Borgogna, NC, McDermott, RC, Berry, AT, & Browning, BR (2019).
Psychology of Alii & Masculinities. Faʻasalalauga i le initaneti.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/men0000214
lē faʻatino
O le matamataina o ponokalafi fa'afitauli o lo'o fa'ateleina le gauai atu o se mataupu a alii. Ae ui i lea, o nai suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi tu ma aga masani a tamaʻitaʻi ma faʻafitauli ponokalafi ma pe faʻafefea ona faʻaogaina e eseesega taʻitoʻatasi nei fegalegaleaiga. alii (N = 520) na faʻafaigaluegaina i luga ole laiga e auai i se suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻe ai pe faʻafefea ona fesoʻotaʻi le faʻaogaina o tulaga faʻatane ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi ma pe faʻafefea ona faʻaogaina e le tagata lava ia nei mafutaga. O le puleaina o taimi e matamata ai i ponokalafi, faʻasinomaga faʻalelotu, ma le faʻafeusuaiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga na faʻaalia ai le mana i luga o tamaʻitaʻi ma taʻaloga taʻavale e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻateleina o le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli, ae o le pulea o lagona ma le manumalo masani e le lelei le fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli mataʻutia matamataga. O nei fa'alāpotopotoga, o le pule i fa'ata'ita'iga a tama'ita'i na maua ai a'afiaga tu'usa'o lelei i itu uma, a'o fa'atonuga fa'alagona na maua ai a'afiaga tu'usa'o le lelei. O fegalegaleaiga fesuisuia'i natia na suia ai aafiaga tuusa'o le lelei, e ta'u mai ai o alii e maualalo le taua o le tagata ia te ia lava ae maualuga i le pulea faalelagona ma le ola faalagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava e faaalia ai le faateleina o faafitauli i le matamataina o ponokalafi. O fegalegaleaiga na faapena foi ona molimauina ni sootaga lelei i le va o le tausisia o faiga masani a tama taalo ma faafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi, faatasi ai ma se aafiaga faateteleina mo i latou e maualalo le taua o le tagata lava ia.. O mea na maua e ta'u mai ai o le matamataina o ponokalafi a alii e mafai ona noatia i a latou fa'aaliga o tu'uaiga fa'afafine. E le gata i lea, o tamaloloa e maualalo le taua o le tagata lava ia atonu e sili ona tosina atu i ponokalafi, e ono avea o se auala o le soona usitaia ma le faatinoina o tulaga masani o alii. O aʻafiaga mo le faʻataʻitaʻiga e aofia ai le suʻesuʻeina o manatu faʻaletagata ma tamaʻitaʻi o loʻo tauivi ma faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi ma le tuʻufaʻatasia o tane e avea o se iloiloga faʻaleaganuʻu taua i totonu o faiga faʻavae togafitiga mo vaisu ponokalafi.
uputatala: Fa'afitauli Mata'ituina o Ponokalafi, Fa'afafine, Matafaioi o Itupa, Vaisu Ponokalafi, Fa'aletagata.
Fa'amatalaga Taua Lautele: O le tele o tagata fa'atau e o'o mai ma atugaluga e feso'ota'i ma le matamataina o ponokalafi. O a matou suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai e tatau i fomaʻi ona suʻesuʻe mea faʻale-aganuʻu ma le faʻatauaina o le tagata lava ia ma a latou tagata faʻatau o loʻo tauivi ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli e matamata i ponokalafi.
O le matamataina o ponokalafi o se faiga masani ua faateleina ona o le gafatia, avanoa, ma le le taʻua o le Initaneti (Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; Cooper, 1998). O le tele o avanoa i ponokalafi e faateleina ai le avanoa e ono oo ai tagata taitoatasi i faafitauli e faatatau ia latou matamata i ponokalafi. E moni lava lenei mea mo alii, e matamata i ponokalafi e sili atu nai lo tamaitai (Albright, 2008; Carroll, Busby, Willoughby, & Brown, 2017; Carroll et al., 2008; Paul, 2009; Price, Patterson, Regnerus, & Walley, 2016 ) ma oʻo i le tele o faʻafitauli ona o le latou matamataina o ponokalafi (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Grubbs & Perry, 2018; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018; Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). O le mea lea, ua atili ai ona fiafia tagata suʻesuʻe i le malamalama i tagata vaʻai faafitauli matamata i ponokalafi. E ui lava e leai se faʻamatalaga manino o le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli, ua faʻamaonia e le au suʻesuʻe ni faʻaputuga o amioga e masani ona taʻua o le "mataʻituina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli". O nei mea e aofia ai uiga faʻatupu vaisu o ponokalafi (e aofia ai le faʻauʻu ma le faapalepale), manatu faʻalavelave faʻalavelave o vaisu i ponokalafi, faʻaogaina ponokalafi i tulaga le talafeagai (e pei o le nofoaga o galuega), faʻafitauli o mafutaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi, ma/poʻo le faʻaogaina o ponokalafi e faʻaleagaina. pulea o latou lagona (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Gola et al., 2017, 2016; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018; Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament Kraus, 2018; Kor et al., 2014; Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017; Twohig et al., 2009). O le fa'aaogaina o le fa'ata'ita'iga a Kor et al.'s (2014), o le matamataina o ponokalafi fa'afitauli e aofia ai vaega lautele e fa o le fa'aletonu o galuega: (a) fe'ese'esea'iga (fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'afitauli i le galuega ma/po'o fa'atasi ai ma paaga alofa), (b) fa'aoga tele po'o manatu. o le fa'aoga tele, (i) faigata ona pulea pe fa'afefea/pe a fa'aaoga e se tasi ponokalafi, ma (d) le fa'aaogaina o ponokalafi o se auala le lelei e sola ese ai mai lagona le lelei (Kor et al., 2014).
O suiga fa'ale-aganu'u ua a'afia o ni mea taua i le fa'aogaina o ponokalafi ma fa'afitauli fa'afitauli o le matamata i ponokalafi. Ae ui i lea, o fesuiaiga e pei o tulaga faʻaagafesootai faʻapitoa a tama tane (Mahalik et al., 2003; Parent & Moradi, 2011) e leʻi faʻalogoina, e ui lava i le mea moni o tane o le faʻatau muamua o ponokalafi. E tusa ai ma lea, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na suʻesuʻeina ai le maualuga o le tausisia o tulaga masani a alii na vaʻai ai faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o ponokalafi matamataina ma faʻataʻitaʻiina le faʻaogaina o nei faʻalapotopotoga.
Fa'ata'ita'i i Tu ma Agaifanua Fa'afafine
O tulaga o matafaioi a alii ma tamaitai o tulaga ia e ta'ita'ia ma faauigaina amioga e pei o alii poo tamaitai (Mahalik, 2000). Mo tamaloloa, o le faʻamalieina i tulaga faʻatane o loʻo faʻamatalaina o le taumafai e faʻafetaui faʻamoemoega faʻalapotopotoga mo le mea e aofia ai amioga faʻatamaʻitaʻi taliaina i le olaga patino ma agafesootai (Mahalik et al. 2003). Ona o tulaga tau tane e eseese i le aganuu ma le talaaga, ma o lea e le mafaitaulia auala e faʻaalia ai "tane" eseese (Wong & Wester, 2016). Ae ui i lea, ua iloa e faufautua ma foma'i su'esu'e o le mafaufau o nisi fa'aputuga o tulaga masani o tama tane e ono fa'alavelave fa'apitoa pe a fa'atumauina pe fa'ataunu'uina. O nei talitonuga ma tulaga masani e masani ona faʻaalia i manatu tuai, maʻaʻa, faʻafeusuaiga, ma peteriaka e uiga i le auala e tatau ona mafaufau ai, lagona, ma amio a alii, ma e masani ona taʻua o tulaga masani o matafaioi (tagai Levant & Richmond, 2016; McDermott. , Levant, Hammer, Borgogna, & Mckelvey, 2018). I le faʻataʻitaʻiga a Mahalik (2000) o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tuʻufaʻatasiga o alii ma tamaitai, o tu ma aga masani a tamaʻitaʻi e fesoʻotaʻi e ala i faʻamatalaga (manatu o amioga masani a tama tane), faʻalavelave (faʻaaliga o amioga e faʻamaonia / le faʻamaonia e avea ma tama tane), ma le faʻatasi (faʻaaliga o le auala o alii. i tu ma aga masani) masani. O le faʻamalieina, i le isi itu, e aʻafia ai le tele o faʻalavelave faʻapitoa ma faʻalavelave faʻapitoa (Mahalik, 2000; Mahalik et al., 2003).
O su'esu'ega fa'apitoa na maua mai ai le lagolago fa'apitoa mo le iai o tu ma aga masani fa'aletama i totonu o sosaiete i Sisifo i aso nei. Aemaise lava, na faailoa mai e Mahalik ma ana uo (2003) 11 e fesoʻotaʻi ma tuʻufaʻatasiga masani: manumalo (tulaga e aofia ai se taʻavale e manumalo ai, faʻatauvaʻa, ma le fefe i le faiaina), pulea faʻalagona (tulaga masani e aofia ai lagona faʻatapulaʻaina, talanoaga o lagona le fiafia), faʻalavelave faʻalavelave. (tulaga e a'afia ai se ta'avale e fa'aleagaina ai le tino ma le va fealoa'i, e pei o le i ai i se tulaga lamatia fa'aletino), sauaga (tulaga masani e aofia ai ma fa'amaonia amioga sauā, aemaise lava le fa'aaafia ai o sauaga i le va o le tagata lava ia ma isi), pule i tama'ita'i (tulaga e aofia ai le pule fa'afafine i tama'ita'i faaletino. , faalelagona, ma agafesootai), pulea (tulaga masani e aofia ai le manaʻomia o le mana ma le pulea), tama taalo (tulaga masani e taʻu mai ai se manaʻoga e fai ni paaga se tele o feusuaʻiga ma faia feusuaʻiga masani), ola tutoatasi (tulaga masani e faʻatonuina ai le ola tutoatasi ma le faʻatapulaʻaina o le sailia o fesoasoani. amio), fa'amuamua o galuega (tulaga e fa'amuamua ai galuega ma taumafaiga e feso'ota'i ma galuega), 'ino'ino mo fa'afeusuaiga (heterosexist ma fa'afeusuaiga masani, e aofia ai le fefe i le va'aia o le "gay"), ma le tuliloaina o tulaga (tulaga e fa'atonu ai tane e tatau ona tulituliloa tulaga fa'ale-agafesootai fa'apitoa. ). Matua ma Moradi (2009, 2011) na faia galuega faʻaopoopo faʻapitoa faʻapitoa ma faʻaititia lenei lisi i le iva tulaga faʻapitoa (aveese le pule ma le tuliloaina o le tulaga, aʻo toe faʻaigoaina le "faʻatauvaʻa mo faʻafeusuaiga" i le "faʻaalia o le tagata lava ia").
Ua faailoa mai e le au suʻesuʻe le tele o faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ma fesoʻotaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le tausisia o nei tu ma aga masani a tama tane (Parent & Moradi, 2011; Wong, Ho, Wang, & Miller, 2017). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le tausisia o tuʻufaʻatasiga faʻataʻitaʻiga a le tagata lava ia e le lelei le fesoʻotaʻi ma suʻega HIV i tamaloloa e feusuaʻi ma alii (Parent, Torrey, & Michaels, 2012). Playboy, ola faalagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava, ma tulaga lamatia-aveina masani ua fesootai lelei ma le atuatuvale o le mafaufau (Wong, Owen, & Shea, 2012). O le tausisia o tulaga tau tane o le pulea faalelagona ma le faalagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava na valoia lelei foi le faalumaina o le tagata lava ia ma le faʻaalia o lagona faʻaalia (Heath, Brenner, Vogel, Lannin, & Strass, 2017). E tusa ai ma, o le pulea o lagona ma le ola faalagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava na sili atu ona leaga le vavalo o le sailia o fesoasoani mo mafaufauga pule i alii kolisi (McDermott et al., 2017) ma le sili ona malosi meta-analytic vavalo o faafitauli o le mafaufau o alii i le tele o suʻesuʻega (Wong). et al., 2017). Ua maua foi e le au suʻesuʻe ni fesoʻotaʻiga feololo, lelei i le va o le faʻamalieina i nisi o tulaga faʻaletagata ma le malosi faʻapitoa, e pei o le lototele, tumau, ma le maufetuunaʻi (Hammer & Good, 2010); ae ui i lea, o le tele o suʻesuʻega e lagolagoina le natura leaga o le tausisia o tu ma aga masani a tama tane (faʻataʻitaʻiga, Wong et al., 2017).
Fa'ata'ita'i i Tu ma Agaifanua Fa'atane ma Ponokalafi
E ui lava i le lipoti o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le tausisia o tu ma aga masani a alii ma faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau ma le tino, e toʻaitiiti tagata suʻesuʻe na latou suʻesuʻeina faʻafitauli o le matamata i ponokalafi o se mea e mafai ona faʻafetaui. Ua finau tagata suʻesuʻe o mea o loʻo i totonu o ponokalafi faʻaonaponei ua tumu i autu o tu ma aga masani a alii ma tamaitai (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018; Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010; Dines, 2006; Fritz & Paul, 2017). E tusa ai ma lea, o le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻapitoa e mafai ona faʻaalia i le va o le Mahalik (2000) faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga masani ma le mafai ona oʻo i faʻafitauli ona o le matamata i ponokalafi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le tausisia o tamaʻitaʻi i taʻaloga taʻavale e taʻu mai ai se manaʻoga e fai feusuaʻiga masani ma faʻatasi ma le tele o paʻaga fafine (Mahalik et al., 2003). O le mea moni, o ponokalafi o loo faaalia ai tane o loo faia feusuaʻiga ma le toʻatele o paaga fafine; o le mea lea, e ono matamata ai nisi alii i le tele o ponokalafi pe tuu ai ni mafutaga i se tulaga lamatia ina ia ogatusa ma le masani a le tama taalo. E le gata i lea, o le mana i luga o tulaga masani a tamaitai e fautua mai ai e tatau i tamaitai ona gauai atu i alii (Mahalik et al., 2003). O ponokalafi e mafai ai e alii ona matamata i se seti toetoe lava leai se gataaga o tamaitai, e masani lava i tulaga eseese o le faʻatauvaʻaina poʻo le tuʻufaʻatasia ua fuafuaina mo le fiafia o tama (Fritz & Paul, 2017). E ogatasi ma aʻoaʻoga a le Social Script Theory (Simon & Gagnon, 1986), ma sili atu ona patino le mauaina o tusitusiga faʻafeusuaiga, faʻagaioiga, faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga (3AM) o fesoʻotaʻiga faʻasalalauga faʻafeusuaiga (Wright, 2011; Wright & Bae, 2016), o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai. alii e matamata i ia mea, faatino ia amioga ma a latou paaga feusuai (Bridges, Sun, Ezzell, & Johnson, 2016; Sun, Bridges, Johnson, & Ezzell, 2016; Sun, Miezan, Lee, & Shim, 2015). E ono mafua ai faʻafitauli faʻafitauli, poʻo ni faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻapitoa (Bergner & Bridges, 2002; Brem et al., 2018; Bridges, Bergner, & Hesson-McInnis, 2003; Manning, 2006; Perry, 2017a, 2018; Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016; Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017; Zitzman & Butler, 2009).
O isi tulaga masani atonu e sili atu ona fesoʻotaʻi, ae e ogatasi foi ma mea taua e fesoʻotaʻi ma le matamataina o ponokalafi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o faʻasalalauga masani e fautua mai ai e tatau i alii ona faʻamalosi ma faʻamalosi (Mahalik et al., 2003). O amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga e masani lava i ata tifaga lauiloa, ma o alii e toetoe lava o taimi uma e avea ma tagata faʻalavelave ma fafine e toetoe lava a avea ma taulaʻiga (Bridges et al., 2010; Fritz & Paul, 2017; Klaassen & Peter, 2015; Sun, Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, & Liberman, 2008). E faʻatatau, o faʻatonuga faʻalagona e fautua mai ai e tatau i tamaloloa ona leai ni faʻamatalaga faʻalagona, aemaise lava mo popolega e fesoʻotaʻi ma lagona le lelei (Mahalik et al., 2003). O faʻafitauli faʻafitauli ponokalafi e masani ona lipotia le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi o se auala e sola ese ai mai faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau (Kor et al., 2014; Perry, 2017b) poʻo se auala e faʻafetaui ai (Cortoni & Marshall, 2001; Laier, Pekal, & Brand, 2015). O le mea lea, mo nisi alii, o le matamataina o ponokalafi e mafai ona manatu i ai o se auala faʻaagafesootai e taulimaina ai faʻafitauli faʻalagona (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018)
Ua su'esu'eina aloa'ia e se vaega itiiti ae o lo'o fa'atupula'ia le feso'ota'iga i le va o le tausisia o tu ma aga masani a ali'i (po'o mea e feso'ota'i ai) ma fa'afitauli le matamata i ponokalafi. I se tulaga lautele, o nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo fautua mai ai o tamaloloa o loʻo mulimulitaʻi i tu ma aga masani a alii e matamata i ponokalafi i le tele o taimi ma e foliga mai e lipotia faʻafitauli o le tagata lava ia pe faʻafesoʻotaʻi e fesoʻotaʻi ma le matamataina o ponokalafi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Szymanski ma Stewart-Richardson (2014) faʻaalia se fesoʻotaʻiga lelei i le va o feteʻenaʻiga a le tamaʻitaʻi ma le faʻafitauli o ponokalafi e vaʻavaʻai i le lelei o le mafutaga a alii ma le faamalieina o feusuaiga. E faapena foi, Borgogna et al. (2018) na maua ai o talitonuga faʻatamaʻitaʻi masani a alii, e pei o talitonuga e tatau i tamaloloa ona aloese mai amioga faʻafafine ma aua le faʻaalia lagona vaivai, e fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma vaega maʻoti o le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli e pei o faʻafitauli faʻaoga ma le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e aloese ai mai lagona le lelei.
O fa'amaoniga o lo'o tula'i mai e ta'u mai ai e fa'apea o le fa'ata'ita'iina o tu ma aga masani fa'afafine e mafai fo'i ona feso'ota'i ma fa'afitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi. O le mea e sili ona taua, i totonu o le suʻesuʻega e tasi e faʻatatau i le faʻatatauina o tulaga faʻatane, na maua ai e Mikorski and Szymanski (2017) o le matamataina o ponokalafi, faʻataʻitaʻiga tamaʻitaʻi, ma faiga faʻatupu vevesi na vaʻaia tulaga ese ai feusuaiga a tamaʻitaʻi. O nei suʻesuʻega na ogatasi ma suʻesuʻega talu ai o le matamataina o ponokalafi a alii, aemaise lava le matamata i ponokalafi sauā, e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamaoniga o sauaga ma faʻafeusuaiga faʻasaga i fafine (Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010; Hald & Malamuth, 2015; Seabrook, Ward, & Giaccardi , 2018; Wright & Tokunaga, 2016; Ybarra, Mitchell, Hamburger, Diener-West, & Leaf, 2011).
Fa'atauaina o le Tagata Lava ia o se Fa'atonu
E ui lava i fa'amaoniga ua aliali mai o lo'o fa'afeso'ota'i ai fa'atama'ita'i fa'aleaganu'u (fa'ata'ita'iga, tu ma aga masani) i le matamataina o ponokalafi fa'afitauli, e mana'omia nisi galuega. Ona o faʻafitauli faʻapitoa ma fesoʻotaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi, o le faʻailoaina o faʻatonuga o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻamalieina o tamaloloa i nisi tulaga faʻaletagata ma faʻafitauli ponokalafi e mafai ona faʻaalia ai le puipuiga ma togafitiga. O le mea moni, ua iloa e le au suʻesuʻe tamaʻitaʻi o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o faʻaaliga o le tane ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli e eseese (Levant & Richmond, 2016; O'Neil, 2015). O lona uiga, e le o tagata uma e mulimulitai i tu ma aga masani a alii e feagai ma faafitauli. O le tele o eseesega o tagata ta'ito'atasi e fa'afefeteina a'afiaga leaga o fa'afafine masani.
E o gatasi ma le au failotu na finau e faapea, o se alii maaleale (faailoga, ua faailogaina i le le mautonu o le tagata lava ia, e pei o le maualalo o le taua o le tagata ia te ia lava) e mafai ona faamatalaina pe aisea e soona fai ai e nisi alii le amio pulea a alii, ae o isi alii e faaalia le tane i auala e le taitai atu ai i le tagata lava ia. ma faʻafitauli faʻafesoʻotaʻi (cf, Blazina, 2001), matou te fautua atu le taua o le tagata lava ia e avea o se faʻatonuga faʻapitoa e aʻafia ai le maualuga o le faʻamalieina i tulaga faʻaletagata e aʻafia ai faʻafitauli faʻafitauli e matamata i ponokalafi. Aemaise lava, o le maualalo o le taua o le tagata lava ia e tatau ona fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻamalosia o le sootaga i le va o le tausisia o tulaga masani o alii ma faʻafitauli faʻaoga ponokalafi, ae o le maualuga o le manatu o le tagata lava ia e tatau ona faʻavaivaia le mafutaga.
O sea fa'amatalaga ua lagolagoina e le tele o su'esu'ega e fa'apea, o le tausisia e tagata o tu ma aga masani e feso'ota'i ma manatu le lelei o le tagata lava ia (Fischer, 2007; McDermott & Lopez, 2013; Schwartz, Waldo, & Higgins, 2004; Yang, Lau, Wang, Ma, & Lau, 2018). E le gata i lea, o faʻaopoopoga faʻaonaponei o aʻoaʻoga faʻaagafesootai faʻaagafesootai, e pei o le manatu o le tagata lava ia (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), e lagolagoina atili le i ai o se ituaiga maʻaleʻale o le tamaʻitaʻi. Mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, o le fa'atama'ita'i-fa'atatau o le tagata lava ia ua fa'amaopoopo lelei ma talitonuga fa'atama tane masani (Burkley, Wong, & Bell, 2016). O le mea moni, o le tele o suʻesuʻega fale suʻesuʻe faʻatonutonu e faʻaalia ai e ono faia e tamaloloa amioga faʻaleaganuʻu masani pe faʻataʻitaʻiina pe a latou iloa o loʻo faʻamataʻu a latou tane (eg, Precarious Manhood; Vandello & Bosson, 2013).
Faʻatasi, suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻe ai fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻafeusuaiga o alii ma le taua o le tagata lava ia e faʻaalia ai o alii le mautonu atonu e sili atu ona faʻalavelave i faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma o latou tama tane. E le gata i lea, o tamaloloa e maualuga atu le taua o le tagata ia te ia lava e ono faʻaitiitia ai le faʻaalia o latou faʻataʻitaʻiga i ni auala faigata ma faʻafitauli. E ui lava o se suʻesuʻega laʻititi na suʻesuʻeina ai le faʻaogaina o le taua o le tagata lava ia, ma e leai ni suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina le taua o le tagata lava ia e faʻatatau i faʻafitauli o ponokalafi matamata ma tama tane, o se vaega itiiti o tusitusiga e lagolagoina se suʻesuʻega. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, na maua e le au suʻesuʻe o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le tamaʻitaʻi ma le faʻaituau faʻafeusuaiga na sili atu le malosi mo tamaʻitaʻi e maualalo le tulaga o le itupa o le tagata lava ia (Mellinger & Levant, 2014). E faapena foi, Heath et al. (2017) talu ai nei na faailoa mai ai o se mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaaloalogia o le tagata lava ia, alofa o le tagata lava ia (Neff, 2003), na faʻatautaia fegalegaleaiga i le va o le faʻamalieina o tamaloloa i le faʻalagona lagona ma le ola tutoatasi ma fesoasoani i le sailia. O tamaloloa e maualuga le alofa o le tagata lava ia i a latou suʻesuʻega na faʻamaonia le sili ona vaivai o fegalegaleaiga i le va o alii ma faʻalavelave faufautua. O ia suʻesuʻega e faʻaalia ai o tamaloloa e fiafia ia i latou lava e le mafai ona faʻatinoina / faʻatatau i tulaga masani a tama i auala e taʻitaʻia ai le tagata lava ia poʻo le vaʻaiga faʻatapulaʻaina, e pei o le matamata i ponokalafi o se auala e suitulaga ai i se paaga poʻo le puleaina o le popole o se tasi.
O le manatu, o le manatu o le tagata ia te ia lava e ono aafia ai le maualuga e ogatasi ai le tagata ma tulaga masani o alii ma tamaitai ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o na tulaga masani (i lenei tulaga, faʻafitauli mataʻutia matamataga). Mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, o se tamaloa e maualalo lona fa'atauaina atonu e sili atu ona talitonu i tu ma aga e fa'ailoa mai ai e tatau i ali'i ona faia le tele o feusua'iga ma pa'aga 'ese'ese (e pei o le tama ta'alo). E mafai e lenei tamaloa ona faʻaaogaina ponokalafi e faʻafesoʻotaʻi sui ai ma le tele o paaga e pulea ai ona lagona le lelei e fesoʻotaʻi ma lona le taulau e iloa atoatoa le avea ma se "tama taalo" in-vivo. I le isi itu, o se tamaloa e maualuga lona taua o le a sili atu ona lagona le faamalieina i lana numera o paaga feusuaʻiga. O le mea lea, o le a le faalagolago o ia i ponokalafi e suitulaga ai i tulaga masani o tama taalo. Ae ui i lea, ona o le matelaina o suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻe ai tulaga masani o alii, faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi, ma le taua o le tagata lava ia, e manaʻomia pea le suʻesuʻeina o nei fesuiaiga.
Suesuega o loʻo i ai nei
E mana'omia nisi su'esu'ega e su'esu'e ai feso'ota'iga i le va o le fa'amalieina o ali'i i tu ma aga masani a ali'i ma fa'afitauli le matamata i ponokalafi. E le gata i lea, o le faailoaina po o fea o fesuiaiga e mafai ona puipuia pe faʻateleina ai ia mafutaga e mafai ona maua ai faʻamatalaga taua mo fautuaga poʻo le puipuia. O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na suʻesuʻeina ai le matafaioi o le faʻamalieina o tane e fai ma faʻamatalaga o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi i totonu o se faʻataʻitaʻiga tele o alii. E lua manatu na taʻitaʻia a matou suʻesuʻega. Tulaga tasi (H1), e ogatasi ma suʻesuʻega muamua ma fesoʻotaʻiga faʻapitoa (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018; Mikorski & Szymanski, 2017; Szymanski & Stewart-Richardson, 2014), matou te manatu o le mana i luga o tamaitai, tama taalo, sauā, ma fa'atonuga fa'alagona o le a va'ai ai fa'afitauli fa'afitauli e matamata ai i ponokalafi. Ae ui i lea, o se auala o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻe, na matou faʻataʻitaʻiina uma tulaga faʻaletagata e fuaina e faʻatatau i faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi. Tulaga lua (H2), e ogatusa ma faʻataʻitaʻiga maaleale o le tamaʻitaʻi-tagata ma le mataʻutia (cf, Blazina, 2001; Vandello & Bosson, 2013), matou te manatu o le maualuga o le taua o le tagata lava ia o le a galue o se faʻatonuga e puipuia ai sootaga i le va o le faʻaogaina o tamaʻitaʻi ma faʻafitauli mataʻutia matamataga. , ma le maualalo o le manatu o le tagata lava ia e faʻateleina ai mafutaga.
faiga
Tagata Auai/Talosaga
Ina ua maeʻa le faʻatagaina o iloiloga a le komiti, na faʻapotopotoina tagata auai i luga o le initaneti e ala i le Psychology Department subject pool (SONA), faʻatasi ai ma isi faʻataʻitaʻiga kiona e ala ile The Social Psychology Network Listserv, The Psychological Research on the Net Listserv, faʻasalalauga ile Craigslist, ma faʻasalalauga ile Reddit. O le su'esu'ega na fa'asalalauina o se su'esu'ega e su'esu'e ai uiga lautele lautele ma amioga fa'apitoa i tamaloloa. O meafaifa'aili uma na fa'avasegaina e 'alofia ai a'afiaga o fa'atonuga. O tagata auai na fa'apotopotoina i le vaita'ele o mataupu na ofoina atu fa'aaitalafu fa'aopoopo, oi latou e auai i le faiga o le polo kiona e mafai ona ofi se filifiliga mo le $100 Visa-meaalofa kata e tasi. Muamua, 868 tagata auai na tali atu i le suʻesuʻega; ae ui i lea, ina ua uma ona aveese tagata auai o tamaitai, transgender, laʻititi i lalo o le 18, na le mafai ona siaki faʻalogo, ma / pe maeʻa i lalo ifo o le 80% o soʻo se vaega o fuataga taitasi, na o le 520 tane na totoe. O le laulau 1 o lo'o tu'uina atu ai le vaeluaga o tagata o le fa'ata'ita'iga atoa.
Fua
Fa'ailoga tagata. Na talosagaina tagata auai e faʻailoa a latou itupa, tausaga, faʻafeusuaiga, faʻalapotopotoga, tulaga o mafutaga, tulaga-o-aʻoaʻoga ua maeʻa, tulaga o tamaiti aʻoga, ma faʻalapotopotoga faʻalelotu. O ponokalafi faʻataʻitaʻiga na fuaina i mea nei (na faʻaoga uma i suʻesuʻega muamua o le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli; faʻataʻitaʻiga, Borgogna & McDermott, 2018): "I le 12 masina talu ai, i le averesi, e faafia ona e mauaina ma le loto i ai ponokalafi?"1. E le'i mauaina ponokalafi i le 12 masina talu ai, 2. O nai taimi i le tausaga talu ai, 3. O ni nai taimi i le masina, 4. O ni nai taimi i le vaiaso, 5. E tusa o aso uma. Ma, "O le a le matua na e matamata muamua ai i ponokalafi?” O ponokalafi na faʻamatalaina o le matamataina o mea e faʻaalia ai feusuaiga, totoga, ma / poʻo mea na tutupu mo le faʻamoemoega o feusuaiga (Kalman, 2008).
Fa'afitauli Fa'aaoga Ponokalafi Fua. Le Faʻafitauli Faʻaaogaina Ponokalafi (PPUS; Kor et al., 2014) o se fua faʻatatau o le 12-aitema e fa o faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi. O le PPUS e maua le avanoa i luga o meafaifa'aili fautasi e tasi ona o le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atusa na fa'ailoa mai e Kor et al. (2014). Aemaise lava, o le PPUS e mafai ai e tagata auai ona fuaina le maualuga o ponokalafi na mafua ai faʻafitauli i mafutaga (faʻapolofesa ma le fiafia), o le a le tele o le faʻaaogaina e se tasi o ponokalafi e sola ese ai mai lagona le lelei, faʻapea foʻi ma manatu o faʻafitauli faʻaoga (e tutusa ma vaisu o ponokalafi; Grubbs. , Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, et al., 2018; Wilt, Cooper, Grubbs, Exline, & Pargament, 2016). O mea taua e aofia ai: mafatiaga ma faafitauli tau galuega (FP; “O le faaaogaina o ponokalafi ua faatupuina ai faafitauli ogaoga i a’u sootaga patino ma isi tagata, i tulaga faaagafesootai, i le galuega po o isi vaega taua o lo’u olaga,” α = .75), soona faaaoga (EU; “Ou te faaaluina le tele o le taimi e fuafua ai ma faaaoga ponokalafi,” α = .89), pulea faigata (CD; “Ou te lagona e le mafai ona taofia le matamata i ponokalafi,” α = .90), ma faaaoga mo le sola ese/aloese mai lagona le lelei (ANE; “Ou te faaaogaina ponokalafi e sola ese ai mai lo’u faanoanoa pe faasaoloto ai a’u mai lagona le lelei,” α = .92). O aitema e sikoa ile fua Likert (1-e le moni lava i 6-toetoe lava moni i taimi uma). O le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga ua fa'amaonia e ala i su'esu'ega fa'amaonia i le ulua'i fa'amaoniga, fa'apea fo'i ma su'esu'ega mulimuli ane o fa'afitauli mata'utia matamataga (fa'ata'ita'iga, Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018). O le fua na faʻaalia atili ai le faʻaogaina talafeagai ma fausia le aoga (Kor et al., 2014).
Fa'atatau ile Su'esu'ega o Tulaga Fa'afafine – 46. O le Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-46 (CMNI-46; Parent & Moradi, 2009) o se faʻapuupuuga faʻapuupuuga o le uluai 94-item CMNI (Mahalik et al., 2003). O le CMNI-46 e suʻesuʻeina le faʻamalieina o tuʻutuʻuga o alii ma tamaitai e afua mai sosaiete i sisifo. O le CMNI-46 o se fua fa'atatau e iva e aofia ai fua mo le manumalo ("I se tulaga lautele, o le a ou faia soo se mea e manumalo ai," α = .86), pulea faalelagona (“Ou te le faasoaina o’u lagona,” α = .88), tulaga lamatia (“Ou te fiafia e faia tulaga lamatia,” α = .83), sauā (“O nisi taimi e manaʻomia ai faiga sauā,” α = .86), pule i tamaitai (“I se tulaga lautele, ou te pulea tamaitai i lo’u olaga,” α = .80), tama taalo (“Afai ou te mafaia, semanu ou te suia soo ni paaga feusuai,” α = .79), ola tutoatasi (“Ou te le fiafia e fesili mo se fesoasoani,” α = .84), faamuamua o le galuega (“O la’u galuega o le vaega pito sili lea ona taua o lo’u olaga,” α = .77), ma le faʻaalia o le tagata lava ia ("Ou te ita pe a manatu se tasi o aʻu o se tagata faʻafeusuaiga," α = .88). O aitema e sikoa ile fua Likert mai le 1 (malosi le malilie) i le 4 (malosi malilie), faʻatasi ai ma togi maualuga e faʻaalia ai le sili atu o le usitaʻia o lena tulaga faʻapitoa a alii. O le CMNI-46 ua faʻaalia le maualuga o fesoʻotaʻiga ma le 94-item CMNI ma fetaui talafeagai ma fausia le faʻamaonia (Parent & Moradi, 2009, 2011; Parent, Moradi, Rummell, & Tokar, 2011).
Fua Fa'atatau o le Mana'o-Ta'ita'i. O le Fua Fa'atatau o le Fa'afiafiaina o le Tagata Lava ia/Self-Competence o se fua fa'atatau e 20-aitema o le fa'atauaina o le tagata lava ia (Tafarodi & Swann Jr, 1995). Mo le fa'afaigofie, sa matou fa'aogaina fa'apitoa le 10-aitema e fiafia i ai le tagata lava ia ("Ou te lagona le fiafia pe o ai a'u," α = .94) e fai ma a tatou fua. O fesili e aofia ai mea lelei ma upu le lelei i luga ole fua Likert 5-point mai malosi le malilie i malosi malie. O faʻamaoniga mo le faʻamaonia faʻatasi ma le faʻamaonia na faʻaalia i le uluai faʻamaoniga (Tafarodi & Swann, Jr., 1995).
Fuafuaga Iloiloga
Na matou su'esu'eina muamua a matou fa'amaumauga mo mea taua o lo'o misi, fa'afitauli masani, ma mea e le o iai. Ona matou su'esu'eina lea o feso'ota'iga bivariate i va'aiga uma na su'esu'eina. Ina ia faʻaitiitia le faʻaogaina o sootaga pepelo ma le taofiofia o aʻafiaga i le suʻesuʻega muamua, naʻo le CMNI-46 fua na faʻamaonia ai fesoʻotaʻiga taua ma le itiiti ifo ma le tasi le faʻafitauli faʻafitauli e matamata i ponokalafi i le bivariate level na aofia i suʻesuʻega muamua.
Ona matou faʻaaogaina lea o le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga (SEM) e suʻesuʻe ai le sootaga i le va o le tausisia o tulaga masani o alii, manatu o le tagata lava ia, ma faʻafitauli mataʻutia matamataga. I le mulimuli ai i fautuaga sili ona lelei mo le SEM (Kline, 2016), na matou faʻataʻitaʻiina muamua se faʻataʻitaʻiga fua e faʻamautinoa ai o loʻo faʻamalamalamaina lelei uma suiga o loʻo faʻaalia i totonu o latou mea faʻaalia (o suiga latent taʻitasi na faia e mea autu i fua taʻitasi). Ina ua maeʻa le iloiloga o la matou fua faʻataʻitaʻiga, ona matou suʻesuʻeina lea o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga lea o le ogatusa ma tu ma aga masani a alii ma le taua o le tagata lava ia na valoia ai le eseesega tulaga ese i faʻafitauli faʻafitauli ponokalafi. E le gata i lea, ona o suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai le matamataina o ponokalafi (eg, Borgogna & McDermott, 2018) ma le faʻafeusuaiga (eg, Hald, Smolenski, & Rosser, 2014) o ni suiga taua e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamatalaga o faʻafitauli faʻaoga, matou te pulea le matamataina o ponokalafi taimi ma fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga (fa'avasegaina o se suiga fa'atonu: heterosexual = 0, GBQ = 1) i su'esu'ega muamua uma.
Ina ia iloilo le matafaioi o le taua o le tagata lava ia o se faʻatonu, ona matou faʻataʻitaʻiina lea o fesoʻotaʻiga fesuiaʻi latent e faʻaaoga ai le latent moderated structural equations method e faʻaaoga ai le XWITH command i MPLUS (Klein & Moosbrugger, 2000). Aemaise lava, na matou fatuina se faʻasologa o faʻataʻitaʻiga post-hoc lea e aofia ai se taimi faʻafesoʻotaʻi i le va o le manatu o le tagata lava ia ma taʻaloga taʻitasi i le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatulagaina. Ona matou iloiloina lea o auala faigofie, lea na suʻesuʻeina ai auala i le va o mea CMNI-46 i luga o le PPUS i le maualuga (1 SD i luga aʻe o le uiga) ma le maualalo (1 SD i lalo ifo o le uiga) maualuga o le taua o le tagata lava ia. O fegalegaleaiga taʻitasi na faʻatautaia aʻo faʻatautaia aʻafiaga tuusaʻo i le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga (e aofia ai le faʻaogaina o mea taua o ponokalafi e matamata i taimi masani ma le taua o le tagata lava ia). E ui i le suʻega o le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga (e tatau ona faia se fefaʻatauaʻiga eseese mo taʻitaʻi taʻitasi), na matou faatumauina se tulaga o le alafaʻa. p <.05 e pei o la matou tulaga mo le fuafuaina o le taua o fuainumera. O lenei fa'atusatusaga e talafeagai, ona o a'afiaga o feso'ota'iga e masani lava e seasea, ae maise i le tulaga o fesuiaiga lilo. O lo'o tu'uina atu i le Ata 1 se ata fa'ata'atia o le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atulagaina.
Mo le iloiloga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga-fit, matou faʻaaogaina faʻamatalaga talafeagai ma faʻamaufaʻailoga fautuaina (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2016): faʻatusatusaga faʻatatau (CFI) ma le Tucker-Lewis index (TLI; tau e latalata ile .95 faʻaalia se lelei. fetaui mo le CFI ma le TLI), o le aʻa-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) faʻatasi ai ma le 90% taimi faʻamaonia (CIs; tau maualalo o le .06 poʻo le laʻititi ma maualuga tau maualalo ifo i le .10 e faʻaalia ai se fetaui lelei), ma o le a'a-mean-square fa'ata'atitia fa'ata'atia (SRMR; tau o le .08 pe itiiti e fa'aalia ai se fetaui lelei). O le chi-square test statistic na lipotia foi (o se tau le taua e faʻaalia ai se fetaui lelei i faʻamaumauga); peitai, sa faauigaina ma le faaeteete, ona o lona maaleale i le tele o faataitaiga (Kline, 2016). I le mulimuli ai i faiga sili ona lelei mo fefaʻatauaʻiga fesuiaʻi latent, na matou iloiloina le fetaui o le fuaina ma le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e aunoa ma le aofia ai o faʻamatalaga fegalegaleaiga.
i'uga
Su'esu'ega Muamua
Mai le 520 tamaloloa, e toʻaitiiti na misi le tau (e le sili atu i le 0.03% o le faʻataʻitaʻiga mo soʻo se laʻititi laʻititi). O lea la, na matou fa'aogaina fa'amatalaga atoa le maualuga o le fa'atatauga e fa'atautaia ai tali misi. O sikoa uma o le CMNI-46 ma le manatu o le tagata lava ia, faʻapea foʻi ma le matamataina o ponokalafi tali faʻasolosolo sa masani ona tufatufaina. O se si'osi'omaga lelei laititi na fa'aalia i vaega uma o le PPUS (va'aiga 1.07 i le 1.67). O le mea lea, na matou fa'aogaina se fua fa'atatau maualuga ma fa'aletonu tulaga masani (MLR) i a matou su'esu'ega muamua ina ia fetaui ma le fa'ata'ita'iga a'o le amana'ia so'o se soliga masani e ono tula'i mai. O nai (<2.2%) multivariate outliers na matauina e ala i le Mahalanobis Distances, ae le'i aveesea ona o le laititi o taimi. O le Siata 2 o lo'o fa'aalia ai feso'ota'iga lua, uiga, ma va'aiga masani o fua ta'itasi. Ona o le malosi i luga o tamaitai, tama taalo, manumalo, pulea faalelagona, ma le faalagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava na o le pau lea o fua e faʻaalia ai se fesoʻotaʻiga faʻapitoa faʻatasi ma le itiiti ifo ma le tasi o le PPUS fua, na o latou fua na aofia i suʻesuʻega muamua mulimuli ane. E fa'ailoa mai, e le'i aofia ai tulaga fa'atama'ita'i e fua ai sauaga ona o le la'ititi la'ititi, e le taua, fa'atasiga fa'atasi ma le PPUS.
Fua faʻatatau
Ina ua maeʻa a matou suʻesuʻega muamua, na matou faʻataʻitaʻiina le fuaina o le SEM ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatulagaina. O nei suʻesuʻega sa faia i le Mplus version 7.31 (Muthén & Muthén, 2016). O mea ta'ito'atasi sa fa'aogaina e fai ai ni suiga latent ta'itasi. O su'esu'ega uma (sei vagana ai bootstrap) sa fa'atatau ile fa'aogaina ole MLR. O le fua fa'ata'ita'iga na maua ai se fetaui lelei, (n = 520) χ2 (989) = 1723.24, p <.001, CFI = .94, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .038 (90% CI = .035, .041), ma le SRMR = .047. Fa'afuainumera uta o lo'o tu'uina atu i luga ole laiga fa'aopoopo Laulau 1. Ona matou su'esu'eina lea o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atusa fa'atasi ai ma ala fa'amaonia: CMNI-46 mea e mana i luga o tama'ita'i, fa'alagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava, manumalo, tama taalo, ma le pulea o lagona, fa'apea fo'i le fa'atauaina o le tagata lava ia, ma covariates ( o le matamataina o ponokalafi i taimi masani ma le faʻafeusuaiga) faʻapipiʻiina e fai ma sui o le vaʻaiga faʻatasi ma le PPUS faʻafitauli faʻafitauli, faʻaoga tele, faʻalavelave faʻalavelave, ma le aloese mai lagona le lelei na tuʻuina atu e avea ma fesuiaiga o fua.
Fa'ata'ita'iga Fa'atonu
O le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻavae muamua na maua ai se fetaui lelei, χ2 (1063) = 2185.65, p <.001, CFI = .92, TLI = .92, RMSEA = .045 (90% CI = .042, .048), ma le SRMR = .047. Fa'ata'ita'iga Bootstrap (n = 1000) ona faʻaaogaina lea e faʻatusatusa ai taimi faʻamaonia o auala taʻitasi mai le fesuiaiga o le vaʻaiga i le PPUS subscales. O le Siata 3 o loʻo faʻaalia ai faʻamaumauga e le faʻamaonia ma faʻamaonia mo auala taʻitasi, ma le 95% taimi faʻalagolago. I'uga na fa'ailoa mai ai le tele o auala taua. Aemaise lava, o le mana i luga o tamaitai na valoia faafitauli o galuega, faʻaoga tele, faʻafitauli faigata, ma le aloese mai lagona le lelei; na valoia e le tama taalo le soona faaaoga; manumalo i fa'afitauli fa'atino ma le alofia o lagona le lelei; pulea fa'alagona fa'aletonu va'ai fa'afitauli fa'atino, fa'aoga tele, fa'afitauli faigata, ma le 'alofia o lagona le lelei; ma le manatu o le tagata lava ia na valoia le lelei e aloese ai mai lagona le lelei. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga na maua ai le 12% o le eseesega mo faʻafitauli o galuega, 26% mo le faʻaaogaina tele, 22% faʻafitauli faigata, ma le 33% mo le aloese mai lagona le lelei.
Au'ili'iliga lelei. Ina ia suʻesuʻeina le faʻaogaina o fesoʻotaʻiga o le faʻataʻitaʻiina o tamaʻitaʻi ma le taua o le tagata lava ia i luga o faʻafitauli mataʻutia o ponokalafi, na faʻaaogaina faaupuga fegalegaleaiga e vaʻai ai le faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi. O fegalegaleaiga na faia eseese. E le gata i lea, o fesoʻotaʻiga taʻitasi e pulea mo auala na gaosia i le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga (Table 3). I'uga na fa'aalia ai ni a'afiaga taua o fegalegaleaiga. Aemaise lava, o le taimi o fegalegaleaiga o le pulea faalelagona X le manatu o le tagata lava ia na valoia faafitauli galue (B = .16, lava ia = .07, β = .11, p = .01) ma fa'afitauli faigata (B = .18, lava ia = .07, β = .11, p = .02); playboy X fa'atauaina le tagata lava ia na valoia le fa'aoga tele (B = -.16, lava ia = .06, β = -.15, p = .01) ma le aloese mai lagona le lelei (B = -.24, lava ia = .07, β = -.16, p <.001); ma le faalagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava X le manatu o le tagata ia te ia lava na valoia faafitauli o galuega (B = .14, lava ia = .07, β = .10, p = .02). O ata 2 ma le 3 o lo'o fa'aalia ai le fa'avasegaina o a'afiaga ma maua ai fa'ai'uga o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'i fa'ata'ita'i e iloa ai pe sili atu le fa'ae'e ta'itasi nai lo le zero ile maualalo (-1).SD) ma maualuga (+ 1SD) tulaga o le fa'aaloalo. I le aotelega, o nei aʻafiaga faʻalelei na faʻamatalaina ai le eseesega i faʻafitauli o ponokalafi matamata i tua atu o aʻafiaga tuusaʻo, faʻamaumauga mo le 2% faʻaopoopo mo faʻafitauli faʻaletonu, 2% mo faʻafitauli faigata, 5% mo le faʻaaogaina tele, ma le 5% mo le aloese mai lagona le lelei.
Talanoaga
O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na suʻesuʻeina le tuʻufaʻatasia o sao o tamaloloa i tu ma aga masani a tamaʻitaʻi i luga o faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi, aʻo mafaufau foi i le matafaioi o le taua o le tagata lava ia. I le faaopoopo atu i aafiaga tuusaʻo, sa suʻesuʻeina le manatu o le tagata lava ia e avea o se tagata e mafai ona faʻatautaia. E lua manatu na faʻalauteleina: (H1) pule i tama'ita'i, tama ta'aalo, sauā, ma fa'atonuga fa'alagona na fa'amoemoe e avea ma fa'ailo lelei o fa'afitauli mata'utia, (H2) a'o fa'amoemoe le manatu o le tagata lava ia e puipuia ma/pe fa'ateleina ai nei mafutaga. O a matou fa'ai'uga masani (ae le'o atoatoa) na lagolagoina ai o matou manatu.
O se vaega e ogatasi ma le manatu tasi, o le pule i luga o tamaitai ma le tama taalo tama tane tulaga masani e matua fesootai ma le itiiti ifo ma le tasi le faafitauli o ponokalafi matamata vaega i le tulaga lua, ae o le pulea faalelagona e matua le lelei le fesootai ma faafitauli le matamata ata ponokalafi itu. O le mea e mata'ina ai, e le'i feso'ota'i faiga sauā ma so'o se fa'afitauli fa'afitauli e matamata ai i ponokalafi. E le gata i lea, o taunuuga mai le matrix faamaopoopo atoa na faailoa mai ai le ola faalagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava ma le manumalo i tulaga masani e matua fesootai foi ma faafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi (manumalo o se faʻatusatusaga le lelei tele, faʻatasi ai ma le faalagolago o le tagata ia te ia lava o se faʻaoga lelei tele). O nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻaalia ai le tele o uiga o le faʻaogaina o tamaloloa i tu ma aga masani a tama tane (Hammer, Heath, & Vogel, 2018) ma fautua mai o nisi o tulaga masani e sili atu ona talafeagai i faʻafitauli mataʻutia matamataga nai lo isi. E le gata i lea, pe a pulea le tuʻufaʻatasia o sao o nei tuʻutuʻuga e lima, manatu o le tagata lava ia, faʻafeusuaiga, ma le matamata soo i ponokalafi; pule i tama'ita'i, tama taalo, manumalo, ma le pulea o lagona na valoia sa'o ai le eseesega tulaga ese e le'i sili atu ona faamatalaina e se aafiaga fa'alelei. O nei aafiaga tuusa'o taua, o le pule i tamaitai sa na'o le pau lea lelei vavalo mo uma vaega o fa'afitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi, ae o le pulea fa'alagona sa tumau leaga vavalo mo uma tuatusi.
A'o su'esu'eina fa'apitoa le fa'atonuga o lagona, o fa'amoemoega fa'aleaganu'u pe fa'afefea ona fa'aalia e tamaloloa lagona vaivai e ono talafeagai. O tamaloloa e taumafai e pulea o latou lagona e masani lava ona lipotia se le iloa lautele poʻo le faigata ona faʻailogaina o latou lagona le lelei (Levant, Wong, Karakis, & Welsh, 2015; Wong, Pituch, & Rochlen, 2006). O le mea lea, o tamaloloa e le mafai ona matauina o latou tulaga faʻalagona atonu e le mafai ona faʻamaonia le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e pulea ai lagona le lelei (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻanoanoa ma le faʻanoanoa; Kor et al., 2014). E lē gata i lea, o tane ua atiina aʻe uiga pulea o le tagata lava ia mai le o gatasi ma faamoemoega o le sosaiete e uiga i le faaalia o lagona o alii atonu e itiiti lava le lipotia o le faaaogaina o ponokalafi e aloese ai mai lagona le lelei, atonu ona ua latou aʻoaʻoina e aua neʻi faʻaalia na lagona le lelei. O tamaloloa e taumafai e pulea o latou lagona e mafai foi ona faʻaalia le sili atu o le pulea o le tagata lava ia atonu o se mea e maua mai i le faʻatau i faʻamoemoega faʻaleaganuʻu pe faʻapefea ona faʻaalia lagona e manaʻomia ai le pulea e le tagata lava ia (Fox & Calkins, 2003). E ui e masani ona fesoʻotaʻi ma taunuʻuga le lelei (McDermott et al., 2017; Wong et al., 2017), o le pulea e le tagata o ia lava e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻalagona lagona e mafai ona maua ai ni faʻamanuiaga lelei e faʻatatau i faʻafitauli mataʻutia matamataga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o tamaloloa e sili atu le pulea o lagona, atonu e matamata i ponokalafi, ae le o le tulaga e avea ma faʻafitauli. O suʻesuʻega muamua i isi faʻafitauli faʻafitauli, e pei o le faʻaaogaina o le ava malosi, lagolagoina sea mafutaga, ma le pulea o lagona e le lelei le vavalo (Iwamoto, Corbin, Lejuez, & MacPherson, 2015).
E le pei o aafiaga tuusao le lelei o le pulea faalelagona, tama taalo ma le malosi i luga o tulaga masani o tamaitai sa fesootai lelei ma faafitauli le matamataina o ponokalafi. E ui ina tauagafau tulaga o tama taalo i le tele o faafitauli o le faaaogaina, ae o se fesili talafeagai e tulai mai pe aisea na avea ai le pule i tamaitai ma mea e sili atu ona tumau (ma malosi) e valoia ai faafitauli o ponokalafi e matamata i itu eseese, ona o le tama taalo (e le o le pule i tamaitai) sa matua fesootai ma O le matamataina o ponokalafi masani i suʻesuʻega talu ai (Mikorski & Szymanski, 2017). O se eseesega taua e mafai ona maua i le fausiaina o eseesega, ona o suʻesuʻega muamua na taulaʻi atu i le faʻamalieina o alii i tulaga masani o alii e faʻatatau i e matamata soo i ponokalafi e sili ai fa'afitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi. O le mea lea, o le pule i luga o talitonuga ma amioga a tamaitai e mafai ona i ai ni sootaga tulaga ese ma le faafitauli fesootai ma ponokalafi. E o gatasi lea ma suʻesuʻega talu ai o loʻo faʻaalia ai le mana i luga o tamaʻitaʻi e sili ona tumau (ma sili ona malosi) faʻafesoʻotaʻi o faiga faʻafeusuaiga tuai ma faʻaonapo nei (Smiler, 2006), faʻapea foʻi ma suʻesuʻega talu ai nei o loʻo faʻaalia ai talitonuga faʻatamaʻitaʻi masani a tamaloloa e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli. ma matamata i ponokalafi (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018). O se tasi o mea e ono tupu, o alii e sailia le pule ma le puleaina o tamaitai i o latou olaga atonu e faapitoa ona tosina atu i ponokalafi aua e mafai ai ona latou pule suitulaga i tamaitai. O se taunuuga, ma atonu e mafua mai i uiga faʻafefe o ponokalafi matamata lautele (cf, Gola et al., 2017), o nei alii e mafai ona atiaʻe faʻafitauli faaletino, faʻalagona, ma fesoʻotaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma a latou masaniga matamata ata (Kor et al., 2014).
O le mea e malie ai, o le tausisia o faiga sauā e leʻi fesoʻotaʻi ma soʻo se faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi, e oʻo lava ile tulaga lua. Ae peitai, matamata i ponokalafi faisoʻoga sa fetaui lelei ma sauaga. Matou te talitonu o se ata foi lea o le eseesega i le fausiaina i le va o le matamataina o ponokalafi, ma faafitauli amioga matamata ata mataga. O le tele o tusitusiga ua faʻaalia ai ponokalafi le matamataina o se mea taua i amioga faʻafeusuaiga sauā (eg, Hald et al., 2010; Vega & Malamuth, 2007). Ae ui i lea, o nei suʻesuʻega e le amanaʻia pe manatu se tasi o latou vaʻaia o se faʻafitauli. O se tasi o vaega e ono mafai ona toe su'esu'eina o le su'esu'eina lea o uiga fa'aletagata e pei o le psychopathy e fa'atatau i tulaga tau tama, ma fa'afitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi. E foliga mai oi latou o loʻo i ai uiga faʻafeagai faʻaagafesootai o le a faʻaalia le faʻateleina o amioga faʻafeusuaiga, faʻapea foʻi ma le matamataina o ponokalafi, ae atonu e le mafai ona latou iloa o latou matamata o se faʻafitauli.
O le manumalo i tulaga masani na o le pau lea o le tulaga o alii e leʻi mafaufauina e matuaʻi fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli mataʻutia matamataga i totonu o le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatulagaina. E tutusa ma le pulea faalelagona, o le manumalo e le lelei foi le fesootai ma faafitauli galue ma mataupu e fesootai ma le faaaogaina o ponokalafi e aloese ai mai lagona le lelei. O le feso'ota'iga le lelei i le va o le manumalo ma le fa'afitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi e fai lava si ofo ona o le le lava o su'esu'ega e feso'ota'i ai ia faufale e lua, fa'apea fo'i ma feso'ota'iga fa'atupu mamao. Ae ui i lea, o nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo ogatasi ma le faʻamatalaga lautele e faʻapea o le tausisia o tulaga masani o alii e mafai i nisi taimi ona i ai ni fesoʻotaʻiga aoga (Hammer & Good, 2010). O le mea moni, o tamaloloa e faʻatauaina le manumalo e foliga mai e lelei ma faʻamaonia manatu o le tagata lava ia, ma o le mea lea e le mafai ai ona tauivi ma faiga le lelei e taulimaina ai e pei o ponokalafi. I se tulaga talitutusa, o tane e faatāuaina le manumalo e ono tulimataʻia tulaga i a latou taumafaiga, e pei o a latou galuega. O le mea lea, atonu latou te faʻaitiitia le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi i tulaga le talafeagai ona o le taua latou te faʻaalia i nei tulaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma mafutaga (galuega, mafutaga alofa).
I se isi itu, o i latou e manatu ia i latou lava o “tagata manumalo,” pe mananao e manatu ia i latou lava o ni “manumalo,” atonu o le a tau le iloa (pe tali mai i suesuega) o lo latou matamataina o ponokalafi o se faafitauli. Ona o le faʻaituau manaʻoga faʻaagafesootai e ono i ai i luga o nei mea, faʻapea foʻi ma CMNI-46 ma PPUS tulaga lautele, e tatau i tagata suʻesuʻe i le lumanaʻi ona mafaufau i ni auala fou e suʻesuʻeina ai nei mea. O su'esu'ega fa'apitoa e mafai ona fesoasoani tele i le malamalama i ituaiga o uiga fa'atama'i e ono fa'atupuina i fa'afitauli fa'aoga ponokalafi.
A'afiaga Fa'atonu
E ogatasi ma lo tatou manatu lona lua, maualuga maualuga o le manatu o le tagata ia te ia lava na faʻafefeina ai fegalegaleaiga i le va o le tausisia o tu maʻoti ma nisi faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma ponokalafi. O le mea e mata'ina ai, na avea faiga fa'alagona ma fa'ailo lelei o fa'afitauli fa'afitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi i tulaga maualalo o le fa'atauaina o le tagata lava ia. O fefaʻatauaʻiga taua na faʻaalia foi e tusa ai ma le faʻaogaina o tama taʻalo, faʻaalia le maualuga o le taʻaloga masani ma le maualalo o le taua o le tagata lava ia o se tulaga taua tele mo le faʻaogaina tele o ponokalafi ma faʻafitauli o le faʻaaogaina o ponokalafi e pulea ai lagona le lelei. O suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo fautua mai ai o le taulaʻi atu i se tamaʻitaʻi maʻaleʻale ma le faʻalavelave mataʻutia (Blazina, 2001; Burkley et al., 2016; Vandello & Bosson, 2013) atonu e sili ona talafeagai i totonu o falemaʻi, aua o taunuuga o le faʻaalia o tane masani e faʻalagolago ile o le valence o le taua faaletagata lava ia.
O suʻesuʻega ua tuanaʻi ua faʻaalia ai tamaloloa o loʻo vaʻaia se faʻamataʻu i o latou faʻataʻitaʻiga e masani ona sili atu le faʻatinoina o amioga faʻatane (Vandello & Bosson, 2013); o le mea lea e mafai ai e tagata e maualalo le taua o le tagata lava ia ona i ai se lagona faʻapitoa faʻapitoa o le taua o le tagata lava ia (Burkley et al. 2016). Fa'aopoopo i le su'esu'ega o lo'o i ai nei, o tamaloloa e i ai ni manatu le lelei e mafai ona fa'asilisili i tu ma aga a tama ta'alo e fai ma auala e fa'aitiitia ai lo latou le mautonu e ala i faiga fa'afeusuaiga. I le isi itu, o nei alii le mautonu e ono tosina faapitoa i ponokalafi, e le gata mo le faamalieina o feusuaiga, ae o se auala e faamaonia ai lo latou tulaga tane. I se faatusatusaga, o alii e sili atu le lelei o latou lava manatu atonu e le tutusa le le mautonu e tatau ona matamata i ponokalafi. E mafai e alii ei ai tulaga maualuga o le manatu ia te ia lava latou te le tuuina atu le mamafa tele i alii e tusa ai ma lo latou taua faaletagata lava ia, ma o lea o la latou matafaioi faa-alii e ono le fesootai ma nisi o faafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi. E le gata i lea, atonu o le a le lagona e alii maualuga le manatu o le tagata lava ia latou te manaomia le matamata i ponokalafi e faamaonia ai lo latou tulaga faatamatane, aua atonu ua uma ona latou feiloai (pe ua latou iloa ua latou feiloai) i le faauigaga masani o le alii. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se tamaloa e faʻamaonia tu ma masani a tama taʻalo, ona e lagona le agavaa ma fiafia ia te ia lava, atonu e faamalieina i lana numera o paaga feusuaʻiga poʻo le maualuga o le tane i lena vaega.
O le su'esu'eina o le ma'ale'ale o alii e mafai foi ona i ai se folafolaga mo le malamalama i fegalegaleaiga o le ola tutoatasi, e ui lava i se itu e ese teisi. O tamaloloa e maualalo le maualuga o le manatu o le tagata lava ia na faʻamaonia le sili ona aoga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, sootaga, matata, ma / poʻo le tino; Kor et al., 2014) faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma le matamataina o ponokalafi e faʻatatau i le ola tutoʻatasi ma le faʻalagona masani masani. O le mea e malie ai, o i latou e maualuga le manatu o le tagata ia te ia lava, o e na maualuga foi i le ola tutoatasi na latou faaalia faafitauli galue i se fua tutusa ma i latou e maualalo le taua o le tagata lava ia. O le mea lea, na mou atu ai le aafiaga faʻafefe o le manatu o le tagata lava ia mo i latou na lipotia mai o loʻo maualuga le ola tutoatasi.
E ui o le sootaga i le va o le pulea faalelagona ma faafitauli o le matamata i ponokalafi sa tumau pea le le lelei, ae sa sili atu le leaga mo i latou e maualalo le taua o le tagata lava ia. O suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻatupuina ai manatu faʻalagona o tamaloloa e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli mataʻutia matamataga (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018); o lea e uiga ese ai le fa'aalia o amioga o ia manatu e le lelei, e tusa lava pe pulea mo le fa'amalieina o le taua o le tagata lava ia. O lenei mea e faʻamalosia ai le finauga mo se mea e mafai ona pulea e le tagata lava ia faʻatasi ma le pulea o lagona. O le mea moni, o lo'o iai fo'i le eseesega i le va o manatu fa'atama'ia fa'alagona ma le fa'amalieina o le amio pulea moni. O le talitonuga e tatau i alii ona taofiofia lagona faʻalagona e foliga mai e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o le matamata i ponokalafi (aemaise lava le pulea o faigata ma le aloese mai lagona le lelei; Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018). A'o le tausisia o le fa'atonuga fa'alagona e mafai moni lava ona puipuia (e ui ina fa'atalanoaina e ala i le pulea e le tagata o ia lava). Ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega umi e tatau ona mafaufauina e suʻesuʻe atili ai sootaga faaletino o nei fesuiaiga.
tapulaa
O su'esu'ega o lo'o iai nei e tatau ona fa'amatalaina e fa'atatau i le tele o tapula'a autu. Ae maise lava, o le natura fa'alava ma le fa'amaopoopo mamanu e taofia ai so'o se fa'ai'uga mautu e fa'atatau i mafua'aga po'o le fa'atonuga moni fa'aletino o le ogatasi ma tulaga fa'atane ma fa'afitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi. E manaʻomia suʻesuʻega umi e faʻafetaui ai nei tapulaʻa. O le fa'ata'ita'iga o se tasi fo'i fa'afaigofie ma leai se eseesega i tausaga ma ta'aloga. E tusa ai ma le natura fa'aleaganu'u o tulaga fa'atama'ita'i ma le fa'aogaina o le Initaneti i le tele o tausaga, e mana'omia le tele o su'esu'ega e su'esu'e ai suiga o lo'o i ai i tamaloloa lanu ma le olaga atoa. E pei ona taʻua, o le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei na faʻalagolago foi i faiga o lipoti a le tagata lava ia atonu e ono aʻafia i le faʻaituau o tali faʻapitoa poʻo isi faʻalavelave faʻalavelave. O le mea lea, e faʻamalosia tagata suʻesuʻe e suʻesuʻe lipoti a paaga poʻo isi metotia faʻapitoa e toe fai ma faʻalautele a tatou sailiga. E fa'amalosia fo'i tagata su'esu'e e fa'aputu mai fa'amatalaga loloto fa'aletagata e uiga i ituaiga o ponokalafi e masani ona va'aia, ona e le'i iai nei fa'amatalaga mai le su'esu'ega o lo'o iai nei ae atonu na aoga e fa'aaofia ai e avea o se fa'alavelave fa'aletonu.
Ona o nei su'esu'ega e le'i fa'ata'ita'iina i fa'ata'ita'iga fa'aopoopo, e mana'omia le toe faia o fa'ai'uga. O le mea moni, e lua o auala taua i le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga na i ai ni mea sese masani e afa le lapoʻa o le coefficient e le faʻamaonia (manumalo e fai ma faʻamatalaga o le aloese mai lagona le lelei ma le tama taalo o se vaʻaiga o le faʻaaogaina tele). O le fegalegaleaiga ma le manatu o le tagata lava ia mo nisi o sootaga i le va o le tama taalo ma le faʻaaogaina tele. Ae ui i lea, o nisi suʻesuʻega, faʻamaonia se sootaga i le va o le manumalo ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli ponokalafi, e fautuaina ona o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli i luga o le mautu o auala i le faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo iai nei.
E le gata i lea, matou te leʻi pulea lelei le eseesega o mea faʻalelotu, suʻesuʻega, poʻo le tulaga e ono le talafeagai ai le matamataina o ponokalafi (ma faʻafitauli). O se tino mauoa o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai mea taua e talafeagai i le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Grubbs, Exline, et al., 2015; Grubbs & Perry, 2018; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, et al., 2018; Nelson, Padilla-Walker, & Carroll, 2010; Wilt et al., 2016). O le mea lea, matou te faʻamalosia tagata suʻesuʻe i le lumanaʻi e suʻesuʻe le maualuga o loʻo fegalegaleai ai le faʻalelotu ma le amio le talafeagai ma mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma tama tane i suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi. E faʻapea foʻi, e ui lava o le faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga sa faʻasalalau lautele, o suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai o suiga o le mafaufau e matuaʻi ese lava i faʻasinomaga laiti faʻafeusuaiga (Borgogna, McDermott, Aita, & Kridel, 2018). E le'i lava le matou fa'ata'ita'iga e fa'ata'ita'i ai a matou fa'aaliga i fa'atonuga fa'apitoa. O le mea lea, e tatau i tagata suʻesuʻe i le lumanaʻi ona mafaufau i lenei mea o se auala taua mo suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi.
Ma le mea mulimuli, o isi faiga o faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻamatalaga mo faʻafitauli e ono tulaʻi mai i tua ma le faapalepale. E ui o ia mea e le o se faʻafitauli mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi uma, e mautinoa lava o ni mea taua mo i latou o loʻo tauivi ma vaisu ponokalafi (faʻafeagai ma vaisu o ponokalafi cf, Grubbs et al., 2015, 2017). Le Faʻafitauli Faʻafitauli Faʻatauga Faʻatauga (Bőthe et al., 2018) o se fua fou e maua ai avanoa i nei fua. Ae paga lea, e lei maua le fua i le taimi na faia ai le suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei. Ae ui i lea, e tatau i tagata suʻesuʻe i le lumanaʻi ona mafaufau i le aoga o fua faʻaopoopo e maua ai.
Faʻafitauli Tau Falemaʻi
E ui lava i ni tapulaʻa, o suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei e iai aʻafiaga taua ile falemaʻi. Togafitiga mo le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli e tele lava i laʻasaga amata. Sniewski, Farvid, and Carter (2018) faia se toe iloiloga o suʻesuʻega e uiga i le iloiloga ma le togafitiga o tagata matutua ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli faʻaoga ponokalafi ma na o le 11 suʻesuʻega na mafai ona maua, o le tele o ia mea o suʻesuʻega. Ae ui i lea, na matauina ni nai tofotofoga tetele. Aemaise lava, suʻesuʻega o le Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (Hardy, Ruchty, Hull, & Hyde, 2010; Young, 2007) ma le Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Crosby & Twohig, 2016; Twohig & Crosby, 2010) na faʻaalia ai le lelei tele. taunuuga e fai ma togafitiga mo tagata taitoatasi (tele o alii) o loo tauivi ma faafitauli tau ponokalafi.
O a matou suʻesuʻega o loʻo fautua mai ai e mafai e tamaʻitaʻi faʻatau ona manuia mai le faʻafetauiina o ia togafitiga e aofia ai mea e aʻafia ai tane. E mata'ina, e mafai e faufautua ona iloilo le tulaga o le tagata o tausia e tusa ai ma tulaga masani o alii ma su'esu'e i'uga lelei ma leaga e feso'ota'i ma ia tulaga. Tuuina atu o fesoʻotaʻiga lelei i le va o faʻasalalauga faʻapitoa ma faʻafitauli ponokalafi i le suʻesuʻega nei, e mafai e fesoasoani ona suʻesuʻeina le tane ma a latou tagata faʻatau ma talanoaina pe faʻafefea ona nonoa ponokalafi ia latou faʻaaliga o alii. O le manatu o le pule i tamaitai o le va'aiga sili lea ona tumau o le matamataina o ponokalafi fa'afitauli, e mafai e foma'i ona mafaufau e su'esu'e autu o le pule ma le malosi i faatosinaga a alii i ponokalafi. O le faailoaina o le amataga ma le aoga o manaoga o alii e pulea tamaitai e mafai ona taitai atu ai i le taua o le iloa e le tagata lava ia o mea e ono tupu mai i le matamata i ponokalafi.
E pei ona fautuaina mai i sailiiliga o loo i ai nei, o alii e lagona le le mautonu i o latou tulaga faatamatane atonu o le a sili atu ona tauivi ma a latou matamataga o ponokalafi, atonu ona o le faaaogaina o ponokalafi e mafai ona ausia ai se manaoga taua o le tagata lava ia. O le aoina malosi o suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i togafitiga faʻapitoa mo le taua o le tagata lava ia e mafai ona maua ai se faʻatonuga manaʻomia i le faʻaitiitia o faʻafitauli faʻaoga ponokalafi. O a matou su'esu'ega e fa'ailoa mai afai e mafai e foma'i ona fa'aleleia le manatu o le tagata o tausia, o atugaluga e feso'ota'i ma ponokalafi ma/po'o le fa'aaogaina moni o ponokalafi e ono fa'aitiitia. O le mea lea, o le faateleina o le taua o le tagata lava ia e mafai ona fesoasoani e tetee atu ai i nisi o tu ma aga masani a alii ia atonu na faia e se tane. E mafai foi ona fesoasoani ia i latou e tetee atu ai i nei omiga ma fesoasoani i lo latou lava atinaeina o ni vaaiga maloloina e uiga i ai i latou ma mea o loo faamoemoeina mai ia i latou o se tagata ma se tagata.
iʻuga
O le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli o loʻo faʻatupulaia le popolega ile falemaʻi (Sniewski et al., 2018). Ona o le faigofie o le mauaina o ponokalafi, taugofie, ma le matamata i le le faailoaina (Cooper, 1998; Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000), o le matamataga o ponokalafi faafitauli o le a faaauau pea ona salalau, aemaise lava i alii. O le suʻesuʻega nei na maua ai o tuʻufaʻatasiga faʻaagafesootai e mafai ona aʻafia ai le atinaʻeina o le matamataina o ponokalafi faʻafitauli. Na faailoa mai foi i sailiiliga o le sootaga i le va o alii ma le matamata i ponokalafi e lavelave. O tamaloloa e maualalo le taua o le tagata ia te ia lava atonu ua soona usitaia matafaioi masani a alii ma avea ai a latou matamataga o ponokalafi ma auala e faailoa atu ai pe faatino ai foi le tane. I le tuʻufaʻatasia, o nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo fautua mai ai o le taulaʻi atu i fesoʻotaʻiga o aganuʻu ma eseesega o tagata taʻitoʻatasi atonu e sili ona taua mo suʻesuʻega, aʻoaʻoga, ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻatautaia ai faʻafitauli o le tagata lava ia ma fesoʻotaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma a latou matamataga ponokalafi.
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