuʻega taʻitasi (tala faʻamatalaina) (Popay et al., 2006). O lenei metotia e fautuaina pe a suʻesuʻeina aofia i se iloiloga e le lava tutusa e faʻatagaina ai mo isi auala aofaʻi (eg, meta-auiliiliga) poʻo le iloiloga tulaga faʻatonutonuina le aofia ai o le tele o ituaiga o suʻesuʻega (o faʻamatalaga uma e talafeagai i lenei iloiloga).

2.1. Lomiga Iloiloga ma Suesuega Filifiliga

O se suʻesuʻega faʻatulagaina na faʻaaogaina e tuʻufaʻatasia ai faʻamaoniga e uiga i le faʻagasologa o gaioiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PPU. O suʻesuʻega na agavaʻa pe a fai latou (1) suʻesuʻeina se gaioiga faʻapitoa e ala i se galuega faʻataʻitaʻi ma le (2) faʻafesoʻotaʻia iʻuga mai lenei galuega ma se itu e fesoʻotaʻi saʻo pe leai foi i le PPU. Na matou aofia ai suʻesuʻega faʻavaeina ai fesoʻotaʻiga nei i le va o se faʻapitoa gaioiga faʻapitoa ma le PPU: (a) suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusaina nisi o metotia faʻapitoa i mataupu ma e aunoa ma le PPU; (b) suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusaina nisi o metotia faʻapitoa i mataupu ma e aunoa ma le SA / HD / CSBD (faʻaavanoaina o le suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa PPU o le muamua faʻafitauli amioga feusuaʻiga o se tele vaega o le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma / pe a iai ni itu o ponokalafi taumafaina --eg, taimi masani o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina - tuʻu e vaelua ai le va o kulupu); (c) suʻesuʻega na faʻataʻitaʻia i totonu o faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ai ma le malamalama lelei i se faʻatonuga tuusaʻo o le PPU (eg, togi i una o loʻo iloiloina ai le PPU); (d) suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi i faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻatonuga faʻapitoa o le PPU (eg, taimi e matamata ai i luga o le initoneti i ponokalafi, fua i una o le iloiloina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga i fafo atu o le faʻatonutonu, ma isi); ma (e) suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi i falemaʻi poʻo faʻataʻitaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafesoʻotaʻiina gaioiga faʻapitoa ma faʻailoilo o le PPU ina ua maeʻa le faʻaalia o ata mataga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaosoina peʻa faʻaalia i ponokalafi, manaʻoga pe a uma ona faia, ma isi).

Na matou faʻailoaina agavaʻa suʻesuʻega e ala i le suʻesuʻeina o lomia faʻasalalau lipoti lipotia i le Igilisi mai le 2000 e oʻo ia Oketopa 2020, faʻaaogaina masini aʻoaʻoga e fa: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ma Google Scholar. Ina ia iloa tusitusiga talafeagai, na matou faʻaaogaina eseesega o faʻaupuga nei o suʻesuʻega: "porn *" poʻo "mea tau feusuaʻiga" poʻo le "erotica" poʻo le "Initaneti feusuaʻiga" "MA" gaioiga faʻapitoa * "poʻo" pulega faʻatinoina "poʻo le" mataʻituina * faaituʻau * "pe" galue manatuaina "poʻo le" taofiofia "poʻo le" taofiofi taofi "poʻo le" filifiliga ". O le asterisk i le maeʻa ai o le search term o lona uiga o upu uma amata ma lena aʻa na aofia i totonu o le suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega. Ina ia faʻailoa tusitusiga faʻaopoopo, sa matou faʻatautaia se sailiga suʻesuʻe e faʻaaogaina ai upu autu e pei o le: "porn * vaisu" poʻo le "problematic porn * faʻaaoga" poʻo le "sex * vaisu" poʻo le "faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga" poʻo le "faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻaletonu". O suʻesuʻega na maua mai i vaitaimi mulimuli e tolu (SA, HD, ma le CSBD) na aofia ai ma faʻataʻitaʻi faʻataʻitaʻi o tagata mamaʻi na lipotia le PPU o latou uluaʻi faiaiga tau feusuaʻiga, ae o gasegase foʻi na lipotia isi faʻafitauli tau feusuaiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaaogaina tele o Initaneti talanoaga poʻo feusuaiga i luga o le upega tafailagi, tumau ma le le faʻatonutonuina. mataupu faʻaopoopo-faʻaipoipoga, masani ai le unaʻiina o tagata fai pisinisi faʻapisinisi, ma isi). I le maeʻa ai o le tuʻufaʻatasia o aiaiga, suʻesuʻega iloiloina faʻataʻitaʻi falemaʻi o latou faʻafitauli e leʻo taulaʻi atu i le PPU na le aofia ai mai lenei iloiloga.

O loʻo faʻaali mai i totonu se siata faʻamatala auiliiliga o suʻesuʻega filifilia Ata 1. I le aotelega, 7,675 suʻesuʻega na faʻailoa mai. Ina ua maeʻa ona aveʻese kopi, na matou mauaina faamaumauga 3,755. Lua o tusitala iloiloina (JCC ma VCC) suʻesuʻeina otootoga ma ulutala mo talafeagai mataupu. Naʻo le 23 o nei suʻesuʻega na faʻailoa mai e ono talafeagai. I le maeʻa ai o le atoa tusitusiga tusitusiga, matou aveʻesea 12 o nei tusitusiga (n= 11). Ina ia faʻateleina le aofaʻi o suʻesuʻega, na matou suʻesuʻeina i le lisi o faʻamatalaga o loʻo aofia ai ma tusitusiga talafeagai, ma faʻailoa mai ai le 10 faʻamaumauga faʻaopoopo na mulimuli ane aofia ai ina ua maeʻa le iloiloga atoa o tusitusiga (n= 21).

Ata 1. Fetufaʻiga o siaki suʻesuʻega ma filifiliga filifiliga.

2.2. Faʻamatalaga aveʻese

O nei faʻamatalaga na aumaia mai i suʻesuʻega taʻitasi (vaʻai Laulau 1). Muamua, na matou faʻailogaina faʻamatalaga na talafeagai mo suʻesuʻega faʻailoaina (Tusitusiga a le tusitala ma aso faʻasalalau). Na matou faʻailogaina foʻi faʻamatalaga taua mo le lautele o mea na maua, e aofia ai le atunuu na fai ai le suʻesuʻega ma a faʻamatalaga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga (eg, tele, feusuaiga ma tausaga tufatufaina, uiga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma isi).

Laulau 1. Otootoga puʻupuʻu o suʻesuʻega o loʻo aofia i lenei iloiloga

Faailoaina suesuegaatunuuFaʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻigaNofoaga malamalamaGaluega / FaʻamatalagaIsi fuaSailiiliga autu
Kagerer et al. (2014)Siamani87 tamaʻitaʻi tamaʻitaʻi itutino eseese: (a) 41 fafine ma (b) 46 aliʻi (Mtausaga = 24.23). Leai-faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga.FaʻasalalaugaDot-probe Task (aofia ai uma le faaituʻau ma erotic stimulus); fualaʻau na faʻaalia mo 500ms. Laina-faʻatulagaina GaluegaFesili Faʻafeusuaiga Faʻamatalaga (SOQ) Feusuaiga Manaʻoga Inventory (SDI) Feusuaʻi Faʻamalosi Fua (SCS) Feusuaʻiga-Sailiga Fua (SSSS)(1) Feusuaʻiga lagona faʻamalie sailia sa lelei faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma orient orient (r= .33) ma faʻafetaui le lelei ile faʻavasegaina o ata (r= -. 24). O le mea lea, o tagata saili feusuaʻiga na masani ona tali vave i le dot-probe galuega pe a o le togi na aliaʻe i tafatafa o se feusuaiga ata (faʻatusatusa i se le tutusa foliga), ma faʻavasega vave ata o loʻo faʻaalia ai feusuaiga i le laina-orientation galuega (faʻaituau faʻaituau i lagona faʻaosofia. Faʻagasologa). (2) O feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi e le i matua faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma soʻo se togi faʻataʻitaʻiga, o lona uiga o maualuga togi i lenei fesuiaiga e leʻi faʻafaigofieina faʻatauaina faʻaituau i feusuaʻiga.
Doornwaard et al. (2014)Netherlands123 tagata auai i le va o 18 ma 23 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 19.99): (a) 61 fafine ma (b) 62 tamaloloa. Le faʻataʻitaʻi ile falemaʻi.FaʻasalalaugaDot Probe Task (e aofia uma ai le faʻaituau ma le faʻaosofia o lagona faʻaosofia); fualaʻau na faʻaalia mo le 500msAd Hoc Fesili fesili iloiloina le faʻaalia i luga o le initaneti mataupu o feusuaiga(1) O tagata na auai na faʻaaoga ponokalafi i taimi masani na vave ona tali atu i le dot probe task (tutoʻatasi pe o le togi na aliali mai i tafatafa o se le mautonu poʻo se ata feusuaʻi).
Mechelmans ma isi. (2014)Peletania66 tamaloloa tamaʻitaʻi: (a) 22 fuataga o fonotaga mo amioga mataga faʻamalosi (CSB, taulaʻi i le faʻamalosia le faʻaaogaina o mea i luga o le initoneti faʻamatalaga mataga) (Mtausaga = 25.14) ma le (b) 44 soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu (Mtausaga = 24.16).FaʻasalalaugaDot Probe Task (aofia ai le le faʻaituau, paʻu, ma le manino faʻaosofia); fualaʻau na faʻaalia mo 150ms.Faʻataʻitaʻiga Amio Faʻaleagaina (UPPS-P) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) State-Trait Anxmother Inventory (STAI) Le Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory- RAlcohol-Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS ) Suʻega a le Atunuʻu mo Tagata Matutua e faitau(1) O matāʻupu ma le CSB (PPU o lo latou faʻafitauli muamua tau feusuaʻiga) sa sili atu ona faʻaituau i le faʻaalia o faʻatosina feusuaʻiga (ponokalafi mataupu) (p= .022) ae le mo faʻamalosiʻau stimulus (p= .495). Ae maise lava, o mataupu ma le CSB na vave ona latou tali atu i le galuega o le suʻega o le togi, ina ua aliali mai le togi i tafatafa o se ata mataga faʻafeusuaiga (faʻatusatusa i se ata le faʻaituau). ; pe a tuʻuina mai ma le faʻamalosiʻau (maualalo tulaga o le au faʻamatala), tagata auai ma CSB (PPU o latou muamua faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga) ma soifua maloloina volenitia tali tutusa.
Banca et al. (2016)Peletania62 tamaloloa tamaʻitaʻi: (a) 22 fuataga o fonotaga mo amioga mataga faʻamalosi (CSB, taulaʻi i le faʻamalosia le faʻaaogaina o mea i luga o le initoneti faʻamatalaga mataga) (Mtausaga = 25.14) ma le (b) 40 soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu (Mtausaga = 25.20).FaʻasalalaugaDot Probe Task (aofia ai le le faʻaituau, paʻu, ma le manino faʻaosofia); fualaʻau na faʻaalia mo 150ms.Faʻatonutonuina o galuega(1) O matāʻupu e tele mea e fiafia i ai e faʻaosofia lagona feusuaʻiga (e masani lava, faʻamalosia feusuaʻiga ma le PPU) faʻaalia ai foi le faʻaleleia atili o le faʻaituau mo lagona faʻamalosi (p= .044). (2) I se eseesega, o le mea e fiafia i ai tala ma masani ai faʻamalosiʻau e leʻi fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaituau faʻaituau mo feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi (p= .458). (3) Faʻamatalaga taua: O lenei suʻesuʻega na toe iloiloina faʻamaumauga mai le suʻesuʻega e Mechelmans ma isi. (2014). O le mea lea, o le faʻasolosolo i le va o suʻesuʻega uma e mafua ona o lenei soʻoga. Le mafuaʻaga i tua e aofia ai le suʻesuʻega e Banca et al. (2016) e faʻapea foi ona maua ai ni faʻaaliga faʻaopopo i le va feagai i le va o le faʻaituau ma isi uiga ole neuropsychological ma phenomenological o le CSB.
Pekal et al. (2018)Siamani174 tagata auai: (a) 87 fafine ma (b) 87 aliʻi. O tagata na auai na amata mai i le va o le 18-52 tausaga (Mtausaga = 23.59) 8.9% o aliʻi auai ma 2.2% o fafine tofotofoina lelei mo sili atu ma faʻafitauli matamata matamata ponokalafi.FaʻasalalaugaVisual Probe Task (e aofia uma ai le faʻaituau ma le faʻaosofia o lagona faʻaosofia); fualaʻau na faʻaalia mo le 200 poʻo le 2,000ms.Faʻamatalaga puʻupuʻu o le Initaneti Faʻataʻitaʻi Faʻataʻitaʻiga fesuiaʻi i Initaneti feusuaiga- (s-IATsex).(1) Faʻaituau faʻaituau agai i lagona faʻaosofia feusuaʻiga (ie, vave tali atu i le vaʻaia suʻesuʻe gaioiga ina ua aliali mai le aū i tafatafa o faʻamalosi feusuaʻiga) na faʻatasi ma le ogaoga o ponokalafi vaisu (r= .23), manaʻoga (ie, manaʻo e masturbate) (r i le va .18-.35), ma le faʻaosofia o lagona tau feusuaiga (r i le va .11 -25). (2) O le sootaga i le va o le faʻaituau faʻaituau i mea tau feusuaʻiga ma le ogaoga o ponokalafi vaisu sa tumau i tama ma teine ​​uma. (3) O le sootaga i le va o faʻaituau faʻaituau i feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi ma le ogaoga o ponokalafi vaisu na vaega. faʻatalanoa e ala i le manaʻo ma faʻanaunauga feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi
Seok ma Sohn (2018)Kolea i Saute45 tama tane heterosexual (tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi): (a) 23 fonotaga taʻiala mo le faʻamaʻiina o le gasegase feusuaʻi (Mtausaga = 26.12; SD= 4.11) ma le (b) 22 soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu (Mtausaga = 26.27; SD= 3.39). E masani ona faʻaaoga e ponokalafi: 5.23 taimi i tagata auai ma feusuaʻiga ma le 1.80 i alii soifua maloloina (p <.001; d= 3.2).Faʻatonuga taofiofi (faʻapitoa, faʻatonutonu taofiofia faʻatamaia).Stroop GaluegaFaʻataʻitaʻiga o Faʻataʻitaʻiga Feusuaiga-R (SAST-R) Faʻataʻitaʻiga Feusuaʻi Faʻafeusuaiga (HBI) EPI-BOLD: toto okesene tulaga-faʻalagolago tali(1) Tagata taʻitoʻatasi e maua i faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga ma le soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu na faʻaalia taimi tali tutusa pe a tali atu i faʻataʻitaʻiga uma ma le tutusa faʻasolosolo tofotofoga. (2) Tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma gasegase feusuaʻiga sa laʻititi lava le saʻo nai lo le soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu pe a tali atu i le le talafeagai stroop tofotofoga (82% vs. 89% ; p<.05), ae le o pe a tali atu i le tutusa faʻatasi tofotofoga. O lona uiga o tagata mamaʻi ma feusuaʻiga e masani lava ona maua i faʻafitauli i tulaga e manaʻomia ai le le amanaʻia o faʻamatalaga le talafeagai.
Seok ma Sohn (2020)Kolea i Saute60 tamaloloa tagata auai (ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga): (a) 30 fonotaga taʻiala mo le faʻamaoniga o faʻafitauli feusuaʻiga (Mtausaga = 28.81) ma le (b) 30 tagata soifua maloloina (Mtausaga = 27.41) .Faʻataʻitaʻiga ponokalafi faʻaaoga: 5.23 taimi i tagata auai ma feusuaʻiga ma 1.80 i soifua maloloina tamaloloa (p <.001; d= 3.2).Faʻatonuga taofiofi (aemaise, afi taofiofia taofiofi).Alu / Leai-Go Galuega (faʻaaogaina naʻo le faʻaituau stimulus -letters- ae faʻaalia i se le faaituʻau poʻo se feusuaiga talaʻaga)Faʻataʻitaʻiga Suʻesuʻega a le MRISe faʻaoga masani (SAST-R) Faʻataʻitaʻiga o amioga faʻafeusuaiga (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)(1) O tamaʻaga feusuaʻiga na sili atu le leaga i le Go / No-Go Task (ie, faia sili atu le le faia / komisi) nai lo maloloina soifua maloloina. (2) Eseesega i le va o tagata auai ma feusuaʻiga ma soifua maloloina pulea e sili atu ona lauiloa i leai-alu tofotofoga (tofotofoga i o tagata auai e tatau ona taofia tali) ma le taimi o le Go / leai-Go galuega na faʻaalia faʻatasi ma se ata feusuaʻi i tua (faʻatusatusa i se le mautonu talaʻaga). talaaga sa i ai (p <.05).
Antons ma Brand (2020)Siamani28 tamaʻitaʻi tamaʻitaʻi faʻa ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga (Mtausaga = 29.28; SD= 8.81): (a) 10 le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga, (b) 9 faʻafitauli, ma le (c) 9 tagata faʻaoga faʻasolosolo.Faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi (i se tulaga faʻapitoa, muamua-malosi afi taofiofia taofiofi).Taofi-Faʻailoga Galue (faʻaaogaina le faaituʻau stimulus-eseʻese lanu vali- e faʻailoa mai ai le ituaiga o faʻamasinoga, ma uma le faʻaituau ma ponokalafi faʻamalosi e pei o tuʻaiga tulaga)Poto Initaneti Suʻesuʻega Suʻesuʻega na suia mo Initaneti Ponokalafi (s-IATporn) Feusuaʻiga o Amioga Inventory (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-15) Functional MRI(1) Le ogaoga o Initaneti ponokalafi faʻaaoga (s-IATporn) faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma taimi tali atu i taimi o taofi-faʻailo tofotofoga i uma le tutoʻatasi (r= -. 49) ma le ponokalafi (r= -. 52) tuutuuga. Ae maise lava, faʻateleina le ogaoga o Initaneti ponokalafi faʻaaogaina na fesoʻotaʻi ma vave tali atu taimi i taofi-faʻailo tofotofoga (ie, lelei taofiofia taofi). (2) Faʻanana (ie, o le manaʻo malosi e faʻaaoga ponokalafi) faʻatasi ma taimi tali i taimi taofi-faʻailo tofotofoga ae naʻo i le ponokalafi tulaga (r= -. 55). Faʻapea foi, faʻateleina manaʻoga na fesoʻotaʻi ma vave tali atu taimi i taofi-faʻailo tofotofoga (ie, sili atu taofiofia taofiofia).
Wang ma Dai (2020)ōmea70 tama tane heterosexual: (a) 36 ma le agaʻi atu i vaisu i luga o le initaneti (TCA) (Mtausaga = 19.75) ma le (b) 34 faʻatonutonu maloloina (HC). (Mtausaga = 19.76) Faʻaoga i vaiaso uma ponokalafi: 3.92 taimi i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le TCA ma le 1.09 i le HCFaʻatonutonu taofiofi (aemaise, afi taofiofia taofiofi ma mulimuli ane faʻatinoina afi).Lua-Filifiliga Oddball Paradigm (aofia ai le faʻaituau ma ata mataga)Faʻafitauli Initaneti Ponokalafi Faʻaaoga Fua (PIPUS) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)Totogi Fua fuaina eseʻese itu o cybersex taumafaina O oe lava-Fuafua Fua Fua Fua (SAS) oe lava-Faʻafitauli Paʻu Faʻafitauli (SDS) Electroencephalography (EEG)(1) O tagata uma na auai ma le TCA ma le HC na faʻaalia le telegese o taimi e tali atu ai pe a tali i le Two-Choice Oddball Paradigm ina ua oʻo mai i lagona faʻamalosi (faʻatusatusa i le faʻaituau faʻamalosi); Peitai, eseesega i le taimi tali i le va o ituaiga uma o stimuli na sili atu ona manino i tagata mamaʻi ma TCA. O lona uiga, o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le TCA na latou mauaina le le lelei o le taofiofia o le taofiofia pe a feagai ma faʻamalosi feusuaiga faʻatusatusa i le HC.
Laier et al. (2013)Siamani28 tama tane tamaʻitaʻi (Mtausaga = 26.21; SD = 5.95)Totogi Galuegan-Faʻaoga Tuaʻi (4-Back Task faʻaaogaina o ata ponokalafi e pei o faʻaosofia)Faʻafeusuaiga faʻaosofia ma manaʻoga fua faʻatatau (ie, faʻamalosia feusuaʻiga faʻaosofia ma manaʻomia e totogia ina ua uma ona faʻaalia i ponokalafi faʻamalosi)(1) Faʻatinoga i le 4-tua galuega (ponokalafi tulaga) faʻatasi ma faʻailo o feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi ma manaʻoga. Ae maise lava, faʻamalosia feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi ina ua maeʻa vaʻaia ata ponokalafi faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma le tele o skips (r= .45), ma le manaʻoga faʻatasi ma le tele o faʻailo sese (r= .45) (i itu uma e lua, o faʻailoga o le le lelei o le faʻatinoga). O lona uiga o tagata faʻaalia se faʻateleina feusuaʻiga tali atu i ponokalafi e matele ina sili atu le leaga i le galue manatuaina gaioiga. (2) Lautele gaioiga i le 4-tua faʻataʻitaʻi na matua valoʻiaia (R2= 27%) e ala i fegalegaleaiga i le va o feusuaiga faaosofia ma tuinanau ina ua uma ona aafia i feusuaiga faaosofia: aemaise, tagata auai faaalia se maualuga tulaga o le manaʻo ma feusuaiga faaosofia ina ua uma ona aafia i porn faia sili leaga i le 4-tua tofotofoga.
Au ma Tang (2019)ōmeaSuʻesuʻega 1: 24 tama tane heterosexual i le va 19 ma 27 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 23.08; SD= 2.22) Suʻesuʻega 2: 27 aliʻi tane heterosexual male 18 i le 31 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 23.0; SD= 3.15)Manatua galueSuesue le 1: n-Faʻaoga i tua galuega (3-tua galuega faʻaaogaina mataitusi pei o stimulus) ina ua maeʻa le faʻatinoina o le lelei, le lelei, feusuaiga, poʻo le le mautonu lagona faʻalemafaufau faʻaaogaina videoclips. Suesuega 2: n-Faʻaoga i tua (3-Back Task faʻaaogaina o mataitusi, liʻo lanu, poʻo ata ponokalafi e avea o ni mea faʻaosofia) pe a maeʻa le faʻaosofia o lagona feusuaʻi.Faʻamalosia Feusuaiga Amioga Inventory (CSBI) Discrete Emotions Fesili (DEQ) Feusuaiga manaʻoga ma manaʻo e masturbate ina ua maeʻa le faʻaaliga i ponokalafi mataupu, iloiloina e se faʻapitoa Vaaiga Analogue Vaaia (VAS) Fuafuaina fua (toto toto, fatu fua, ma le vevela)Suʻesuʻega1: (1) O tagata na auai na maualuluga togi i le CSBI na faʻaalia le faʻaititia o le paʻu pe a tali le suʻega 3-i lalo o tuutuuga e fa (rfa'aletonu= .52; rlelei= .72; rleaga= .75; rfeusuaiga= .77). E faʻapena foi, maualuga togi i le CSBI faʻatasi ma le taimi tali pe a tali le suʻega 3-tua i lalo o tuutuuga e lua (rfa'aletonu= .42; rfeusuaiga= .41). I se faapuupuuga, o tagata e maualuga togi i le CSBI na matele ina faia le sili atu leaga i le galue manatua (itiiti le saʻo o se taimi tele e tali ai) tutoatasi o le lagona lagona. le 2-tua faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaaogaina eseese stimulus (rponokalafi= .50; rmataitusi= .45; rliʻo= .53). E faʻapena foi, maualuga togi i le CSBI tuʻufaʻatasia ma le taimi tali pe a tali le suʻega 3-tua faʻaaogaina lanu lanu pei o stimulus (r= .39). I se faapuupuuga, tagata taitoatasi ma maualuga togi i le CSBI taumafai e faia sili atu leaga i le galue manatua (itiiti le saʻo ma faʻateleina taimi e tali) tutoʻatasi o le ituaiga o stimulus faʻaaogaina i le 3-tua tofotofoga.
Sinke et al. (2020)Siamani69 tama tane heterosexual: (a) 38 fonotaga faʻavae mo le faʻamaonia o le faʻamalosia amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻamalosi (Mtausaga = 36.3; SD= 11.2) ma le (b) 31 soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu (Mtausaga = 37.6; SD= 11.7). Vaiaso ponokalafi faʻaaoga: 213 min i vaiaso i tagata auai ma CSBD vs. 49 i maloloina soifua maloloina (p <.. 001; d = 0.92).Manatua galuen-Back Task (1-Back ma 2-Back galuega e faʻaaoga ai tusi) ma ata ponokalaʻi ma le le faapito i tuaHypersexual Behaviour Inventory (HBI) Faʻamatalaga fou o Suʻesuʻega o Vaisu i Faʻafeusuaiga (SAST-R) Faʻatalanoaga Semi-fausia Faʻatulagaina feusuaʻiga Feusuaiga Faʻafefe ma Fiafia Fua (SIS / SES)(1) O tagata mamaʻi ma lelei le faʻatonutonuina o le soifua maloloina e leʻi eseʻese a latou gaioiga i le 1-Back ma le 2-Back Tasks (saʻo ma le taimi e tali atu ai) peʻa faia galuega ma le le faʻaituʻau ata i tua atu. (2) A o le 1-Back ma le 2-Back Tasks na faia ma se ata feusuaʻi i tua, tagata mamaʻi ma soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu faʻaalia taua eseesega (p i le va .01-.03) i tuutuuga o le saʻo ma taimi o tali: a e maise lava tagata mamaʻi e le saʻo (93.4% vs. 97.7% i le 1-Back galuega; 80.1% vs. 88.2% i le 2-Back galuega) ma na faʻaalia ai le faʻateleina o taimi o tali (668ms vs. 607ms i le 1-Back galuega; 727ms vs. 696ms i le galuega 2-Back). (3) I se isi itu, o gasegase faʻamalosia i feusuaiga na sili atu lo latou lelei nai lo le soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu i se galuega fuaina le aloaʻia o feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi 1 itula mulimuli ane o le 1-Back ma 2-Back galuega (65.5% vs. 48.3% ma 52% vs. 40%). O lenei aʻafiaga e leʻi matauina mo le faʻaituau faʻaosofia. Lenei fautua mai o tagata gasegase ma le CSBD maua se sili lelei taulotoina ma manatuaina o ponokalafi faailo, ae le mo le le-feusuaiga faaosofia (ie, sili atu taimi umi manatuaina ma manatuaina o faapitoa feusuaiga faaosofia).
Loia (2008)ISA71 tagata auai: (a) 38 aliʻi ma (b) 33 fafine i le va o 18-57 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 23.4; SD= 7.7) .60% o aliʻi sui ma 39.5% o fafine auai na faʻavasegaina o erotica tagata faʻaoga (ie, tagata faʻaaogaina erotica i taimi ua tuanaʻi ma fiafia e matamata erotica i le lumanaʻi)Filifiliga (i se faʻapitoa lava, faʻatuai ona faʻaititia)Tuli ma le ono ono faʻaititia Galuega (tasi iloiloina toʻesea mo tupe, le isi iloiloina faʻaitiititia mo erotica).Le Suʻesuʻega o Manatu Faʻafeusuaiga (SOS) Le Faʻamalosia o Feusuaiga Fua (SCS) Le Faʻafeusuaiga Faʻafitauli / Faʻafeusuaiga Faʻaosofia Tofotofoga (SIS / SES) Le Erotica Faʻatauaina Fua (ECS)(1) I mea tau tupe ma le erotica e faʻaititia ai galuega, e faʻaaoga e tagata e faʻaaoga le erotica e faʻapea o tamaʻi tamaʻi fualaʻau o loʻo maua i le taimi lava lea nai lo le faʻamalosia o le au faʻamalosi. E faʻapena foi, o tagata e faʻaaogaina le erotica e fiafia i tamaʻi mea e maua nai lo le tetele ae le mautinoa. (2) Lua faʻataʻitaʻiga o le erotica faʻaititia o galuega na matua fesoʻotaʻi ma le SCS (r= -. 41). ma le SOS (r= .38). Nei iʻuga faʻaalia ai o feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi na fesoʻotaʻi ma sili atu le faʻamalosia filifiliga filifiliga. O le mea e ofo ai, o le erotofilia na matua faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma se sili atu faʻafaigofie filifiliga filifiliga (o lona uiga o erotophilic tagata faʻamoemoe e sili atu le tele o tuai taunuʻuga).
Laier et al. (2014)Siamani82 tamaloloa fafine i le va o 18 ma 54 tausaga (Mtausaga = 25.21; SD= 6.23) O tagata na auai o ni 'upega tafaʻilagi telefoni ma faʻaalu lata i le 1.4 itula i le vaiaso i luga ole laiga mo feusuaiga.SD= 1.30).Filifiliga (i se tulaga faʻapitoa, filifiliga i lalo o le le mautinoa)Iowa Gambling Test (IGT) (faʻaaogaina o ata ponokalafi ma le le faʻaituau o ni mea faʻaosofia)Tulaga puʻupuʻu feusuaʻiga muamua ma ina ua maeʻa faʻaalia i ata mataga. O se vaega puʻupuʻu o le Initaneti Suʻesuʻega Suʻesuʻega faʻafetauiina i Initaneti feusuaiga- (s-IATsex).Totogi fesili fesili iloiloina vaega eseese o le initaneti faʻaaogaina(1) Faʻatinoga i luga o le Iowa Taʻaloga Tofotofoga na sili atu pe a faʻamalosia feusuaʻiga fesoʻotaʻi ma lelei filifiliga ma sili atu leaga pe a fesoʻotaʻi ma le lelei filifiliga (d= .69). O lona uiga o feusuaʻiga feusuaʻi e mafai ona faʻatonutonuina le vaetamaina o se tulaga lelei vs. se tulaga le lelei pe a faia filifiliga i lalo o le le mautonu. (2) O lenei aʻafiaga faʻalagolago i tagata auai o agaʻi i le faʻaosoina pe a faʻaalia i feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi. I tagata taʻitasi lipotia maualalo feusuaʻiga fiafia ina ua uma ona faʻaalia i feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi, pe o feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi na fesoʻotaʻi i le sili atu pe le lelei faʻaiuga le suia le faʻatinoina o le Iowa Taʻaloga Tofotofoga. Peitaʻi, i tagata taʻitoʻatasi lipotia maualuga feusuaʻiga faʻaosofia ina ua maeʻa faʻaaliga ata feusuaʻi, faʻatinoina i luga o le Iowa Taʻaloga Tofotofoga na sili atu le leaga pe a feusuaʻi ata na fesoʻotaʻi ma le lelei filifiliga ma sili atu pe a fesoʻotaʻi ma lelei filifiliga.
Mulhauser et al. (2014)ISA62 alii auai: (a) 18 tagata mamaʻi i le va o 18-68 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 43.22; SD = 14.52) fonotaga mo faʻafitauli i feusuaʻiga ma le (b) 44 faʻatonutonu maloloina i le va o 18-44 tausaga le matua (Mtausaga = 21.23; SD= 4.55) Uma feusuaʻiga mataupu (100%) lipotia PPU o latou muamua feusuaʻiga faʻafitauli.Filifiliga (i se tulaga faʻapitoa, filifiliga i lalo o le le mautinoa)Iowa Taʻaloga Tupe (IGT)Hypersexual behaviour Inventory (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS)(1) O gasegase feusuaʻi maʻi (PPU o lo latou faʻafitauli masani tau feusuaʻiga) sa tele lava ina filifilia ni potu ma faʻasalaga masani ona leiloa nai lo le soifua maloloina (p= .047), o se faʻataʻitaʻiga o tali e oʻo atu ai i le le lelei o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le Iowa Gambling Test. (2) Faʻamatalaga lautele: O le manaʻomia o gasegase feusuaʻiga mo lenei faiga o tali e faʻaalia ai le faʻaletonu o le faia o filifiliga, ma i se tulaga maualuga , faʻaletonu galuega faʻatonu.
Schiebener et al. (2015)Siamani104 tamaloloa fafine heterosexual i le va o 18-50 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 24.29). Leai-faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga.Filifiliga (i se tulaga faʻapitoa, faʻatutuina i le tele o sini ma faʻatonutonuina oe lava ia)Paleni Fesuiaʻi Galue Galuega (BSTporn).Faʻamatalaga puʻupuʻu o le Initaneti Suʻesuʻega puʻupuʻu (BSI).(1) Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga lelei ile va ole BSTporn multitasking le paleni (faʻaititia o galuega faatino ona o le faʻaaluina o le tele o taimi [soona faʻaaluina) poʻo le laʻititi taimi [faʻatamala] galue i ponokalafi faʻamalosi) ma le s-IATsex togi (r = .28) . (2) O le BSTporn multitasking imbalance faʻamatalaina le 6% o le eseesega o le s-IATsex test. (3) O tagata na mauaina togi maualuluga i luga o le s-IATsex na taumafai e soʻona fai pe faʻatamala foi e galulue i ponokalafi faʻamalosi (ie, faʻaali se mea laititi. Paleni faʻatinoga i luga o le mafaufau galuega). (4) Faʻamatalaga lautele: Faʻaalia i ata ponokalafi i tagata e faʻaalia le agaʻi i vaʻaiga i luga ole laiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻatonutonu pulega faʻafitauli i le tele o taimi tulaga.
Snagowski ma le Brand (2015)Siamani123 tama tane tamaʻitaʻi (Mtausaga = 23.79; SD= 5.10) O i latou uma na auai o ni ponokalafi e faʻaaogaina.Filifiliga (i se tulaga faʻapitoa, agaʻi i le aloese mai faʻalavelave)Faʻataʻitaʻiga-Aloese mai Galuega (AAT) e aofia uma ai le le faʻaituau ma feusuaiga faʻamalosiʻau. Faʻatonu-talafeagai faʻatonuga (toso pe tulei le faʻamalosiau e tusa ai ma a latou mataupu-feusuaiga vs. le tutusa).Faʻamatalaga o lagona faʻaosofia feusuaiga ma manaʻoga e totogia i luma o faʻatupuina o ata mataga. Faʻapuʻupuʻu o le Initaneti Faʻataʻitaʻiga Suʻesuʻega na fetuunai i Initaneti feusuaiga- (s-IATsex). Hypersexual Behaviour Inventory (HBI) Feusuaʻiga Fiafia Fua (SES)(1) O le aofaʻi o taimi e tali atu ai pe a taliina le Faʻataʻitaʻiga-Aloese mai le Galuega (ie, o le le tuʻu fuaina o le faʻaituau o le faʻaituau i ata mataga) e fesoʻotaʻi ma le HBI (rtogi atoa= .21; rleai se pulea= .21; rtaunuuga= .26), o le SES (r= .26), o le maualuga o le faʻamalosi feusuaiga i luma o ponokalafi faʻamalosi (r= .25) ma le manaʻo e masturbate (r= .39). (2) O le sootaga i le va o le tulaga o le ogaoga o ponokalafi taumafaina (ie, le s-IATsex togi) ma auala-aloese agaʻi i le curvilinear: ie, tagata e maualuga togi i le s-IATsex taumafai e faʻaali a le ogaoga auala poʻo le soʻona aloese mai agaʻi i ata mataga. (3) I le iuga, o le sootaga i le va o le tulaga o le ogaoga o ponokalafi taumafaina ma auala-aloese faiga na faʻatonuina e le HBI ma le SES: uma faʻatosina ma 'aloese mai faʻaoso, pe a o mai ma maualuga tulaga o feusuaiga fiafia ma feusuaʻiga, mafua ai i le faateleina ogaoga o ponokalafi taumafaina.
Negash et al. (2016)ISASuesue 1: 123 tamaiti aʻoga tulaga lua i le va o 18 ma 27 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 20): (a) 32 tamaloloa ma (b) 91 fafine. Suʻesuʻega 2:37 tamaiti aʻoga tulaga lua i le va o 18 ma 28 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 19): (a) 24 aliʻi ma (b) 13 fafine.Filifiliga (i se faʻapitoa lava, faʻatuai ona faʻaititia)Tuai Lafoaʻiga Galuega (iloiloina toʻesega mo tupe).Totogi fesili iloiloina taimi masani o ponokalafi faʻaaogainaSuesue 1: (1) Faʻafiafiaga o ponokalafi taumafaina i le taimi 1 vaʻaia tuai tolopo faʻaititia fa vaiaso mulimuli ane (β= .21; p<.05; R2= 19%). O lona uiga, tagata auai lipotiina matamata sili ponokalafi faʻaalia maualuga faʻaititia o lumanaʻi taui (ie, fiafia mo laiti laʻititi taui nai lo le tele tuai faʻatauaina) fa vaiaso mulimuli ane. Suesuega 2: (2) Ina ua maeʻa aloese mai ponokalafi taumafaina mo 21 aso, tagata auai lipotia faʻaititia tulaga o tuai tolopoina (ie, faʻaalia le faʻateleina o latou manaʻoga mo le tuai tuai maua). O lenei suiga na telē atu nai lo le maitauina mo tagata auai o loʻo taumamao mai a latou meaʻai e fiafia iai, o lona uiga o aʻafiaga lelei o le faʻatinoina o le amio pulea i le tolopoina o le paʻu sa sili atu pe a fai o amioga le fiafia i amioga mataga.
Sklenarik et al. (2019)ISA58 tamaititi pasi tamaʻitaʻi na faʻailoaina o ni tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi (Mtausaga = 19.5; SD= 2.4) .Fa tagata auai na faʻavasegaina o faʻafitauli tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi.Filifiliga (i se tulaga faʻapitoa, agaʻi i le aloese mai faʻalavelave)Faʻataʻitaʻiga-Aloese mai Galuega (AAT) e aofia uma ai le le faʻaituau ma feusuaiga faʻamalosia. Faʻatonuga-le talafeagai faatonuga (toso pe tulei le faʻamalosiau e tusa ai ma ata faʻatulagaina -horizontal vs. tuusao–).Faʻafitauli Faʻalemafaufau Faʻaaoga Fua (PPUS) Faʻamatalaga Pupuu Ponokalafi (BPS)(1) O le faʻamaopoopoga i le va o togi ile BPS ma le auala faʻaituau togi sa lelei ma taua (r= .26). O le mea lea, o sui auai togi maualuga i le BPS (ie, maua tele faʻafitauli e taofi ai a latou ponokalafi faʻaaogaina) faʻaalia malosi auala faʻaituau i feusuaʻiga. (2) Tagata auai faʻavasegaina faʻafitauli tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi faʻaalia malosi auala faʻaituau i feusuaiga faʻaosofia nai lo le-faʻafitauli ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga (p<.05). Ae maise lava, faʻafitauli tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi faʻaalia sili atu nai lo le 200% malosi auala faʻatusatusa i tagata taʻitoʻatasi aunoa ma lenei tulaga.
Sklenarik, Potenza, Gola, ma Astur (2020)ISA121 tamaʻitaʻi tamaʻitaʻi tamaʻitaʻi faʻailoaina o ni tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi (Mtausaga = 18.9; SD= 1.1).Filifiliga (i se tulaga faʻapitoa, agaʻi i le aloese mai faʻalavelave)Faʻataʻitaʻiga-Aloese mai Galuega (AAT) e aofia uma ai le le faʻaituau ma feusuaiga faʻamalosia. Faʻatonuga-le talafeagai faatonuga (toso pe tulei le faʻamalosiau e tusa ai ma ata faʻatulagaina -horizontal vs. tuusao–).Faʻafitauli Faʻafitauli Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻaoga Fua (PPUS) Faʻamatalaga Pupuu Ponokalafi (BPS) Snaith-Hamilton Fiafia Fua (SHAPS) Toe Faʻafouina Social Anhedonia Fuatele- Pepa Pupuu (R-SAS)(1) O le faʻafesoʻotaʻiga i le va o togi ile PPUS ma le auala faʻaituʻau na lelei ma taua (r= .19). O le mea lea, o sui auai togi maualuga i le PPUS (ie, maua tele faʻafitauli e taofi ai a latou ponokalafi faʻaaogaina) faʻaali malosi auala faʻaituau i feusuaiga faʻaosofia.
Kahveci et al. (2020)Netherlands62 tama aʻoga iunivesite (Mtausaga = 24.47; SD= 6.42): (a) 57 tagata faʻaaoga lelei ponokalafi ma (b) 5 tagata faʻaoga faʻafitauli.Filifiliga (i se tulaga faʻapitoa, agaʻi i le aloese mai faʻalavelave)Faʻataʻitaʻiga-Aloese mai Galuega (AAT) aofia ai fafine stimulus (uma lavalava ma le lavalava) .Galue-talafeagai faʻatonuga (toso pe tulei le faʻamalosi tino e tusa ai ma a latou mataupu-faʻaʻofuina vs. lavalava–).Faʻafitauli Faʻalemafaufau Faʻaaoga Fua (PPUS).Totogi fua fua fua ma le malosi o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina.(1) Tagata auai faʻasalalau lipoti faʻaaoga ponokalafi i luga o se sili atu masani faʻavae faʻaalia malosi auala faʻasaga i feusuaiga faʻaosofia (p= .02). Ae ui i lea, o le ogaoga o ponokalafi taumafaina (fuaina i le PPUS) e leʻi matua fesoʻotaʻi ma auala faʻaituau (p= .81). (2) O faʻafitauli ma e leai ni faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi e leʻi eseʻese mai i tuutuuga o le faʻaituau i mea tau feusuaiga (p= .46).

Faʻaliga: O suʻesuʻega na iloiloina i lenei laulau e faʻavasegaina e le vaega faʻapitoa na iloiloina (muamua tulaga) ma le tausaga o le lolomiga o le suʻesuʻega i le faʻasologa maualuga (tulaga lua)

O fesuiaiga ia e lua o loʻo faamauina (ie, o le auiliiliga mafaufau iloiloina i le suʻesuʻega ma le galuega faʻataʻitaʻi poʻo paradigms faʻaaogaina i lana iloiloga) aofia ai vaega taua o lenei iloiloga. Ina ia mafai ona faʻavasegaina suʻesuʻega e tusa ma le vaega o le mafaufau, na matou mulimuli i le lafoga na fuafuaina e Ioannidis et al., 2019, Brand et al., 2020. Ae maise lava, na matou iloga le eseesega i le va o vaega taua o le mafaufau (ma subprocesses): (a) faʻaituau faʻaituau; (b) taofiofi taofiofi (muamua-malosi afi taofiofia taofiofi, afi taofiofia faʻatonutonu, ma faʻatonutonu taofiofi faʻatonutonu); (c) galue manatuaina; ma (d) faia o faʻaiuga (tuai le faʻaititia, faʻataʻitaʻi-aloese mai faʻalavelave, ma le faia o faʻaiuga i lalo o le le malamalama). Ma, matou faʻamatalaina le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi faʻaaogaina e iloilo ai nei mafaufau loloto vaega (ituaiga o galuega, faʻamalosi faʻaaogaina, faʻatonuga).

Ina ia mafai ona tuʻuina atu se sili atu nuanced aotelega o iloiloga suʻesuʻega, matou faʻamaonia foi le faʻaaogaina o faʻaopopo faʻasologa faiga (faʻatalanoaga, fua faʻataʻitaʻi a le tagata lava ia, o fua o le neura poʻo le psychophysiological, ma isi). Le suiga mulimuli faʻailoga i totonu Laulau 1 aofia ai mea taua na maua mai i suʻesuʻega taʻitasi. Faʻamatalaga aveʻese ma faʻavasegaina faia i auala nei. Muamua, o taunuʻuga uma na maua mai i suʻesuʻega taʻitasi na faʻailoa mai iuga ma faʻaiuga o vaega ma faʻatulagaina i le faʻatulagaina o tusitusiga. Mulimuli ane, sa faia se suʻesuʻega loloto e faʻailoa ai sailiiliga talafeagai i le suʻesuʻega sini. O nei sailiga na aofia ai i totonu laulau 1, ae o faʻamatalaga i tua atu o le tulaga o lenei iloiloga na faʻateʻaina.

3. Iʻuga

3.1. Suesue uiga

Laulau 1 aoteleina suesuega aofia ai i le toe iloiloga. Ae mo le aso o le lolomiga, sili atu ma le afa o iloiloga suʻesuʻega (66.66%; n= 14) na lolomiina i le lima tausaga talu ai. Sa faʻatautaia suʻesuʻega i atunuʻu e ono ma konetineta e tolu: Europa (57.14%; n= 12), Amerika i Matu (23.80%; n= 5), ma Asia (19.04%; n= 4).

I le tulaga o le tele lapoʻa ma sui, o suʻesuʻega na aofia i lenei iloiloga na iloiloina le aofaʻi o 1,706 tagata auai. O le tufatufaina atu o sui mo feusuaiga ma tausaga na matua mamao mai le tutusa: naʻo le 26.20% o tagata na auai o fafine (n= 447), ma 15 suʻesuʻega (71.42%) naʻo aliʻi na auai. Le tele o suʻesuʻega iloiloina tagata auai i lalo ole 30 tausaga le matutua (Mtausaga = 25.15). I tulaga o feusuaʻiga, 12 suʻesuʻega (57.14%) naʻo le suʻesuʻeina o tamaʻitaʻi o loʻo fefaʻasoaʻi. Ae mo le faʻataʻitaʻiga uiga, 52.38% o suʻesuʻega (n= 11) lipotia le iloiloga o falemaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga, e aofia ai le aofaʻi o 226 tagata mamaʻi na maua i le PPU.

Mo vaega mafaufau na suʻesuʻe i ai suʻesuʻega, 42.85% (n= 9) suʻesuʻeina filifiliga-faia, 23.80% (n= 5) faʻaituau faʻaituau, 19.04% (n= 4) taofiofi taofi, ma le 14.28% (n= 3) galue manatua. E tusa ai ma le faʻaaogaina o iloiloga faʻaopoopo lagolago, 76.19% o suʻesuʻega (n= 16) faʻatautaia lipoti a le tagata lava ia e fua i le iai o le PPU poʻo faʻailoga o le SA, HD, poʻo le CSBD, 38.09% (n= 8) aofia ai fuataga o isi amioga faʻafeusuaiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻamalosi / teteʻe i feusuaiga), 28.57% (n= 6) fuaina impulsivity, ma 19.04% (n= 4) faʻaaogaina lipoti a le tagata lava ia e suʻesuʻe ai faʻailoga o le mafaufau.

3.2. Faʻailoga tagata

O le faʻaituau e faʻauigaina ua faʻamatalaina o le "le masani mo nisi mea faʻaosofia e manaʻomia ona faʻagaioia, o lea e puʻeina ai mafaufau"(Kagerer et al., 2014). Lenei malamalamaʻaga gaioiga faʻamalamalamaina faʻamuamua pe a faʻataʻitaʻia tauvaga faʻamalosia: talu ai o lo tatou faʻatauaina punaoa e faʻatapulaʻaina, faʻamalosiʻau ma se sili atu salience e sili lelei faʻatautaia. Lenei o le tulaga o faʻamalosi e talafeagai mo le ola o meaola (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaosofia faʻailoaina se ono faʻamataʻu). E pei ona fuafuaina e evolusione faʻataʻitaʻiga o manatu o tagata (Yorzinski, Penkunas, Platt, & Coss, 2014), o lenei vaʻaiga faʻaituau e faʻasolo mai anamua: o lea, tagata uma faʻasoaina lenei naunautaʻiga. Ae ui i lea, o tagata taʻitasi eseesega i le salience o ni fualaʻau na vaʻaia foi, ma faʻaosofia ai le tuʻuina atu o le faʻalogo i tauvaga tauvaga. Lenei o se mea mataʻutia suʻesuʻeina suʻesuʻe i SUDs (Field, Marhe, & Franken, 2014). O le faʻaaogaga e faʻagaioia lelei faʻailoilo e faʻatatau i fualaʻau na faʻamaumauina mo le tele o vailaʻau (Cox, Fadardi, & Pothos, 2006). O nei suʻesuʻega faʻaalia ai o tagata ma SUDs maitau ma auai i fualaʻau e faʻatosina malosi e sili atu ona faigofie nai lo tagata e le o ni vailaʻau, ma o faʻailo-e fesoʻotaʻi faʻailoga sili atu nai lo isi stimulus. Talu ai nei lava, o le faʻaituau faʻaituau agai i vaisu-faʻamalosia fualaʻau na faʻaalia i eseʻese BAs, e pei o le taʻalo tupe (Hønsi et al., 2013), taʻaloga, poʻo faʻafitauli fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga faʻaaoga (Wegmann & Brand, 2020). O le faʻaosofia lagona faʻaosofia manatu na faʻaaogaina e faʻamatalaina ai le vaʻaia lelei o le faʻaituau i faʻamatalaga e uiga i vaisu (Robinson & Berridge, 2001). E tusa ai ma lenei talitonuga, o faʻatonuga masani a le faʻatonutonuina o le mafaufau e faʻapea o iʻuga o mea ua fai ma vaisu, e iʻu lava ina faʻaosofia ai le faʻaituau: aemaise, o faʻamatalaga faʻasolosolo faʻapitoa o nisi vaʻaiga o mea ua fai ma vaisu ma aʻafiaga na maua mai i le faʻaogaina o fualaʻau, e mafua ai le faʻateleina o le malamalamaaga o nei lagona faʻaosofia, ma o lea ua 'puʻe 'faʻalogo ma lalelei faʻapitoa ma' manaʻomia '.

O le faʻataʻitaʻiga sili ona taʻutaʻua e iloiloina ai nei uiga le faʻaituau o le gaioiga o le dot-probe (van Rooijen, Ploeger, & Kret, 2017). I lenei galuega, lua faʻaosofia (eg, upu, ata, foliga) o loʻo tuʻuina mai mo se taimi puʻupuʻu (masani, <500ms) i nofoaga 'eseʻese o le komupiuta. O se tasi o nei mea faʻamalosia e le faʻaituau (pei o mea umukuka), ae o leisi mea e faʻaaoga e faʻamalosia ai le faʻaituau (faʻapea, o se fagu uaina i se mea e faʻatatau i le 'ava malosi). I le taimi lava na maeʻa ai nei fuimu, o se mea le mautonu (a 'togi') o loʻo faʻaalia i le avanoa na muaʻi nofoia e se tasi o nei mea faʻamalosi, ma e tatau i tagata auai ona oomiina le faʻamau tali i le taimi lava latou te iloa ai lenei mea. O le mafaufau faʻaituau e fuaina i taimi o tali: o tagata auai e manatu e tali vave pe a o le 'togi' e aliaʻe i tafatafa o le mea faʻamalosi na latou vaʻaia (ie o faʻamalosiʻau e faʻatosina mai le mafaufau i se tulaga muamua). I le matou iloiloga, e fa suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina ai le dot-probe galuega e iloilo ai le faʻaituau i le PPU. Lua o nei suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina se tutusa foliga faʻataʻitaʻiga mamanu (le tutoʻatasi vs. feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi ma 500ms o faʻamalosia faʻaaliga foliga)Doornwaard et al., 2014, Kagerer et al., 2014), aʻo leisi toʻalua na faʻaaogaina se laʻasaga faigata (faʻaofiina o ituaiga e tolu o faʻamalosi tino [manino, paʻuo, ma le tutoʻatasi] ma le 150ms o faʻamalosi tino faʻaaliga) (Banca et al., 2016, Mechelmans et al., 2014). O le tasi suʻesuʻega na iloiloina ai le faʻaituau i se tulaga ese faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi (ie, visual probe task; Pekal, Laier, Snagowski, Stark, & Brand, 2018), ma suʻesuʻega e lua na aofia ai galuega felagolagomaʻi e iloiloina ai isi vaega o le faʻaituau o le faʻaituau: o se upu sailiga galuega fuaina filifilia filifiliga (Doornwaard et al., 2014) ma se galuega faʻatulagaina fuaina fua faʻatupuina faʻavasegaina (Kagerer et al., 2014).

O sailiga na maua mai i suʻesuʻega uma na suʻesuʻeina, o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le PPU, ma le tele o ponokalafi e taumafaina, poʻo ni amioga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PPU, e foliga mai e faʻaituau i lagona feusuaʻi. I se faʻataʻitaʻiga o 46 tamaloloa ma 41 tamaʻitaʻi tamaʻitaʻi, Kagerer et al. (2014) Na maua e tagata saili feusuaʻiga na masani ona tali vave i le dot-probe galuega pe a o le togi na aliaʻe i tafatafa o se feusuaiga ata, ma faʻavasega vave ata o loʻo faʻaalia ai feusuaiga i le laina-orientation galuega. Doornwaard et al. (2014) mauaina o tagata auai na faʻaumatia ponokalafi i luga o le sili atu masani tulaga (feololo ma maualuga tagata faʻaaoga ponokalafi ma maualalo ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga) na vave tali atu i le dot probe galuega, tutoʻatasi pe o le togi na aliaʻe i tafatafa o se le mautonu poʻo se feusuaiga ata. I se suʻesuʻega faʻatusatusaina 22 tagata mamaʻi ma CSBD (PPU o latou muamua faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga) ma 44 soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu, o le muamua faʻaalia sili faʻaituau faʻaituau e manino le faʻatupuina o lagona faʻaosofia.Mechelmans et al., 2014). E maitauina lava, o lenei faʻaituau faʻaituau na o le taimi na vaʻaia ai e le au faʻataʻitaʻi le faʻaalia o uiga faʻaosofia i faiga aiga; pe a tuʻuina atu ma le erotic stimulus (ie, maualalo tulaga o le explicitness) poʻo le faʻaituʻau stimulus, tagata auai ma CSBD ma soifua maloloina volenitia tali faʻapea foi. Toe faʻamatalaina faʻamatalaga mai lenei suʻesuʻega, Banca et al. (2016) maua o mataupu i ai sili atu fiafia mo faʻamalosia feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi (tele lava, i latou ma CSBD ma PPU) na faʻaalia foi faʻalauteleina le faʻaituau mafaufau mo feusuaʻiga. I se faʻatusatusaga, o le mea e fiafia i ai tala fou ma mea masani na faʻaosofia ai e leʻi fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaituau faʻailoga mo feusuaʻiga. O le mea lea, latou faʻaiʻuina o le faʻaituau faʻaituau i mea tau feusuaiga faʻamalosi na fesoʻotaʻi ma le sili atu fiafia mo faʻaaliga tuʻuina atu i feusuaʻiga ata, ae le ma le fou fiafia. O lenei faʻaiuga ua tagitagi ma le lagona faʻaosofia lagona faʻaosofia (Robinson & Berridge, 2001), fuafuaina o le faʻaituau faʻaituau i fualaʻau fualaʻau o le iʻuga o le masani faʻamamaina faʻagasologa; ae ui i lea, e feteʻenaʻi ma sailiiliga mai le suʻesuʻega e Kagerer et al. (2014), lea na maua ai se vavalalata i le va o le faʻaituau faʻaituau ma lagona faʻafeusuaʻi sailiga (aka novelty fiafia). Mulimuli ane, Pekal et al. (2018) maua ai o le faʻaituau faʻaituau i faʻamalosi feusuaʻiga na faʻafesoʻotaʻiina ma le ogaoga o ponokalafi vaisu, manaʻoga (ie, manaʻo e masturbate pe a oʻo mai ma ponokalafi), ma autu faʻaosofia feusuaiga. O nei sailiga sa tumau i tama ma teine ​​uma, ma faʻatalanoa faʻapitoa e manaʻomia ma faʻamalosia feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi (ie, o le aʻafiaga o le faʻaituau i luga o ponokalafi vaisu na faʻamalosia e le faʻaaogaina o gaioiga ma le manaʻo tele).

3.3. Pule faʻatagaina

O le taofiofia o le taofiofia e fai ma vaega taua pe a oʻo mai ile faʻatonutonuina o amioga a le tagata ona ua manatu e nafa ma le taofiofia o mafaufauga, gaioiga, ma lagona e tali atu ai ile siʻosiʻomaga manaʻoga: pe a fai o se amioga e le toe talafeagai pe faʻaleagaina (aemaise lava ile mataupu mulimuli) , taofiofi taofiofi faʻatagaina e taofi ma suia i se isi ituaiga-sili atu fetuʻunaʻi amioga (Verbruggen & Logan, 2008). Le lava taofiofia taofi e masani ona maua i tele psychiatric tulaga, aofia ai SUDs (Bechara, 2005) ma BAsBrand et al., 2016, 2019). O faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega ua iloa ai le tolu tulaga o le taofiofia taofiofi (Chamberlain ma Sahakian, 2007, Howard et al., 2014): (a) taofiofi taofiofi o le afi (ie, le agavaʻa e taofi ai tali e leʻi amataina); (b) le taofiofia muamua o le taofiofia o le afi (ie, le mafai e taofi ai tali ua uma ona amata); ma (c) faʻatonutonu taofiofi taofi (faʻapea, le agavaʻa e taofi le talafeagai gaioiga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga ma suia manatu mai mea taua ae le talafeagai o le tulaga).

O le taofiofi taofi o le afi e masani ona fuaina i le go / no-go paradigm. I lenei galuega, o loʻo faʻaalia mataupu i le faʻasologa o lagona faʻaosofia ma faʻatonutonu e tali vave atu pe a oʻo mai le "go stimulus", ma taofi le latou tali pe a fai o le "no-go stimulus" (eg, "fetaomi atu i le tali tali pe a oʻo mai se laina faalava i luga o le pupuni ” ma "Aua le oomiina le tali ki pe a tulaʻi mai se laina i luga o le lau"). I lenei galuega, le lelei tali tali atu e fuaina i le numera o toʻesea (tagata auai le tali atu i le 'alu faamasinoga') ma komisi (tagata auai le mafai ona taofia tali i se 'leai-alu faamasinoga'). I le matou iloiloga, naʻo le tasi le suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina lenei galuega e suʻesuʻe ai le va feagai o le PPU ma le taofiofia o le afi (Seok & Sohn, 2020). I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le au auai (30 tamaloloa fono faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le faʻamaoniga o le HD ma le taʻutaʻua i vaiaso uma ponokalafi faʻaaogaina vs. 30 soifua maloloina tamaloloa lipotia o le feololo ponokalafi faʻaaogaina) faʻamaeʻaina se fetuunaiga o lenei gaioiga na le faʻaituau faʻamalosiʻau (tusi) na faʻaalia i totonu o le le faaituʻau pe faʻafeusuaiga talaaga. Na maua e tusitala le gasegase ma le HD ma le faʻateleina o vaiaso uma i ponokalafi faʻatagaina faia sili atu leaga i le go / leai-alu galuega nai lo maloloina soifua maloloina, aemaise lava i 'leai-alu tofotofoga' (i latou manaʻomia taofi) ma pe a le galuega na faʻaalia faʻatasi ma ata feusuaʻi i le talaʻaga. O le mea lea, na latou faʻamaeʻaina ai o tagata mamaʻi ma HD e foliga mai e sili atu ona faigofie ona maua ni faʻafitauli i le taofiofia o le tali atu i le afi, ae maise lava pe a tatau ona tupu le taofi i le taimi o le faʻaaliga i feusuaiga.

O le faʻataʻitaʻiga sili ona lauiloa e fua muamua ai le taofiofia o le afi taofiofia o le taofi-faʻailo galuega. I le taofi-faʻailo galuega, mataupu masani faia se filifiliga tali gaioiga (eg, "lolomi le 'R' pe a maeʻa le faʻaaliga o se liʻo mumu ma le 'B' pe a maeʻa le faʻaaliga o se liʻo lanumoana"). I taimi o faʻataʻitaʻiga (ie, 'taofi faʻailo suʻega'), o loʻo tuʻuina atu i ai ma le faʻailoga taofi pe a maeʻa le faʻailoaina o fualaʻau (eg, o se faʻalogo faʻailo) faʻailoaina mai e tatau ona latou taofia le ua amataina tali atu i mea faʻamalosi. I lenei galuega, muamua-malosi afi tali taofia e fuaina i le numera o komisi mea sese ma le taofi-faailo tali tali atu (ie, o se faatatauga o le taimi aveina e taofi se tali e masani ona faia) (Verbruggen & Logan, 2008). I la matou iloiloga, naʻo le tasi le suʻesuʻega na iloiloina muamua-malosi le taofiofia o le afi i le PPU (Anetone & Brand, 2020). O lenei suʻesuʻega na maua ai le ogaoga o Initaneti ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (fuaina i le S-IATporn-o le fua e iloilo ai vaisu faʻailoga–) ma le manaʻo (ie, manaʻoga malosi e faʻaaoga ponokalafi) faʻatasi ma taimi tali atu i taimi o 'taofi-faʻailo tofotofoga' i uma le tutoʻatasi ma tulaga ponokalafi. O le mea e ofo ai, o le faʻateleina o le ogaoga o le Initaneti ponokalafi faʻaaogaina ma le manaʻo na fesoʻotaʻi ma vave tali atu taimi (ie, sili muamua-malosi afi taofiofia taofiofi). Na faʻamatalaina e le au tusitala nei faʻamatalaga feteʻenaʻi e ala i le fautua mai o mataupu e sili atu le ogaoga o ponokalafi i luga o le Initaneti e faʻaaoga ma manaʻomia atonu na atiaʻe ai le faapalepale i ponokalafi, o lona uiga o le faʻaaliga i nei mea na le faʻalavelave tele.

Faʻatonutonu taofiofia taofi e masani lava ona fuaina i le masani Stroop faʻataʻitaʻiga. I lenei galuega, e faʻatonuina tagata e faʻaigoa le vai lanu o upu lanu eseʻese. E faʻamalosia tagata auai e tali vave atu pe a mafai, ae o taimi tali ma mea sese e fuaina o ni taunuʻuga. O le vai lanu o le lanu upu e ono fetaui (faʻataʻitaʻi, o le upu 'BLUE' i le lanumoana font) poʻo le tutusa (ie, o le upu 'BLUE' i le mumu font), ma mataupu e masani ona i ai faʻatuai taimi tali atu ma faʻateleina mea sese i le mulimuli tulaga Faʻatonutonu taofiofia taofi ua fuafuaina o le eseʻesega i le va o mataupu 'gaioiga i vavalalata ma feteʻenaʻi tulaga. I lenei iloiloga, naʻo le tasi suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga e iloilo ai le taofiofia o le taofiofia o le taofiofia i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o tagata mamaʻi ma le PPU fonotaga faʻatulagaina mo le faʻamaoniga o le HD (Seok & Sohn, 2018). O lenei suʻesuʻega na maua ai o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma HD ma faʻatonutonu maloloina na faʻaalia taimi tali tutusa pe a tali atu i se galuega mamafa, ae o le muamua e leʻo saʻo aʻo tali atu i faʻafitauli faigata. O nei sailiga e tatau ona mafaufau i ai o ni faʻamuamua, ae latou faʻailoa mai o tagata gasegase ma le HD ono maua ni faʻafitauli e suia ai le mafaufau mai i mea le faʻamalosiʻau. Suʻesuʻega lumanaʻi e tatau ona talanoaina pe o nei faʻafitauli e faʻateleina pe a faʻaaogaina feusuaʻiga faʻaosofia o ni mea faʻalavelave.

3.4. Manatua galue

E manaʻomia le manatuaina o mea e manatuaina ai mea i lou mafaufau a o faia ni galuega faigata, e pei o mafaufauga, malamalamaaga, poʻo le aʻoaʻoina (Baddeley, 2010). Ua faauigaina o lese faiga mo teu le tumau ma se auala mo le 'on-line' togafiti o faʻaputuina faʻamatalaga e tupu i le taimi o le tele o ituaiga o gaioiga mafaufau."(Owen et al., 1998, i. 567) ma aofia ai vaega autu e lua: o se mea e manatuaina (faʻatapulaʻaina i mea na tutupu i se taimi puʻupuʻu-ma o nisi taimi e tutusa ma le manatu o le 'puʻupuʻu teu mea teu') ma se mea faigaluega (talafeagai mo le malamalamaʻaga, faʻafitauli o fofo, ma faʻaiuga) (Cowan, 2014). I se tulaga faʻatinoina, tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma sili atu ona manatua galuega e sili atu le aoga pe a oʻo mai i le tuʻufaʻatasia o le auiliiliga o taimi nei siosiomaga faʻamatalaga / manaʻoga ma taimi ua tuanaʻi aafiaga; i se isi itu, o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le manatuaina o mea e le lava, e masani ona le amanaʻiaina mea na tutupu i taimi ua tuanaʻi pe a faia ni filifiliga, ma lolo atu i le manaʻomia o le faia o amioga faʻamalieina e aunoa ma le mafaufauina o ni aʻafiaga leaga e ono tutupu. O lona iʻuga, o le galueaina o mea e te le manatuaina, e faʻateleina ai le ono aafia i amioga faʻafitauli, e aofia ai ma le SUD (Khurana, Romer, Betancourt, & Hurt, 2017) ma BAsIoannidis et al., 2019).

le n-o tua galuega o se tasi o sili ona lauiloa paradigms e iloilo galue manatuaina (Owen, McMillan, Laird, & Bullmore, 2005). I lenei galuega, tagata aʻoaʻo ua faatonuina e mataʻitu se faasologa o stimulus (eg, upu poʻo ni ata) ma ia tali atu i soʻo se taimi e faʻaalia ai se mea fou faʻaosofia e tutusa ma le mea na faʻaalia n tofotofoga muamua. Manaʻomia le manaʻoga manaʻomia e faʻatautaia lenei galuega faʻateleina o se gaioiga a le n tofotofoga manaʻomia e manatuaina: gaioiga e manaʻomia ai sui e tali atu i faʻamalosiʻau faʻaalia lua (2-tua) pe tolu faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua (3-tua) e manatu faigata. O mataupu e tatau ona faʻailoa mai pe o mea faʻamalosiʻau sa faʻaalia muamua pe leai, ma o le manatuaina o mea e manatua e taimi na tali atu ai ma tali saʻo (Meule, 2017). I lenei iloiloga, na matou mauaina ai ni suʻesuʻega se tolu e faʻaaoga ai le n-Faʻafoʻi galuega e fua ai le galue manatua i le PPU. Faʻataʻitaʻiga galuega faʻaaoga e iloilo ai lenei mafaufau faʻapitoa vaega tele eseesega i le va o suʻesuʻega: Sinke, Engel, Veit, Hartmann, Hillemacher, Kneer, ma Kruger (2020) faʻatusatusa faʻatinoga i luga o le 1-tua ma le 2-tua galuega ao tagata auai na faʻaalia i se le faaituʻau poʻo se ponokalafi talaaga; Au ma Tang (2019) faʻaaoga le 3-back galuega ina ua maeʻa le faʻaulufaleina o tulaga lelei, le lelei, feusuaiga, poʻo le le mautonu faʻalemafaufau tulaga; ma Laier, Schulte, ma Brand (2013) faia se galuega 4-tua aofia ai ponokalafi ata o stimuli. E ui lava i nei eseesega iloga, o iʻuga na sili ona tumau: tagata auai ma le sili atu ponokalafi faʻaaogaina ma / poʻo tagata mamaʻi ma le PPU (lua tutoʻatasi ae fesoʻotaʻi vasega) foliga mai e sili atu le leaga i galuega iloiloina galue manatuaina, aemaise pe a fai o lenei mafaufau faʻapitoa iloiloina i le taimi o le faʻaaliga o faʻamalosia feusuaiga faʻatasi. Laier et al. (2013) Na maua le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga i le maeʻa ai o le vaʻaia o ponokalafi ma le manaʻo i porn (lua vaega taua o le PPU) faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma eseese faʻailo o le lelei galue manatuaina gaioiga. E le gata i lea, o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o nei suiga e lua na valoia ai le 27% o le eseʻesega i le faʻatinoina o le 4-back galuega. Au ma Tang (2019) faʻamaonia o ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga ma tele faʻafitauli o le faʻamalosia o feusuaiga faia sili atu leaga i le galue manatua (itiiti le saʻo ma faʻateleina taimi e tali ai), tutoʻatasi mai le lagona lagona ma le ituaiga o faʻaosofia faʻaaogaina i le n-Faʻamatalaga i tua. Mulimuli ane, Sinke et al. (2020) maua o tagata mamaʻi ma CSBD faia sili atu leaga nai lo soifua maloloina faʻatonutonu pe a le n-Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi na faia ma se ata feusuaʻi i tua, ae le o le taimi na faia ai le galuega ma le le mautonu ata i tua. E maitauina, o lenei suʻesuʻega na maua ai, o tagata mamaʻi i feusuaʻiga, e sili atu lo latou lelei nai lo le puleaina lelei o le soifua maloloina i se galuega e fuaina ai le umi o le iloaina o lagona feusuaʻi, faapea ai o tagata mamaʻi ma le PPU e ono sili atu ona latou taulotoina / manatuaina ni feusuaiga e ui lava i ni faafitauli pupuu ma le manatuaina o galuega.

3.5. Faia o faaiuga

Faʻaiuga filifiliga aofia ai se tasi o sili ona totonugalemu gaioiga gaioiga ona e aafia ai luga o le tele o itu o sini faʻatutu-gaioiga amio. I se faapuupuuga, o le faia o faaiuga ua faauigaina o le mafai e filifili filifiliga sili ona lelei e iloiloina uma avanoa faamatalaga (Ioannidis et al., 2019). Tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma filifiliga faia faʻaletonu foliga masani ona faʻaalia fiafia mo puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu maua nai lo le umi-taimi tetele gaioiga, poto masani faʻasolosolo agaʻi atu i meaʻai faʻaosofia ai lagona (eg, vailaʻau) e ui lava i le feololo ma umi-taimi leaga aʻafiaga, e ono ono filifili filifiliga ono , mafuli i le saʻo pe a faʻamasinoina le ono mafai ma le tele o ono taunuʻuga, ma ono onosaʻi ia latou tali e ui i le leaga faʻaiuga. Ole tele o suʻesuʻega faʻaalia ai o nei foliga e masani ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma SUDs (Bechara, 2005, Ernst ma Paulus, 2005) ma BAs (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaletonu o taʻaloga Initaneti; Schiebener & Brand, 2017), faʻavaeina le 'autu' malamalama malamalama faʻavae o nisi o latou lava faʻatonutonu faʻafitauli.

E pei ona faʻamatalaina e ni faʻataʻitaʻiga lata mai, o le faia o faʻaiuga e faia i luga o laʻasaga eseese e aofia ai vaega eseese o le aufaigaluega lagolago.Ernst & Paulus, 2005). O le laʻasaga muamua o le faia o faʻaiuga (ie, iloiloga ma le faʻavaeina o mea e te manaʻo iai i filifiliga e ono iai) e aʻafia i le manaʻoga mo ni taui vave ae le o ni taui faʻatuai (ie, faʻaititia). Totogiina e iloiloina e ala i le faʻaititia o galuega. O nei galuega e fuaina ai "le tele e faʻatauaina ai e se tagata se mea e faʻamalosia o se galuega o le tuai mai pe ono maua mai ai"(Loia, 2008, i. 36). I se vasega 'tuai ona tuʻuina i lalo galuega', o tagata auai o loʻo tuʻuina mai i ai se tulaga e ao ai ona latou faia se filifiliga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, “e te manaʻo i le 1 € nei poʻo le 10 € taeao?"). I faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua, o tagata auai e masani ona filifili e tuai ona maua se tupe faasili. I le gasologa o le faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le laʻititi vave aofaʻi faʻateleina faʻatulagaina (1 €, 2 €, 3 €…) ma, i se taimi (eg, 8 € nei poʻo le 10 € taeao), tagata taʻitoʻatasi e fesuiaʻi i le vave taunuʻuga sili atu o le tuai le iʻuga. I le 'ono tuʻuina i lalo galuega', o le ono ono maua ni faʻaiuga suiga i le gasologa o le faʻataʻitaʻiga (eg, "e te fiafia ile 1 € mautinoa pe 10 € faʻatasi ma le 25% avanoa?"). I lenei iloiloga, lua suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina nei galuega e iloilo ai le paʻu i le PPU. Tasi le suʻesuʻega na fuatia ai le tuai ma le ono paʻu mo tupe uma ma le erotica (Loia, 2008), ae o leisi naʻo le faʻatulagaina tuai tolopoina mo tupe (Negash, Van, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Loia (2008) Na maua e le gata i le tupe ma le erotica tolopo le tuʻuina atu o gaioiga, e faʻaaoga e tagata e faʻaaoga le erotica e faʻaaoga ai tamaʻi tamaʻi fualaʻau e maua i le taimi lava lea nai lo le faʻamalosia o le au faʻamalosi. E faʻapena foi, o tagata e faʻaaogaina le erotica e manaʻomia nai mea laiti ae mautinoa ni taunuʻuga nai lo le tetele ae le mautinoa le taunuʻuga. E le gata i lea, o le tikeri na afaina ai amioga feusuaʻi ma le paʻu. I mea uma lava, o tagata faʻaaogaina erotica (aemaise lava, i latou o loʻo faʻaalia atili faʻailoga o le PPU) taumafai e faʻaalia sili atu le le fiafia filifiliga filifiliga nai lo tagata e leai ni erotica. Faapena foi, Negash et al. (2016) maua o le tele o ponokalafi taumafaina fuaina i le taimi 1 vaʻaia tuai tolopoina paʻu le fa vaiaso mulimuli ane: toe, sui auai lipotia matamata tele ponokalafi faʻaalia maualuga faʻaititia o lumanaʻi taui. E le gata i lea, na latou mauaina foi ina ua maeʻa aloese mai ponokalafi taumafaina mo 21 aso, na lipotia e tagata auai le faʻaititia o tulaga o le tuai tuʻuina atu (ie, faʻaalia le faʻateleina o latou manaʻoga mo tuai tuai maua). O loʻo atagia mai ai, o filifiliga faia o faʻaletonu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PPU e ono i ai ni faaletonu i le taimi nei e maua mai i le faʻaauau o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, ma le faʻatautaia o oe lava i le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e ono i ai se aafiaga lelei i le vaitaimi nei i lenei tomai faʻapitoa.

O le laʻasaga muamua o le faia o faʻaiuga e faʻatosinaina foi e leisi gaioiga faʻapitoa: faʻatino le faʻaituau i mea faʻamalosi faʻamalosi. Faʻaalia o le faʻaituau ua faʻamatalaina o le "se otometi faʻagaoioia gaioiga agaʻi ina latalata i faʻailoga e fesoʻotaʻi ma taui"(Kahveci, van Bocstaele, Blechert, & Wiers, 2020, i. 2). O le faʻataʻitaʻiga sili ona taʻutaʻua e iloiloina lenei itu o le auala-aloese galuega (AAT). I le AAT, o tagata auai e faʻaaogaina le kulimi e toso ai ni fualaʻau o loʻo faʻaalia i luga o le komepiuta i luga o latou lava (faʻalatalata i le faʻaituau) pe faʻamalosi ese (aloese mai le faʻaituau). O le faʻaaogaina o le lipine (faʻapea, gaioiga faʻaletino) ma le aofia ai o se zooming vaega (ie, gaioiga vaʻaia) faʻalauteleina le aʻafiaga o le faʻalatalata atu / aloese mai le faʻaosofia. I le tulaga o le PPU, o suʻesuʻega na faʻatauaina i le faʻaituau i mea tau feusuaʻiga: aemaise lava, e fa suʻesuʻega na faʻaaogaina le AAT e suʻesuʻe ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻaituau i mea tau feusuaiga ma le PPU. O suʻesuʻega e fesuisuiai i tulaga o mea faaosofia e faʻaaogaina ma ituaiga o faʻatonuga e avatua i tagata auai. Ae mo fualaʻau faʻatosina, e tolu suʻesuʻega na aofia uma ai i latou e le faʻaituʻau ma feusuaʻiga (aemaise lava i ata), ae o le suʻesuʻega lona fa na o latou faʻaosoina feusuaʻiga. Ae mo faʻatonuga o galuega, e lua suʻesuʻega na faʻaaoga ai 'galuega-le talafeagai faʻatonuga' (toso pe tulei le faʻamalosiau e tusa ai ma le faʻatulagaina o ata –horizontal vs. vertical–) (Sklenarik et al., 2019, 2020) ma lua faʻaogaina 'galuega-talafeagai faʻatonuga' (toso pe tulei le faʻamalosi tino e tusa ai ma a latou mataupu –faʻafeusuaiga vs. le tutusa pe faʻaofuina vs. lavalava–) (Kahveci et al., 2020, Snagowski ma Brand, 2015). O nei eseʻesega ono faʻamatalaina nisi o le le ogatasi iʻuga maua i nei suʻesuʻega. I se suʻesuʻega e aofia ai ma le 123 aliʻi tagata faʻaaoga ata, Snagowski ma le Brand (2015) maua ai se curvilinear sootaga i le va o auala-aloese mai ai ma le ogaoga o ponokalafi taumafaina: aemaise lava, tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le PPU na faʻaalia se ogaoga auala poʻo le soʻona aloʻalo agaʻi i ata mataga. I se isi itu, o le faʻasologa o suʻesuʻega na faia e Sklenarik et al. fautuaina e faapea, i alii uma (2019) ma fafine (2020), o le ogaoga o ponokalafi taumafaina na faʻaalia ai se laina (e le o se curvilinear) faʻafesoʻotaʻiga ma auala faʻaituau i feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi. E le gata i lea, i aliʻi ae leʻo tamaʻitaʻi, o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le PPU na faʻaalia le sili atu le faʻaituau i lagona faʻaosofia feusuaiga nai lo tagata e leai ni faʻafitauli i ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga: aemaise lava, o tagata faʻafitauli i ponokalafi faʻasolosolo na faʻaalia le sili atu i le 200% malosi atu faʻaitu tagata nai lo tagata e leai se PPU. Mulimuli ane, Kahveci et al. (2020) maua ai tagata taʻitasi lipotia faʻaaogaina ponokalafi i luga o le sili atu masani faʻavae faʻaalia malosi auala faʻaituau i feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi; ae ui i lea, o le ogaoga o ponokalafi taumafaina (fuaina i le Faʻafitauli Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻaaoga Fua -PPUS–) e leʻi matua felagolagomaʻi ma le faʻaituau, ma faʻafitauli ma e le o ni faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga e leʻi eseesega i tuutuuga o le faʻaituʻau agaʻi i lagona feusuaʻi. Nei sailiiliga fautua mai o taimi masani-ae le ogaoga– o ponokalafi taumafaina ono avea o le autu vaega pe a vavalo auala faʻaituau i faʻamalosi feusuaiga.

O le sitepu lona lua o le faia o faʻaiuga e faʻasino i le filifiliga ma le faʻatinoina o se gaioiga (Ernst & Paulus, 2005). I lenei laʻasaga, o le faʻatatauina o mea lamatia, taui tele, ma le ono o eseʻese taunuʻuga avea ma autu o filifiliga filifiliga. O nei itu ono ono iloiloina i lalo o tuʻuga e lua: lamatiaga faʻamoemoe ma le le mautonu tulaga lamatia (Schiebener & Brand, 2017). Talu ai e leai ni suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina le faia o faaiuga 'i lalo o le tulaga lamatia' i le PPU, o le a tatou taulaʻi atu i le faia o faaiuga 'i lalo o le le mautonu lamatiaga'. I nei galuega, e le o tuʻuina mai i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ni faʻamatalaga manino e uiga i mea e ono tutupu mo ni mea lelei / le lelei e mafua mai ia latou filifiliga ae leʻi amataina le galuega; o lea, e tatau ona faʻavae a latou muamua faʻaiuga i 'lagona' ma, i le aluga o le galuega, e mafai ona latou aʻoaʻoina le taua tulafono i tua atu o faʻaiuga e ala i taimi masani (e pei o, contingency-fesuiaʻi aʻoaʻoga) (Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 2005). O le galuega sili ona lauiloa e iloilo ai lenei itu o le Iowa Gambling Test (IGT). I le IGT, tagata tuʻuina atu i ai 2000 € ma le faʻailoga e tatau ona latou faʻateleina a latou penefiti i le aluga o le galuega. O sui auai e filifilia ni pepa mai le fa fata o loʻo taʻotoʻega: o deck A ma le B e leaga (o totogi maualuluga ae e oʻo atu foʻi ile tele o tupe leiloa), ae o decks C ma D e aoga tele (feololo maua ma tamaʻi tupe leiloa) (Buelow & Suhr, 2009). Filifili kata mai fola A / B e oʻo atu ai i le aotelega o faiaʻina, ae o pepa mai deck C / D e tau atu ai i le aotelega o tupe maua. O le mea lea, tagata ma talafeagai filifiliga-faia agavaʻa taumafai e sili filifilia vasega mai laulau C / D (Steingroever, Wetzels, Horstmann, Neumann, & Wagenmakers, 2013). I lenei iloiloga, na matou mauaina ai ni suʻesuʻega se lua e fuaina ai filifiliga i lalo o le le mautinoa e ala i le IGT. Mulhauser et al. (2014) Faʻaaoga se vaega masani o le IGT e faʻatusatusa ai filifiliga faia i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o 18 tagata mamaʻi ma HD (PPU o le muamua faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga) ma 44 soifua maloloina pulea. Na iloa e nei tagata suʻesuʻe, o gasegase feusuaʻi e masani lava ona filifilia ni potu ma ni faʻasalaga e masani ona leiloa, o se faʻataʻitaʻiga o tali e oʻo atu ai i se tulaga le lelei i luga o le IGT. Laier, Pawlikowski, ma Brand (2014) faʻaaoga se faʻavasegaina o le IGT lea e lua ituaiga o faʻamalosiʻau (le faʻaituʻau ma ata ponokalafi) na suia atofa atu i le laulau lelei pe le lelei. Na latou suʻesuʻeina se faʻataʻitaʻiga o tagata e le o ni faʻafitauli tau ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga, mauaina o le faʻatinoina i luga o le IGT e sili atu pe a faʻamalosia feusuaʻiga ma filifiliga lelei ma sili atu le leaga pe a fesoʻotaʻi ma le lelei filifiliga (ie, faʻailoga tau feusuaʻi faʻaiuga filifiliga). O lenei aʻafiaga na faʻafaigofieina e tagata taʻitoʻatasi i le mataalia i mea ponokalafi: i tagata taʻitasi lipotia maualuga feusuaiga faʻaosofia ina ua maeʻa ata feusuaʻi, o le aʻafiaga o feusuaiga faʻamalosi i le faia o filifiliga sa sili atu. I se aotelega, o nei suʻesuʻega e lua o loʻo fautua mai ai, o tagata taʻitasi o loʻo faʻaalia le maualuga o le gaioiga ile lumanaʻi o lagona feusuaʻi poʻo le PPU o loʻo faʻaalia ai le le lelei o filifiliga, ae maise lava pe a faʻatautaia lenei faiga e faʻamatalaga tau feusuaiga. Lenei ono faʻamatalaina pe aisea e maua ai e nei tagata ni faʻafitauli e faʻatonutonu a latou amioga faʻafeusuaiga e ui lava i le tele o aʻafiaga le lelei e faʻatatau i a latou ponokalafi taumafaina.

4. Talanoaga

I le pepa o loʻo iai nei, matou te iloiloina ma tuʻufaʻatasia faʻamaoniga na maua mai i le 21 suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻe ai le faʻagasologa o mafaufauga i lalo ole PPU. I se faapuupuuga, o le PPU e fesoʻotaʻi ma: (a) faʻaituau faʻaituau i mea tau feusuaʻiga, (b) le lava taofiofia (faʻapitoa, i faʻafitauli ma le tali atu o le afi ma faʻasolosolo ese le vaʻaiga mai mea e faʻaosofia ai le mafaufau), (c) sili atu ona leaga le faʻatinoga o galuega iloiloina galue galue, ma (d) filifiliga faia faʻaletonu (aemaise, i mea e manaʻomia mo puʻupuʻu tupe maua laiti nai lo le umi-gaioiga tele gaioiga, sili atu le faʻamalosia filifiliga filifiliga nai lo le-erotica tagata faʻaoga, auala agaʻi i feusuaʻiga faʻaosofia, ma le saʻo pe a faʻamasinoina le ono mafai ma le tele o ono taunuʻuga i lalo ole le manino). O nisi o nei sailiga e maua mai i suʻesuʻega i falemaʻi faʻataʻitaʻi o tagata mamaʻi ma le PPU poʻo le faʻamaonia o le SA / HD / CSBD ma le PPU o latou faʻafitauli muamua tau feusuaiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, Mulhauser et al., 2014, Sklenarik et al., 2019), faʻapea mai o nei faʻasesega gaioiga gaioiga faʻapitoa e ono aofia ai 'maaleale' faʻailoga o le PPU. O isi suʻesuʻega na maua ai o nei faʻaletonu i le mafaufau faʻagasologa gaioiga ono aoga e iloa ai le eseesega i le va o eseesega ponokalafi faʻaaogaina talaaga, pei o ponokalafi tagata faʻatau ma tagata e leʻo faʻaaogaina (eg, Loia, 2008) pe maualalo ponokalafi tagata faʻatau vs. feololo / maualuga ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga (eg, Doornwaard et al., 2014). Peitaʻi, o isi suʻesuʻega na maua ai foʻi, o nei faiga faʻaituʻau e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻailoga e le o faʻamaoniga o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (eg, taimi o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina) (eg, Negash et al., 2016) poʻo faʻailoga o le PPU i faʻataʻitaʻi e le o ni falemaʻi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, Schiebener, Laier, & Brand, 2015), fautua mai o nei gaioiga atonu e le o ni 'faʻapitoa' faʻailo o le PPU. O lenei fesili e fesiligia ai lo latou aoga e iloa ai le eseesega i le va o le maualuga ae le faʻafitauli aafia ma le PPU, o se mataupu e leʻi faʻataʻitaʻia e suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega ma faʻamaonia nisi suʻesuʻega.

I le tulaga masani, o iʻuga o lenei iloiloga e lagolagoina le talafeagai o vaega autu o le mafaufau o le I-PACE faʻataʻitaʻiga (Brand et al., 2016, 2019). Ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega e le ogatasi pe a oʻo mai e faʻasino 'i lalo o nei tulaga' faʻaletonu le atoatoa mafaufau i le PPU. O ni suʻesuʻega na maua ai o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le PPU e le lelei le faʻatinoga o latou gaioiga, tusa lava pe o le a le ituaiga o faʻamalosi e faʻaaoga i ana iloiloga. Au ma Tang, 2019, Loia, 2008), fautua mai o le mafaufau le atoatoa o 'stimuli-nonspecific' ma fausia ai se naunautaʻiga i le atiina ae o oe lava tulafono faatonutonu faafitauli (i se tulaga lautele). O isi suʻesuʻega na maua ai o le mafaufau le atoatoa foliga alualu i luma peʻa taʻitasi ma le PPU o loʻo faʻaalia ma feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi (eg, Mechelmans et al., 2014, Seok ma Sohn, 2020), fautua mai o le mafaufau le atoatoa ono 'stimuli-faʻapitoa' ma aofia ai se tulaga vaivai gafatia e atiina ae faʻafitauli faʻafitauli (i faʻapitoa). I le iuga, o isi suʻesuʻega na maua ai o le mafaufau le atoatoa gaioiga faʻatoa aliaʻe ina ua maeʻa le faʻamalosia o maualuga tulaga o feusuaʻiga faʻamalosi (eg, Macapagal, Janssen, Fridberg, Finn, & Heiman, 2011); I se tulaga faʻapena, o le faʻaosooso i luma o mea tau feusuaʻiga e foliga mai e faʻamalosia ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻaleagaina o le mafaufau ma le PPU (eg, Laier et al., 2014, Pekal et al., 2018). O nei sailiga mulimuli na faʻafetauiina ma le manatu o le 'malamalama gaioiga' fuafuaina e le Sexh amioga Taamilosaga (Walton et al., 2017). E tusa ai ma lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le mafaufau i le mafaufau e aliali mai i le taimi o le maualuga o tulaga o feusuaiga ma e faʻasino ia "o se setete o le le toaga, tolopo, faʻamalolo, pe faʻaititia o talafeagai lelei gaioiga faʻagasologa"(Walton et al., 2017). Ma, e mafai foi o le mafaufau le atoatoa faʻaalia i le toe iloiloga suʻesuʻega aofia ai 'le tumau le mafaufau tulaga' mafua mai PPU, ae le mausali predispositions. Lagolagoina lenei manatu, Negash et al. (2016) maua ai o le 'aloʻese mai ponokalafi taumafaina mo 21 aso na mafua ai le faʻateleina o mea e fiafia i ai mo le tuai tuai maua (ie, faʻaititia o le tuai tolopoina). O le mea lea, o le faʻamautuina o tulaga i lalo o le mafaufau faʻaleagaina i le PPU foliga mai e alagatatau nisi suʻesuʻega.

I le tulaga o le falemaʻi, i lenei iloiloga ua tatou mautinoa ai o le mafaufau le faʻaituau e fesoʻotaʻi saʻo pe le tuʻufaʻatasia i pathological ma le aoga ponokalafi faʻaaogaina. I se galuega talu ai nei, Brand et al. (2020) Faʻamatala auiliiliina le eseesega i le va o faʻagasologa ma faʻailoga: latou te taʻua mai o le fesuiaʻiga o gaioiga a le mafaufau e ono avea ma mafuaʻaga autu mo le atinaʻeina ma le faʻamautuina o faʻailoga o le BA (faʻapitoa, faʻaletonu o taʻaloga), ae le o lona uiga o nei gaioiga e ono aoga mo le faʻailoaina o lenei tulaga. . E tusa ai ma lenei talosaga, o faʻailoga o le PPU e mafai ona avea ma amio ma faʻaaliga o le faʻamaʻi ma e aoga mo le faʻamaoniaina o lenei tulaga; i se faʻatusatusaga, faʻaletonu gaioiga gaioiga mafai ai ona faʻatapulaʻa le aoga o faʻailoga faʻailo ae aofia ai taua sini pe a atiaʻe fou togafitiga auala i PPU. I lenei tulaga, togafiti faʻamalositino faʻatinoina e faʻaleleia atili pulega eseʻese galuega faʻaalia taunuʻuga taunuʻuga i le puipuia pe faʻaititia faʻailoga o eseʻese SUDs (Lechner, Sidhu, Kittaneh, & Anand, 2019), ma ono mafai foʻi ona fesoasoani i le faʻamamaina o faʻailoga ma aʻafiaga o le PPU.

O suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina i le pepa o loʻo iai nei, e maua ai se aotelega lautele o le tulaga ua iai nei le poto e uiga i le le atoatoa o le mafaufau i lalo ole PPU. Peitai, e tele tapulaʻa ua faʻailoa mai. Muamua, o le toʻatele o tagata na aʻafia i suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina o aliʻi tamaʻitaʻie heterosexual male (57.1% o suʻesuʻega e leʻi suʻesuʻeina tamaʻitaʻi ma tamaʻitaʻi e toʻalua ma e toʻa 26.20% o mataupu [n= 447] o fafine). Tuuina atu o feusuaiga ma feusuaiga masani suia le foliga vaaia o PPU (Kohut et al., 2020), faʻamaoniga maua mai lenei iloiloga tatau ona faitio iloiloina pe a faʻateleina i fafine ma tamaʻitaʻi / tauatane. Lona lua, o galuega faʻataʻitaʻi e fuaina ai itu eseese o mafaufauga, e eseʻese lava, ma e fesiligia ai le faʻatusatusaina o faʻaiʻuga o suʻesuʻega. Lona tolu, nai suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina le le atoatoa o le mafaufau i le faitau aofaʻi o tagata, faʻalavelave i le faʻailoaina o manino sootaga i le va o nei itu ma PPU. Lona fa, o nisi o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe (mafuli, i latou e aofia ai maʻi ma le SA / HD / CSBD) e le gata na aofia ai maʻi ma PPU, ae faʻapea foi ma isi amioga le mama i fafo atu o le pulega. Ole auala lea e faʻaalia ai le PPU ile tulaga masani (ie, e masani ona faʻasoesa ma isi faʻafitauli tau feusuaʻiga); tusa lava pe na matou taumafai e faʻatonutonu lenei ono faʻaituau e ala i le aveʻesea o suʻesuʻega le iloiloina o le tele o tagata mamaʻi ma le PPU o se muamua feusuaʻiga faʻafitauli, e tele nisi suʻesuʻega e manaʻomia e vavaeʻese ai faʻapitoa gaioiga gaioiga e talafeagai mo le faʻamatalaina o le PPU mai mea taua mo le faʻamalamalamaina o fafo- o-faʻatonutonu amioga faʻafeusuaiga i se tulaga lautele. E faʻapena foi, o le tele o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe na faʻafesoʻotaʻia se gaioiga faʻapitoa ma se faʻailoga e le o faʻamaoniga o le PPU (eg, taimi o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina) nai lo le faʻailoaina tuʻusaʻo o lenei tulaga. A o talu ai nei suʻesuʻega faʻaalia ai o nisi o nei 'le tuʻufaʻatasi' faʻailoga e le talafeagai mo le faʻailoaina o PPU (Bőthe et al., 2020), tatou le mafai faʻamautinoaina o le maualuga faʻatasi ma se mautinoa gaioiga gaioiga mafai ona faʻaliliuina i se faʻateleina vaivai i lenei tulaga. O le mea e sili atu, matou te lapataʻi faʻasaga i le faʻauigaina o mea na maua mai i nei suʻesuʻega o ni faʻamaoniga o le le mafaafitia o le va o le mafaufau faʻagasologa ma le PPU. Faʻapena foi, suʻesuʻega faʻatautaia i le leai-falemaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga (o se vaega taua o suʻesuʻega o loʻo aofia i lenei iloiloga) ono maua ai ni mea fiafia mo le autu o lenei iloiloga, ae le tatau ona faʻaaogaina mo le tusiaina o faʻaiuga mautinoa i le va o le mafaufau faʻagasologa ma le PPU. I le iuga, matou te faʻailoa o le iloiloina o suʻesuʻega e matua feteʻenaʻi. I lenei laʻasaga, na matou manatu ai o se auala maeʻaeʻa na alagatatau ina ia mafai ai ona tuʻuina atu se lautele lautele vaʻaiga o le taimi nei tulaga o le poto; ae ui i lea, o lenei feteʻenaʻi ono mafai ona faʻalavelaveina le lautele o a tatou faʻaiuga. O nei tapulaʻa i se tasi tikeri faʻapogisaina le faʻamatalaina o sailiiliga maua mai i lenei iloiloga. Ae ui i lea, latou te faʻasino foʻi i luitau fou ma folafolaina masalo o le a faʻateleina ai lo tatou malamalamaaga i gaioiga faʻafesoʻotaʻi e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PPU.

Faatupeina o punaoa

E leʻi maua e le au suʻesuʻe tupe mo le faʻatinoina o lenei suʻesuʻega.

Fesoasoani a le au tusitala

JCC ma VCC na aʻafia i le tusitusiga toe iloiloina, suʻesuʻega filifilia, faʻamatalaga toʻese mai, ma le tusiaina o tusitusiga. O le RBA ma le CGG na maua mai ai a latou tali i luga o le toe iloiloga metotia ma toe teuteu le uluaʻi ata o le tusitusiga. O tusitala uma na faitau ma faamaonia le tusitusiga mulimuli.

Feeseeseaiga o tului

Fai mai tusitala e leai se feteenaʻiga tului.