Manatu faʻatulagaina ma le faʻamatalaga o le faʻalauiloaina o lagona i manu ma tagata (2009)

Paulo Vezina^a,* ma Marco Leyton^b

Faamatalaga tusitala ► Faamatalaga o le Puletaofia ma Laisene ►

O le fa'aalia fa'afuase'i o fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i i psychostimulants e mafai ona o'o atu ai i le fa'alogoina umi o a'afiaga a le vaila'au ma fa'ama'i. O ia suʻesuʻega e taua tele i manatu talu ai nei o vaisu o fualaau oona o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻaogaina o le nucleus accumbens (NAcc) dopamine (DA) i gaioiga faʻapitoa e faʻatasi ai ma isi suiga i le neurochemistry o lenei nucleus e faʻalauiloa ai le sailia o fualaau faasaina ma le pulea e le tagata lava ia. Peita'i, o fa'ata'ita'iga i rodents, primates e le o ni tagata ma tagata e le'i iloa i taimi uma uiga po'o biochemical sensitization pe a uma ona fa'aalia fualaau faasaina, ma masalomia le aoga o lenei fa'ata'ita'iga. I se taumafaiga e faʻafeiloaʻi faʻamatalaga manino i totonu o tusitusiga, o lenei iloiloga e iloilo ai tulaga e ono aʻafia ai le faʻaalia o le lagona i le taimi o suʻega. Aemaise lava, o le matafaioi o loʻo faʻatinoina e faʻailoga faʻapitoa e toe iloilo. O le tele o lipoti o lo'o lagolagoina malosi se sao taua mo fa'aosofiaga fa'atutu i le fa'aalia o le lagona. O su'esu'ega o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai o fa'aosofiaga e feso'ota'i ma le iai po'o le leai o se vaila'au e mafai ona fa'afaigofie pe fa'alavelaveina le tali atu. O loʻo faʻamauina o le i ai poʻo le leai o ia mea faʻamalosi i le taimi o suʻega mo le faʻalogoina i manu ma suʻesuʻega a tagata e mafai ona matua aʻafia ai iʻuga na maua. E tatau ona mafaufau i lenei avanoa aemaise lava pe a faʻamatalaina iʻuga o suʻesuʻega e le mafai ona matauina le tali atu.

1.1. Fa'alogona i manu

O le Amphetamine e faʻateleina le maualuga o le DA i le pito ma le tino o le tino o le mesoaccumbens DA neurons e ala i le fesuiaʻiina o felauaiga a le DA ma puipuia lona faʻaogaina e ala i le DA transporter (Seiden et al., 1993). I le NAcc, o lenei aafiaga ua fesoʻotaʻi ma lona gafatia e gaosia ai le locomotor gaioiga ma lagolagoina le pulea e le tagata lava ia (Hoebel et al., 1983; Vezina ma Stewart, 1990). O aʻafiaga uma e lua o loʻo poloka e le tali faʻafeiloaʻi a le DA poʻo le 6-OHDA lesions o faʻamaʻi namu DA i le NAcc (Joyce ma Koob, 1981; Lyness et al., 1979; Phillips et al., 1994; Vezina, 1996).

I isumu na faʻaalia muamua i tui faʻasolosolo faʻafuaseʻi psychostimulant, o nei aʻafiaga e faʻaleleia (vaai pusa 1). Ua lipotia mai le locomotor ma'ale'ale umi ma le tali atu a le NAcc DA (Kalivas ma Stewart, 1991; Vanderschuren ma Kalivas, 2000; Vezina, 2004). I le tulaga mulimuli, o le faʻaleleia atili o vailaʻau e pei o le amphetamine e faʻateleina ai le maualuga o le DA i le NAcc o loʻo faʻatusalia ai le neuroadaptation e sili ona fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaalia o le faʻaalia o amioga. E faʻateleina i le taimi, ma ua matauina i vitro ma in vivo vaiaso i masina pe a maeʻa ona faʻaalia fualaau (Hamamura et al., 1991; Kolta et al., 1989; Paulson ma Robinson, 1995; Robinson, 1988, 1991; Segal ma Kuczenski, 1992; Wolf et al., 1994; Vezina, 2007; i, Kuczenski et al., 1997). O le faʻaogaina o le faʻalogoina e psychostimulants, i le isi itu, ua maua e tupu i totonu o le ventral tegmental area (VTA), nofoaga o tino sela o mesoaccumbens DA neurons. O locomotor ma le NAcc DA sensitization e gaosia e le amphetamine i le VTA i se auala faʻalagolago i le D1 DA (Bjijou et al., 1996; Cador et al., 1995; Dougherty ma Ellinwood, 1981; Hooks et al., 1992; Kalivas ma Weber, 1988; Perugini ma Vezina, 1994; Vezina, 1993, 1996; Vezina ma Stewart, 1990). E foliga mai o ituaiga uma e lua o lagona e maua mai i se faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi o mea na tutupu i le neuronal na amataina e ala i le faʻateleina o le maualuga o le DA i le VTA (Kalivas ma Duffy, 1991). O nei mea e mautinoa lava e aofia ai fegalegaleaiga glutamate-DA e pei o le faʻagaoioia o vaega uma e tolu glutamate receptor subtypes (NMDA, AMPA ma metabotropic) e manaʻomia mo le faʻaosoina o le locomotor sensitization e amphetamine (Vanderschuren ma Kalivas, 2000; Vezina ma Suto, 2003; Wolf, 1998).

 

pusa 1

Tuutuuga ma Faauigaga

O loʻo iai foʻi faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia e faʻapea o le faʻaalia faifaipea i psychostimulants e taʻitaʻia ai le faʻaleleia atili o le pulea e le tagata lava ia. I le avea o se limbic-motor interface (Mogenson, 1987) mauaina o le tamaoaiga encoding projections mai le VTA ma forebrain itulagi e pei o le prefrontal cortex, hippocampus ma basolateral amygdala, le NAcc ua lelei tulaga e faia se vaega tutotonu i le faatupulaia o tali afi fetuutuunai i faaosofiaga talafeagai. Talu ai ona o le gaioiga i le mesoaccumbens DA neurons e fesoʻotaʻi e le gata i le gaioiga na gaosia ae faʻapea foʻi ma le pulega a le tagata lava ia e lagolagoina e fualaau faasaina e pei o le amphetamine, e talafeagai le faʻamoemoe o le faʻaalia o le gaioiga i nei neu o le a aʻafia ai le sailia o fualaau faasaina ma le puleaina o fualaau faasaina. Ua finauina o le gaioiga i mesoaccumbens DA neurons e faʻapipiʻiina ai le valence faʻaosofia o se vailaʻau (Robinson ma Berridge, 1993; Stewart et al., 1984; Vezina et al., 1999). Afai o le tulaga lea, o le faʻalogoina i nei neu e tatau ona faʻapenaina le faʻamalosia o le faʻamalosi e tulituliloa le vailaʻau ma na faʻaosofia e fesoʻotaʻi ma ia. O le tele o lipoti e lagolagoina ai lenei manatu ua faʻamautuina nei o le faʻaalia muamua i le tele o vailaʻau e taʻitaʻia ai le faʻaleleia o nofoaga e fiafia i ai (Gaiardi et al., 1991; Lett, 1989; Shippenberg ma Heidbreder, 1995) faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻafaigofieina o le mauaina o fualaau faʻasaina e le tagata lava ia (Horger et al., 1990, 1992; Piazza et al., 1989, 1991; Pierre ma Vezina, 1997; Valadez ma Schenk, 1994) ma, o le taimi lava e maua ai le amio, faʻaleleia le faʻaosofia e maua le vailaʻau (Lorrain et al., 2000; Mendk et al., 1998; Vezina et al., 2002). E pei ona matauina i locomotion maʻaleʻale ma NAcc DA faʻafefe, o le atinaʻeina o nei aʻafiaga i luga o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina e manaʻomia ai foi le faʻagaoioia o le D1 DA ma le glutamatergic receptors i le VTA (Pierre ma Vezina, 1998; Suto et al., 2002, 2003).

1.2. Fa'alogona i tagata

I le 10-15 tausaga ua tuanaʻi, ua atiaʻe auala faʻaogaina e pei o le positron emission tomography (PET) lea e faʻaogaina ai le leo faʻaigoaina o le benzamide ligands mo D2 / 3 DA faʻafeiloaʻi ma e mafai ona tuʻufaʻatasia i le magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). O nei mea ua faʻatagaina suʻesuʻega o aʻafiaga o vailaʻau faʻaleagaina i luga ole gaioiga ole DA ile muaʻi mafaufau o le tagata lea na ausia talu ai nei le faʻaogaina ole avanoa e faʻatagaina ai suʻesuʻega o vaega laiti eseese. E pei ona faʻavaeina i rodents, o nei suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o le maualuga o le maualuga o le DA e faʻateleina foi i le striatum tagata (aemaise lava i le vaʻaia o le vaʻaia) pe a maeʻa le puleaina o vailaʻau faʻaleagaina e aofia ai amphetamine (Volkow et al., 1994, 1997, 1999, 2001; Laruelle et al., 1995; Breier et al., 1997; Drevets et al., 2001; Leyton et al., 2002; Martinez et al., 2003, 2007; Abi-Dargham et al., 2003; Oswald et al., 2005; Riccardi et al., 2006a; Boileau et al., 2006, 2007; Munro et al., 2006; Casey et al., 2007) ma cocaine (Schlaepfer et al., 1997; Cox et al., 2006). O nei faʻatupuina o vailaʻau faʻateleina i le extracellular DA na maua e fesoʻotaʻi ma tulaga lelei o lagona ma le manaʻo faʻapea foʻi ma mea fou ma le sailiga o lagona.

E ui o suʻesuʻega a tagata e malamalama sili atu ona faigata nai lo suʻesuʻega o loʻo faia i rodents, o faʻamaoniga e mafai ona tupu le faʻalogo i aʻafiaga o amioga o vailaʻau ua lipotia, e ui lava e aunoa ma ni faʻafitauli manino (mo se iloiloga taua o tusitusiga a le tagata, vaʻai. Leyton, 2007). Ina ua lava le maualuga o le amphetamine sa tuuina atu i mataupu e le faalagolago i fualaau faasaina (vaai pusa 2), fa'alogona i le tele o a'afiaga o vaila'au na matauina, e aofia ai fa'ailoga malosi o le malosi ma le maualuga o le malosi fa'apea fo'i ma le fa'amalosia o mata-emo ma tali fa'atupu lagona (Strakowski et al., 1996, 2001; Strakowski ma Sax, 1998; Boileau et al., 2006). I se tasi suʻesuʻega (Sax ma Strakowski, 1998), fa'afefeteina le fa'atupuina o vaila'au fa'atupuina le maualuga o lagona fa'atasi lelei ma uiga fa'aletagata o le sailiga fou. I le suʻesuʻega sili ona umi, faʻateleina le faʻateleina o le amphetamine-faʻateleina le malosi na matauina i le tausaga atoa mulimuli ane (Boileau et al., 2006). Faʻamatalaga i le tele o mataupu e fiafia i le amphetamine e le masani ona matauina i nei suʻesuʻega, o se sailiga e ogatasi ma faʻamaoniga e taʻu mai ai o le NAcc DA e fesoʻotaʻi atili atu i le faʻamalosia o fualaau faasaina ma faʻamatalaga latou te fesoʻotaʻi ai nai lo le fiafia e maua mai i le latou taumafaina. (Stewart et al., 1984; Stewart, 1992; Blackburn et al., 1992; Robinson ma Berridge, 1993; Berridge ma Robinson, 1998; Ikemoto ma Panksepp, 1999; Leyton, 2008). O le mea e malie ai, o le faapalepale i aafiaga euphoric o vailaʻau o le psychostimulant ua lipotia mai i tagata faʻalagolago i le koko e ui lava i le faʻaleleia o le sailia o fualaau faasaina (Volkow et al., 1997; Mendelson et al., 1998). O nei tagata taʻitoʻatasi ua lipotia mai foi e le mafai ona faʻaalia tali faʻapitoa poʻo tali physiological pe a maeʻa le 2-4 faʻatonuga o cocaine i aso taʻitasi (Nagoshi et al., 1992; Rothman et al., 1994; Gorelick ma Rothman, 1997).

 

pusa 2

Fuafuaga fa'alagolago ile fa'alogoina e toe fai d-amphetamine i mataupu soifua maloloina

O suʻesuʻega e suʻesuʻeina ai le faʻaogaina o aʻafiaga a le DA o psychostimulants e laʻititi laʻititi i le numera ae o latou suʻesuʻega e fai si ogatusa ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o amioga na toe iloiloina i luga. Pe a faʻatautaia i mataupu e le o faʻaaogaina fualaau faasaina, e sili atu le tele o le amphetamine-induced ventral striatal DA faʻamalolo na matauina i le lua vaiaso ma le tasi le tausaga talu ona maeʻa le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina e tolu i luga o le vaiaso e tasi (Boileau et al., 2006). Ole tele ole fa'alogona a le DA e fa'amaopoopo lelei ma le fa'alogoina o le maualuga o le malosi ma le fua o le emo o mata fa'apea fo'i uiga o le su'esu'eina o mea fou. Ae ui i lea, pe a faʻatautaia i tagata mamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma se talaʻaga o le faʻalagolago i le koko, e itiiti ifo nai lo le sili atu le faʻamalolo o le DA na matauina i le tali atu i se luʻitau o le psychostimulant (Volkow et al., 1997; Martinez et al., 2007). O le mea taua, o lenei faʻaititia o le tali a le DA e le mafai ona faʻamatalaina o se le manuia o le faiga a le DA e tali atu ona o nei tagata taʻitoʻatasi e mafai ona faʻaalia le faʻatupuina o fualaau faʻasaina i le tuʻuina atu o le DA (lipoti filifilia i le pito i tua; Volkow et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2006).

E iai le tele o eseesega iloga i le va o su'esu'ega na faia i mataupu soifua maloloina ma le fa'aaogaina o fualaau fa'asaina e ono fa'atatau i fa'ai'uga eseese na lipotia. I le tulaga mulimuli, o mataupu na faʻaalia i le tele o vailaʻau ma e mafai e oʻo lava i tagata mamaʻi faʻamaʻi le malosi o lenei faʻaalia e mafai ona faʻalavelave i le faʻaalia mulimuli ane o le lagona. I le isumu, o le faʻaleleia o fualaau faasaina NAcc DA e le o matauina i aso e sosoo ai ma le faʻaalia ae nai vaiaso i masina mulimuli ane (Hamamura et al., 1991; Hurd et al., 1989; Segal ma Kuczenski, 1992; Paulson ma Robinson, 1995). Ole taimi e fa'amuta ai e mana'omia e mata'ituina ai le fa'alogona atonu e umi atu i tagata ma umi atu pe a mae'a fa'a'umi'umi malosi fa'ama'i fa'asaina (silasila i Dalia et al., 1998; Vezina et al., 2007). O le isi eseesega taua i le va o suʻesuʻega na faia i mataupu soifua maloloina ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina e ono aofia ai le tele o faʻaosofia o le siʻosiʻomaga o loʻo siomia ai le tagofia o vailaʻau ma mea e aofia ai tulaga suʻega. O faʻamatalaga faʻapipiʻi vailaʻau ma vailaʻau e le faʻaogaina e mafai ona eseʻese le aʻafiaina o le tali atu a le DA i nei vaega e lua. O le faʻaputuga o faʻamalosi e maua e le PET suʻega siosiomaga, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le a faʻamoemoeina e faʻaalia ai aafiaga eseese i tagata taʻitoʻatasi na maua fualaau faʻasaina i lo latou i ai, faʻatusatusa i isi na faʻafesoʻotaʻi nei faʻailoga ma le leai o se vailaʻau. O faʻamaoniga e lagolagoina ai lenei avanoa o loʻo otooto atu i lalo.

2.1. Excitatory Pavlovian conditioning ma le faʻaalia o le lagona

E le o se mea e ofo ai, o taumafaiga muamua e faʻatatau mo le faʻamalosia o le siosiomaga o le faʻaalia o le lagona faʻaalia na mafua ona o le aofaʻi o le vailaʻau UCS ma le faʻatupulaia o le tali atu i le vailaʻau CS (Hinson ma Poulos, 1981; Pert et al., 1990). I le isumu, o le tele o CS-elicited conditioned tali na faʻaalia i le mulimulitaia o vailaʻau-CS e aofia ai le gaioiga o le locomotor, faʻataʻitaʻiga ma amioga faʻasolosolo (Beninger ma Hahn, 1983; Vezina ma Stewart, 1984; Carey, 1986; Drew ma Glick, 1987; Hiroi ma White, 1989; Pert et al., 1990; Stewart ma Vezina, 1991; Anagnostaras ma Robinson, 1996) faʻapea foʻi ma le NAcc DA faʻafefe (Fontana et al., 1993; Lotofaafetai ma Atamai, 1994; Di Ciano et al., 1998; Ito et al., 2000). I se tulaga talitutusa, o le tele o tali a le CS-elicited ua lipotia mai i tagata, e aofia ai le tuʻinanau faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻateleina o le euphoria, malosi, fiafia i fualaau faasaina, manaʻo fualaau, fatu fatu ma le toto toto (systolic).Foltin ma Haney, 2000; Panlilio et al., 2005; Berger et al., 1996, Leyton et al., 2005; Boileau et al., 2007). O le faʻamalologa faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi faʻamaonia o le DA na lipotia mai foi i tagata (Volkow et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2006; Boileau et al., 2007). Ae ui i lea, e ui o aʻafiaga o fualaau faʻasaina ua faʻatulagaina e faia ai ni matafaioi taua i le faʻaosofia o le sailia o vailaʻau i manu ma tagata (Stewart et al., 1984; Childress et al., 1988; Stewart, 2004), o latou sao i le faʻalauiloaina o le siosiomaga e le o manino. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le tuʻufaʻatasiga faigofie o se tali faʻatulagaina ma le vailaʻau UCS e le o taimi uma e faʻapipiʻi i le tali faʻapitoa (Anagnostaras ma Robinson, 1996). E le gata i lea, o nisi o faiga faʻaalia, e pei o le tuʻuina o le amphetamine i totonu o le VTA, e maua ai le locomotor ma le NAcc DA faʻalogo ae e le faʻaalia ai se tali le mautonu pe taʻitaʻia ai le atinaʻeina o se tali tuʻufaʻatasia, ina ia faʻaalia le faʻaalia o le faʻamatalaga tutoʻatasi (Vezina ma Stewart, 1990; Perugini ma Vezina, 1994; Vezina, 1996; Scott-Railton et al., 2006). E faʻapea foʻi, o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga i vitro e faʻaalia ai le tuʻuina atu o le DA e tatau ona faia pe a leai se faʻaosofiaga faʻapitoa (Castaneda et al., 1988; Robinson ma Becker, 1982), e mana'omia ai le iloiloina o isi fa'amatalaga pe fa'afefea ona fa'atulafonoina fa'amatalaga fa'alesiosiomaga e feso'ota'i vaila'au le fa'aaliga o le fa'alogoina. O nei su'esu'ega o lo'o fa'aalia manino mai ai o le fa'alogoina o se mea e le fa'atasi ma e mafai lava ona o'o mai i lalo o le fa'atonutonuina o le si'osi'omaga.

2.2. O le fa'afaigofieina ma le fa'agata fa'atulafonoina e mafai ona fa'atonutonuina le fa'aaliga o le fa'alogoina

Anagnostaras ma Robinson (1996) lipotia fa'amalosi su'esu'ega e lagolagoina ai le manatu e fa'apea o fa'aosofiaga e fai ma fa'agaioiga (fa'aigoa fo'i o fa'atupu fa'alavelave) e mafai ona fa'atatau i le fa'alogoina o le si'osi'omaga. O mea fa'afaigofie e tu'uina atu i luga o fa'aosofiaga e fa'atatau i fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i e mafai ai ona latou va'ai ma le mautinoa le tupu mai o se isi fa'aosofiaga. O le taimi lava e faʻamautu ai, o nei faʻamalosi e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e avea ma faʻasologa o taimi e ala i le faʻaogaina o le malosi faʻamalosi o isi faʻamalosi. E le pei o mea faʻamalosi faʻamalosi, e le faʻaalia e tagata faʻatautaia ni tali faʻapitoa ae naʻo le pulea o le gafatia o isi faʻaosofia e faia ai (Rescorla, 1985; Holani, 1992). I le tulaga o le fa'alogoina, Anagnostaras ma Robinson (1996) fa'aalia o se fa'alavelave fa'aosofia le si'osi'omaga e o'o mai e va'ai ai le i ai o se vaila'au e mafai fo'i ona maua le tomai e fa'atulaga ai le avanoa mo le tali ma'ale'ale i le aso o le su'ega e aunoa ma le mana'omia e fa'atupuina ai se tali fa'aoso fa'aoso mo ia lava. O le mea lea, o le tali atu maaleale na matauina naʻo manu na faʻataʻitaʻiina i le i ai o le faʻalavelave faʻaosofia faʻalavelave (Paired manu in Ata 1). E tatau ona maitauina o taunuuga o Anagnostaras ma Robinson (1996) fa'ailoa mai e le gata ina fa'atulaga e le au fa'atonu le avanoa mo CS ae e mafai fo'i ona faia mo vaila'au UCSs (silasila pusa 1).

O se mea e le'i amana'iaina o le fa'aopoopoina lea o le avanoa e fa'ailoa mai ai e le'i fa'atasia fa'atasi ma le vaila'au e mafai ona o'o mai e avea o ni mea fa'atosina (conditioned inhibitors).Rescorla, 1969; LoLordo ma Fairless, 1985) e puipuia ai le faʻaalia o le tali maʻaleʻale. E ese'ese laina o fa'amaoniga e lagolagoina lenei avanoa, na fa'atū mai e Stewart ma Vezina (1988, 1991; Stewart, 1992). Muamua, o le faiga faʻailoga faʻapitoa o loʻo otooto atu i totonu Ata 1 ma faʻaaogaina i suʻesuʻega faʻamalositino ma suʻesuʻega faʻamaʻi e iloa e faʻavaeina faʻamalosi manino e le fetaui ma le UCS e pei o ni inhibitors conditioned (Mackintosh, 1974). Lona lua, pe a faʻaaogaina i se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasologa, e faʻaitiitia ai le tali atu o inhibitors conditioned e le gata i mea faʻapipiʻi faʻamalosi ae faʻapea foʻi faʻamalosi e leʻi faʻatulagaina (Rescorla, 1969; Toma, 1972). O lea la, e pei ona faatu mai e Anagnostaras ma Robinson (1996) mo i latou e faafaigofieina, e mafai e le iniseti faʻapipiʻi i le auala lava e tasi ona faʻafetaui le tali atu i aʻafiaga e le faʻamaonia o se vailaʻau (Stewart, 1992). Tolu, faiga e iloa e tineia ai le fa'agata fa'atonu (Lysle ma Fowler, 1985; Kasprow et al., 1987; Hallam et al., 1990; Fowler et al., 1991) e mafai ona filifili faʻamalo le faʻaalia o le locomotor ma le NAcc DA sensitization e amphetamine e faʻaalia ai le tali atu i manu e leʻi faʻatasi (Guillory et al., 2006; Vaʻai foi Stewart ma Vezina, 1991). Mulimuli ane, Anagnostaras et al. (2002) na fa'aalia ai o le fa'aaogaina o le electroconvulsive te'i e fa'aosofia ai le amnesia toe fa'afo'i fa'agata le tali filifilia i iole le fetaui i luga o se su'ega mo le fa'alogoina, fa'apea o nei manu e masani lava ona ma'ale'ale ae taofia mai le fa'aalia atili o le tali atu. I le faaopoopo atu i le taofiofia o le taofiofia o le faʻaalia o le lagona, faʻamaoniga mo le faʻaogaina o le faʻalavelaveina o le atinaʻeina o le faapalepale i le analgesic (Siegel et al., 1981), fa'amafanafana (Fanselow ma Siamani, 1982) ma le maalili (Hinson ma Siegel, 1986) a'afiaga o isi vaila'au ua lipotia fo'i.

Fa'atasi, o su'esu'ega o lo'o i luga o lo'o fa'aalia ai o le fa'aaliga o le fa'alogona e mafai ona o'o mai i lalo o le fa'atonutonu malosi o le si'osi'omaga. O le mea lea, o le faʻaalia o le tali atu maʻaleʻale e mafai ona faʻalauiloaina e ala i mea na oʻo mai e vaʻai ai le i ai o vailaʻau ma faʻalavelaveina e faʻamalosi na oʻo mai e faʻaalia lona toesea. E le gata i lea, e leai se mafuaaga e masalomia ai o ia faiga e le tutusa. E ui lava e mautinoa e sili atu le lavelave, o ia mea faʻafaigofie ma faʻalavelave faʻaosofia o le a faʻamoemoeina foi e faʻaaoga malosi le pulea i luga o le faʻaalia o le lagona i tagata.

2.3. O aʻafiaga mo le faʻaalia o le lagona i tagata

E manaia le toe iloiloina o nisi o suʻesuʻega na lipotia mai i suʻesuʻega faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi a tagata e tusa ai ma mea na maua i luga. E ui lava e le na o le pau lea o le eseesega, o se tasi o eseesega sili ona mataʻutia i le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga na faia i mataupu soifua maloloina ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina e faʻatatau i faʻaosofia o loʻo siomia ai le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau i le taimi o le faʻaalia ma tulaga faʻavae i le taimi o suʻega. I le tulaga o le faʻaosofia e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina o tagata taʻitoʻatasi ma le faʻatauina ma le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina atonu e matua ese lava mai i latou o loʻo i ai i le taimi o suʻega, o le avanoa mo le faʻalavelave poʻo le leai o se faʻafaigofieina o amioga maʻaleʻale ma le tali atu a le DA e mafai ona faʻalavelave i le faʻamatalaga. o le fa'alogoina i le su'ega (fa'ata'ita'iga, Nagoshi et al., 1992; Rothman et al., 1994; Gorelick ma Rothman, 1997; Volkow et al., 1997; Mendelson et al., 1998). I le isi itu, pe a faʻaaogaina fualaau faʻasaina e naʻo tagata e leai ni vailaʻau i le i ai o faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻega, o tulaga mo le faʻafaigofieina o amioga maʻaleʻale ma le tali atu a le DA e mafai ona faʻaalia le faʻaalia o le lagona i le suʻega (faʻataʻitaʻiga, Strakowski et al., 1996, 2001; Strakowski ma Sax, 1998; Boileau et al., 2006). E ogatasi ma lenei faauigaga, ina ua fa'aavanoaina fa'amalosi e fa'atatau i mataupu o le fa'aaogaina o fualaau fa'asaina i taimi o su'ega (fa'ata, mata sele, vaomago, ma le pauta cocaine) ma fa'atagaina tagata e saunia le pauta i se tasi pe lua laina ma fa'aulu i totonu o le isu. latou masani masani, faʻaaogaina fualaau faʻasaina psychostimulant ua maeʻa faʻatasi lelei ma le tali a le DA (striatal DA).Cox et al., 2006). O faʻataʻitaʻiga tutusa e leʻi iai nei faʻamatalaga (o le luʻitau o fualaau faasaina na tuʻuina atu e aunoa ma se faʻalavelave e ala i se kapoti e le faʻamatalaina o se vailaʻau; e leai ni mea faʻasaina poʻo ni faʻataʻitaʻiga o vailaʻau o loʻo i ai), o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi psychostimulant na valoia se tali laʻititi a le DA (Casey et al., 2007). O le mea e malie ai, o se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na lipotia mai ai faʻamalosi e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau - e le pei o latou i totonu Cox et al. (2006) - e leʻi taʻitaʻia ai le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina, ua le mafai ona faʻamalosia le faʻaleleia o le faʻamalolo o le DA i le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina (Volkow et al., 2008). O nei suʻesuʻega ua toe faʻamaonia ai le taua o le faʻamalosia o le siosiomaga i le tali atu o fualaau faasaina i le taofia o se faʻamalosia faʻamoemoe e iloa e faʻaitiitia ai le tali atu a le DA (Schultz et al., 1997).

O lenei iloiloga na mafai ona maua i fesoasoani mai le National Institutes of Health (DA09397, PV) ma le Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP-36429 ma MOP-64426, ML).

Le Faʻalauiloa a le Lomitusi: O le PDF lenei o se tusitusiga e leʻi faʻaaogaina lea na taliaina mo le lolomiina. I le avea ai ma se tautua mo o tatou tagata faʻatau, o loʻo tatou saunia lenei uluai kopi o tusitusiga. O le tusitusiga o le a faʻaaogaina le kopiina, faʻavasegaina, ma le toe iloiloga o le faʻamaoniga ao leʻi faʻasalalauina i lona tulaga mulimuli. Faamolemole ia matau i le faagasologa o le gaosiga e mafai ona maua ai mea sese e mafai ona aafia ai le anotusi, ma o tulafono uma e le faatagaina e faatatau i le tusi o talaaga.

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