Faʻatinoga o le faʻafetuia o le gaioiga faʻaleaganuʻu i fualaau faasaina i le tagofia o mea ua fai ma vaisu: o se suʻesuʻega o suesuega a le tagata e suʻesuʻeina ai le tino (2013)

Agnes J. Jasinska,^1,* Elliot A. Stein,¹ Jochen Kaiser,² Marcus J. Naumer,² ma Yavor Yalachkov^2,*

Faamatalaga tusitala ► Faamatalaga o le Puletaofia ma Laisene ►

3.1. Mesocorticolimbic system ma le faiʻai o le taui, faʻaosofia, ma le faʻatonuina o amioga

O se uiga masani, ma e le taumateina o se faʻaogaina o le neurobiological, o le tele pe a le o vailaʻau uma o le faʻaleagaina o le faʻateleina lea o le faʻaogaina o le dopamine (DA) extracellular i le mesocorticolimbic system, e aofia ai le ventral striatum (VS), extended amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate mua ( ACC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), ma le insula, o loʻo faʻaosoina e le dopaminergic projections e tele lava mai le ventral tegmental area (VTA) (Hyman et al., 2006; Nestler, 2005). O faʻatupuina tuusaʻo pe le tuusaʻo faʻateleina i le DA ua faʻaalia mo vasega eseese o vailaʻau e faʻatatau i neurotransmitter eseese, e aofia ai le nicotine (acetylcholine), cocaine ma amphetamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, ma le serotonin), heroin (opioids), mariuana (endocannabinoids). ), ma le ava malosi (GABA). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le nicotine e faʻaleleia le tuʻuina atu o le DA e ala i le fusifusia i nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) o loʻo i luga o le DA neurons o loʻo faʻaalia mai le VTA i le NAc (Clarke ma Pert, 1985; Deutch et al., 1987), faʻapea foʻi ma luga ole glutamatergic ma GABAergic neurons e faʻaogaina nei neurons DA (Mansvelder et al., 2002; Wooltorton et al., 2003). O le nikotine e faʻateleina le fua o le sasaina o le VTA DA neurons (Calabresi et al., 1989), e taʻitaʻia ai le faʻateleina o le tuʻuina atu o le DA i le NAc (Imperato et al., 1986).

E ui lava o le mesocorticolimbic system e tali atu foi i taui masani e pei o meaʻai, vai, ma feusuaiga, o vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina e faʻateleina ai le tele ma le umi o le tali a le DA nai lo le tali masani a le tino (Jay, 2003; Kelley, 2004; Nestler, 2005). O le mea lea, o vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina o loʻo faʻaalia e pei o le "faoa" o le neurobiological mechanisms lea e tali atu ai le faiʻai i taui, faʻavaeina manatuaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma taui, ma faʻamalosia faʻasologa o gaioiga e tau atu i le taui (Everitt ma Robbins, 2005b; Kalivas ma O'Brien, 2008). O le toe faʻaaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina, e avea o se faʻamalosi e le faʻamalosia, faʻatagaina faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau e avea ma faʻamaʻi faʻamalosi e vaʻai ai se tali atu i fualaau faasaina, ma faʻaalia ai le tuʻuina atu o le DA ma le manaʻo (Volkow et al., 2006, 2008; Wong et al., 2006). O le mea la lea, o le fa'aosofiaga fa'apitoa o fa'amatalaga o vaila'au ma fa'alapotopotoga fa'atatau e fa'atupula'ia i le aluga o taimi (Robinson ma Berridge, 1993), fa'atupu fa'aoso fa'aletino ma fa'aituau fa'aituau malosi, ma fai ma fa'aoso malosi o le su'eina o fualaau fa'asaina ma le fa'aaogaina o fualaau.

O le faʻateleina o le faʻamalosia o faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina, e pei ona atagia mai i lo latou aʻafiaga i le mesocorticolimbic circuitry, ua faʻaalia pea i suʻesuʻega neuroimaging tagata (mo suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi lata mai, vaʻai (Chase et al., 2011; Engelmann et al., 2012; Kuhn ma Gallinat, 2011; Schacht et al., 2012)). I le tuʻufaʻatasia, o nei suʻesuʻega o loʻo fautua malosi mai, pe a faʻatusatusa i faʻataʻitaʻiga le pulea, o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau e faʻaalia ai le tele o gaioiga o faiʻai i totonu o le mesocorticolimbic circuits, e aofia ai le VTA, VS, amygdala, ACC, PFC, insula, ma le hippocampus i tagata faʻaoga fualaau (Brody et al., 2007; Childress et al., 2008; Childress et al., 1999; Claus et al., 2011; Ona et al., 2002; Franklin et al., 2007; Grüsser et al., 2004; Kilts et al., 2001; Luijten et al., 2011; Smolka et al., 2006; Volkow et al., 2006; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b; Yalachkov et al., 2009).

O le tele o lo tatou malamalama i galuega taua a vaega fai'ai e fa'atalanoaina le fa'aalia o fualaau fa'asaina i tagata e fa'aaogaina fualaau fa'asaina e sau mai su'esu'ega fa'apitoa i rodent ma tagata e le o ni tagata. O lenei suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai o le fanaina o le DA neurons o loʻo faʻaalia mai le VTA i le VS e taua tele mo le faʻatulagaina o amioga (Tsai et al., 2009), ma le gaioiga i totonu o nei faiʻai e atagia ai le tau o taui na valoia e faʻailoga faʻailoga (Schultz, 2007a, b; Schultz et al., 1997). O isi fausaga faiʻai e taua mo aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa o le amygdala ma le hippocampus. O le amygdala ma le hippocampus o loʻo i ai sao taua i le faʻatulagaina o aʻoaʻoga (Robbins et al., 2008), o lona uiga o lo latou faʻagaoioia i suʻesuʻega neuroimaging e atagia mai ai le faʻagasologa o tau aoga aʻoaʻoina o faʻamatalaga ma faʻamatalaga. O se vaega o le PFC, o le orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), o se vaega o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina ma le ventromedial PFC (VMPFC), e talitonuina e faia se sao taua i le tuʻufaʻatasia o mea faʻapitoa, tau taui, ma faʻailoga homeostatic e uiga i le tulaga o loʻo iai nei ma manaʻoga o le tino. , ina ia ta'ita'ia amioga fa'aosofia (Lucantonio et al., 2012; Schoenbaum et al., 2006; Schoenbaum et al., 2009). O suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa a manu ua faʻaalia ai o le amygdala ma le OFC poloketi i le VS, ma o le fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o nei itulagi e tolu e saofagā i le suʻeina o vailaʻau mo le umi o faʻatuai faʻapipiʻiina e faʻamalosia faʻamalosi (Everitt ma Robbins, 2005a). O le mea lea, e maua e le VS faʻamatalaga e uiga i tulaga faʻaosofia taʻitasi ma faʻamalosi faʻamalosi o faʻamalosi mai le lautele o fesoʻotaʻiga o cortical ma subcortical regions, ma o loʻo i ai se sao taua i le puleaina o le gaioiga mulimuli a le basal ganglia (Haber ma Knutson, 2010).

O matafaioi taua i le gaioiga o fualaau faasaina ma le tagofia o fualaau faasaina i le tele o tulaga masani ua faʻaalia foi mo le ACC ma le insula. O le ACC o loʻo faʻatinoina i le tele o galuega faʻapitoa, aemaise lava galuega e aofia ai le puleaina o le mafaufau, feteʻenaʻiga, poʻo le mataʻituina o mea sese (faʻataʻitaʻiga, (Dosenbach et al., 2006; Garavan et al., 2002; Nee et al., 2007); ae o le ACC o loʻo faʻagaoioia foʻi e ala i mea faʻapitoa (faʻataʻitaʻiga, (Liu et al., 2011)), e aofia ai faʻamaʻi faʻatatau i taui ae faʻapea foʻi faʻaosofia e faʻatupu ai le tiga poʻo aʻafiaga leaga (mo se toe iloiloga i luga o le tuʻufaʻatasia o lenei itulagi, vaʻai (Shackman et al., 2011)). O le insula e fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi ma le faʻaogaina, poʻo le faʻalauiloaina o tulaga o le tino ma le homeostasis i totonu (mo se iloiloga, vaʻai (Craig, 2003)). Ae ui i lea, i se vavalalata vavalalata ma le ACC, o le insula ma le pito i lalo pito i luma gyrus e masani foi ona faia i taimi o galuega e manaʻomia ai le pulea o le mafaufau (faʻataʻitaʻiga, ((Wager et al., 2005) ma i le tali atu i fa'aosofiaga mai fafo (fa'ata'ita'iga, (Liu et al., 2011)). O le mea moni, o le ACC ma le insula e masani ona manatu o ni vaega o se fesoʻotaʻiga faiʻai tele-tele, e taʻua eseese o le cingulo-opercular, fronto-insular, poʻo le salience network (Dosenbach et al., 2006; Seeley et al., 2007), ma o lana galuega e mafai ona tuʻufaʻatasia faʻailoga i totonu ma fafo o le salience ma amataina fegalegaleaiga i le va o fesoʻotaʻiga faiʻai tetele e fetaui lelei ma manaʻoga o loʻo iai nei mo le puleaina (Menon ma Uddin, 2010; Sridharan et al., 2008; Sutherland et al., 2012).

O le a'afiaga o le fa'aogaina o vaila'au o le mesocorticolimbic circuitry e fa'alautele atu fo'i i fa'ata'ita'iga fa'apitoa o fa'ailoga vaila'au. O taui e faʻaleleia ai faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma nei taui i le itu occipital, faaletino, ma parietal (Serences, 2008; Yalachkov et al., 2010). Aemaise lava, ona o latou malosi faʻamalosia aʻafiaga faʻasalalau e ala i le faʻateleina o le DA ma isi faʻailoga neurotransmitter, o vailaʻau o le faʻaleagaina e manatu e faʻafaigofie ai le faʻaogaina o faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina ma faʻalauteleina ai le tele o aʻoaʻoga ma faiga palasitika (Devonshire et al., 2004; Devonshire et al., 2007). E le taumateina, o le fa'atupuina o vaila'au fa'atupuina o le fa'aogaina o le fa'aogaina o vaila'au o se fa'aaliga vave lea o le fa'atuputeleina o le fa'aosofiaga o nei fa'ailoga. Ona o lenei faʻaleleia vave gaioiga, o faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa o faʻamatalaga o vailaʻau e faigofie ona faʻagaoioia ma faʻaosoina ai le faʻaituau malosi i tagata faʻaoga fualaau, ma o nei faʻaituau faʻaituau e mafai ona faʻasalalau atu i faiga faʻaiʻuga ma le faʻatonutonuina o afi, faʻateleina avanoa o le sailia o fualaau faasaina. amio. O nei masini e mafai ona faʻamatalaina ai le malosi o le tali atu i faʻamaʻi faʻapitoa ma faʻaaliga e masani ona matauina i suʻesuʻega o le neuroimaging a le tagata o le gaioiga o fualaau faasaina (Ona et al., 2002; Luijten et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2010).

3.2. Nigrostriatal system ma le fai'ai ta'amilosaga e feso'ota'i ma a'oa'oga masani, fa'aautometi, ma le fa'aogaina o meafaigaluega

I le tutusa ma le mesocorticolimbic system lea e fesoʻotaʻi ai le VTA ma le VS, amygdala, hippocampus, ACC, PFC, ma le insula, o le faʻatupuina o vailaʻau faʻatupuina o le DA e aʻafia ai foi le isi, tutusa aʻe aʻe faiga DA: o le nigrostriatal system. O le nigrostriatal DA system e aofia ai le DA projections mai le substantia nigra (SN) i le caudate ma putamen (lea e taʻua o le dorsal striatum; DS) ma le globus pallidus. O nei fausaga e manatu e faʻavaeina le aʻoaʻoina o masaniga ma le otometi, ma faʻateleina faʻamaoniga e taʻu mai ai e sili atu le malosi o loʻo faʻagaoioia i le tali atu i faʻamatalaga o fualaau faʻasaina pe a faʻatusatusa i le le mautonu o le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina.

O le DS, lea na suʻesuʻeina tele i le rodent, e mafai ona vaevaeina faʻapitoa ma galue i totonu o le dorsomedial striatum (DMS, e fetaui ma le dorsal caudate nucleus i tagata) ma le dorsolateral striatum (DLS, e fetaui ma le dorsal putamen i tagata). E ui o le DMS e sili atu lona sao i le aʻoaʻoina o taunuʻuga gaioiga ma le mauaina o mea faigaluega tali atu (Belin et al., 2009), o le DLS o loʻo aʻafia i le atinaʻeina ma le faʻaalia o mausa. O mausa o se mea e maua mai i le a'oa'oina o tali fa'aosofia lea e fa'amalosia ai le fa'amalosia o feso'ota'iga fa'aosofia-tali. Ae ui i lea, a maeʻa aʻoaʻoga tele e le tumau le amio i lalo o le faʻatonuga o le sini ae o loʻo suia i le aʻafiaga o le faʻaosofia. O le mea lea, o le faʻaititia o le faʻamalosia i lenei laasaga o le aʻoaʻoga e leai se aʻafiaga mo tali faʻaalia o loʻo faʻatinoina nei i luga o le tuʻuina atu o le faʻaosofia ma o latou faʻatinoga i le lumanaʻi e tausia naʻo le faʻaaliga faʻaalia (Belin et al., 2009; Everitt ma Robbins, 2005a). O lenei suiga mai faʻatinoga e faʻatatau i sini i amioga faʻapitoa e atagia mai i se suiga o le pulea o le neural o amioga mai le ventral i le dorsolateral striatum (Belin et al., 2009; Everitt ma Robbins, 2005a).

O suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai o auala e taʻitaʻia ai le atinaʻeina ma le faʻaalia o ia amioga masani i vaisu o vailaʻau e sili atu ona faigata nai lo le manatu muamua. O masaniga su'esu'e vaila'au e foliga mai e le fa'atalanoaina e se vaega fai'ai se tasi e pei o le DLS ae o le fa'atupuina o feso'ota'iga striato-nigro-striatal i le va o le VTA, VS ma le DS. O le mea lea, o le poloka a le DA i le DLS (Vanderschuren et al., 2005) po'o le lua fa'agata glutamate receptor poloka/lesi i le NAc autu (ie, VS) (Di Ciano ma Everitt, 2001; Ito et al., 2004) e tutusa lava a'afiaga e pei o le motusia o le ventral mai le dorsolateral striatum (Belin ma Everitt, 2008; Belin et al., 2009). Volkow et al. (2006) lipotia le faʻatupuina o le cocaine i le faʻamalolo o le DA i le pito i tua ae le o le ventral striatum. Atonu e atagia mai ai le glutamatergic nai lo le auai o le dopaminergic o le VS, e ui lava o nisi suʻesuʻega na faʻaalia ai foi le faateleina o le dopaminergic i le NAc pe a uma ona tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga fualaau (Ito et al., 2000).

O le tele o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai le faʻatupulaia o le gaioiga o le DS i le tali atu i faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina e faʻatatau i faʻailoga le tutusa i tagata faʻaoga fualaau (Claus et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2011; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b; Wilson et al., 2013). O se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei, faʻamalosia lelei i le 326 tagata inu malosi (Claus et al., 2011) faʻaalia se faʻamalosi malosi faʻamalosi faʻamalosi i le DS, faʻapea foʻi ma le faʻamoemoeina o le faʻamalosia i le VS, faʻatasi ai ma isi itulagi, i le tali atu i faʻamatalaga o le ava malosi. O le faʻamalosia o le faʻaosoina i le DS, faʻapea foʻi ma le VS, sa mautu i taimi pupuu, e pei ona suʻesuʻeina i suʻesuʻega 14 aso vaʻavaʻa i tagata faʻalagolago i le ava (Schacht et al., 2011). Na lipotia mai e Vollstadt-Klein ma ana uo (2010) o tagata inu malosi (5.0 ± 1.5 meainu / aso) na faʻaalia maualuga faʻamalosi faʻamalosi i le DS faʻatusatusa i tagata inu ava malosi (0.4 ± 0.4 meainu / aso), e ui lava o tagata inu mama na faʻaalia le maualuga o le faʻamalosia o le faʻaogaina i le VS ma le PFC pe a faʻatusatusa i tagata inu malosi. I lena suʻesuʻega, o le faʻagaioiina o le DS i faʻataʻitaʻiga o fualaau faʻasaina sa fetaui lelei ma le tuʻinanau o vailaʻau i tagata uma na auai, ae o le faʻamalosia o le VS na faʻamaopoopo lelei ma le tuʻinanau i tagata inu malosi. E ogatasi ma suʻesuʻega manu ma tala faʻasolopito, o tusitala (Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b) faʻamatalaina iʻuga i tulaga o se suiga mai le faʻaaogaina muamua o fualaau faasaina (faʻasalalau e le VS ma le PFC) i le masani ma iʻu ai ina le pulea ma faʻamalosi fualaau faʻasaina ma le faʻalagolago (faʻasalalau e le DS). E le gata i lea, o tagata ulaula e faalagolago i le nicotine na mulimuli ane paʻu i la latou taumafaiga na faʻaalia se gaioiga sili atu ona faʻaalia i le DS (putamen), i isi itulagi, ae le o le VS faʻatusatusa i tagata ulaula o loʻo tumau pea le faʻasaʻo (Janes et al., 2010a).

E tele suʻesuʻega ua faʻamaonia ai foi le matafaioi o le faʻaogaina atili o le cortical ma le subcortical structures i amioga faʻapitoa ma fuafuaga afi. O le DS circuits ua lauiloa e faʻatino i, ma fegalegaleai ma, thalamic-cortical circuits e aofia i le fuafuaina ma le faʻatinoina o tali afi. O se ta'amilosaga neural e sili atu ona lautele e aofia ai le premotor cortex (PMC) ma le afi afi (MC), faʻapea foʻi ma le afi faʻaopoopo (SMA), pito sili atu ma maualalo pito i lalo, pito i tua ogatotonu o le tino (pMTG) ma le tino maualalo (ITC), ua iloa e teu ma fa'agasolo le poto fa'atino ma tomai fa'aoga meafaigaluega (Buxbaum et al., 2007; Calvo-Merino et al., 2005; Calvo-Merino et al., 2006; Chao ma Martin, 2000; Creem-Regehr ma Lee, 2005; Johnson-Frey, 2004; Johnson-Frey et al., 2005; Lewis, 2006). O mataupu o lo'o iai manu'a i se tasi po'o nisi o vaega o le fai'ai e masani ona fa'aalia ituaiga eseese o apraxia po'o fa'ata'ita'iga masani fa'atino ma fa'alavelave fa'atinoina (Lewis, 2006). E le gata i lea, o galuega faʻatino ua fuafuaina e faʻaalia ai fesoʻotaʻiga neural o tomai faʻaoga meafaigaluega ma mea faʻaogaina le malamalama e masani ona faʻagaoioia le taʻavale ua taua i luga (Grezes ma Decety, 2002; Grezes et al., 2003; Yalachkov et al., 2009). O le mea e malie ai, o le tele o suʻesuʻega ua lipotia mai le maualuga o le faʻagaoioia i totonu o lenei faiʻai fesoʻotaʻiga mo faʻamatalaga vailaʻau faʻatusatusa i faʻailoga le mautonu (Kosten et al., 2006; Smolka et al., 2006; Wagner et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2009, 2010). O tomai i le tagofiaina o fualaau faasaina ua fautuaina e fausia ai le autu o le mauaina o fualaau faasaina ma amioga taumafa, lea e matua otometi lava pe a uma ona fai soo (Tiffany, 1990). Ae ui i lea, o faʻamatalaga neural o tomai faʻamalosi fualaau i le PMC, MC, SMA, SPL, IPL, pMTG, ITC ma le cerebellum na faatoa tosina mai ai le fiafia o le vaega o vaisu (Wagner et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2013; Yalachkov et al., 2009, 2010; Yalachkov ma Naumer, 2011).

3.3 Su'esu'ega i totonu ma totonu ole su'esu'ega ile fa'amaopoopo neural ole gaioiga ole fa'ailoilo ole vaila'au

O le mea lea, o faʻamaoniga o le neuroimaging o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo taʻu mai ai, e faʻatatau i le le faʻaituau o le pulea o mea faʻamalosi, o faʻamatalaga mataʻutia o vailaʻau e tuʻuina atu i tagata faʻatau fualaau faasaina e faʻaalia ai le faateleina o le gaioiga i le faiga o le mesocorticolimbic, e aofia ai le VTA, VS, amygdala, ACC, PFC (e aofia ai le OFC ma le DLPFC), insula. , ma le hippocampus, faʻapea foʻi ma mea faʻapitoa ma masini afi (mo suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi lata mai, vaʻai (Chase et al., 2011; Engelmann et al., 2012; Kuhn ma Gallinat, 2011; Schacht et al., 2012; Tang et al., 2012; Yalachkov et al., 2012)). O nei vailaʻau faʻaalia tali e foliga mai o loʻo atagia mai ai faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tau o taui o fualaau faasaina ma faiga faʻaosofia o le faʻamalosi faʻamalosi e taʻitaʻia ai amioga suʻesuʻe fualaau (Chase et al., 2011; Engelmann et al., 2012; Kuhn ma Gallinat, 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2012). O lenei manatu e lagolagoina e le masani ona lipotia lelei fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻagaoioia o nei itulagi ma fuataga o faʻamalosi faʻamalosi, faʻaituau faʻaituau, gaioiga mata, malosi o le faʻalagolago, ma le toe faʻafoʻi (mo iloiloga vaʻai (Kuhn ma Gallinat, 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2012)).

Fa'apena fa'atuputeleina i neural gaioioiga i le tali atu i fa'ailoga vaila'au na fa'aalia i totonu ole faiga tutusa nigrostriatal DA. O le nigrostriatal system e taua tele i le aʻoaʻoina o mausa ma se suiga mai le pulea i amioga faʻafuaseʻi, ma le faʻaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina o lenei faiga i tagata faʻaoga masani, faʻalagolago i fualaau faasaina ua lipotia mai i vailaʻau eseese o le faʻaleagaina (Claus et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2011; Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b; Wilson et al., 2013). I le faaopoopo atu i vaega o le subcortical, o fualaau faasaina e tuuina atu i tagata faaaoga fualaau faasaina e aofia ai le cortical circuits e faavae ai le fuafuaina ma le faatinoga o afi, malamalamaga gaioiga, ma tomai faaaoga meafaigaluega, lea e aofia ai le PMC, MC, SMA, SPL, IPL, pMTG, ITC ma le cerebellum (Kosten et al., 2006; Smolka et al., 2006; Wagner et al., 2011; Yalachkov et al., 2009, 2010). E le gata i lea, o tali i nei itulagi e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mamafa o le faʻalagolago ma le tikeri o le otometi o tali faʻaalia e uiga i fualaau faasaina (Smolka et al., 2006; Yalachkov et al., 2009). O nei faʻamatalaga ua faʻamatalaina o se faʻamaoniga e faʻapea, i le faaopoopo atu i le taui, faʻamalosi ma faʻatonuina sini, o faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina e mafai ona faʻaosoina ai le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina e ala i le faʻagaoioia o tomai talafeagai i le tagofiaina o fualaau faasaina (Yalachkov et al., 2009).

Ae ui i lea, o loʻo i ai le tele o le va o suʻesuʻega ma suʻesuʻega i mamanu o le tali atu o le faiʻai i faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina, e fautuaina ai le faʻaogaina e isi mea. E le o se mea e ofo ai, talu ai o le gaioiga o fualaau faasaina o se mea lavelave, ma o lea e foliga mai o le a suia e se numera tele o mea e lua o suʻesuʻega-faʻapitoa ma faʻapitoa faʻapitoa faʻatasi ai ma a latou fegalegaleaiga. Ae ui i lea, o se sini taua o le tuʻufaʻatasia lea o le malamalama o loʻo i ai nei o ia mea faʻapitoa ma a latou aʻafiaga i luga o tali neural i faʻamatalaga o fualaau faʻasaina i tagata faʻatau fualaau faasaina, fausia i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai nei (Field ma Cox, 2008; Franken, 2003; Wilson et al., 2004). O nisi o iloiloga talu ai ma meta-suʻesuʻega o le neural cue reactivity ua lolomiina (Chase et al., 2011; Engelmann et al., 2012; Kuhn ma Gallinat, 2011; Schacht et al., 2012; Sinha ma Li, 2007; Tang et al., 2012; Yalachkov et al., 2012) ae e masani lava ona taulaʻi i se numera laʻititi o mea faʻapitoa e galue faʻatasi, a le o suʻesuʻega-faʻapitoa (ie, ituaiga o vailaʻau faʻamaonia) poʻo le tagata-faʻapitoa (ie, tulaga togafitiga), i se vaega ona o le utiuti o faʻamaoniga faʻataʻitaʻi i gaioiga ma fegalegaleai o le tele modulatory mea i luga o le faiʻai tali atu i fualaau faasaina. O la matou sini o le faʻavaeina ma faʻalautele nei taumafaiga muamua i se faʻataʻitaʻiga sili atu ona atoatoa, e aofia ai le tele o suʻesuʻega-faʻapitoa ma faʻapitoa-faʻapitoa e faʻaogaina ai neural cue reactivity. I le agai atu i lena sini, matou te suʻesuʻeina le faʻamaoniga i luga o se vaega o mea taua na faʻaalia e faʻaleleia ai le faʻaogaina o le neural cue reactivity i tusitusiga a le tagata neuroimaging: umi ma le malosi o le faʻaaogaina ma fua o le malosi o mea ua fai ma vaisu, manaʻoga, ma le toe faʻafoʻi / togafitiga (vaega 4.1) ; tulaga o togafitiga i le taimi nei ma le maua o fualaau faasaina/faamoemoe (vaega 4.2); fa'amama ma fa'ailoga fa'amavae (vaega 4.3); faiga fa'alogona ma le umi ole fa'aalia o fa'ailoga o vaila'au (vaega 4.4); fa'atonuga manino ma le fa'atulafonoina o le fa'aalia o fualaau fa'asaina (vaega 4.5); ma fa'alavelave fa'alavelave (vaega 4.6). Fausia i luga o iloiloga faʻataʻitaʻiga muamua i luga o le autu (Field ma Cox, 2008; Franken, 2003; Wilson et al., 2004), ona matou aoteleina lea o nei faʻamatalaga i se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafaigofie e aofia ai mea taua faʻapitoa ma matou ofoina atu se faʻavasegaga faʻapitoa o latou aʻafiaga i luga o le neural drug-cue reactivity (vaega 5). Matou te faaiuina i se talanoaga o luitau mataʻina, faʻatonuga o suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi, ma le talafeagai o lenei suʻesuʻega e le gata i suʻesuʻega neuroimaging i faʻafitauli o le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau ma le faʻaliliuina o lenei suʻesuʻega i togafitiga ma puipuiga i le falemaʻi (vaega 6).

O le fa'amoemoega o lenei iloiloga o le fa'atosina mai lea o le va'aiga i le fa'atupulaia o le aofa'i o mea ua fa'aalia e a'afia ai le tali atu a le fai'ai i fa'ailoga e fa'atatau i vaila'au. O lo matou fa'amoemoe o le a fa'amalosia ai le au su'esu'e e iloilo ma lipoti atu le tele o mea na toe iloiloina pe a mafai. E le gata i lea, na matou taumafai e faʻamaonia uma le manaʻoga mo-ma le tele o luʻitau o le-pulea ma faʻaogaina mea taua e faʻaogaina ai le gaioiga faʻaalia ma a latou fegalegaleaiga i suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi.

4.1 Fa'aletonu o vaisu, tu'inanau, ma taunuuga o togafitiga

Ole aoga ole falema'i ole fa'agaioiga ole vaila'au o lo'o fa'amauina lelei ile su'esu'ega tau amio (Field ma Cox, 2008). E feso'ota'i le fa'aalia o fualaau fa'asaina, ma i nisi tulaga e va'ai ai, le tele o fua fa'atatau o le fa'aaogaina o fualaau fa'asaina ma le fa'alagolago, e aofia ai le umi ma le malosi o le fa'aaogaina o fualaau fa'asaina, ogaoga o vaisu, lamatiaga o le toe fa'afo'i, togafitiga fa'afitauli, ma fa'afitauli e fa'atatau i le fa'aogaina. Ae ui i lea, e tatau ona faamamafaina o le itu o aafiaga, poʻo le mafuaʻaga ma le aʻafiaga, e le o manino. I le tasi itu, o le taumafaina faifaipea o fualaau faasaina e mafai ona oo atu ai i le faateleina o le faaosofia o le iloa o fualaau faasaina ma le faamalosia e faaauau pea ona faaaoga ma e oo lava i le faatelevaveina o le faaaogaina o fualaau faasaina, e ui lava i taunuuga le lelei. I le isi itu, o le faʻateleina o le gaioiga o neura i faʻamatalaga o fualaau oona i totonu o le mesocorticolimbic ma le nigrostriatal system, faʻapea foʻi ma le vaʻaia ma le faʻaogaina o afi, e ono faʻateleina ai le taumafaina o fualaau faasaina. E foliga mai o faiga e lua o loʻo i ai i le faiʻai ua fai ma vaisu: o le faʻaaogaina faifaipea o fualaau faʻasaina e faʻateleina ai le tali atu o neural i faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina, ae o le faʻateleina o le gaioiga o le neural i faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina e faʻamalosia ai le tagofia o fualaau faasaina, e oʻo atu ai i se taamilosaga leaga o le faʻateleina o le faʻaogaina ma le faʻalagolago.

4.2 Tulaga o togafitiga i le taimi nei ma le avanoa o fualaau faasaina/fa'amoemoe

O le taua o le faʻasaʻo o loʻo iai nei ma le suʻesuʻeina o togafitiga e avea ma mea e aʻafia ai le tali atu o neural i faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina ua finau muamua (Wilson et al., 2004) ma lagolagoina e meta-suʻesuʻega lata mai o faʻamatalaga neuroimaging (Chase et al., 2011). O le matafaioi o le maua o fualaau faasaina ma le faʻamoemoe e avea o se mea tutoʻatasi e faʻaogaina ai neural cue reactivity ua fautuaina foi (Wertz ma Sayette, 2001b). E le gata i lea, o le maua o fualaau faasaina ma le faʻamoemoe ua faʻatulagaina e faʻatalanoaina a itiiti mai o nisi o aʻafiaga o le faʻasaʻo ma le sailia o togafitiga i luga o le neural cue reactivity (Wertz ma Sayette, 2001a, b; Wilson et al., 2004).

Taulai i le PFC, Wilson ma paaga (Wilson et al., 2004) toe iloilo 18 fMRI ma PET suʻesuʻega o le faʻaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina, ma faʻaiʻu ai o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau e faʻagaoioia ai le DLPFC ma (sili atu ona fesuisuiai) le OFC i tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo faʻaaogaina fualaau faasaina ma e le o sailia togafitiga i le taimi o le suʻesuʻega, ae le o totonu. tagata fa'atau fualaau fa'asaina. I se tulaga talitutusa, na iloa e Hayashi ma ana uo e faapea, ina ua maua vave sikaleti, e sili atu le manaʻo tele (Hayashi et al., 2013). I le faʻaaogaina o le fMRI, na faʻaalia ai e le au tusitala o faʻamatalaga e uiga i le vaʻaia o vailaʻau faʻale-tino na faʻapipiʻiina i le DLPFC. E le gata i lea, o le tu'inanau malosi na mafua mai i le vave maua o sikaleti na fa'aitiitia e ala i le fa'agata le DLPFC ma le transcranial magnetic stimulation. O le mea lea, o le DLPFC e foliga mai e taua tele i le faʻavaeina ma le faʻamalosia o le faʻaogaina o faʻailoga taua e faʻavae i luga o le malamalama o se tasi i le maua o fualaau (Hayashi et al., 2013).

4.3 Fa'amama ma fa'ailoga fa'amavae

O le fa'amama ma fa'ailoga fa'asolo (e aofia ai le itaita'i, popole, po'o le fa'anoanoa, faigata ona mafaufau, fa'alavelave tau afi, fa'alavelave i le mana'o ma le moe, fa'apea fo'i ma suiga o le fatu, toto maualuga, ma le vevela o le tino) e ono fa'apena fo'i le fa'aogaina o neura i le fa'ailoga o fualaau fa'asaina i tagata fa'aaoga fualaau. O le mana'o mo se vaila'au e manatu i nisi taimi o se fa'ailoga o le fa'amavaeina o vaila'au. O le mea moni, o le sailia o vailaʻau i le taimi o le faʻamaʻi faʻaosoina ua faʻaalia e le itiiti ifo i se vaega faʻaosofia e ala i le faʻaitiitia o faʻamaoniga le lelei o le faʻamavaeina (faʻamalosia le lelei), e ui lava e iloa foi o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau e mafai ona faʻatupuina le toe faʻafoʻi atu i le tagofiaina o fualaau faasaina e tusa lava pe umi le faʻamama. ma i le leai o ni fa'ailoga fa'amavae. O le mea lea, matou te faʻamoemoe o le faʻasaʻo ma le i ai o faʻamaʻi faʻamavae o le a faʻamalosia uma ai le manaʻo mo se vailaʻau ma neural reactivity i fualaau faasaina, ae o le faamalieina ma le leai o sea faʻailoga faʻamavae o le a faʻaitiitia ai le manaʻo ma le faʻaalia o le gaioiga (David et al., 2007; McClernon et al., 2005; McClernon et al., 2008).

O le tele o suʻesuʻega na suʻesuʻeina ai le aʻafiaga o le faʻasaʻo i le faʻaalia o le ulaula tapaa i tagata ulaula. McClernon ma ana uo (2005) fa'atusatusa tuusa'o le tali atu o neural i fa'ailoga ulaula i le vaega lava e tasi o tagata ulaula fa'alagolago i le nicotine na siaki fa'alua: tasi pe a uma. ad libitum ulaula (tulaga maoona), ma le tasi pe a uma le fa'amama i le po. I le isi itu o le faamalieina ma le faʻasaʻo, o faʻamatalaga ulaula e faʻatatau i faʻailoga le mautonu na faʻagaoioia ai le ventral ACC ma le PFC (superior frontal gyrus), e aunoa ma se eseesega i le va o vasega (e ui o le tali atu i faʻailoga le mautonu na faʻaitiitia i le talamus, dorsal ACC, ma le insula i le satiated. setete e fa'atatau i le tulaga fa'amama) (McClernon et al., 2005). Ae ui i lea, e pei ona faʻamoemoeina, o le tuʻuina atu e le tagata lava ia na faʻatupulaʻia i le tulaga faʻamama e faʻatatau i le tulaga faʻamalieina, ma o nei suiga faʻaoso-faʻaosoina i le manaʻo na faʻamaopoopo lelei ma tali ulaula faʻaoso i le DLPFC (middle frontal gyrus), IFG, pito i luma pito i luga. gyrus, ventral and dorsal ACC, ma talamus (McClernon et al., 2005). Seisi su'esu'ega (David et al., 2007) suʻesuʻeina foi aʻafiaga o le ulaula tapaa i le po ma maua ai le faʻaitiitia o le tali atu i le ulaula tapaa i le VS / NAc e faʻatatau i le tulaga faʻamalieina. Fa'ateleina le umi o le fa'amama i le 24 itula, McClernon et al. (2009) na fa'aalia ai o le fa'amama le ulaula na fa'ateleina ai le mana'o, fa'atuputeleina a'afiaga leaga, fia'ai, fa'ailoga o le tino, ma le fa'ate'aina o mausa, ma fa'aitiitia ai le fa'aoso e fa'atatau i se tulaga ma'o'ona i tagata ulaula fa'alagolago. E fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻamalieina, 24-itula le ulaula tapaa faʻateleina tali ulaula tapaa i le PFC (superior frontal gyrus), pito i luga parietal lobule, PCC, occipital cortex, precentral ma postcentral gyri, ma le caudate, ae leai se itulagi na faʻaalia ai le faʻaitiitia o le faʻailoga. tali i le fa'asa'o fa'atatau ile tulaga fa'amalie (McClernon et al., 2009).

Janes ma paʻaga (2009) faʻatusatusa le faʻaogaina o neura i faʻailoga ulaula i se vaega o tagata ulaula e faʻalagolago i le nicotine aʻo leʻi tuʻu le taumafai ma pe a maeʻa le faʻagata umi (~ 50 aso). O le faʻamatalaga, o tagata ulaula i lenei suʻesuʻega sa faʻaaogaina se patch transdermal nicotine ma sa faʻatagaina e faʻaopoopo i le nicotine gum ma lozenges, o se vaega o se suʻesuʻega falemaʻi. O lenei suʻesuʻega na maua ai o le faʻalauteleina o le ulaula tapaa na fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻateleina o tali ulaula tapaa i totonu o le caudate nucleus, ACC, PFC (e aofia ai le DLPFC ma le IFG), ma le gyrus precentral, faʻapea foʻi ma le tino, parietal, ma somatosensory cortices muamua, fa'atatau ile iloiloga a'o le'i tu'ua. I se fa'atusatusaga, o le tali atu i fa'ailoga ulaula i totonu o le hippocampus na fa'aitiitia ina ua mae'a fa'amama fa'atatau ile su'esu'ega a'o le'i tu'u. Mulimuli ane, o se meta-suʻesuʻega lata mai (Engelmann et al., 2012) na faʻaalia ai o tali neural i faʻailoga ulaula i le DLPFC ma le occipital cortex na sili atu ona faʻatuatuaina i tagata ulaula / faʻamama e faʻatatau i tagata ulaula tapaa.

O le a'afiaga o le fa'asao i le fa'agaoioiga o neura i fa'ailo o fualaau fa'asaina ua mae'a su'esu'eina fo'i i tagata o lo'o fa'aaogaina le ava malosi. O se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei (Fryer et al., 2012) faʻatusatusa vaega e tolu o le 'ava malosi e tasi (tagata inu i le taimi nei, tagata faʻatauvaʻa lata mai, ma tagata faʻagata umi) ma faʻatonuga maloloina (tagata inu faʻaagafesootai), ma lipotia mai o tagata umi umi na faʻaalia le faʻateleina o le tali atu i mea faʻalavelave e fesoʻotaʻi ma le ava e faʻatatau i tagata faʻalavelave faʻafefe. i le dorsal ACC ma le IPL itulagi, faʻatusatusa i faʻataʻitaʻiga talu ai nei ma tagata faʻaoga nei.

4.4 Faiga fa'alogona ma le umi ole fa'aalia o fa'ailoga o vaila'au

E mafai fo'i ona fa'aa'afia le fa'agaioiga o le fa'ailoga ma le fai'ai lava ia. O faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga ua faʻaalia ai le eseesega o le malosi o faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina e faʻaalia ai amioga ma le psychophysiological e faʻatatau i le faʻaogaina o lagona (Johnson et al., 1998; Reid et al., 2006; Shadel et al., 2001; Wray et al., 2011). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se suʻesuʻega a le fMRI talu ai nei na faʻaalia ai o faʻailoga ulaula ulaula e faʻagaoioia ai le DS e sili atu le malosi nai lo faʻaaliga ulaula ulaula (Yalachkov et al., 2013). I lenei suʻesuʻega, o le manaʻoga mo le haptic i luga o le ulaula ulaula faʻamalosi e fetaui lelei ma le ogaoga o le faʻalagolago i le nicotine (vaai foi i le 4.1.1) i le pito i lalo o le parietal cortex, somatosensory cortex, FG, le tino maualalo, cerebellum, hippocampus / parahippocampal gyrus, PCC , ma SMA.

O le manatu e faʻapea o le faʻaogaina o le mafaufau e faʻaogaina ai tali o le faiʻai i fualaau faʻasaina ua faʻamalosia atili e se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga lata mai e aofia ai faʻamaumauga mai suʻesuʻega a le neuroimaging e 44 ma le aofaʻi o 1168 tagata auai (Yalachkov et al., 2012). E faigofie ona fa'aoga fa'ailoga va'aia i fa'ata'ita'iga, talu ai e mafai ona faigofie ona fa'asolo a latou fa'ata'ita'iga, fa'ata'ita'iga, lanu atoa po'o le fua efuefu, umi o fa'aaliga, ma le nofoaga i luga o le lau. O fa'ailoga va'aia e taugofie ma e mafai ona fa'aoga fa'afia. I se fa'afeagai, o le fa'aogaina o fa'ailoga fa'ailoga (fa'ata'ita'iga, sikaleti) e sili atu ona lu'itau, talu ai o lo latou umi ma le nofoaga o fa'aaliga e sili atu ona faigata ona pulea, ma e tatau ona suia pe a uma tagata auai ta'itasi. I fa'ata'ita'iga a le fMRI, e tatau fo'i ona le-ferromagnetic mea fa'aosofia o le haptic, ma o fa'ailoga pa'i o le haptic e feso'ota'i ma le fa'atuputeleina o le ulu pe a fa'atusatusa i le matamata i ata po'o ata po'o le fa'alogologo i fa'amatalaga ata. E le gata i lea, e tatau ona i ai le tagata suʻesuʻe i totonu o le potu suʻesuʻe ina ia mafai ai ona tuʻu le faʻamalosi i le lima o le mataupu. Olfactory ma gustatory faʻailoga e faʻaalia ai o latou lava luitau. O fa'amatalaga vaila'au fa'amasani e mafai ona fa'aalia atili ai le malosi o tali fai'ai nai lo fa'aaliga va'aia va'aia, ma o feso'ota'iga taua i le va o neural cue reactivity ma covariates falema'i (fa'ata'ita'iga, mana'o) ua lipotia fa'atele mo fa'aaliga tele nai lo fa'aaliga vaaia i le MC, insula, ma le PCC. .

O le isi fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga e ono a'afia ai le fa'agaoioiga o fa'ailoga ole umi ole fa'aaliga fa'aosofia. O se suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻeina o meaʻai o le ulaula tapaa na faʻaalia ai o faʻamatalaga pupuu (≤ 5 sec) o loʻo tuʻuina atu i faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻatatau i mea na tutupu na maua ai tali sili atu ona faʻatuatuaina i le FG lua nai lo faʻailoga umi (≥ 18 sec) o loʻo tuʻuina atu i le poloka. mamanu (Engelmann et al., 2012). Leai se vaega fai'ai na fa'aalia tali sili atu ona fa'atuatuaina mo taimi umi pe a fa'atusatusa i fa'ailoga pupuu.

O le mea moni, e oʻo lava i faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina na tuʻuina atu mo na taimi pupuu e tumau ai i lalo o le faʻaaliga faʻapitoa ma e le mafai ona iloa lelei, faʻagaoioia le neural circuits o loʻo i lalo o le faʻaalia o le faʻaaliga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma cocaine na tuʻuina atu mo le 33 msec, o lea na le mafai ai e mataupu ona iloa lelei i latou, na faʻaalia ai le maualuga o faʻagaioiga i le amygdala, VS, ventral pallidum, insula, pole faaletino, ma le OFC, faʻatusatusa i faʻailoga e le tutusa.Childress et al., 2008). E tutusa lava le manaia o le matauina o le "le iloa" o le faʻagaoioia o le ventral pallidum ma le amygdala sa faʻamaopoopo lelei ma le aʻafiaga lelei mulimuli ane i le umi, ma le iloa lelei o le tuʻuina atu o faʻailoga tutusa i suʻega o amioga mulimuli ane. Ae ui i lea, i se suʻesuʻega a le fMRI e faʻaaoga ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga masking tua, na faʻaitiitia le tali a le BOLD i le amygdala pe a vaʻavaʻai tagata ulaula ae latou te leʻi vaʻaia ni faʻamaʻi ulaula ulaula na tuʻuina atu mo le 33 msec, ae leai se eseesega tele na maua i le vaega e le ulaula tapaa (Zhang et al., 2009).

Ae ui i lea, o le aʻafiaga o le umi o le faʻaosoina o faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina e mafai foi ona fesoʻotaʻi ma le fesili pe o le a le ituaiga o fMRI mamanu (mea na tupu pe poloka) e sili atu ona fetaui e suʻesuʻe ai le faʻaalia i vaisu (mo talanoaga, vaʻai foi (Yang et al., 2011)). O le lelei o faʻataʻitaʻiga fMRI e faʻatatau i mea na tutupu o le faʻatagaina lea o le suʻesuʻeina o tali o le hemodynamic i faʻamatalaga taʻitoʻatasi vailaʻau nai lo poloka o faʻailoga. E le gata i lea, i faʻataʻitaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma mea na tutupu, o tali le saʻo e mafai ona suʻesuʻeina eseese pe lafoai, lea e faʻateleina ai le faʻapitoa o auʻiliʻiliga. I le isi itu, o mamanu poloka e masani lava ona maua mai ai faʻailoga fMRI sili atu ona malosi e molia i le aofaʻi faaletino o tali hemodynamic i faʻailoga taʻitasi fualaau i totonu o se poloka. O le mea lea, o le lelei o mamanu poloka e latou te ofoina atu le maaleale sili atu ma o lea e sili atu ai le avanoa e iloa ai aʻafiaga o tului, aemaise lava i vaega o faiʻai lea e sili atu ona maaleale nei aʻafiaga.

Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Bühler ma ana uo (Bühler et al., 2008) suʻesuʻeina le aʻafiaga o le fMRI design i tali neural i faʻailoga erotic i tane soifua maloloina e ala i le faʻatusatusa tuusaʻo o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga (faʻaosofia le umi o le 0.75 sec i le mea na tupu) ma se poloka poloka (atoa poloka umi o le 19.8 sec). I lena suʻesuʻega, o le faʻataʻitaʻiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma mea na tupu na maua mai ai se tali maualuga atu erotic-cue-elicited nai lo le poloka poloka i le SMA ma suʻega suʻega, ae o le poloka poloka na maua mai ai le sili atu o le faʻaogaina o le erotic-cue nai lo le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga i le muai- ma post-central gyri, IPC/SPC, ma itulagi occipital. I le mea sili o lo matou iloa, e leai se suʻesuʻega na faʻatusatusa saʻo le aʻafiaga o mea e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻalavelave poloka i luga o le gaioiga o fualaau faasaina.

Ma le mea mulimuli, e ui lava e leʻo suʻesuʻeina, o le faʻaogaina o neura i faʻamatalaga o vailaʻau e ono aʻafia foi i le maualuga o le faʻavasegaina o faʻamatalaga o fualaau faasaina, o lona uiga, pe faʻatatau i fualaau faʻatau i tagata taʻitoʻatasi pe leai (faʻataʻitaʻiga, ituaiga sikaleti tapaa e fiafia i ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi poʻo o meainu 'ava malosi, nai lo le fa'ailoga masani e ulaula tapa'a-po'o le 'ava malosi fa'aaoga mo tagata uma e auai). Ole valo'aga e tatau ona fa'aalia e fa'ailoga fa'atauva'a ta'ito'atasi se tali e sili atu le neural nai lo fa'ailoga fa'a'au'au fa'alaua'itele, e ui o lea manatu e tele lava ina le fa'ata'ita'iina.

O se mataupu e feso'ota'i e fa'atatau i le filifiliga o le fa'amanino fa'aosofia e fa'atusatusa ma fa'ailoga vaila'au i su'esu'ega neuroimaging. O nei fa'atonuga fa'atonutonu e ese'ese mai fa'ailoga mana'o e pei o fa'ailoga o mea'ai, lea e fa'ailoa mai e maua mai ai se fa'atusatusaga e sili atu ona ma'oti ae itiiti le malosi (fa'ata'ita'iga, (Tang et al., 2012))—i le le faaituau, e le o ni fualaau faasaina e pei o meafaitino i aso uma po o vaaiga, lea e maua ai se aafiaga sili atu ae i se tau e ono faaitiitia ai le tulaga patino. O le mea e sili ona taua, o le fetaui tonu o le fa'atonuga fa'amalosi i le fa'aosoina o vaila'au (fa'ata'ita'iga, i totonu, fa'agae'e, masani) atonu e mana'omia mo le tu'u'ese'eseina o a'afiaga fa'apitoa o vaila'au. E ui o lenei mea o loʻo faʻaalia ai le le maalofia muamua suʻega o se vaitaele tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻateleina ai le taimi ma taumafaiga e manaʻomia mo le fuafuaga o se suʻesuʻega, e faʻamautinoa ai foi le sili atu le aoga o suʻesuʻega lipotia. O se filifiliga aoga tele o le mafaufau lea e fa'aaoga lelei seti ulaula ma pulea fa'aosofia, lea na fa'ata'ita'iina mo vaega taua, e pei o le International Smoking Images Series (Gilbert ma Rabinovich, 2006). I totonu o lenei faʻaosofia e seti uma faʻailoga ulaula ma a latou paaga ua faʻavasegaina mo le fiafia, valence, faʻaosofia, ma le faʻamalosi e ulaula, ma sa faʻaaogaina i le tele o suʻesuʻega faʻaalia (faʻataʻitaʻiga, David et al., 2007; Yalachkov et al., 2009; Westbrook et al., 2011)(Zhang et al., 2011). I le isi itu, o le faʻaaogaina o se seti faʻaosofia ua leva ona iai e mafai ona faʻatapulaʻaina fesili faʻataʻitaʻi e fesiligia. O le mea lea, afai e manaʻo se tasi e faʻataʻitaʻi tala fou poʻo ni manatu faʻapitoa e uiga i gaioiga faʻaalia (faʻataʻitaʻiga, tali i ata o tagata ulaula ma ata o mea ulaula), atonu e tatau i se tasi ona faʻaaoga, ma atonu e atiina ae ma suʻe, se seti tala. o mea faaosofia. O se auala manaia na faʻaaogaina e Conklin ma ana paʻaga (Conklin et al., 2010), o ia na fa'atonuina tagata ulaula e pu'e ata o si'osi'omaga latou te fai ai ma aua le ulaula, e fa'aaoga e fai ma fa'ailoga ulaula ma fa'atonutonu, i totonu o le fale su'esu'e. O le mea lea, o mea e lua e fesoʻotaʻi ma fualaau faʻasaina (neutral poʻo le pulea) faʻamalosi na matua faʻapitoa, faʻateleina le faʻaogaina o le siʻosiʻomaga o fua faʻatatau mulimuli ane.

4.5 Fa'atonuga manino ma fa'asinotonu o le fa'aalia o fualaau fa'asaina

O manatu o loʻo iai nei o vaisu e faʻapea, faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaaogaina faifaipea o fualaau faʻasaina ma faʻagasologa o le DA i totonu o le mesocorticolimbic ma nigrostriatal circuits, o faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma fualaau faasaina e maua. fa'aosofia-fa'aoso salience, lea e tu'uina atu ai ia i latou le malosi e fa'aosofia ai le tu'inanau ma le su'eina o fualaau fa'asaina (Robinson ma Berridge, 1993). I le fa'agasologa, e maua ai fo'i fa'ailoga vaila'au fa'alogo lelei, lea o loʻo faʻaalia o se faʻaituau malosi faʻaituau mo faʻamatalaga vailaʻau i tagata faʻalagolago i fualaau (((Field ma Cox, 2008; Franken, 2003); va'ai fo'i (Hahn et al., 2007)). E ala i le tu'ufa'atasia o faiga o le fa'alogo lelei ma le fa'aosofia, e fa'ailoa mai ai e fualaau fa'asaina le fa'aogaina o le mafaufau, mafaufau, ma le manatua ma maua ai se tulaga o le nofo sauni mo amioga su'esu'e vaila'au (Franken, 2003). E ogatasi ma lenei manatu, o manatu talu ai nei o vaisu o fualaau faasaina ua faamamafaina ai le sao o le faaletonu o le pulea o le mafaufau poʻo le faʻatinoina o galuega faʻapitoa i amioga ua fai ma vaisu ma le alualu i luma mai le faʻaaogaina, faʻafiafiaga fualaau faʻasaina i le faʻaaogaina o fualaau faasaina ma le faalagolago i fualaau faasaina (Bechara, 2005; Feil et al., 2010; Goldstein ma Volkow, 2011; Jentsch ma Taylor, 1999; Volkow et al., 2003). O le mea lea, matou te faʻamoemoe o taʻiala ma uiga o galuega e faʻatatau i le faʻaogaina (poʻo le faʻatonutonuina) o le faʻaogaina o faʻamatalaga o vailaʻau, pe faʻaalia pe faʻamaonia, e tatau foi ona faʻaogaina le gaioiga o le neural i faʻamatalaga fualaau.

4.7 Fa'apopoleina

O le fa'apopoleina o lo'o iloa e fegalegaleai ma fa'amatalaga e feso'ota'i ma vaila'au e avea o se fa'aoso malosi o le tu'inanau ma toe fa'afo'i atu i amioga fa'asaina pe a uma le fa'amama (mo iloiloga, va'ai (Koob, 2008; Sinha, 2008). O faʻamaʻi ma faʻamatalaga e fesoʻotaʻi ma vailaʻau e aofia ai foʻi vaega o loʻo faʻaogaina le faiʻai, e aofia ai le mesocorticolimbic system (mo le iloiloga, vaʻai (Sinha ma Li, 2007)). O le mea lea, o le fa'apopoleina o le fa'alavelave o le a fa'amoemoe e a'afia ai le tali atu o neural i fa'ailoga o fualaau fa'asaina i tagata fa'aoga vaila'au. E ogatasi ma lenei manatu, ina ua mulimulitaia e se galuega faʻaalia le ulaula tapaa i se faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi (le Montreal Imaging Stress Task), na faʻaalia e le au ulaula le faʻateleina o tali i vitio e fesoʻotaʻi ma ulaula (vs. control videos) i le caudate nucleus, MPFC, PCC / precuneus , dorsomedial thalamus, ma le hippocampus, e fa'atatau i se isi su'esu'ega va'aiga lea na su'esu'eina ai le fa'aogaina o le ulaula pe a mae'a se galuega e le fa'apopoleina (Dagher et al., 2009). E le gata i lea, o se fesoʻotaʻiga taua na maua i le va o le nucleus accumbens deactivation i le taimi o le atuatuvale ma le faʻaogaina o fualaau faʻasaina i le MPFC, ACC, caudate, PCC, dorsomedial thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, ma vaega muamua ma vaʻaia vaʻaia (Dagher et al., 2009). I le faʻaaogaina o se isi auala, o se suʻesuʻega i tagata faʻaaogaina le ava malosi na maua ai fesoʻotaʻiga lelei i le va o faʻafitauli o le atuatuvale ma tali neural i faʻaaliga o le ava malosi i totonu o le insula, cingulate, striatum, thalamus, ma le VTA, ma le va o faʻafitauli popole ma tali neural i faʻaaliga o le ava malosi i totonu. o le insula, cingulate, striatum, thalamus, IFG, ma le DLPFC, e faʻatatau i faʻamatalaga faʻatonutonu (Feldstein Ewing et al., 2010).

AJJ ma EAS e lagolagoina e le National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP). MJN, JK ma YY o loʻo lagolagoina e le Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (LOEWE Forschungsschwerpunkt Neuronale Koordination Frankfurt).

Le Faʻalauiloa a le Lomitusi: O le PDF lenei o se tusitusiga e leʻi faʻaaogaina lea na taliaina mo le lolomiina. I le avea ai ma se tautua mo o tatou tagata faʻatau, o loʻo tatou saunia lenei uluai kopi o tusitusiga. O le tusitusiga o le a faʻaaogaina le kopiina, faʻavasegaina, ma le toe iloiloga o le faʻamaoniga ao leʻi faʻasalalauina i lona tulaga mulimuli. Faamolemole ia matau i le faagasologa o le gaosiga e mafai ona maua ai mea sese e mafai ona aafia ai le anotusi, ma o tulafono uma e le faatagaina e faatatau i le tusi o talaaga.

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