E faʻaaogaina le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e mulimuli i le alualu i luma o Guttman? (2013)

O suʻesuʻega e fautuaina ai le aoina o ata mataga a tamaiti e le gata o loʻo iai ni ata faʻamaʻi o tamaiti, ae o isi ituaiga o ponokalafi e faʻasese ma taliaina i le va fealoaʻi (vaʻai, Quayle & Taylor, 2002; Quayle & Taylor, 2003). O le mea moni, o faʻatalanoaga ma tamaiti faʻatau ponokalafi na fautuaina ai nisi tagata solitulafono solomuli "maeʻa eseese o ponokalafi ponokalafi, i taimi uma e ulufale ai i sili atu ogaoga mea" (Quayle & Taylor, 2002, itulau 343) o se faʻaiuga o le le fiafia poʻo manaʻoga faʻamalieina, lea na mafua ai aoina ma mauaina isi ituaiga o ponokalafi faʻasese (Quayle & Taylor, 2003). E le gata i lea, o nisi tagata faʻatau na latou faʻapea mai na latou siiina mai i lalo ia ata ona sa latou avanoa ma faʻaavanoaina, ma avea ai amioga ma mafuaʻaga o le faʻamalosi ae le o se aia tau feusuaiga faʻapitoa i tamaiti (Basbaum, 2010). Peitaʻi, o suʻesuʻega muamua e faʻalagolago i suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega o tamaiti solitulafono ma tamaiti ponokalafi. Afai o se sili lautele lautele faʻavae suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga (pei o faʻaaoga iinei) na faʻafaigaluegaina, ona tagata suʻesuʻeina ono maua se sili atu faʻatasi ma atoatoa malamalamaʻaga i le faʻaputuputuga o tamaiti faʻaaoga ponokalafi.

O nisi o tamaʻitaʻi o ponokalafi faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻaalia se faʻalavelave tele o feusuaiga, lea e mafai ona avea ma sui o se tulaga masani lautele o faanaunauga faʻasolosolo ae le o se aia tau feusuaʻiga faapitoa i tamaiti. I se suʻesuʻega na faia e Endrass et al. (2009), o le aoina o ata mai tagata 231 o loʻo molia i faʻataʻitaʻikalafi a tamaiti ua faʻaalia foʻi isi ituaiga o faʻasesega ponokalafi. Aemaise lava, toetoe lava o le 60% o le faataitaiga na puʻeina ai ponokalafi a tamaiti ma le itiiti ifo ma le tasi le isi ituaiga o mea mataga mataga, e pei o feusuaiga, faanenefu, po o le faanoanoa, faatasi ai ma le toatasi mai le toatolu tagata solitulafono o aoina mai ni ata se tolu pe sili atu foi (porno) (Endrass et al 2009). O lenei suesuega e taʻu mai ai o le tele o faʻamatalaga o tamaʻitaʻi ataata a le Initaneti o loʻo aoina le lautele o faʻamatalaga mataga ponokalafi, lea e mafai ona atagia ai se tulaga aoao o feusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga ae le o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faapitoa, e pei o le pedophilia. I se isi faaupuga, o nisi o tamaʻitaʻi ata mataga e ono faʻaaogaina i totonu o le faitau aofai o tagata o loʻo faʻaalia se lautele o feusuaiga po o fiailoa.

E ui lava o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega, e itiiti ni suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina ai pe o tagata e faʻaaogaina ituaiga o ponokalafi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, ponokalafi matutua) e sili atu le lamatiaga mo le faʻaaogaina o ituaiga amioga mataga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga o manu ma tamaiti). I se isi faaupuga, pe faʻafefea ona faʻaaoga faʻataʻitaʻiga ponokalafi e mulimuli i le alualu i luma o Guttman (cf, Holani, 1988) ma le matua o le avea o se vaega taua pe o se tagata liliu mai mai le avea ma se tagata e le faʻalatalata i le faʻaaoga sese o tagata ponokalafi? E tusa ai ma le matua, o le tele o suʻesuʻega e taulaʻi atu i lagona faʻaleagaga o le le manaʻoina e faʻaalia i ponokalafi i le talavou (cf, Flood, 2009). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o Mitchel, Wolak, ma Finkelhor (2007) na mauaina 10% o 10 i le 17 tausaga le matutua na latou faamatalaina i latou lava o "matua pe matua le fiafia" e ala i le le manaʻoina e faʻaalia i ponokalafi. I le isi itu, na faʻatalanoa e McKee (2007) le 46 Australians, e uiga i lo latou faʻaalia o ponokalafi i tausaga o talavou, oe na faamatalaina lo latou faʻatagaina o le matamataina o ponokalafi e "malie" ma le "le fiafia" ae o lo latou faʻasalalauga o se "Aia tatau" (itulau 10). E le gata i lea, ua fautuaina e le suesuega se sootaga i le va o ponokalafi e faʻaaogaina i se talavou ma eseese amioga tau feusuaiga. Aemaise lava, o Johansson ma Hammarén (2007) na maua ai e le aufaipisinisi talavou e sili atu ona latou faia ni feusuaiga ma se tasi o po, ma atonu o le a sili atu ona faaalia e le au talavou talavou o ponokalafi mataga ma uiga mataga (cf, Flood, 2009) .

I le aotelega, o suʻesuʻega talu ai na taulaʻi atu i lagona faʻalagona o le le manaʻomia o faʻaalia i ponokalafi mo tagata talavou. O suʻesuʻega nei o loʻo taulai atu i le "tausaga amata" mo faʻaaoga tatau, nai lo le le mafaamatalaina, o le le faamaoni ma le taufaasese ponokalafi. Talu mai suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai i le taimi nei, o tagata na tali mai i le Iunaite Setete, o faʻamatalaga o faʻamatalaga e le faʻaalia ma faʻamaonia ponokalafi e faʻavae i luga o tulafono o loʻo i ai nei i le Iunaite Setete. I totonu o le Iunaite Setete, ua puipuia e pono le faʻamaoniaina o faʻamaloiloga matutua e le Teuteuga Muamua (e ui lava o loʻo i ai tuusaunoaga); ae ui i lea, o ponokalafi a tamaiti ma ata ma ata mataga a manu (ituaiga o tagata) e valea, o le mea lea, o tulafono e le tusa ai ma tulafono. O le mea lea, o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻamalosikalafi na faʻaaogaina e pei leai se tasi, ae ui i lea, o ata ma ata mataga a tamaiti ma tamaititi ua faailogaina e pei vavao ituaiga o ponokalafi.

E ui lava i pulega masani (tulafono) e faʻatonutonuina ai ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, o ituaiga uma e tolu o ponokalafi e tumau pea ona maua i le Initaneti. O le mea lea, o lenei suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina pe o le a le matutua o tagata na muamua saili ma le iloa ma le iloa ma le iloa, faʻataʻitaʻiga, ma fefaʻasoaaʻi faʻatasi ai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga nei: tagata matutua-naʻo, manu (faʻataʻitaʻiga), ma ata mataga a tamaiti. E ala i le suʻesuʻeina o feʻeseʻeseaʻiga i le vaitau o le tausaga ma le ponokalafi e faʻaaogaina ai suiga eseese, na faʻamoemoe ai le au tusitala ia malamalama pe faʻapefea ona faʻaoga pe faʻataʻitaʻiina e le au faʻamaonia ponokalafi le tele o ituaiga o ponokalafi.

Tolu autu autu autu o le taulaʻiga o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega. O le faʻamoemoe muamua o lenei suʻesuʻega o le faʻamautinoaina pe le o le matua o le amataga o se tulaga lamatia mo le auai i le taufaʻasese ponokalafi. I se isi faaupuga, o tagata e auai i ponokalafi ponokalafi faʻaaoga i se taimi o le matua sili atu ono ono auai i ni faʻasesega o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina faʻatusatusa i le tuai o tagata faʻaaoga? O le faʻamoemoe lona lua o lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻamautinoa ai poʻo fafine tali atu na faʻaumatia ponokalafi tamaiti. O suʻesuʻega na muamua atu, o loʻo atagia mai ai o le toʻatele o tamaiti e faʻaaoga ata mataga, o tama; ae ui i lea, o le tele o nei faʻataʻitaʻiga e mai le forensic poʻo falemaʻi faitau aofaʻi (faʻapea, Babchishin, Hanson, & Hermann, 2011). I se faʻaopopoga, Initaneti-faʻavae suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega fautua atu ai i fafine e ono aʻafia i tamaiti ponokalafi sili atu nai lo le taimi muamua fuafuaina (vaʻai, Seigfried, Lovely, & Rogers, 2008; Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2010). O le mea lea, o le taimi nei suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa iloiloina le faʻateleina o tamaʻitaʻi tamaititi ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o Initaneti tagata faʻaoga nai lo se faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo falemaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga, ina ia mafai ai ona maua ai se lautele lautele faʻamatalaina o tamaʻitaʻi tagata faʻaaoga o tamaititi ponokalafi (le faʻamaonia ma faʻamaonia e oe lava) .

Ma le mea mulimuli, o le sini lona tolu o lenei suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻeina le tele o taimi o ponokalafi e faʻaogaina e ala i le toilalo o ē ua tetee i vaega o ponokalafi: leai, matua-naʻo, meaola-na o le tamaitiiti-matua, tagata matua-manu, matua-tama, tama-manu, -o-manu-manu. O lenei suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa na mafai ai ona suʻesuʻeina pe faʻaalia e le tagata lava ia le faʻatautaia o ponokalafi tagata amio leaga i le tagata lava ia e faʻatusatusa atu i amioga a ponokalafi matutua ma manu pe a faatusatusa i isi vaega o tagata faʻaoga. E leai ni suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe na suʻesuʻeina faapitoa ituaiga eseese o tagata na aoina mai e tamaiti faʻapitoa i ponokalafi i le Initaneti (cf, Seigfried-Spellar, i le tusitala). Aemaise lava, afai e faʻaaoga e tamaʻitaʻi atakalafi le alualu i luma o le Guttman, e le tatau ona i ai se "tagata faatau" ae ata mataga a tamaiti; nai lo lea, e tatau ona faʻaaoga e tamaititi ata ponokalafi tamaititi le faʻaaogaina i isi ituaiga o mea taufaasese ma ponokalafi.

O lenei suʻesuʻega sa suʻesuʻeina i le natura talu ai e leai se suʻesuʻega talu ai na suʻesuʻeina pe o tagata taitoatasi na lipotia mai se "talavou" e sili atu le fiafia i le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi, e sili atu ona faʻaaogaina le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e faʻaaoga pe a faʻatusatusa atu i tagata taʻitasi na lipotia mai se "tausaga amata". O le faʻamoemoe o le le maua lea o se vavalalata i le va o le "tausaga e amata ai" mo ponokalafi matutua ma mulimuli ane faʻaaogaina ponokalafi. Ae ui i lea, o le maualalo o suesuega i luga o ponokalafi o tamaititi e faʻaaogaina ai faʻataʻitaʻiga a tamaititi ponokalafi e aofia uma ma le faʻaʻoleʻole ma le le faʻaalia o ata ponokalafi. O le mea lea, o faʻataʻitaʻiga o tamaiti faʻamaonia ponokalafi o le a sili atu ona faʻaaogaina tagata matua-na o tamaʻitaʻi ma tamaʻitaʻi faʻamalokalafi ma e ono le mafai ona avea ma tagata e faʻaaogaina ata mataga ata. Ma le mea mulimuli, o tusitala ua faamoemoe e maua se eseesega o feusuaiga; aemaise lava, o le a sili atu ona faʻaalia e tagata le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi o tamaiti (eg, Babchishin et al., 2011). E le gata i lea, o le ai ai le maualuga o le faʻaaogaina o ata mataga a tamaʻitaʻi i lenei suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻeina i luga o Initaneti ona o le eseesega o metotia faʻatatau.

2. Metotia

2.1 Tagata auai

O suʻesuʻega nei na faʻaaoga ai le Sampling International Sampling Internationale (SSI), lea na tuʻuina mai ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga i luga o le Initaneti o tane ma fafine tali, oe na laʻititi 18 tausaga pe sili atu, mai le Iunaite Setete. Nai lo le kiona na paʻu i luga o le Initaneti ina ia iloa ai ē tali mai, o nei tagata faʻatau po o ē ua tali atu ua uma ona pasia le SSI ma le faʻamaoniga o le polokalama ina ia iloa ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loo lamatia le taoto i luga o se fuaga ina ia agavaa ai pe maua ni taui poʻo ni faʻamalosi ( SSI, 2009). E le gata i lea, e puipuia e SSI le tagata lava ia mai le mafai ona suʻe le tele o taimi (SSI, 2009). O le mea pito sili ona taua, o nei tagata faʻatau po o ē na tali atu atonu o le a mautinoa i le mautinoa ma le le faalauaiteleina o lenei suʻesuʻega, faapea foi ma le toʻa ma le talitonu i le faiga o suʻesuʻega, lea e taua pe a suʻesuʻeina uiga ma amio i mataupu faʻapitoa lautele.

E faavae i luga o le manaʻoga e faʻataʻitaʻi tagata faʻataʻitaʻi mai le "faitau aofaʻi o le 'aufaasālalau i luga o le Initaneti," nai lo se faʻataʻitaʻiga mai le falemaʻi poʻo le faʻataʻitaʻi mo tagata faʻataʻitaʻi, ma le manaʻoga e faʻalauteleina le talitonuga o le ua tetee i le faʻalauiloaina o ia lava, o lenei auala e sili ona fetaui ma manaʻoga suʻesuʻega oi ai nei. E pei ona faʻaalia i le Table 1, na maeʻa e le au tali a le 630 le suʻega i le initaneti; 502 (80%) o fafine ma 128 (20%) o tane (Manatua: O le vavalalata o lenei itupa o le a talanoaina mulimuli ane i le pepa). I le aotelega, o le tele o le faʻataʻitaʻiga na sinasina (n = 519, 82.4%), i le va o vaitausaga o 36-55 tausaga (n = 435, 69%), faaipoipo (n = 422, 67%), ma le 68% (n = 427) o ē na tetee na maeʻa le aʻoga poʻo le faʻauʻuina.

2.2 Measures

O amioga a ponokalafi i luga o le Initaneti ma le matua o tausaga ua amata ona fuaina e ala i le faaaogaina o se kopi puupuu o le Iloiloga o Ponokalafi i luga ole Initaneti (OPS; Seigfried, 2007; Seigfried-Spellar, 2011). O le uluai OPS na aofia ai fesili 54, lea na iloiloina ai amioga a ponokalafi a le au tali, e aofia ai le sailia ma le naunautai, mauaina, siiina, ma le fesuiaiga o faʻamatalaga manino i le Initaneti. O ponokalafi matutua ua faauigaina o ata ponokalafi "o loo faaalia ai tagata taitoatasi i luga le tausaga o le 18 tausaga, "aoi ai tamaiti faʻamalama ma ata mataga ua faʻamatalaina o mea tau ponokalafi" e aofia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi i lalo le matua o le 18 tausaga. "O ata mataga po o le faʻailogaina o manu ua faamatalaina o ata ponokalafi" o loʻo faʻaalia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi i luga tausaga o 18 tausaga i se manu. "

Na o mea 15 mai le Initaneti o Ata Faitautusi i luga o le Initaneti, lea na taulai atu i tausaga o le ua teteʻe mo le faaaogaina o ponokalafi i luga o le initaneti, na aofia ai i lenei suʻesuʻega. O fesili 15 uma e faʻaaogaina le tali tutusa. O loʻo taua i lalo se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma tausaga e amata mai le OPS: "O le a le matua o oe i le taimi muamua na e alu ai ma le iloa i se upega tafaʻilagi ina ia mafai ai ona e matamata i ata mataga e aofia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi i lalo le tausaga o le 18 tausaga? "O filifiliga a le au tali mo le matua o mea na amataina: e le faatatau ia te au, i lalo ole 12 tausaga, 12 i lalo ole 16 tausaga, 16 i lalo ole 19 tausaga, 19 i lalo ole 24 tausaga le matua, 24 tausaga le matua pe sili atu, ma teena le tali mai. E faʻavae i luga o le faʻatagaga o mea, o tagata na tetee na vavaeina e avea ma tagata e faʻaaogaina poʻo ē e le faʻaaogaina tagata matutua, manu (aganuʻu), ma ata mataga a tamaiti.

I le mea mulimuli, o faʻamatalaga autu a le tagata tetee na lipotia mai e le tagata lava ia e ala mai i le fesili i luga o le initaneti, lea na aofia ai mea e pei o feusuaiga, tausaga, ma tulaga o le ulugalii. Na faʻaalia suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga i le amataga o le suʻesuʻega mo tagata uma na tetee. O le suʻesuʻeina nei o loʻo faʻasalalau ao suʻesuʻeina "uiga e uiga i 'upega tafaʻilagi a le au matutua,' ma le tuʻuina atu o faʻamatalaga faʻataʻitaʻiga ao le i sili atu le maaleale o fesili e uiga i le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi, . E le gata i lea, o mea uma lava na suʻesuʻeina, na mafai ona filifilia, ae na mafai e le au tali ona filifili le "teena e tali atu" i so o se meataitasi, e pei ona manaʻomia e le Komiti Faʻafoe Toe Iloiloga (IRB). E le gata i lea, o tagata uma sa taliina na togafitia e tusa ai ma tulaga faataatitia o loʻo faatulaga mai e le American Psychological Association (APA).

Laulau 1

Faamatalaga Faʻaagaga

2.3 Taualumaga

O lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻatinoina faʻaeletiseina faʻaaogaina ai se suʻesuʻega i luga ole Initaneti. Lenei metotia o le faʻatautaia o suʻesuʻega e ala i le Initaneti ua vaʻaia le faʻateleina o le faʻaaogaina e tagata suʻesuʻe ona o le faʻaavanoaina o le au tali atu ma le iloa o le le amanaiaina ma faʻateleina le naunautaʻiga e faʻalauiloa e le tagata ia agafesoʻotaʻi e le taliaina pe feteʻenaʻi amioga poʻo amioga (Mueller, Jacobsen, & Schwarzer, 2000). O le taimi na maua ai e le itu teteʻe le 'upega tafaʻilagi, o le itulau autu faʻamatalaina le suʻesuʻega aʻo avea ma pepa faʻatagaina e tatau ona malilie iai le au faʻataʻitaʻi pe teteʻe foʻi e auai. Afai na malilie le au faʻatali, e tatau ona latou kiliki le ki "Ou te Malie" ina ia auai. Ina ua uma ona kiliki le ki "Ou te ioe", na fesiligia le au tali e faʻatumu fesili, lea e tusa ma le 15 minute le umi.

E leai se taimi na fesili ai le au tali mo soo se faʻamatalaga iloa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, igoa). Ina ia puipuia le le iloa ma le le faalauaiteleina o le ua tetee, ua tuuina atu i le ua tetee se numera ID ona o tali o fesili e le mafai ona fesootai pe fetaui ma soo se tagata faapitoa.

2.4 Fuainumera Fuainumera

Ina ua maeʻa le aoina o faʻamaumauga, sa faia suʻesuʻega fuainumera faʻataʻitaʻi e faʻaaoga ai le Faʻamaumauga o Fuainumera Faamauina mo le Social Sciences (SPSS) 19. O le taua o le fuainumera na faatulagaina i le alafaʻeli o le .05 ao lei oʻo i soʻo se suʻesuʻega. Ole suega ole Faigafaiva-Freeman-Halton ua faʻataʻitaʻiina mo le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o tausaga o le amataga, faʻafeusuaiga, ma le ponokalafi. O lenei faaiuga na faia mo mafuaʻaga nei: o le tele o numera o le telefoni feaveaʻi e laiti ona o le suʻesuʻeina o mea e tutupu e le masani ai (e pei o faʻataʻitaʻiga a tamaiti), e latalata i le sikuea sikoa e fai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga tele (N) faʻatupulaia, ma le Suʻega saʻo a Fisher-Freeman-Halton e faʻalauteleina le Suʻega a le Faiga Faiva i le R x C mataupu (cf, Freeman & Halton, 1951). I le iuga, o se solomuli i tua (Wald) logistic regression na faia ina ia mafai ai ona iloa pe o feusuaiga ma le "tausaga o le amataga" mo tagata matutua ponokalafi faʻaaoga foliga vaega auai mo nondeviant faasaga i le faʻaaogaina Initaneti ponokalafi. O logistic regressions e talafeagai mo suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega, aua e sili atu le malosi i le laʻititi o soliga o manatu, e pei o laʻititi ma le tutusa tutusa faʻataʻitaʻiga (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007).

3. Iʻuga

E pei ona faʻaalia i le Table 2, 5.2% (n = 33) o le au tetee na lipotia mai e le tagata lava ia le faʻaaogaina o ata mataga a tamaiti. 16 (12.5%) o tamaʻitaʻi na tali mai o tamaiti e faʻaaogaina ponokalafi, ma o le 17 (3.4%) o fafine talileleia o tamaititi faʻataʻitaʻi ata ponokalafi. Mai tali 630, naʻo 8.6% (n = 54) o le au tetee na lipotia mai e le tagata lava ia le faʻaaogaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga ponokalafi, ae toeitiiti atoa le afa (n = 254, 40.3%) oe na tetee na lipotia mai le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi matutua-naʻo ponokalafi. E pei ona faʻaalia i le Table 3, na toe faʻavasegaina ē na faʻaalia e faʻavae i luga o le latou faʻaaogaina o tagata matua-naʻo, tamaʻitaʻi, ma ata mataga a tamaiti.

I le lagolagosua i le faleaoga, e leai se tali na lipotia mai le na o le faʻaaogaina o ata mataga a tamaiti. Na o le 1 fafine na tali atu ua lipotia mai na o le faʻaaogaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga ponokalafi. I le faʻaopoopoga, 9.8% (n = 60) o ē na tetee na faʻaaogaina nisi o faʻafefiloi o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻaʻoleʻole i ponokalafi pe a faatusatusa i na o .5% oe na lipotia le faʻaaoga ae vavalalata ponokalafi (tamaʻitaʻi ma tamaiti).

Talu mai le faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaina o loʻo i ai se vaʻaiga i le va o tagata matutua, meaola, ma faʻataʻitaʻiga a tamaiti (silasila i le Numera 3), na faʻatautaia le faʻatulagaina o le faʻatonuina o le faʻatonuga e fuafua ai le itu o le mafutaga. E faavae i luga o tali a le meataitasi, na faia ai se fesuiaiga o le fesuisuiai mo vaega o ponokalafi taitasi: matua, manu, ma tamaiti. O ē na teteʻe na faʻamaonia e le o ni tagata faʻaoga (0) poʻo tagata faʻaoga (1) mo vaega taʻitasi o ponokalafi. E pei ona faʻaalia i le Table 4, sa i ai se vaʻaiga taua tele i le va o ponokalafi matutua ma le faʻaogaina o tagata, r_ϕ (635) = .36 ma p <.01, ma le matua matutua ponokalafi ma tamaiti ponokalafi faʻaaoga, r_ϕ (635) = .27 ma p <.01. Sa i ai se taua lelei sootaga mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi oe lava lipotia auai i matutua matutua ponokalafi, manu / bestiality, ma tamaiti ponokalafi. I se faʻaopopoga, tamaloloa na tele lava foliga mai ia latou lava lipotia le faʻaaogaina o tagata matua, r_ϕ (630) = -.28 ma p <.01, manu / feusuaʻi, r_ϕ (630) = -.18 ma p <.01, ma tamaiti ponokalafi, r_ϕ (630) = -.17 ma p <.01 (Vaai le Lisi 4).

Laulau 2

Pasene o Mea Lelei Faʻatauvalea ma Faʻamataʻu Mataʻutia Faʻaaogaina e Feusuaiga

Laulau 3

Faʻavasegaina o Tali e Faʻafofogaina e le tagata lava ia Faʻaaogaina o Tupulaga Talavou, Meaola, ma Tamaiti

I le isi itu, na faʻavasegaina ia tali e pei o: matua-naʻo (matua-naʻo) poʻo matua ma tamaiti / manu (tagata matua + vavalalata) tagata faʻaoga ponokalafi. O le "tausaga o le amata" na faatusatusaina i le va o vaega e lua e fuafua ai pe o le "tausaga o le amata" mo le faaaogaina o ponokalafi e faatatau i le faaaogaina mulimuli o ata mataga. Faʻavae i luga o le Faiga Faiva-Freeman-Halton Suʻega Tonu (p <.01), tagata matutua + taufaasese ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga na lipotia se matua sili atu le "tausaga o le amataina" faʻatusatusa i tagata matutua-na o ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga. E pei ona faʻaalia i le Laulau 5, 29% o tagata matutua + faʻasese ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga na lipotia se "tausaga amata" i le va o le 12 ma le 18 tausaga le matutua faʻatusatusa i le na o le 10% o tagata matutua-naʻo tali mai. Nai lo lena, o le tele (89%) o tagata matutua-naʻo ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga na lipotia le tausaga o le amataga o le 19 tausaga le matua pe sili atu faʻatusatusa i le 69% mo tagata matutua + taufaasese ponokalafi tagata vaʻai (Vaʻai le Laulau 5).

E faavae i luga o faʻamatalaga taua mai le faʻaogaina o le leai o se faʻatonuga ma Faigafaiva-Freeman-Halton Suʻega Tonu, na faia e le tusitala se faigamalo o Wald mo le faʻaaogaina o le logistic e iloa ai pe o le "tausaga le matua" ma le feusuaiga o ni tagata iloga iloga o tagata matutua-na o le matua + o le faaaogaina o ponokalafi e faaaoga. E pei ona faʻaalia i le Table 6, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga sili ona lelei mo tagata matua-naʻo le adult + deviant pornography usage e aofia uma ia suiga, Sex (W = 7.69, p <.01) ma le Vaitau o le amataga (W = 5.16, p <.02). Tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma se talavou "tausaga o le amataga" mo tagata matutua ponokalafi faʻaaogaina na .8 taimi sili atu ono auai i le taufaʻasese ponokalafi. I se faʻaopopoga, tamaloloa sa .4 taimi sili atu ono foliga mai o se taufaasese ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga. O le suʻega ole Hosmer ma Lemeshow e le taua, χ²(4) = 6.42 ma p = .17, o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai le faʻaiuga mulimuli e ofi i faʻamatalaga. I se faʻaopopoga, variance inflation factor (VIF) ma tulaga faʻatulagaina tau na fuafuaina ina ia suʻesuʻe ai mo le tele o ituaiga, o mea uma na leai se mafuaʻaga popolega (Feusuaiga, VIF = 1.00; Age of Onset, VIF = 1.00; Condition Index <30) .

E tusa ai ma nei iloiloga, na mafai ai e tusitala ona ausia a latou sini o le fuafuaina pe afai o le "matua o le amataga" ma le feusuaiga e matua valoia ai le matua-e na o tagata matutua ma tagata matamuli. I le aotelega, o le faʻamoemoega o le a sili atu ona faʻaaogaina e le aufaitautusi a tamaiti ma ata ma ata mataga, nai lo le naʻo le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi a tamaiti. I le faʻaopoopoga, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga na sili atu ona faʻaaogaina e tamaloloa i faʻataʻitaʻiga, o loʻo faʻalagolago i ai ma le faʻamoemoe o le maualuga o le faʻaaogaina o ata ma ata mataga a tamaʻitaʻi o loʻo faʻaaogaina i lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga i luga ole Initaneti.

Laulau 4

Faʻasalaga faʻatauvaʻa mo le feusuaʻiga, tagata matutua, manu, ma le tamaitiiti

Laulau 5

Tagata Matutua-Na o le Faʻaaogaina o Ponokalafi Matutua ma Faʻamataʻu Faaaogaina i le Tausaga o le Amataga

Laulau 6

Faʻasalalau i tua (Wald) Faʻamaumauga o le logistic mo Ponokalafi Faaaoga

Ae ui i lea, o le au tusitala 'e leai se eseesega i le va o le "tausaga e amata ai" mo le ponokalafi o ponokalafi e faaaoga i le va o tagata matutua-naʻo le tagata matutua + faʻasese i ponokalafi na faʻaaogaina e le lagolagoina. E tusa ai ma le suega o le Faigafaiva-Freeman-Halton ma le faʻaogaina o le logistic, na lipotia mai ai e le au matutua le faʻatautaia o le ponokalafi "le fiafia" mo le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e faʻatusatusa i tagata matutua-na o ponokalafi. I se isi faaupuga, faʻateleina tagata faʻataʻitaʻiga ponokalafi o loʻo punouai i talakalame matutua i se tausaga matua laʻitiiti e faʻatusatusa ia i latou o loʻo faʻaaogaina na o ponokalafi e le faʻaalia.

4. Talanoaga

O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o le muamua lea e iloilo pe o le "tausaga e amata ai" mo le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi (e pei o le matua-na o ia) e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaaoga mulimuli o le ponokalafi (e pei o le tamaʻitaʻi, tamaititi) faʻaaogaina se ata telefoni feaveaʻi. O lenei suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai se faʻaleleia atili nai lo suʻesuʻega muamua, lea e faʻalagolago i faʻataʻitaʻiga o tagata solitulafono ua molia. I le tulaga lea, o le suʻesuʻega lata mai na siitia ese mai le falemaʻi poʻo le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faitau aofaʻi o tamaititi faʻamalama atagata i le tamaititi faʻamalama ata mai le "faitau aofaʻi o tagata e faaaogaina le Initoneti." E le gata i lea, latou lipotiina e le tagata lava ia na o le faʻaaogaina o ata mataga a tamaiti. I le aotelega, o feeseeseaiga taua na tupu mai i le va o tagata e le o vavalalata ma faʻafeusuaiga tagata faʻamalomilo mo le "tausaga o le fiafia" ma le feusuaiga.

O se suʻega o suʻesuʻega o loʻo fautua mai ai o le tele o faʻamatalaga o tamaititi i luga o le Initaneti o loʻo aoina le lautele o faʻamatalaga mataga ponokalafi (cf, Endrass et al., 2009). I le suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei, e leai se tasi o le au tali na lipotia mai na o ia lava le faʻaaogaina o ata mataga a tamaiti. Nai lo lena, o le toatele o tamaiti e faʻaaogaina ponokalafi o loʻo latou aoina isi ituaiga o ponokalafi e aofia ai ponokalafi faʻasalalauga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga ponokalafi. Mai le 32 tamaiti faʻamaonia ponokalafi, 60% (n = 19) na faʻapotopotoina uma faʻataʻitaʻiga e le gata i tagata matutua ma faʻataʻitaʻiga, 34% (n = 11) faʻaaogaina na o faʻataʻitaʻiga ponokalafi a tagata matutua, ma naʻo 6% (n = 2) sa naʻo ponokalafi ponokalafi (Vaʻai le Lisi 3). O nei sailiiliga lagolagoina le Seigfried (2007) suesuega, lea matauina leai naʻo tagata faʻatau Initaneti tamaiti ponokalafi. I se aotelega, o tamaiti aʻoga ponokalafi o loʻo auai i le tele o ituaiga o mea tau feusuaʻiga ma lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega tatau ona iloiloina pe o nei aoina maua faʻamatalaga e uiga ia latou offline faʻatulagaina (eg, lima-i luga o le fesoʻotaʻiga faʻatiga) faʻapea foi ma uiga o tagata (eg, tagata faʻasauā aoina vevesi ponokalafi; Rogers & Seigfried-Spellar, 2012; Seigfried-Spellar, i nusipepa).

E o gatasi ma suʻesuʻega talu ai, o loʻo faʻaauau pea ona faʻaauau pea ona faʻaaoga e tamaloloa le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi. Ae ui i lea, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo taʻu mai ai atonu e sili atu le faʻataʻitaʻiina e tamaʻitaʻi o ponokalafi o tamaiti nai lo le mea na fautuaina muamua e suʻega suʻesuʻe mai le falemaʻi mo le faitau aofaʻi o tagata suʻesuʻe. Mo se faataitaiga, Babchishin et al. (2011) na faia se faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻamaumauga 27, lea na aofia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga o solitulafono i le initaneti. O taunuʻuga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le toʻatele o tamaititi faʻamaonia ata mataga o tamaʻitaʻi, ma faʻamaumauga a le 27, e na o le lima suʻesuʻega e aofia ai tagata solitulafono. O le mea lea, o le itiiti ifo i le 3% o le faʻataʻitaʻiga atoa o solitulafono i le initaneti o fafine (Babchishin et al., 2011). Ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega talu ai e aofia ai faʻataʻitaʻiga mai le faitau aofaʻi o tagata e faaaogaina le Initaneti, nai lo le faʻataʻitaʻiga poʻo le faʻataʻitaʻi ile faitau aofaʻi, ua lipotia mai le maualuga pasene o tamaʻitaʻi e faʻaaogaina ata mataga. Mo se faataitaiga, o le Seigfried et al. (2008) suʻesuʻega na mauaina 10 o le 30 tagata taʻitoʻatasi na lipotia mai le ponokalafi o faʻataʻitaʻikalafi mai suʻesuʻega faʻasaienisi e avea ma fafine. E le gata i lea, o le suesuega a le Seigfried-Spellar (2011) na lipotia mai ai le 20% o le tagata lava ia na lipotia mai faʻataʻitaʻiga o ponokalafi tamaʻitaʻi o tamaitai. I le mea mulimuli, o 17 o le 33 (52%) tamaititi faʻataʻitaʻi ata ponokalafi o tamaitai o loʻo i ai nei suʻesuʻega. O suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona iloilo pe aisea e iai se eseesega i le faʻaaogaina o ata ma ata mataga a tamaiti mo tamaitai mai le faitau aofaʻi o tagata.

Faatasi ai ma le fesuiaiga o feusuaiga, "tausaga o le amata" na matua taua lava i le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi. O le au tali na lipotia mai se "tausaga o le fiafia" mo le faaaogaina o ponokalafi e sili atu ona ono aafia i le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e faʻaaoga pe a faʻatusatusa atu i tagata na lipotia mai se "tausaga amata." E pei ona faʻaalia i le Table 5, o le tagata matua + faalua ona foliga mai o le lipoti o le tagata lava ia o se "tausaga e amata ai" i le va o 12-18 o tausaga e matua pe a faatusatusa i tagata matutua-na o ponokalafi tagata faaaoga ponokalafi. I le mea mulimuli, o le faʻaogaina o le faʻaogaina o lologa na faʻaalia ai le tulaga sili ona lelei mo le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e faʻaaoga ai ni fesuiaiga, feusuaiga ma "tausaga e amata ai." O lona uiga, o alii e sili atu ona ono aafia i ponokalafi pe a faatusatusa i tamaitai. E le gata i lea, o tagata taitoatasi oe na amata ona auai i ponokalafi a tagata matutua o loʻo faʻaaoga i se talavou, e sili atu ona faʻaaogaina le faʻaʻoleʻole i ponokalafi pe a faatusatusa ia i latou o loʻo auai i ponokalafi matutua i se tausaga mulimuli ane.

O suʻesuʻega o suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi i le Initaneti e mafai ona mulimuli i le alualu i luma o Guttman. I se isi faaupuga, o tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo faʻaumatia tamaʻitaʻi ponokalafi latou te faʻaaogaina foi isi ituaiga o ponokalafi, e le gata i le faʻaaogaina ma le faʻaʻoleʻole. Mo lenei sootaga e avea o se alualu i luma o Guttman, o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi o tamaiti e tatau ona sili atu ona tupu pe a uma ona faʻaaogaina isi ituaiga ponokalafi. O le suʻesuʻega lata mai na taumafai e iloilo lenei alualu i luma e ala i le fuaina pe afai o le "tausaga e amata ai" mo faʻataʻitaʻiga a ponokalafi e faʻaaogaina ai le suiga mai tagata matua-na o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi. E faavae i luga o taunuuga, o lenei alualu i luma i le faʻaaoga sese o ponokalafi e mafai ona aʻafia ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi "tausaga e amata ai" mo le auai i tamaʻitaʻi mataga ata mataga. E pei ona fautuaina mai e Quayle ma Taylor (2003), o le faaaogaina o ponokalafi o fanau e mafai ona fesootai ma le faanatinati poo le tuinanau o le manaʻoga lea e amata ai ona aoina mai e le au solitulafono mea mataga sili ona ogaoga ma taufaasese. O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo taʻu mai ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo auai i ponokalafi tagata matutua o loʻo faʻaaogaina i se tausaga laʻititi atonu o le a sili atu le lamatiaga mo le auai i isi ituaiga o ponokalafi. Afai e mulimuli le ponokalafi a tamaiti i le alualu i luma o le Guttman, o le suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina le sootaga i le va o le matua o le amataga mo faʻataʻitaʻiga ponokalafi ma le fiafia i le lumanaʻi e taʻitaʻia ai i isi ituaiga o ponokalafi.

4.1 Tapulaa

E ui lava o lenei suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga mai le "lautele faitau aofai o Initaneti tagata faʻaoga," e leai se faʻamatalaga o mea na mauaina o sui o le aofaʻi atoa o tagata e faʻaaogaina le Initaneti. E ui o faʻataʻitaʻiga tali mai le atunuu e tasi (Iunaite Setete) faʻatapulaʻaina le faʻatagaina i fafo atu, o tusitala na mafai ona faʻateleina le faʻatonutonuina o nisi faʻalavelave, pei o le faʻatulafonoina o tamaiti ponokalafi ma manu ponokalafi faʻaaogaina. O le metotia faʻaonapo nei o loʻo faʻatatau i tagata Initaneti o loʻo nonofo i se atunuʻu e faʻatulafonoina tamaiti ma ponokalafi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le tagata lava ia na lipotia Initaneti tamaititi ponokalafi tagata faʻaaoga i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega sa auai i le faʻatulafonoina tamaiti mataga amioga mataga, ma le faʻatulafonoina o tamaiti ponokalafi faʻaaogaina mafai ona avea maasiasi pe a fai o tagata faʻataʻitaʻia mai atunuʻu o tamaiti faʻaaoga ponokalafi faʻatulafonoina (eg, Lusia, Iapani, Thailand; tagaʻi i le International Center for Missing & Exploited Children, 2010).

E le gata i lea, o le faʻaalia o feusuaiga e le tutusa i le suʻesuʻega oi ai nei. E tusa ai ma le Ofisa o Tusiga Tatau a le Iunaite Setete (2009a), 50.7% o le faitau aofai o le Iunaite Setete o tamaitai. Aʻo mafaufau naʻo na tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i ai le initaneti i totonu poo tua atu o latou fale (N = 197,871), 48.6% o fafine (Ofisa o le Aufaʻatasi o le Iunaite Sitete, 2009b). E faʻavae i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga a le komiti mo le Survey Sampling International (fesootaiga patino, 2012), 56% o le Iunaite Setete o le Iunaite Setete o tamaitai. E mafai ona faʻataʻatia le faʻaaogaina o feusuaʻiga i lenei suʻesuʻega i le tulaga o le aufaigaluega. I le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei, e sili atu ona sili atu ona faigaluega tagata i le taimi atoa ma taimi-taimi, ae sili atu ona avea tamaitai ma tausi fale, χ² (9) = 73.82, p <.00. O suʻesuʻega na muamua atu, na faʻaalia ai ni tali mai o loʻo faigaluega tumau ma e "pisi tele" e ono le maeʻa suʻesuʻega i luga ole laiga (Cavallaro, 2012). O le mea lea, o le feeseeseaʻiga o feusuaʻiga atonu na mafua mai i le tulaga o galuega ona o fafine tali mai o e na faia fale na sili atu le taimi e faʻamaeʻa ai le suʻesuʻega i luga ole laiga. A o faʻatonutonuina mo galuega tulaga, o loʻo i ai lava se taua fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le "tausaga o le amataga" ma le matua-na o faʻatusatusa i le matua + faʻasese ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, r_{ab + c} = -.28, p <.01.

E ui lava, o le vaevaega o fafine i aliʻi i le taimi nei suʻesuʻega e le o sui o le Iunaite Setete Initaneti faitau aofai, na faia faʻataʻitaʻi tagata i fafo atu o le falemaʻi poʻo forensic faitau aofaʻi. I se faʻaopopoga, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei o loʻo fautuaina ai lenei metotia e ono faʻaalia ai le tele o fafine o loʻo faʻatauina ponokalafi a tamaiti i luga o Initaneti faʻatusatusa i isi suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga (ie, falemaʻi poʻo le faitau aofaʻi o tagata; Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2010).

E ui lava sa i ai se faʻafeusuaiga i le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei, o le sootaga i le va o le tagata matua-naʻo le tagata matua + faʻaʻoleʻole i ponokalafi ma faʻaaogaina le "tausaga o le fiafia" e taua tele pe a pulea le feusuaiga, r_{ab + c} = -.30 ma p <.01. Aʻo naʻo le iloiloina o aliʻi e tali mai, o aliʻi na aʻafia i ata o tagata matutua ma le amio leaga, na lipotia mai e matua laiti lava le "tausaga o le amataga" mo tagata matutua o ponokalafi faʻatusatusa i aliʻi na faia ponokalafi naʻo tagata matutua, Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test = 15.79 ma p <.01. E naʻo le iloiloina o tamaʻitaʻi na tali ane, o tamaʻitaʻi na aʻafia i ata o tagata matutua ma le faʻaaoga sese o ponokalafi na latou lipotia foi le sili atu ona laiti "tausaga o le amataga" mo tagata matutua o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina faʻatusatusa i fafine na auai i tagata matutua naʻo ponokalafi, Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test = 7.36 ma p <.05.

Mulimuli ane, o se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻaaogaina ai le 'upega tafaʻatasi o suesuega i luga o le Initaneti, ae o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le kiona i le Initaneti na faʻapipiʻiina ai suʻesuʻega o lenei suʻesuʻega i tagata taitoatasi oe na lipotia mai se tausaga laʻititi e amata ona faʻaaogaina ai ponokalafi faʻataʻitaʻiga, na sili atu ona faʻaosooso ponokalafi (Seigfried-Spellar, 2013).

5. Faaiuga

O lo oi ai se finauga i totonu o tusitusiga e uiga i aafiaga o le le maua o le faʻaalia i ata mataga e tamaiti laiti; ae ui i lea, o nai suʻesuʻega e iloilo ai tausaga o faamoemoe faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi sesega ma taufaasese. E ui lava i taumafaiga o le mataʻituina, faʻamamaina, poʻo le tapeina o ata poʻo 'upega tafaʻilagi luga o le Initaneti, nondeviant ma le faʻasolosolo o ponokalafi o le a faʻaauau pea ona faigofie ona maua, gafatia, ma le mailoa (faʻapea, Seigfried-Spellar, Bertoline, & Rogers, 2012). O le tuputupu aʻe i le numera o tagata faʻasese ponokalafi tagata faʻaoga (ie, tamaiti ponokalafi) o le a faʻateleina pe a o le taimi nei 2.45 piliona o le lalolagi faitau aofaʻi (35%) ma Initaneti faʻaaogaina faʻaauau pea ona faʻateleina (ITU, 2011). O lenei tuputupu aʻe o le a faʻaopopoina taua i le malamalamaina "aisea" nisi tagata vaʻai, download ma fefaʻasoaaʻi faʻasese ponokalafi pe a le vaʻaia isi. O lenei suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega faʻailoa mai "tausaga o le amataga" mo le le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi ponokalafi e fesoʻotaʻi ma mulimuli ane taufaʻaseʻe ponokalafi faʻaaogaina. I se faʻaopopoga, o fafine o loʻo faia ponokalafi tamaititi, ae o aliʻi e sili atu ona avea ma tagata faʻatau tusi ata a tamaiti. E pei ona fautuaina e Quayle ma Teila (2003), desensitization ono tuʻuina i se tagata i se tulaga lamatia mo le alualu i luma mai nondeviant i le mimilo amio leaga ponokalafi. Suʻesuʻega lumanaʻi e tatau ona iloiloina pe o eseesega o tagata taʻitoʻatasi (eg, matala i le poto masani, malamalama lelei, faʻaopoopoina, taliaina, ma le neuroticism; vaʻai Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2013) e fesoʻotaʻi ma lenei Guttman-pei alualu i luma mo le sese (ie, tamaititi) ponokalafi faʻaaogaina.

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