O le Iloiloina o Faʻafitauli Faʻaletino Initaneti Faʻaaoga: O Se Faatusatusaga o Tasi e tolu ma Metotia Faʻafefiloi (2020)

Fa. J. Environ. Res. Soifua Maloloina 2020, 17(2), 488;

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020488

by Lijun Chen * ma Xiaoliu Jiang
Matagaluega o Psychology, Aoga a Humanities ma Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Saina
Na maua: 12 Novema 2019 / Talia: 10 Ianuari 2020 / Lolomiina: 12 Ianuari 2020

lē faʻatino

O le autu o lenei suʻesuʻega o le faʻatusatusaina lea o mea suʻesuʻe eseese mo faʻafitauli o ponokalafi initaneti (IPU) ma faʻailoa le fua e sili ona saʻo. Le talitonuina ma le aoga o le tolu fua, o le, Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS), Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS), ma Short Internet Addiction Test Adapted to Online Sexual Activities (s-IAT-sex), sa suesueina e faʻaaoga ai le tolu homogen. vaega, na. Aofai o 972 tagata matutua (o lona uiga tausaga = 24.8) mai 28 itumalo / itulagi i Saina auai i le vaega aofaʻi (QUAN). O le puʻupuʻu ponokalafi Screener sa avea ma tusi faʻasino tulaga. Na faʻaalia e le PPCS le faʻaleleia atili ma le faʻamaoniaina, e aofia ai le faʻamaoniaina o tulaga, faʻapea foi ma le sili atu ona maaleale ma taliaina faʻapitoa; O lea, na manatu o le sili sao le siakiina o mea faigaluega. I le vaega agavaa (QUAL), matou faatalanoaina 22 tagata ofo ma 11 fomai (oe na galulue ma tagata taitoatasi ma faafitauli IPU) e iloilo o latou manatu i luga o le vaega autu o faafitauli IPU ma fua o le PPCS. Toetoe o tagata uma na fesiligia le lagolago a le fausaga o le PPCS. O nei sailiiliga ua faʻaosofia le faʻaaogaina o le PPCS i suʻesuʻega i lumanaʻi ma faʻamatalaina ai ana suʻesuʻega ona o lona mafai faʻavasega IPU o ni faʻafitauli poʻo ni faʻafitauli.
Moli: faʻafitauli ponokalafi faʻaaoga; initaneti ponokalafi faʻaaoga; faafitauli o ponokalafi taumafaina fua; faafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaaoga fua; le puʻega initaneti vaisu suʻega suia i luga o le initaneti feusuaiga gaioiga

1. faʻatomuaga

Initaneti ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (IPU) o se amioga faʻafeusuaiga [1, fetaui lelei ma le faʻaaogaina o le initaneti e auai ai i gaioiga faʻafeusuaiga faʻafiafia iloa foi o le initoneti ponokalafi faʻaoga poʻo cybersex [2,3,4]. E aofia ai le tele o luga o le initaneti feusuaʻiga gaioiga (OSAs), e aofia ai le matamata i ata mataga, luga o le ponokalafi fefaʻatauaʻiga, auai i feusuaiga talatalanoaga, faaaoga feusuaiga webcam, sailia o feusuaʻiga paaga, poʻo le auai i feusuaiga, o loʻo tu ai le matamata i ponokalafi, o se sili ona lauiloa gaioiga [5]. E tusa ai ma faʻaiuga ua mavae, o le auai i le IPU e maua ai i nisi taimi le tele o faʻafitauli leaga, pei o faʻaletupe, tulafono, galuega, ma le faʻafitauli ma mea na tutupu i le tagata lava ia [6]. Lagona le le maua o le puleaina ma le faʻaaogaina pea e ui lava i nei tulaga leaga e mafua mai o le faamalosia cybersex poʻo faʻafitauli IPU. E oʻo mai i le taimi nei, e leai se maliega e uiga i le aʻoaʻoga ma le faʻailoaina o faʻafitauli i le IPU. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e tele tuʻutuʻuga ua faʻaoga e faʻamatala ai le faʻaiʻuga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, initaneti feusuaʻiga vaisu [7,8], faʻafitauli i luga ole laiga gaioiga faʻafeusuaiga [9], o mea na fai ile vaogagana a le cybersex [10], ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli o ponokalafi initaneti [6]). E ui o nei manatu e fai sina ese, latou te aofia uma ni vaega taua se tolu: o le auala (le initaneti), mea (feusuaiga), ma le faʻafitauli faʻaaogaina (le faʻamalosia amioga). Tusa lava poʻo le a le finauga, ua faʻailoa nei, o le soʻona aʻafia i le IPU poʻo le cybersex, e ono avea ma faʻaletonu ma fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻailoga o mea ua fai ma vaisu (e pei o le leiloa puleaga, faʻaaoga faamalosi). Mafaufau i nei feteʻenaʻi tuʻufaʻatasia taua vaega, IPU faʻafitauli e mafai ona manatu i ai o se subtypes o faʻafitauli initaneti initaneti mai se faʻavasega vaaiga, lea e mafai fesoasoani fesoasoani alualu i luma falemaʻi ma suʻesuʻega taumafaiga i lona taatele ma aafiaga.
Ui i lea, faʻamaoniga e uiga i le faʻafitauli IPU e le ogatusa, ona o le le tutusa o le meafaigaluega suʻesuʻe. O le mafuaʻaga tonu o le faʻauigaina ma faʻataʻitaʻiga tulaga o le faʻafitauli IPU e leʻo manino. Ina ia mafai ona foia nei manatu le mautonu, saienitisi ua atiaeina ni fua eseese e fuaina itu eseese o ponokalafi faaaoga [11]. O nisi fuainumera fua e sili atu ona faigofie ona faʻatautaia, ae latou te faʻamamaina le vaʻai o le vaʻai (e pei o Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory-9). O nisi o nei fua faataʻitaʻi ua mamanuina e iloilo ai le faʻanaunauga o loʻo i lalo o ponokalafi faʻaoga i tagata feusuaʻi (faʻataʻitaʻiga, Ponokalafi Taumafa Inisiua) [12]. O nisi o fua e le mafai ona puʻeina le itu eseʻese o faʻafitauli IPU ma ua naʻo le vaʻai faʻapitoa (eg, o le Ponokalafi Taʻaloga Fesili, PCQ). E le gata i lea, o ni upega tafailagi o avanoa i le lalolagi e talimalo ai i le Cybersex Addiction Test, Sexaholics Anonymity Test, Sex Addicts Anonymous, ma Sexual Addiction Screening Test, lea e iloiloina faigata i le faʻatinoina o le pulea o ia lava, ona o lona leaga, ma faʻafitauli sosial e fesoʻotaʻi ma gaioiga feusuai. Ma le isi, iloilo le IPU, faʻaaogaina faiga o vaʻaiga tau feusuaiga, e aofia ai ni nai luitau. Aemaise lava, nei suʻesuʻega atonu e le mafai ona puʻea mai uiga o gaioiga (faʻataʻitaʻiga, i luga o le komepiuta fefaʻatauaʻi, taʻaloga vitio feusuaʻi ua le mafai ona faia i fafo atu) ma faʻailoga (eg, vavaeeseina mai le mea moni ona o le faatofuina i le lalolagi tafailagi e tulaga ese I le IPU Ina ia foia lenei avanoa ile tusitusiga ma faʻatautaia atili ai suʻesuʻega i lenei vaega, e manaʻomia ni suʻesuʻega ma ni malosi taua tau le mafaufau [5,7].
E tele faʻafitauli o le IPU e iai faʻafitauli e avanoa mo tagata suʻesuʻe ma fomaʻi. Ioe, o le lata mai o faʻamatalaga-faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻailoa 22 psychometric mea fai e iloilo ai faʻafitauli ponokalafi faʻaaogaina [11]. A leai, o le tele o suʻesuʻega na faia i le sefulu tausaga talu ai na faʻaaoga na mea lava na atiaʻe e ni isi ma o nisi o ia faiga sa mulimuli ane toe faʻamaonia [4,5,13]. O le mea lea, e faigata ona faʻatusatusa faʻaiuga o suʻesuʻega eseese ona o loʻo i ai le leai o se ogatasi faʻatatau i iloiloga na faʻaaogaina. Ina ia mafai ona filifilia mea faigaluega talafeagai mo faʻatusatusaga mai le mea o loʻo i ai nei, sa faia se iloiloga maeʻa. O tuʻuaiga ia ma i latou na faʻaogaina na faʻaaoga i le tele o faʻatasiga: (Cybersex * PO O le internet porn * ATAU hypersex *) MA (fai ma vaisu * PO le faʻamalosi * PE faʻafitauli *) MA (iloiloga ina ia mafai ona taliina fesili e faatatau i le iloiloga ma ia avanoa suʻesuʻega fesili. O le filifiliga filifilia o tusitusiga suʻesuʻega na faʻatapulaʻaina i tusitusiga o loʻo faʻapitoa lava i luga o le cybersex ma / po o le initaneti ponokalafi taumafaina ma le laga le cybersex, ma faʻamatala foi le atinaʻeina ma le fetuunaiga o mea na lipotia e le tagata lava ia lipotia psychometric meafaigaluega e iloiloina se tasi vaega o faafitauli o ponokalafi faaaogaina. Mulimuli ane, matou maua le aofai o 27 meafaigaluega i luga o le iloiloina o le faafitauli IPU (cybersex). E ala i le faiga o iloiloga faʻatonutonu na faʻatautaia, na matou filifili ai e taofi le tolu fua lea na atiaʻeina e fuaina ai faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaoga, tusa lava pe le o nei mea uma e tolu ua faʻapitoa faʻapitoa e fuaina ponokalafi initaneti, ona o le tele o tagata auai na faʻaaogaina luga o le initaneti ponokalafi, ma le na faʻalauiloaina e tagata atamamai o nei fua e mafai ona faʻaogaina e fuaina ai ni faʻafitauli IPU [14,15], faʻaopopo foi na matou suia le "ponokalafi" i le "initaneti ponokalafi" i le gagana Saina. Sa matou filifilia nei fua faatatau e tolu mo mafuaʻaga nei: (1) latou te aofia ai ni nai mea ma e faigofie ona faʻatinoina fua, (2) e aofia uma ai uiga autu o le IPU, pei o le leiloa le pule, (3) o loʻo faʻavae i latou i vaisu. vaega e pei ole faʻaletonu le faʻatonutonu, feteʻenaʻiga, faʻaalia [11], (4) e aoga ia i totonu o le Saina aganuu [16,17,18,19], ma (5) latou faʻaalia le malosi o le suʻega-toe suʻega (ie lua vaiaso) faʻamoemoeina; o lona uiga, o nei toatolu ua leva ona faʻamaonia ua faailoaina mo nisi suʻesuʻega. Muamua, o le Short Internet Addiction Test Adapted to OSAs (s-IAT-sex), lea sa faʻaalia ai faʻamalieina lelei psychometric meatotino [9]. Peitaʻi, o lenei fua ua faʻamaufaʻailogaina na o tamaloloa [5], ma le toʻatele o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o loʻo tele ni tulaga eseʻese o le itupa o iai i le IPU [18,20,21]. Lua, o le faʻafitauli o ponokalafi Faaaoga Fua (PPUS) [15], lea ua faʻamaonia e faʻaaogaina ai se laʻititi tele; Ae paga lea, peitaʻi, o le faʻailoga lelei e leʻi faʻaalia mo lenei faʻamasinoga. Lona tolu, o le faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina fua (PPCS); o lenei fua e faʻavae i luga o le faʻavae faʻavae o mea a Griffiths vaega faʻataʻitaʻiga o vaisu [22]. O togi uma e tolu e aofia ai le malosi i totonu ma se faʻamaoni aloaia fausaga, lea na lagolagoina e le faʻaiuga o le faʻamaonia o mea faʻataʻitaʻiga (CFA) [9,14,15,19]. E ui i lea, e faigata tele ona faʻatusatusaina mea na maua mai i suʻesuʻega ua latou faaaogaina nei fua ona e aofia ai tulaga eseʻese. Ole mea lea, e manaʻomia le filifilia o faʻamaoniga maufaʻailogaina ma metotia, ma faʻailoaina le mea sili e saʻo mea faigaluega.
Ina ia mafai ona faʻatusatusa lelei ni fua eseese, o se tuʻufaʻatasia ma faʻatuatuaina tapulaʻa e tatau ona faʻamautu muamua. O le puʻupuʻu ponokalafi Screener (BPS), o se suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega e fuaina le le lava o le pulea, soona faʻaaogaina o faʻafitauli ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, atonu e aoga i le faailoaina o tagata o loo lamatia mo faafitauli ponokalafi faaaoga pe mafai ona avea o se sui sui [23]. Kraus et al., O le na atiaʻeina le BPS, ua fautua mai o le faʻataʻitaʻiga tulaga mo le faʻamalosia o amioga feusuai (CSB) e tatau ona aofia ai i le fou International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) [24], ma o lenei talosaga na taliaina. E tusa ma le loma ICD-11's faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga mo le faʻamalosia o le faʻaletonu gasegase [25], faʻataʻitaʻiga o le le mafai ona faʻatonutonuina ni lagona faʻamalosi tino poʻo uunaʻiga ma iʻuga o feusuaʻiga faifai pea ua manatu iai o ni uiga taua ole faʻaletonu. E manatu le BPS i mea fai faamalosi e avea ma vaega autū o faafitauli o ponokalafi. E le gata i lea, sa faʻaaogaina le BPS ma faʻataʻitaʻiga eseese, ma ua faʻaalia ai le faʻamalieina o uiga faʻapitoa i le va o tagata Amerika ma Polani o ponokalafi [26]. Tele suesuega ua tuanaʻi na faʻaaogaina le BPS e faʻailoa ai vaisu i ponokalafi. E le gata i lea, sa faʻaaogaina foʻi e iloa ai le matuia o faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaoga i tamaloloa e sailia togafitiga faʻafomai poʻo le mafaufau ona o le leiloa o lo latou faʻatonutonu ia latou amioga faʻafeusuaiga [27,28,29]. O le mea lea, i lenei suʻesuʻega, o faʻailoga a le BPS sa faʻaaogaina e fai ma tusi faʻasino e faʻatatau i ai le mataʻalia ma le faʻapitoa o mea e tolu na taʻua muamua.
O nisi o iloiloga lata mai na taulai tonu i le manatuaina ma le iloiloina o faafitauli faigata ponokalafi faaaoga [4,11,30,31]. O ni iloiloga na otootoina puupuu ma faʻaalia manatu e uiga i mea tuʻufaʻatasi [5], ae o isi ua latou iloiloina lo latou agavaʻa e iloilo ai vaega autu o loʻo avea ma faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina [11]. Peitaʻi, e leʻi i ai se suʻesuʻega ua mavae na faʻatusatusa ai fua eseese ma iloa ai le saʻo o fua o faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaaoga e faʻaaogaina ai le tutusa tulaga poʻo faʻailoga. Fuataga o faʻafitauli IPU e le tutusa, ma o fua uma e taulaʻi i le eseʻesega o faʻafitauli IPU. E le gata i lea, talu ai o nei fua e leʻi faʻasalalauina tele, e faigata tele ona faʻatusatusa sailiiliga o suʻesuʻega na faʻaogaina. I se faʻaopopoga, o le maʻaleʻale o lagona faʻatulagaina eseʻese o loʻo iloiloina faʻafitauli IPU e leʻi faʻatusatusaina lava. O le mea lea, i le suʻesuʻega nei, o se QUAN → QUAL faʻafetaui-metotia mamanu sa faia, e aofia ai (1) faʻaaogaina metotia auala e faʻailoa ai se fua faʻatasi ma le maualuga o le faʻatusatusaga faʻasino mai tolu filifili filifilia (PPCS, PPUS, s-IAT-feusuaiga) mo iloiloina o faʻafitauli IPU. E le gata i lea, o le umi o le faʻaaogaina, o le tele o le faʻauiga i OSA, feusuaʻiga faamalosi, ma ponokalafi manaʻoga sa faʻaaogaina e suʻesuʻe ai le lelei o faʻamaoniga o iloiloga. Mulimuli ane, (2) faʻataʻitaʻiga lelei na faia ma tagata ofo ma fofo oe na tautua i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i faʻafitauli i le IPU e toe suʻesuʻe atili i le talafeagai ai o le "sili atu le saʻo" fua mai i le auvaʻa tautua 'manatu, lea e fesoasoani le vaega agavaa e iloiloina ma faʻamatala uiga na maua mai i le suʻesuʻega tele aofaʻi.

2. Le Aofaʻiga Vaega: O se Faʻatusatusaga o Tolu Totoina Faʻailogaina

2.1. Mea ma Metotia

2.1.1. Faataʻitaʻiga

O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo aofia ai tamaʻitaʻi e 560 ma fafine 412, ma o le averesi tausaga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o 24.8 tausaga [tulaga ese sisifo (SD) = 7.2 tausaga; avanoa = 18–48 tausaga] E mafai ona faʻatatauina mai i le vaega faʻatusatusaga o uiga faʻapitoa o mea faʻataʻitaʻiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga e tolu Laulau 1.
Laulau 1. Faʻatusatusaga faʻavasega o faʻatusatusaga o uiga o le tolu suʻesuʻeina faʻataʻitaʻiga.
laulau

2.1.2. Tufuga

Tolu Vaega Iloilo IPU

PPUS. O le PPUS o se 12-aitema lava-lipotia fua e iloiloina tulaga fa o le IPU [15]: popolega ma faʻafitauli faʻafitauli, o le soona faʻaaogaina, faigata i mea e faʻatonutonuina o ia, ma le IPU e sola ese ai pe alofia lagona le lelei. I le faʻaSaina lomiga o le suʻesuʻega, o le upu "ponokalafi," lea sa faʻaoga i le uluaʻi fua, sa suia o le "initaneti ponokalafi" i tulaga uma (e pei o, "Ua ou faaaluina le tele o taimi i le aʻafia i mafaufauga e uiga i initaneti ponokalafi") . Sa manaʻomia tagata na faʻailoa mai le taimi sa latou auai ai i le IPU i le 6 masina ua tuanaʻi i le ono vaega o mea mai le 0 (leai) i le 5 (i taimi uma). O sikoa maualuga na faʻailoa mai ai le sili atu ona faigata o faʻauiga i totonu o le IPU. O le Cronbach's alpha o le aofaʻi atoa o 0.95 i lenei suʻesuʻega.
PPCS. O le PPCS na faʻaaogaina e fua ai faafitauli IPU [14]. Tali na faʻamauina i luga o le 7-tulaga fuainumera nei: 1 = leai, 2 = seasea, 3 = mai lea taimi, 4 = o nisi taimi, 5 = masani ai, 6 = masani ai, 7 = i taimi uma. PPCS o loʻo aofia ai ni mea se 18, ma iloilo vaega taua e ono o vaisu: malosi, faʻamalieina o lagona, feteʻenaʻiga, faʻapalepale, toe foi mai, ma le aveeseina. E tofu le vaega ma fuaina i mea e tolu (e pei o le, "Sa ou lagona e tatau ona ou matamata pea i luga o le initaneti porn mo le faamalieina" o se mea o le fua "faapalepale"); le Cronbach's alpha o mea taua e ono na 0.77, 0.84, 0.71, 0.78, 0.86, ma 0.86, faasologa, i le suesuega. O le Cronbach's alpha o le aofaʻi PPCS o 0.96. O le sikoa o le 76 na faʻaaogaina e mautinoa ai le faʻaaogaina masani ma faʻafitauli; faʻapitoa, togi e sili atu nai lo 76 faʻailoga o le faʻafitauli faʻaaogaina.
s-IAT-feusuaiga. Tali i taʻitasi o aitema 12 o le s-IAT-itupa o loʻo faʻamauina i luga o se fua taua e lima mai le 1 (leai) i le 5 (taimi uma) [9]. O le fuataga e aofia ai vaega e lua. O le mea muamua e iloiloina le leaga o le amio pulea ma faigata i le faʻaitiitia o le tele o le taimi o loʻo faʻaaluina i luga o le initaneti (ono aitema, faʻapea, "E faʻafia ona e mauaina lea e te nofo i luga o uepisaite 'upega tafaʻilagi umi atu nai lo le mea na e fuafuaina?"), Ae o le lona lua mea taua fua fesuiaʻiga o galuega e fesoʻotaʻi ma le auai i cybersex (ono aitema, e pei o, "O le a le tele o taimi e te lagona le atuatuvale, feita, po o le popole pe a e l offline o i ai i fafo atu, lea e alu ese pe a e toe i luga o le initaneti feusuaiga nofoaga?"). O le tuʻufaʻatasiga o togi, lea e mafai ona faʻatatauina e ala ile aotelega o togi aitema o tagata, e mafai ona mai le 12 i le 60; maualuga sikoa o le faʻailoga o le tele faʻafitauli. O le faifai pea o loʻo i totonu (Cronbach's alpha) koefisiua o le aofaʻi atoa ma tulaga muamua ma lona lua o 0.89, 0.77, ma 0.88, faʻatulagaina i totonu o lenei suʻesuʻega.

Criterion Validia Fesili

PCQ. O lenei fesili 12-fesili o se iloiloga unidimensional [32,33]. O nisi nei o aitema faataʻitaʻi: "Afai e faatagaina le tulaga, o le a ou matamata i ponokalafi i le taimi nei" ma "Afai o le a ou matamata ponokalafi i le taimi nei, ou te faigata ona taofi." Sa manaʻomia e le au tali ona faʻailoaina mai le malosi na latou malilie i ai aitema taitasi le faʻaogaina o tali nei e fitu (na faʻaalia e aunoa ma ni numera): "matua le malilie," "e le malie," "le malilie laititi," "e le malilie pe le malie," "malilie e laititi, ”“ teisi e malie, ”ma le“ matua malilie. ” O sikoa maualuga e faʻailoa mai ai le tele o lona manaʻo mo ponokalafi. O le Cronbach's alpha o lenei fua sa 0.92 i le suesuega o loʻo faia nei. O faʻatonuga a le PCQ o loʻo tuʻuina mai ai se ata puʻea o le tele o ponokalafi, lea e manaʻomia ai le tagata tali mai ia na o latou potu o loʻo nonofo ai i luma o le latou komepiuta ma o loʻo latou manaʻo tele e matamata le latou ituaiga o ponokalafi.
O le Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS). Ole tele na faʻaalia ai e le au auai uiga mataga o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina sa iloiloina faʻaaogaina le 10-aitema SCS na atiaʻe e Kalichman et al. [34]. Tali na faʻamauina i luga o le fuainumera faʻailoga tulaga e fa (1 = e le pei o aʻu, 2 = teisi e pei o aʻu, 3 = e pei lava o aʻu, 4 = e pei lava o aʻu, e pei o le, "E tatau ona ou tauivi e faʻatautaia ou mafaufauga feusuaʻiga. ma amioga ”). I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le Cronbach's alpha o lenei fua o le 0.86.
Fesili ole OSAs. E sefulutolu mea sa faʻaaogaina e fuaina ai tagata auai le faʻaaogaina o le initaneti mo mea nei: (1) vaʻaia o ni mea e faʻamalosia ai le feusuaʻiga (SEM), (2) o sailia feusuaʻiga paaga, (3) cybersex, ma le (4) faʻamasaniga ma le faʻatupuina o feusuaʻiga [35]. O le matamata SEM sa iloiloina le faʻaaogaina o mea e lima (e pei o le asiasi i erotika / ponokalafi 'upega tafaʻilagi, vaʻaiga ma le laʻuina i lalo o erotika / ponokalafi vitio mai le initaneti, faitau o mea leaga / ponokalafi mea i luga ole laiga), e toʻa manaʻomia ni tali ina ia faʻatulagaina i luga o le iva-manatu fua faʻapea mai le 1 (leai) i le 9 (ia le itiiti ifo i le faʻatasi i le aso). O isi vaega laiti e tolu na iloiloina le faʻaaogaina o se fua e iva-tulaga lea na amata mai le 1 (0 taimi) i le 9 (20 pe sili atu foi taimi). E lua aitema na fuaina le alafua na suʻe ai e le au tali ni feusuaiga faapea foi le numera o feusuaʻiga sa latou sailia ma maua i le initaneti. O le tele o taimi na auai ai i le cybersex sa iloiloina le faʻaaogaina o mea e fa (eg, masturbating poʻo le vaʻaia o tagata e masturbate i luma o le webcam, faʻamatalaina feusuaiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e ala i tusitusiga poʻo le tautala). O le faaaogaina o Initaneti mo le faʻamoemoe o le flirting ma faʻafeusuaiga mafutaga tausia faʻaaoga mea e lua. O le Cronbach's alpha o le fua atoa o le 0.88 i le suesuega. O sikoa maualuga e faʻailoa mai le tele o taimi e auai ai i OSAs.
Fesili Faaopoopo e uiga i le IPU. E le gata i ni mea na iloilo ai tulaga faʻapitoa, o nai fesili na fesoʻotaʻi ma le IPU na tuʻuina atu foi i le au auai. Ina ua maeʻa ona latou tuʻuina atu ia i latou se faʻamatalaga manino o ponokalafi initaneti, na fesiligia le au auai e faʻaalia lo latou matua muamua faʻapogai i ponokalafi ma le umi o le taimi na latou masani ona faʻaaluina matamata i le initaneti ponokalafi i vaiaso uma.

O le Pepa Faʻatonu - BPS

O le BPS, na atiaʻe e Kraus et al. [26], na faʻaaoga e iloilo ai ponokalafi faʻaaogaina i le 6 masina ua tuanaʻi. O lenei iloiloga e lima-mea e faʻaaogaina ai le tolu-manatu faʻatulafonoina fua (0 = leai, 1 = i nisi taimi, 2 = taimi uma, faʻataʻitaʻiga, "E faigata ia te oe ona teena le malosi o faʻamalosi e faʻaaoga mea mataga."); O le cutoff score o le 4 sa faʻaaogaina e iloa ai le faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaaogaina (tuʻufaʻatasiga o le = 0-10). Maualuga sikoa o se faʻailoga o sili atu faʻafitauli ponokalafi faʻaaoga. O le Cronbach's alpha o le BPS o le 0.84.

2.1.3. Taualumaga

O lenei suesuega i luga o le initaneti sa faia e ala i se lauiloa lauiloa Saina 'upega tafaʻilagi, igoa, Wenjuanxing (www.sojump.com). Matutua tagata o le upega tafailagi maua se imeli ma se fesoʻotaʻiga latou toe tuʻuina atu i latou i le upega tafailagi suʻesuʻega ma se folasaga puʻupuʻu i la matou suʻesuʻega. O lenei folasaga puʻupuʻu na faʻailoa i le aufaʻatau ua latou agavaa mo le auai pe a fai sa latou auai i le IPU i le 6 masina ua tuanaʻi (e pei o le faitau i luga o upega tafaʻilagi ponokalafi, soʻotaga i luga o 'upega tafaʻilagi ponokalafi, fefaʻasoaʻi / mataʻitu o ponokalafi vitio po o ata, fegalegaleai ma faʻatauvaʻa ma isi) ma sa fiafia e auai i le suʻesuʻega. O le aofai o 972 tali talafeagai na aoina mai i latou na auai mai 110 taulaga i 28 o le 34 itumalo / itulagi i Saina (ie, faʻailoa e faʻaaogaina le initaneti protokol tuatusi). E pei ona faʻamoemoeina, o tagata uma na auai na mauaina togi e tutusa pe sili atu nai lo le 14 i le fua o OSAs (o le pito sili ona maualalo sikoa o 13, ma e faʻailoa mai e leai se IPU muamua); o lona uiga o latou uma sa auai i le OSA i le ono masina ua tuanaʻi. E tolu faʻatusatusaina o samoa na manaʻomia e tali atu i le tolu fua o le faʻafitauli IPU, o le PPCS, PPUS, ma le s-IAT-feusuaʻiga. O faʻataʻitaʻiga uma na faʻamaeʻaina foi suʻesuʻega na taʻua i luga lea e tatau ona suʻesuʻeina ai le latou taualoa. O lenei suʻesuʻega na faia e tusa ai ma le Taʻutinoga a Helsinki, ma o le maliega na pasia e le Komiti o Amio Taualoa a le Matagaluega o Poto, Iunivesite Fuzhou (aso faʻamaonia, 6 Aperila 7).

2.2. Faʻamatalaga

O fuainumera faʻamaumauga na faia e faʻaogaina ai le SPSS 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) ma le Mplus lomiga 7 [36]. Aitema-aofaiga felafolafoaiga ua fuafuaina e faailoa mea na leaga le aoga. Sa faʻaaoga le CFA e faʻataʻitaʻi ai le mafuaʻaga fausaga o le fua o mea e fiafia i ai. Ole maualuga ole lamatia fuafuaina ma le Satorra-Bentler faʻasaʻo na faʻaaoga e fuafua ai le talafeagai ile va ole faʻamaumauga ma mea taua. Faʻataʻitaʻiga fetaui lelei na faʻataʻitaʻia e ala i le asiasia o faʻatonuga nei: aʻa o le sikuea sese faʻatulaga o le latalata (RMSEA; lelei: ≤0.06, taliaina: ≤0.08), faʻatusatusa fetaui lelei (CFI; lelei: ≥0.95, taliaina: ≥0.90), ma Tucker- Lewis index (TLI; lelei: ≥0.95, taliaina: ≥0.90). Le faʻamoemoeina o le fua na iloiloina e ala i le fuafuaina o le Cronbach's alpha coefficients.
Mo le iloaina o ni vaega o tagata lamatia ponokalafi tagata faʻaaogaina, latent profile analysis (LPA) sa faʻaaogaina. LPA sa faʻatautaia ai le faʻaaogaina o le muamua fua o fua taʻitasi pei o faʻaalia manino, ma vaega eseese o tagata taʻitoʻatasi faʻafitauli IPU na faasolosolo ona vaevaeina i ni lua i le fa vaega mo faʻataʻitaʻiga fetaui lelei. Mafuaʻaga faamatalaina o le vaega o tagata ma faʻailoga lelei (pei ona iloaina e le BPS) ma sui o le vaega lamatia (faailoaina e ala i le LPA), ae faapitoa mea na faamatalaina o le vaega o tagata i auga le lelei ma le nonproblematic vaega [37].

2.3. Tali ma Talanoaga

2.3.1. Aloaia o le Fua tolu e Tolu

O iʻuga o auiliiliga o mea, CFA, ma suʻega o le faʻatuatuaina ma fetaui lelei faʻamaoniaina o loʻo faʻaalia i Laulau 2. Aitema-vaʻaiga fesoʻotaʻiga na faʻamauina e iloilo ai mea aitema. Na maua mai e le PPCS ma le PPUS le maualuga o le fuainumera, ma o nei fuaitau e lua na maua mai ai foi ni faʻailoga talafeagai (ie, CFA) ma faʻaleleia atili ai le malosiʻaina. O PPCS, PPUS, ma le s-IAT-feusuaiga na matua fesoʻotaʻi lelei ma SCS, PCQ, OSAs ma faʻaoga taimi eseese, ma na faʻaalia e le PPCS malosi sili atu le talafeagai.
Laulau 2. Le faʻatuatuaina ma le faʻamaoni o le tolu fuainumera.
laulau

2.3.2. LPA

O faʻaiʻuga o LPA o loʻo faʻaalia i Laulau 3. Mo PPCS, o le Lo-Mendell-Rubin fetuunai ono mafai ona faia le fua faatatau faʻataʻitaʻiga (LMRT) faʻaiʻuga e taua pe a numera le vasega o 4, ma le faʻailoga taua e maualalo. O lea, sa le maualuga maualuga le faʻavasegaina pei o le fofo tolu-vasega; tusa ai, o le tolu-vasega vasega fofo na filifilia. Mo PPUS, pe a fai o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e tolu vasega, o faʻaiuga LMRT e taua; o le faʻaopopo foi, sa maualuga lona faʻatatauina i le maualuga o faʻailoga fofo e fa. E tusa ai ma le s-IAT-feusuaiga, e le taua p-le taua na aliaʻe mai mo faʻaiuga a le LMRT na faʻapea e tatau ona teʻena le fofo o le tolu ma le fa i le lagolagoina o le lua-vasega fofo.
Laulau 3. Fetaui lelei faʻamatalaga mo latent profile analysis o le tolu fua faatatau iloiloina faʻafitauli internet internet ponokalafi.
laulau
Faʻatatau i vaega e tolu na tulaʻi mai mo le PPCS ma le PPUS, o le vasega muamua na mauaina tulaga e sili ona maualalo i vaega uma o le fua; O lea, o lenei vaega sa taʻua o le faʻaaogaina le masani ai. O le vasega lona lua na mauaina togi maualalo i luga o fua uma; O lea, o nei kulupu na taʻua o tagata mausali. O le vasega lona tolu na mauaina togi aupito maualuga i luga uma o fua tetele; O lea, o lenei vaega na taʻua o latou e lamatia tagata faaaoga. E pei ona faʻaalia i Laulau 4, e faʻatatau i vasega e lua na aliaʻe mai mo le s-IAT-feusuaʻiga, o le vasega 1 na mauaina togi maualalo nai lo le vasega 2 i tulaga uma e lua; o le mea lea, na taua i latou o le nonproblematic ma lamatia vaega, faasolosolo (vaega eseesega i togi i luga o vaega faapitoa o loo faaalia i faaopoopoga A).
Laulau 4. Faʻatusatusaga o le saʻo o le tolu fua.
laulau

2.3.3. Siosiomaga lagona ma faapitoa

O faʻaiʻuga na faʻaalia ai o le laʻau lelei o le PPCS e 89.66%, e maualuga atu nai lo tulaga taua na aliaʻe mo le PPUS (ie, 81.25%) ma le s-IAT-feusuaiga (ie, 71.72%). E i ai eseesega i le faʻapitoa o le tolu fua, ma le taua taua mai 85.86% e 94.95%. Na faʻaalia e le PPCS le tele o lona mafaufau (89.66%), ma lona tulaga faʻapitoa o 85.86%. Lea o loo faʻaalia mai pe tusa o le 10% o tagata faʻafitauli faʻafitauli ua faʻavasegaina o tagata le faʻapolofesa ma o le 14% o tagata le faʻaaogaina fesili e leʻi faailoaina. I se tulaga lautele, PPCS ma PPUS faʻataʻitaʻi sili atu le lelei nai lo le s-IAT-feusuaiga. Talu ai o lenei suʻesuʻega sa manaʻomia e iloa ai le fua ma le sili atu le mataala i le iloa o faʻafitauli IPU, o le PPCS sa suʻesuʻeina i auiliiliga sili.

3. O le Vaega Agavaʻa: Faailoaina o le Sili Tonu le Fua

3.1. Metotia

3.1.1. Faataʻitaʻiga

Na matou faatalanoaina 22 (20 alii; o lona uiga tausaga = 27.2) faafitauli IPU tautua volenitia (oe latou tuuina atu auaunaga i luga ole laiga i luga o le upega tafailagi o loʻo i lalo: http://www.ryeboy.org/; taimi ole tautua = 3.3 tausaga) ma le 11 fomai (oe sa galulue ma tagata taitoatasi ma faʻafitauli IPU ma sili atu nai lo 3 tausaga o aʻoaʻoga masani).

3.1.2. Le Faʻatalanoaga Otootoga

Talu ai o le fua faʻaaogaina sa faigofie ona faʻatautaia ma e aofia ai faʻaiʻuga fesili, o faʻatalatalanoaga na faia e iloilo ai manatu o tagata auai sili atu loloto ma malamalama. O le taʻiala faatalanoa na matua saili e suʻesuʻe le malamalama o tagata malamalama i faafitauli o le IPU / vaisu ma a latou iloiloga o fua o le fua filifilia. Sa manaʻomia le faʻatalanoaina e faʻavasega le taua o le fua i se fua mai le 1 (e le taua tele) i le 7 (taua tele).

3.1.3. Taualumaga

I lenei suʻesuʻega, matou maitauina muamua a latou malamalamaaga i le mataupu o faʻafitauli IPU ma le itu o le fua fautuaina. Lua faiʻoga faʻauʻu o tamaʻi aʻoga na avea ma faʻatalanoaga. I le amataga o le faatalatalanoaga, na logoina tagata na faatalanoaina e uiga i le mafuaʻaga ma le taua o le faatalanoaga ma mautinoa le le amanaiaina ma mautu le saʻo ia latou faʻatalatalanoaga faʻamaumauga; o faʻatalanoaga na pueina ma la latou faʻatagaga.

3.2. Faʻamatalaga

O faʻamaumauga o faʻatalanoaga na maeʻa ona faʻasalalauina i tusitusiga, ma sa nana foi faamatalaga o tagata auai. Na matou faia ni auiliiliga o tusitusiga; I se isi faaupuga, matou felagolagomai tali a tagata na suʻesuʻeina i le fesili e tasi e fatuina se tusitusiga fou. Laʻau Faʻatonu na faʻavaeina i luga o fua o le fua filifilia, ma tagata na faʻatalanoaina uluaʻi faʻamatalaga na faailoaina ma otootoina o se igoa igoa. I lenei gasologa, na faia ai e NVivo faʻamaumauga fuainumera mo faʻamatalaga uma o tusitusiga.

3.3. Iʻuga

E tusa ai ma uiga o faʻafitauli IPU, matou fausia se aofaiga o 20 tulafono laiti e ala i le auiliiliga o faʻatalatalanoaga faʻamaumauga. I totonu o nei uiga, muai mafaufau i le IPU (22 faʻamatalaga), IPU e sola ese pe aloese ai mai se lagona le lelei (21 faʻamatalaga), feeseeseaiga i le va o tagata (22 faʻamatalaga), ma faʻafitauli o faʻafitauli ma le mafaufau (45 faʻamatalaga) na sili ona taʻua. Ma le isi, o le 20 tulafono laiti na aotelega i le ono itu o le PPCS (vaʻai Ata 1).
IKEph 17 00488 g001 550
Ata 1. Tagata volenitia ma fofo togafitiga faʻavavevaveina o le taua o le Faʻafitauli o Ponokalafi Taumafaina Fua, foliga, ma taua taua mo itu e ono (averesi togi i le 33 faatalanoaga). Manatua: o fuainumera i le lanu poloka e fai ma sui o faʻafiafiaga e taʻua ai, aʻo le polyline e faʻailoa le taua o tulaga mo le ono itu (laina = 1–7).
Taimi o le faʻatalanoaga:
  • Faʻatalanoa: E tusa ai ma lau tautua, o le a sou manatu o fea le faʻafitauli i luga o le initaneti ata mataga? I se isi faaupuga, o a faʻaaliga / faʻailoga o faafitauli faʻafitauli i luga ole initaneti.
  • Faʻatalanoaga (tagata faigaluega ofo): Latou (faʻafitauli tagata faʻaaogaina) faʻaalia le faigata ona taofiofia le manaʻo i luga o le initaneti ponokalafi (tulafono: puʻeina ponokalafi), latou te le mafai ona pulea o latou lava amioga, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, matamata i uepisaite ponokalafi, masturbating ao matamata porn i taimi uma (code: faigata ile puleaina). O latou faiʻai e masani ona pomu ma mea tau feusuaiga (code: preoccupation). Afai e le oʻo i latou i luga o le initaneti ata mataga, o le a latou lagona le le toʻa lelei, poʻo le lagona ua gaogao o latou loto (code: faʻafitauli e mafua mai i le le tuumuli i tua).
Ina ua maeʻa ona faʻailoaina tagata na faʻatalanoaina ma uiga o vaega e ono o le IPU faʻafitauli ma atili faʻamalamalamaina o latou uiga e faʻaaoga ai ni faʻataʻitaʻiga, na matou tuʻuina atu ia i latou ni fesili "Faʻavae i luga o lau tautua poto masani, oe lagolagoina le faʻavae lenei? O fea itu ma itu e te manatu e faʻapitoa i le IPU? " Tele (> 95%) sui na lagolagoina le ono itu. E mafai foi ona malamalama mai Ata 1 na faʻamamafaina e tagata tauofo ma fofo le ogatotonu o feteʻenaʻiga, toe alu ese ma le toe alu ese mai i totonu o le IPU (faʻavae le faʻavasegaina o faʻamatalaga); i le taimi lava e tasi, latou fuaina le lagona faʻaleleia, o le toe foʻi i tua ma le aveeseina o ni sili taua uiga i le faʻafitauli faʻaaogaina (faʻavae le taua taua).

4. Talanoaga Lautele

Faʻafitauli IPU o se finauga pea; aemaise lava, e foliga mai e leai se mea moni o iai maliega e uiga i le conceptualization ma suʻesuʻega meafaigaluega o le faʻafitauli IPU. E i ai ni fua o loʻo avanoa; o lona uiga, o le iloiloga o faʻafitauli IPU e le ogatasi, ma faʻamaonia ai o sailiiliga i lea vaega e le vave faʻatusatusa. O le suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai le filifilia o se suʻesuʻe sili ona maaleale e suʻe le faʻafitauli o le IPU, ona o le maualuga o le faʻaalia o lona uiga o le maualalo o le misia o faʻamaʻi (i latou, o tagata e faʻafitauli o loʻo suʻesuʻeina sese o loʻo avea ma ni tagata e le o aʻafia). Faʻavae i luga o se faiga faʻavae toe iloilo tusitusiga, tolu fua na taofia. Mafaufau o le suʻesuʻega faʻatasi metotia tuʻufaʻatasia tuʻufaʻatasia fuainumera ma faʻapitoa auiliiliga mafai faʻapogai ma faʻalauteleina lo tatou malamalamaʻaga o faigata faigata [38,39], faʻaaoga se auala faʻapitoa e faʻailoa ai se "saʻo" auiliiliga mai le tolu fuainumera fua. Iʻuga o le CFA na faʻaalia ai o togi uma e tolu e lelei le faʻaaogaina i le lautele o vaega o tagata matutua (tausaga i lenei mataupu e mai le 18 i le 45 tausaga) i totonu o le tolu sili homogen sampel; faʻatusatusa i isi lua fua, na faʻaalia e le PPCS le tele o lona mafaufau ma faʻatusatusaina faʻapitoa i totonu o faʻataʻitaʻiga na maua mai i le lautele o tagata (iʻuga o le QUAN). Mafaufauina o le faʻaaliga o suʻesuʻega fesili e puʻupuʻu ma tapunia, ma o le faʻatalatalanoaga e mafai ona malamalama i tagata auai 'le faʻamatalaina manatu e sili atu loloto ma malamalama, mulimuli ane, iʻuga o QUAL faʻaalia o faʻailoga o le faʻafitauli IPU fautuaina e le au tautua (tagata volenitia ma fofo) mafai ona faʻavasega i vaega e ono o PPCS ma o le tele o 'auʻauna lagolagoina le vaega taua e ono o le PPCS.
I totonu o le tolu fuainumera, o le PPCS togi e sili ona malosi fesoʻotaʻi ma le umi o le faʻaaogaina, faʻafia taimi o le faʻauia i OSAs, ma ponokalafi manaʻoga. O faʻafitauli IPU e mafai ona aliali mai i lalo o le faamalu o le soʻotaga tutusa ma le tele o taimi e fai ai ituaiga eseese o le cybersex, soʻona naunau i ponokalafi,40], i le faʻapea e le gata o le fesoʻotaʻiga malosi na faʻaalia ai se maualuga maualuga o faʻamaoniga, ae o loʻo faʻapea foi o loʻo faʻapea o le a avea ma mea e faʻaoga ai le soʻosoʻo faʻailoilo. O suesuega talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai e mo nisi o tagata, o ponokalafi le faʻaoga na mafua ai o latou lagona o le feʻeseʻeseaʻi ma maasiasi saofaga i lo latou feteʻenaʻi o le moni o mea tau feusuaiga taumafaina ma o latou talitonuga; i le isi itu, o nei lagona faʻanoanoa ma le maasiasi e ono faʻamalosia ai se manatu faʻamalosi tino o latou lava ua latou fai ma vaisu, ae atonu e le o se faʻataʻitaʻiga moni lava lea o amioga [41,42]. Ina ia aloese mai faʻamasinoga ona o le tagata lava ia manatu o faʻafitauli faʻaaogaina, e sili atu fautua e tuʻu faʻatasi isi lagolago, ma o le faʻatulagaina o faʻamaumauga o faʻailoga o le eseʻesega na filifilia e matamata le taatele mai o faʻafitauli IPU. I lenei suʻesuʻega, faʻatasi ai ma le maualuga o fesoʻotaʻiga o PPCS ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o OSA, na faʻaalia e le PCQ o le tuʻufaʻatasia ma isi faʻailoga, e sili atu le mafai ona faʻamaina ai faʻafitauli o loʻo faʻaaogaina ma e tele na ono alo ese mai i faʻaseesega e mafua mai i le soʻona vaʻaia o le vaisu.
O le sili atu o le malosi o le mafaufau ma le maualuga o le faʻamaoniaina o le PPCS atonu e mafua mai i le mea moni e faapea ua atiaeina e tusa ai ma le talitonuga o le tagofia o vaisu e ono vaega o Griffiths (e ese mai i le PPUS ma le S-IAT-sex). O le PPCS o loʻo i ai se faʻatulagaga malosi tele, ma e iloiloina ai nisi vaega o mea ua fai ma vaisu [11]. Aemaise lava, o le faʻapalepale ma le tuʻumuli o taua taua o IPU faʻafitauli e le o suʻesuʻeina e le PPUS ma le s-IAT-feusuaiga; O le PPCS naʻo le pau le mea faigaluega e faʻaalia manino le vaega o le "faʻapalepale"11,14]. E tusa ai ma le "lua-vaega" initaneti ponokalafi faataitaiga, lea o le laasaga muamua o loʻo faʻailoaina e le soona faʻaaogaina i luga o le initaneti ponokalafi, ma o le galuega lona lua o se faʻailoga o le toe faia o ni mea le mafai ona tuʻu saoloto mai le soona faʻaaogaina, e ui lava i taunuuga le lelei [43]. O aitema e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamatalaga e uiga i le sologa lelei, vaneina, ma le faʻapalepale e atagia mai ai le auai i luga o le initaneti ponokalafi, tutusa i le laasaga muamua, ae o mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma le toe faaui i tua, toe foi i tua, ma feteʻenaʻi faʻatusatusaina vaisu sili atu, tutusa i le laasaga lona lua. O le mea moni, o vaega o le PPCS e aofia ai uma le faia i ponokalafi ma vaisu o le IPU, lea ei ai le atoatoa manatu o le vaisu o vaisu.
O le PPCS e foliga mai o se mea sili ona aoga meafaigaluega mo le iloiloina o faʻafitauli ponokalafi faʻaaogaina, e ono i ai faʻaaogaina talosaga i le iloaina o faʻateleina e uiga i faʻafitauli IPU poʻo cybersex vaisu, ma e ono aoga i le iloiloina o taunuʻuga togafitiga. O matou sailiiliga faʻaalia ai o tagata taʻutaʻua maualuga lava i luga o le PPCS o loʻo lipotia mai foi le tele o taimi e faia ai le tele o ituaiga o gaioiga feusuai i luga ole laiga, o le manaʻo tele mo ponokalafi, ma le faʻamalosia o amioga feusuai. O lea la, e aliali mai e taua i fomaʻi ona mataʻituina faʻafitauli o ponokalafi faʻaaoga ma ona fesoʻotaʻiga pei o manaʻoga o ponokalafi, faʻaaogaina faamalosi. E le gata i lea, e taua le maitauina o le fua PPCS ua fautuaina o se suʻesuʻega mea e iloa ai le faʻafitauli o tagata lautele i totonu o tagata lautele ma iloilo le tulaga masani ae le o se mea aoga mea aoga; o lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega e tatau ona toe suʻesuʻe lona aoga ma tipi i le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi; matou te fautuaina foʻi tagata taʻitoʻatasi e asiasi i se fomaʻi e maeʻa ona iloa faʻafitauli i le IPU e ala ile faʻaaogaina o le PPCS.
O lenei suʻesuʻega e iai ni tapulaʻa. Muamua, o faʻamaumauga na aoina e faʻaaoga ai ni lipoti mo ia lava; o le mea lea, le faʻatuatuaina o iʻuga e faʻalagolago i le tali atu i le faʻamaoni ma le saʻo o lo latou malamalamaʻaga o mea fua. Lua, o suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga na saʻilia e ala i se kamupani suʻesuʻe i luga ole laiga; o lona uiga, oi latou na auai i lenei suʻesuʻega atonu na sili atu aʻoaʻoga ma tamaoaiga nai lo le averesi o tagata Saina. E le gata i lea, o tagata suesue na muai nonofo i totonu o laumua / itumalo laumua, taulaga ma taulaga. Tulaga tolu, ona o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e naʻo le toaitiiti aitema o mataupu e le o ni tamaʻitaʻi, e le mafai ona iloiloina pe o le mafuaʻaga fausaga ma le uiga o mea o loʻo i totonu o le PPCS e eseese i tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma eseʻese feusuaʻiga.

5. Faaiuga

O lenei suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai o PPUS, PPCS, ma s-IAT-feusuaiga o ni folafolaga mautinoa o le faʻafitauli IPU. Peitaʻi, pe a suʻesuʻe faʻapitoa le mataalia ma le faʻapitoa, na tulaʻi mai le PPCS o se faiga talafeagai i le faʻafitauli o le IPU. O faʻamaumauga mai le sailiga faʻamaonia na faʻamaonia mai e lagolagoina e le au faʻalogologo auaunaga le faavae o loʻo i lalo o le PPCS.

Tusitala Tusitala

Conceptualization, LC; Faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa, LC; Faʻamatalaga aloaʻia, XJ; Tupe maua, LC; Suesuega, XJ; Metotia, LC; Poloketi pulega, LC; Punaoa, LC; Vaʻavaʻaiga, LC; Vaʻai vaaia, XJ; Tusitusi — uluaʻi ata tusia, LC; Tusitusiga — toe iloilo ma teuteuga, LC ma XJ O tusitala uma na faitauina ma malilie i le lomia faasalalau o le tusiga.

faatupeina

O lenei galuega na lagolagoina e le National Social Science Foundation o Saina (Grant No. CEA150173 ma 19BSH117) ma le poloketi toe fuataina o aʻoga o le itumalo Fujian (FBJG20170038). E le i aumaia le sao o le vaega faʻatupe i totonu o tusitusiga, ma o manatu o loʻo faʻamatala mai i tusitusiga, e faʻaalia ai manatu o tusitala ae le o faʻamatalaga a vaega o faʻatupega.

tautinoga

Matou te fia faʻailoaina Bin Wu ma Yan Zhao (o le na faʻavaeina le "Leni malo", O se faʻalapotopotoga tumaoti e taulaʻi i le fesoasoani i le faʻafitauli o ponokalafi initaneti tagata faʻaaoga) mo la latou fesoasoani e faʻatupeina volenitia oe na tautuaina le vaʻaia i le tulaga agavaa, ma faʻafeiloaʻi ia i latou mo lo latou taumafai i le fesoasoani faʻafitauli i tagata e faʻaaogaina.

Feeseeseaiga o Tului

Ua lipotia mai e le au tusitala le leai o se feeseeseaiga e tusa ai ma le anotusi o lenei tusitusiga.

faaopoopoga A

Ijerph 17 00488 g0a1 550
Ata A1. O le averesi o faʻailoga o vasega tolu laten e faʻavae i luga o fua o le PPCS. Manatua: PPCS = Faʻafitauli Faʻafefe Ponokalafi Fua, laina = 1-7; *** p <0.001 faailoa mai o le togi o le i-tulaga lamatia vaega na sili atu le maualuga nai lo le vaega maualalo lamatia; '' p <0.001 faailoa mai o le togi o le maualalo-tulaga kulupu na sili atu le maualuga nai lo le o le le-faʻafitauli vaega; '' p <0.001 faailoa mai o le togi o le i-tulaga lamatia vaega na sili atu le maualuga nai lo lena o le le-faafitauli vaega. Le tutusa lalo.
Ijerph 17 00488 g0a2 550
Ata A2. O le averesi o faʻailoga o vasega laten tolu e faʻavae ile fua itu ole PPUS. Manatua: PPUS = Faʻafitauli Ponokalafi Faʻaaoga Fua, laina = 0-5.
Ijerph 17 00488 g0a3 550
Ata A3. O le averesi togi o le faʻamaloloina vasega laten faʻavae i luga o le fua o le s-IAT-feusuaiga. Manatua: s-IAT-sex = puʻupuʻu lomiga o le Initaneti Faiva Tofotofoga fetuutuunai i luga o le initaneti feusuaiga gaoioiga, laina = 1-5.

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