Ƙungiyar Brain da Haɗin Haɗin Haɗakarwa Tare da Kuskuren Ciniki: Brain on Porn (2014)

Muhimmanci  Tun da hotunan batsa sun bayyana akan yanar-gizon, samuwa, iyawa, da kuma rashin sani na cin zarafin jima'i na gani ya karu da kuma janyo hankalin miliyoyin masu amfani. Bisa ga zato cewa shafukan batsa na batsa suna kama da ladabi na neman sakamako, halayyar sahihanci, da kuma halayyar haɗari, mun ɗauka canje-canje na cibiyar sadarwa na gaba a masu amfani.

Object.sci-hub.orgive  Don sanin ko amfani da batsa na yau da kullum yana hade da cibiyar sadarwa na gaba.

Zane, Saiti, da Mahalarta  Yara sittin da hudu da ke da cikakkiyar amfani da batsa a cikin Cibiyar Max Planck don Ci gaban Dan Adam a Berlin, Jamus, ya bayar da rahotanni game da hotuna a kowane mako. Ana amfani da labarun batsa tare da tsarin gina jiki, aiki da alaka da aiki, da kuma aikin haɗin kai-jihar.

Babban Ayyuka da Matakan  Girman kwayoyin halitta na kwakwalwa an auna shi ta hanyar samfurin siffofi da ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙaddamar da aikin aiki a kan 3-T magidanci.

results  Mun sami wata babbar mummunan zumunci tsakanin rahoton batutuwa a cikin mako daya da kuma ƙararrawar ƙararrawa a cikin kyancin dama (P  <.001, an gyara shi don kwatancen da yawa) haka nan kuma tare da aikin aiki yayin yanayin jima'i - yanayin sakewa a cikin hagu na hagu (P <.001). Haɗin aiki na dama caudate zuwa hagu dorsolateral preteal cortex an haɗu da mummunan haɗuwa tare da lokutan hotunan batsa.

Ƙarshe da kuma Mahimmanci Hanyoyin batsa da suka shafi batsa tare da ƙarar ƙwayar katako (madara), haɓakar sakonni (sakawa) a yayin da ake karɓar haɓaka, da kuma haɗuwa da aiki na kyancin dama zuwa haɗin gine-ginen hagu na tsakiya zai iya nuna canji a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin jiki kamar yadda sakamakon rashin ƙarfin gaske na tsarin ladabi, tare da matakan ƙasƙanci na ƙasashen da ke ciki. A madadin, zai iya zama wani tsari wanda ya sa batsa ya fi amfani.

Figures a cikin wannan Mataki na ashirin da

Abubuwan jima'i a fina-finai, bidiyon kiɗa, da Intanet sun karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.¹ Saboda yanar gizo bata da ka'idoji, ya fito ne a matsayin abin hawa domin shawo kan batsa. Hoton hotuna suna samuwa don amfani a cikin sirrin gidan mutum ta Intanit maimakon a cikin litattafai na jama'a ko manyan fim din. Sabili da haka, samuwa, iyawa, da rashin sani² sun jawo hankalin masu sauraro. Bincike a Amurka ya nuna cewa 66% na maza da 41% na mata suna cin hotuna a kowane wata.³ An kiyasta cewa 50% na duk hanyar yanar gizo tana da alaka da jima'i.⁴ Wadannan kashi sun nuna cewa batsa ba shine batun batutuwa marasa rinjaye ba amma wani abu mai ban mamaki wanda ke rinjayar al'ummominmu. Abin sha'awa, ba abin ƙyama ba ne ga mutane; binciken da aka yi a kwanan nan ya gano cewa 'yan birane na macaque sun ba da kyautar ruwan inabi don kallon hotuna na' yan mata.⁵

An nuna yawan amfani da batsa iri-iri don hango nesa da matakai masu kyau a cikin mutane. Wani bincike a Sweden game da yara yaran ya nuna cewa samari da amfani da yau da kullum sun nuna sha'awar halaye na batsa da ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma akai-akai sun ruwaito burin yin tunanin abin da aka gani a rayuwa ta ainihi.^1,6- 8 A cikin haɗin kai, haɓakawa da jima'i da jima'i da halayyar yin amfani da rubutun batsa sun haɗu da halayyar batsa ta Intanet..⁹ Nazarin binciken da ya wuce a bayan masu amfani da Intanit ya gano cewa samun damar yin amfani da batsa a kan layi yana da tsinkaya game da amfani da kwamfutar kwamfuta bayan 1 shekara.¹⁰ A haɗuwa, abubuwan da aka ambata a baya sun goyi bayan zaton cewa batsa yana da tasirin tasiri da zamantakewar al'umma na masu amfani. Sabili da haka, muna zaton cewa amfani da batsa, ko da a kan matakin da ba a yi ba, zai iya tasiri kan tsarin kwakwalwa da aiki. Duk da haka, don iliminmu, kwakwalwar da ke haɗuwa tare da amfani da batsa na yau da kullum ba a bincika ba har yanzu.

Hakazalika da ka'idojin da aka dauka daga binciken bincike na furucin, an tantance shi a cikin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen kimiyya cewa hotunan batsa ya zama abin da ya dace, abin da ya sa ya zama abin ƙyama da kuma ƙananan matakan sakamako masu tasiri a cikin lalata ko haɓakawa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. Anyi amfani da wannan matakan da za'a iya kwantar da kwakwalwa, ya zama mai karɓa ga batsa.¹¹ Akwai yarjejeniya ta kowa da cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyin magungunan jinsin ya ƙunshi wuraren kwakwalwa wanda ke cikin sashen ladabi kamar layin tsakiya na tsakiya, watau striatum, da kuma matakan farko.^12,13 An yi la'akari da yadda ake amfani da kwayar cutar ta hanyar yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi wajen ci gaba da halayya.¹⁴ An nuna alamar ƙwararren ƙwayar cuta ta musamman a cikin aikin maganin amsawa da magungunan ƙwayoyi da dama¹⁵ amma har ma a cikin aiki na sabon abu.¹⁶ Ayyukan aikin gyaran gyare-gyare na farko sun kasance daga cikin manyan gyare-gyaren neurobiological da aka tattauna a cikin bincike game da cututtukan abubuwa da ke cikin mutane da dabbobi.¹⁷ A cikin nazarin ilimin likitancin mutum a cikin mutane, an nuna canjin tsararraki a cikin striatum da cortex na farko.^18- 20

A cikin binciken da muke ciki yanzu, zamu fara bincike akan hanyoyin da ke tattare da juna-ba dole ba ne na batsa masu amfani da batsa da ke amfani da su a cikin jama'a masu lafiya don gano ko wannan hali na yau da kullum yana hade da tsari da aiki na wasu yankuna masu kwakwalwa.

Wanda su ka Halarta

Yara sittin da hudu masu halartar mahalarta (ma'anar zamanin SD, 28.9 [6.62] shekaru, suna ɗaukar 21-45 shekaru) aka karɓa. A cikin tallace-tallace, ba a ambaci mayar da hankali game da tasirin batsa ba; a maimakon haka, mun yi magana da masu kirkirar masu zaman lafiya da ke sha'awar shiga cikin binciken kimiyya ciki har da siffofi na fuska (MRI). Mun ƙuntata samfurinmu ga maza saboda maza suna nuna kyama-bambance a ƙananan shekaru, cinye mafi yawan batsa,²¹ kuma mafi kusantar fuskantar matsaloli idan aka kwatanta da mata.²² A cewar tambayoyin mutum (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview²³) mahalarta ba su da wata cuta mai illa. Sauran cututtukan kiwon lafiya da marasa lafiya sun cire. An yi amfani da abu a hankali sosai. Hanyoyin warwarewa ga dukan mutane sun kasance mahaukaci a cikin MRI. Kwamitin kwastar na gida ya amince da wannan binciken a Jami'ar Jami'ar Charité a Berlin, Jamus. Bayan cikakken bayani game da binciken, mun sami sanarwar da aka rubuta daga masu halartar.

Hanyar dubawa

An tattara hotunan hotunan a kan zane-zanen 3-T (Siemens) tare da takardar 12 tashar tashar ta hanyar amfani da nauyin nauyin haɓakaccen nau'in magudi na T1-lokaci-lokaci (lokaci mai mahimmanci = 2500 milliseconds; lokaci mai yuwuwa = 4.77 milliseconds; lokacin juyawa = 1100 milliseconds , matakan haɓaka = 256 × 256 × 176; flip angle = 7 °; 1 × 1 × 1 mm³ girman ƙananan).

An yi amfani da hotuna da aka yi amfani da hotuna ta hanyar amfani da T2 * -schoollanar yanayin hoto (lokaci mai maimaita = 2000 milliseconds, lokaci mai rikodin = 30 milliseconds, matrix na hoto = 64 × 64, fagen ra'ayi = 216 mm, kusurwa ƙira = 80 °, rawanin kauri = 3.0 mm, distance factor = 20%, girman nauyin 3 × 3 × 3 mm³, 36 axial yanka, 5 minti). An umurci masu halartar rufe idanunsu da kuma shakatawa. Ana amfani da wannan jerin don sayen hotunan da aka shafi aikin.

tambayoyi

Mun gudanar da waɗannan tambayoyi don tantance amfani da batsa: "Tsawon awoye nawa kuke yawan kallon abu na batsa a cikin mako guda? " da kuma "Tsawon awoye nawa kuke yin amfani da shi wajen kallon hotunan batsa a lokacin ranar karshen mako?" Daga wannan, mun ƙayyade hours a kan talakawan kashe tare da batsa abu a cikin mako (hotuna hotuna [PHs]). Saboda rarraba kamfanonin PHs da aka ruwaito shi ne ba a rarraba su ba (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Z = 1.54; P <.05), mun canza canji ta hanyar tushen tushe (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Z = 0.77; P = .59). Bugu da ƙari, ga abin da suke amfani da shi yanzu, mun kuma tambayi mahalarta shekaru da yawa sun cinye batsa.

Bugu da ƙari, mun yi amfani da Intanit Intanit Intanet Test²⁴ (a cikin fassarar Jamusanci), kayan aikin da ake amfani da shi na 25-kayan da aka tsara don tantance fasalin jima'i na mutum ta yanar gizo, da kuma ɗan gajeren jima'i na dubawa gwajin²⁵ (a cikin fassarar Jamusanci) an tsara su don tantance bayyanar cututtuka na jima'i. Don sarrafawa saboda tasirin jarabar yanar gizo, munyi amfani da Intanit yanar gizo gwajin²⁶ (a cikin harshen Jamusanci; duba kuma binciken da Barke et al²⁷) wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan 20. Bugu da ƙari, don tantance alamun ƙwayar cututtuka, wato abu mai amfani da damuwa, mun gudanar da Alkama amfani da Amfani da Saduwa gwajin²⁸ da kuma Beck Depression Inventory.²⁹

Cue-Reactivity Task

Mun yi amfani 60 zane-zane na bidiyo daga hotuna masu bidiyo da kuma 60 balayen jinsi ba, daidai da lambar da jima'i na mutane a cikin hotunan jima'i, a lokacin ayyukan ba da jima'i ba, wato aikin motsa jiki. An gabatar da hotunan a cikin nauyin 6 tare da hotunan 10 kowannensu don yanayin jima'i da jinsi. Kowane hoton da aka nuna don 530 milliseconds don kauce wa cikakken dubawa game da abun ciki na hoto. Zangon Intertrial ya bambanta a matakan 500 milliseconds tsakanin 5 da 6.5 seconds. An katange takardun tare da kwanakin takwas na 60-na biyu.

data Analysis

Ƙunƙwirar Kira na Voxel-Based

An aiwatar da bayanan gina jiki tare da samfurin morphometry (VBM8, http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de.sci-hub.org/vbm.html) da kuma taswirar ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga (SPM8, ta yin amfani da sigogi na asali. Gyaran son zuciya, rarrabawar nama, da rajistar affine suna cikin VBM8. An yi amfani da sassan launin toka mai rijista (GM) da fararen kwayoyin halitta (WM) don gina wani nau'i na musamman na diffeomorphic anatomical. An yi rajista ta hanyar samfurin algebra mai ma'ana.An ƙirƙiri ɓangarorin GM da WM Warped.An yi amfani da gyare-gyare tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Yakubu don adana ƙarar wani nama a cikin voxel wanda zai kai ga ma'auni na ƙarar GM. rabin matsakaicin kernel na 8 mm. Gabaɗayan-kwakwalwa daidaitawar GM da WM girma da kuma rahoton PHs an ƙididdige su. P .³⁰

Cue-Reactivity aikin MRI Analysis

An yi amfani da bayanan MRI na aikin da aka yi ta amfani da SPM8 kuma sun hada da gyare-tsaren lokaci-lokaci, daidaitacce na sararin samaniya zuwa ƙarar farko, da kuma haɗa kai zuwa filin Montreal Neurological Institute. An kuma yalwata hotuna tare da kwayar Gaussian na 8 mm mai zurfi a rabi. Kowane shinge (jima'i, jima'i, da gyare-gyaren) an tsara shi kuma ya dace da aikin mayar da martodynamic. Siffofin motsa jiki sun haɗa a cikin matakan zane. Mun yi sha'awar bambancin kwatanta jima'i game da hanawa da kuma yanayin kula da jinsi ba. Mun yi bincike na biyu na daidaitawa PHs tare da bambancin jima'i tare da gyarawa. Tsawon tsayi P <.001 aka yi amfani dashi kuma an sami daidaiton-girman girma ta hanyar kwaikwayon Monte Carlo. Taswirar da aka samo an ƙofar kamar yadda aka bayyana (gungu mai faɗi ƙofa = 24).

Binciken Tattaunawa

Don bincika dangantaka tsakanin tsarin tsarin aiki da aikin aiki, ana nuna siginonin daga cikin manyan mahimmanci a cikin babban bincike a cikin bincike na daidaitawa na tabbatarwa, yana gwada ko daidaituwa tsakanin 2 masu canji (X da kuma Y) za'a iya bayyanawa ta hanyar sauƙi na uku (watau mai saurin sadarwa)M). Babban matsakanci mai mahimmanci shine wanda ya ƙunshi muhimmiyar rinjayar ƙungiyar tsakanin X da kuma Y. Mun jarraba ko tasirin mawuyacin GM a madaidaiciya ta hanyar amfani da batsa, yanayin da ya dace, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar yin amfani da aiki na hagu na striatum a lokacin gabatar da jima'i. An gudanar da binciken ne ta amfani da lambar MATLAB https://web.archive.org/web/20150702042221/http://wagerlab.colorado.edu.sci-hub.org/ bisa tsarin hanya mai lamba 3 tare da hanzarta gwadawa da aka yi a cikin takaddun ƙira na ƙwallon ƙafa na mahimmancin ƙididdiga. An gwada hanyoyi masu zuwa: hanya kai tsaye a (matsakanci na tushen); hanyar kai tsaye b (matsakaicin sakamako); da kuma maganganu ab, samfur na a da kuma b, wanda aka ƙayyade matsayin raguwa tsakanin dangantakar da take da shi (dangantaka ɗaya, c) ta hanyar haɗawa da matsakanci a cikin samfurin (hanyar kai tsaye, c ').

Haɗin aiki-haɗuwa

An cire jigon farko na 5. Bayanan bayanan bayanai, ciki har da lokacin shinge, gyaran gyare-gyare-gyare-gyare, da kuma samfurin sararin samaniya zuwa tsarin samfurin Neurological Cibiyar na Montreal an gudanar da shi ta amfani da SPM8 da kuma Mataimakin Ayyukan Bayanai na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Sake-Sake.³¹ An yi tacewa ta atomatik na 4 mm cikakke-nisa a iyakar rabi. An cire shafukan linzamin ne bayan an riga an yi amfani da su kafin suyi amfani da su (0.01-0.08 Hz).³² Bugu da ƙari, mun cire abubuwan da ke tattare da halayen haɗari da suka hada da siginar duniya, siginan motsi na 6, siginar daga ruwan sanyi, da kuma WM.³³ Mun gudanar da bincike-bincike na bincike wanda ya hada da tashar tashar haɗin kai tare da yankin da ke kunshe da ƙungiyar a caudate. An samar da taswirar haɗin gwiwar aiki tare da PHs don gano sassan kwakwalwar da aka haɗa tare tare da katako mai kyau daidai da yadda ake amfani da batsa. An tsara taswirar kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya (madaidaicin ƙofar kofa = 39).

A matsakaici, mahalarta sun ruwaito 4.09 PHs (SD, 3.9; range, 0-19.5; ba square ƙafe). Bisa ga ka'idodi na Intanit na Jima'i, 21 mahalarta sun kasance a matsayin haɗari da jima'i na jima'i na Intanet amma ba a matsayin abin bazuwa ba. Tya ci gaba da yin amfani da jarrabawar Intanet na jima'i (r₆₄ = 0.389, P  <.01). A Gwajin Gwajin Jima'i na Jima'i, mahalarta sun ci 1.35 a matsakaita (SD, 2.03). An yi hulɗar da kyau a tsakanin jarrabawar Testing Disorder Disposal na Duka da Duka (r₆₄ = 0.250, P <.05) da kuma Beck Depression Inventory ci (r₆₄ = 0.295, P <.05).

A lokacin da aka gyara PHs (tushen shafe) tare da rabawa na GM, mun sami wata babbar maɓalli a cikin dama na striatum, watau caudate nucleus (bisa ga na'ura mai lakabi ta atomatik ta atomatik³⁴; mafi girma voxel: x = 11, y = 5, z = 3; P <.001; gyara don kwatancen da yawa) (Hoto 1A). Lokacin da muka yi amfani da ƙananan ƙofa na P <.005, ƙarin tari a cikin hagu na hagu ya kai mahimmanci (x = −6, y = 0, z  = 6), yana nuna cewa tasirin ba a bayyane yake ba. Muna komawa ga gungu a matsayin striatum; Koyaya, don tattaunawar ta gaba, abin lura ne cewa ƙungiyar ta haɗu tare da yanki mai yiwuwa wanda yake aiki da wallafe-wallafen kayan aiki wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar software ta cikin gida.³⁵ (yawancin aiki na jinkiri na kudi, duba eAppendix in kari don cikakkun bayanai).

Ƙididdigar GM da aka samo daga gun a cikin kullun dama yana da alaka da mummunan amfani da batsa, wanda aka lissafta bisa la'akari da kamfanonin PHs a halin yanzu da kimanin shekarun da aka yi amfani da batsa ya kasance daidai dashi. (r₆₄ = −0.329, P  <.01); tya tabbatar da cewa mai amfani mai mahimmanci da adadin adadin yawan rayuwar da aka haɗa da ƙananan GM a cikin striatum. Babu wata yankin da ta nuna alamar mahimmanci tsakanin GM da kuma PHs kuma ba a sami alamar mahimmanci cikin WM ba.

Saboda kamfanonin PHs sun haɗu da haɗin yanar gizo da kuma jaraba da jima'i (Mashawarcin yanar-gizon Turawa, r₆₄ = 0.489, P <.001; Jima'i Gwajin Gwajin Jima'i, r₆₄ = 0.352, P  <.01) mun ƙididdige daidaituwa tsakanin PHs (tushen murabba'i) da GM a cikin madaidaiciyar caudate yayin Gudanar da jarrabawar jarrabawar Intanit da kuma jaraba da jima'i gwaji don ƙyale rinjayar abubuwan damuwa da amfani da yanar-gizo da yawa da jima'i.. Ko da a lokacin da ake sarrafawa don cin zarafi na intanet, mun sami tarayya mai ma'ana tsakanin PHs da ƙaramin GM na ƙaura (r₆₁ = −0.336, P <.01); Hakazalika, ƙungiyar ta kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a lokacin da ake sarrafa jima'i (r₆₁ = −0.364, P <.01).

Ida-cue-reactivity paradigm wanda muka gabatar da jima'i zane-zane hotunan da aka tattara a kan shafukan yanar gizo, mun sami wani mummunar haɗin tsakanin hagu na jini yaduran matakin matakin dogara (BOLD) signal (gani mafi girma: x = −24, y = 2, z = 4; usamen) (Figure 1B) a bambancin jima'i da ya dace da gyara da kuma kamfanonin PHs. Lokacin amfani da ƙofar bakin ƙofa P <.005, ƙarin tari a hannun dama ya kai muhimmanci (x = 25, y = −2, z  = 10).

Ba a lura da wani ɓangaren mahimmanci a yayin da aka haɓaka PHs tare da sigina na bambanci ba tare da kullun ba tare da gyara ta hanyar yin amfani da wannan kofa ɗaya. Lokacin da cire siginar ƙararrawa ya canza a cikin hagu na ƙauran hagu a lokacin halayen jima'i da kuma bambance-bambance marasa jinsi, mun sami muhimmiyar halayya a yayin lokuta na jima'i idan aka kwatanta da alamu ba tare da jinsi ba (t₆₃ = 2.82, P <.01), yana bayar da shawarar cewa an kunna takamaiman hagu ta musamman ta hanyar hoton jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, mun sami wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin jima'i da sanyayan (t₆₃ = 4.07, P <.001) kuma babu wani bambanci tsakanin jinsi da jituwa (t₆₃ = 1.30, P = .20).

Don yin watsi da dangantakar dake tsakanin binciken da aka shafi BOLD da kuma binciken da aka samu a cikin striatum, mun gudanar da bincike na gwaji don gwada ko bincike na aikin ya ba da gudummawa tsakanin ƙungiyar bincike da kuma hotunan batsa. Ƙungiyar dake tsakanin GM a cikin kyancin dama (X) da kuma PHs (Y) yana da mahimmanci ko mai matsakanci wanda ya ƙunshi aikin da ake aiki da shi a cikin hagu na ƙofar (M) an haɗa shi (c ' = −11.97, P <.001) a cikin bincike ko a'a (c = −14.40, P <.001). Hanyar daidaita tsakanin X da kuma M (a = 4.78, P <.05) kamar yadda tsakanin M da kuma Y (b = −0.50, P <.05) suna da mahimmanci (Figure 2).

Don bincika yankuna masu kwakwalwa suna aiki tare da yankin a cikin kyancin dama na batutuwan da suka danganci PHs, mun ƙayyade haɗin aikin wannan rukuni. An danganta taswirar haɗin keɓance tare da PHs (madogarar tushen). Mun gano cewa wani yanki a gefen hagu na gaba (DLPFC) (x = −36, y = 33, z = 48) (Hoto 1C) an hade da PHs da kyau, yana nuna cewa mahalarta wadanda suka cinye batutuwan batsa sun fi samun haɗin kai tsakanin kyancin dama da hagu DLPFC. Sakamakon bai canza ba yayin da ba a nuna alamar alamar duniya ba.³⁶

A cikin binciken da ake ciki yanzu, zamu bincike tsarin tsarin jiki da kuma aikin gyare-gyare masu dangantaka da kamfanonin PHs da suka ruwaito kansu. Abubuwan da muka gano sun nuna cewa ƙaramin GM na kullun dama na striatum ya fi ƙanƙanta da yin amfani da batsa mafi girma. Bugu da ƙari, an samo aikin kunnawa na aiki na hagu na striatum zuwa ƙananan ƙananan PHs yayin da aka gabatar da kayan abin da ke tattare da jima'i. Canjin siginar lokacin hotuna ya fi girma fiye da lokacin da aka ba da alamun jinsi, wanda ya nuna cewa yarinya na hagu yana cikin aikin jima'i.t.

Mun gudanar da bincike don magance matsalar tsakanin PHs da kuma gano tsarin tsarin GM na karuwa a madaidaiciya (caudate) da kuma ƙananan ƙididdigewa a hagu na striatum (samfurin) tare da PHs mafi girma yayin kallon abubuwan da ke tattare da jima'i. Dangane da tasiri na takaitacciyar iyakancewa, munyi la'akari da aikin da kuma tasiri na jiki kamar yadda keɓaɓɓun abubuwa masu ban sha'awa na batsa. A ƙarshe, mun bincika haɗin aikin aiki daga gwargwadon tsarin a cikin ƙananan ƙaura kuma ya gano cewa haɗuwa ga DLPFC na hagu ya kasance ƙasa da karin PHs.

Harkokin bincike da yawa suna nuna muhimmancin da ake amfani da ita wajen yin aiki.^{37, 38} Ana nuna naurorin igiya a cikin wadanda ba a san su ba³⁹ da kuma jira⁴⁰ na sakamako. Lambobi masu yawa na ladabi da ladabi, da kuma wuta da sauri don sakamakon da aka fi so.⁴¹ Ƙididdigar GM da aka gani a cikin striatum da muka samo yana cikin kewayon wurare da aka nuna a cikin aikin sarrafawa.

Sakamakonmu na yanayin jima'i na jima'i na nuna nuna rashin daidaituwa tsakanin PHs da hagu na saitamar azaman a yayin jima'i idan aka kwatanta da gyara. Wannan yana cikin layi tare da tsammanin cewa mummunar ɗaukar hotuna ga rikice-rikice na batsa ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa game da yanayin da ke tattare da al'amuran al'ada a yanayin jima'i.¹¹ An gabatar da wani bangare na duniyar a cikin jima'i a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Yawancin nazarin binciken da aka gano a sakamakon maganin jima'i da jima'i da jima'i sun bayar da rahoton ingantaccen aiki a cikin striatum idan aka kwatanta da magunguna.^42- 46 Bayanan da aka yi a baya-bayan nan da suka hada da binciken da aka gabatar da jima'i ya nuna cewa yunkurin yin amfani da shi ne.^{47, 48}

Sakamakon binciken da aka samu na aikin bincike-haɗawa yana cikin layi tare da ƙungiyar anatomical na kwakwalwa. Ƙungiyar caudate, musamman ta gefe, tana karɓar haɗi daga DLPFC.^{49, 50} An yi amfani da man fetur na farko a cikin kula da hankali⁵¹ kazalika da maganin hanawa, sassaucin hali, da hankali, da tsarawa na gaba. DLPFC, musamman, yana haɗuwa da wasu sassan ɓangaren na farko da kuma wakiltar yawancin bayanai, kai tsaye daga bayanan abubuwa zuwa amsa da sakamakon sakamako da kuma dabarun aiki.⁵¹ Sabili da haka, DLPFC an dauke shi wani mahimman hanyar don haɗawa da bayanan sirri tare da manufofi, dokoki, da sakamako. Wannan haɗin bayani yana tsammanin zai haifar da saukaka aikin da ya dace ta hanyar yin amfani da hankali akan halayen motar.⁵² An ba da shawara cewa cibiyar sadarwa ta gaba tana cikin wannan hali. Hanyoyin da suka dace daga basal ganglia suna ba da bayani game da basira da kuma gamsuwa ga kaya na farko wanda ke haɓaka cikin abubuwan da ke ciki da kuma hanyoyin da za su cimma su..^{51, 53} Rashin aiki na wannan kewaye yana da alaƙa da zabi marasa dacewa, kamar neman ƙwayoyi, ko da kuwa sakamakon mummunan sakamako.⁵⁴

Yankunan kwakwalwa da aka samu a cikin binciken yanzu suna da alaƙa da sau da yawa, amma ba ma'anarta ba, yin amfani da hotuna batsa. Dandalin da DLPFC ya dace da yankuna masu kwakwalwa wanda aka lalace a cikin yanar gizo ta yanar gizo ta hanyar binciken da ta gabata. Nazarin da ya gabata a kan jarabawar Intanet sun bayar da rahoto akan raguwa a lokacin farin ciki;⁵⁵ ragewa a aikin,⁵⁶ da kuma tsarin, Haɗin kai⁵⁷ na cibiyar sadarwa na gaba; da kuma rage matakan tsauraran kwayoyin dopamine a cikin striatum wanda aka auna tare da kwaikwayon kwaikwayo na photon guda ɗaya. Wannan ya dace da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu game da haɗin GM a cikin kullun dama, musamman ga haɗin ƙananan aiki tsakanin ƙananan kullun da kuma tsaka-tsaki na gaba, da kuma rage ayyukan aikin BOLD a cikin hagu na hagu. Sakamakon da aka samu yanzu ya nuna cewa tsarin da ya dace da halayen batsa mai tsaka-tsaka ba kawai ba ne kawai ta hanyar yin amfani da yanar gizo ta hanyar bidiyo saboda haɗin gwargwadon girman GM a ƙauyen dama da PHs, yayinda yake kulawa da tasirin tasirin yanar gizo, yana da muhimmanci.

A gefe guda kuma, bambancin bambanci a cikin striatum an riga an hade da jaraba ga kowane nau'i na kwayoyin magani irin su cocaine,⁵⁸ metamphetamine, da barasa.⁵⁹ Duk da haka, jagorancin sakamakon da aka ruwaito a cikin kwayoyin maganin magungunan ƙwayoyi ba shi da kyau; wasu nazarin sun bayar da rahoton cewa haɓaka ya haɓaka yayin da wasu suka bayar da rahoton ragowar yawan ƙarfin da ake iya haifar da sakamakon cutar da bala'i.⁵⁹ Idan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin binciken yau da kullum suna da tasirin hotunan batsa, bincikensa na iya gabatar da wata dama mai ban sha'awa don gano canje-canje na tsarin jita-jita idan ba'a samu abubuwa masu tsada don nazarin gaba ba, kamar caca hali⁶⁰ ko wasan bidiyo.^{61, 62} Binciken da ake bukata na gaba shine yin watsi da dangantakar da ke tsakanin aikin kiyayewa da kuma tashe-tashen hankula da kuma hotunan batsa.

Mun zabi ya guji ƙwayoyin bincike ko ƙaddarar ra'ayi kuma a maimakon haka ya bincika sakamakon kwayoyin PHs mai kyau a samfurin lafiya. A halin yanzu na binciken, ba'a tabbatar da maganganu masu mahimmanci ba saboda ba a amince da maganin batsa na hoto ba game da batsa har yanzu. Ƙungiyar da ta dace tsakanin PHs da damuwa, da kuma yin amfani da barasa, ya nuna cewa ya kamata a bincika karin hotunan batsa a cikin sashin binciken likita. Bincike na gaba ya kamata a kwatanta kungiyoyi na mutane da aka bincikar su kamar yadda ake ciwon batsa tare da mutanen da ba su da haɓaka don gane ko waɗannan sassan kwakwalwa suna da hannu. Muna fata wannan hanyar bincike za ta samar da kyakkyawar fahimta game da batun ko batsa batsa ya kasance a kan wani ci gaba da amfani da batsa ta al'ada ko ya kamata a kula da shi azaman nau'i na musamman.

Tsarin taƙaitaccen binciken shine cewa dole ne mu dogara ga kamfanonin PHs da kai tsaye da cewa batun zai iya zama damuwa ga wasu mahalarta. Duk da haka, a lokacin ganawar wayar tarho kafin yin saiti, an gaya wa mutane cewa hadewa zai ƙunshi cika tambayoyi game da lalata da kuma batsa da kuma yin amfani da batsa kuma ba mu da wata matsala a wannan mataki. A matsayin rigakafin da ba a yi ba, muna da mahalarta su cika tambayoyin a kan kwamfutarka don hana damuwa da damuwa cewa mai gwaji zai iya danganta amsoshin ga mutum. Bugu da ƙari kuma, masu gwaji suna jaddada hanyoyi masu sirri da kuma yadda ake amfani da su. Bincike na gaba zai iya yin la'akari da yin amfani da bayanan da aka tattara daga tarihin bincike na mutane a kan Intanit.

Rahoton batuttukan da aka ruwaito ba wai kawai sun ƙunshi GM ba amma sun kara zuwa WM kusa da ƙaura da kuma safa. Ko wannan ma'ana ko matsala na daidaitawa ba za a iya warwarewa a halin yanzu ba. Duk da haka, yana iya zama mai ban sha'awa don bincika ƙungiyoyi tsakanin fasaha mai mahimmanci da hotunan batsa.

Idan aka haɗu, za a iya jarabce mutum don ɗauka cewa yawancin kwakwalwa da ake haifarwa ta hanyar hotunan batsa zai iya haifar da sakawa da lalata tsarin tsarin kwakwalwa, da kuma aiki, da kuma buƙatar da ake buƙatar ƙwarewar waje na tsarin ladabi da kuma saurin bincika littafi mai mahimmanci da jima'i. Wannan tsari mai tsauraran ra'ayi na mutum zai iya fassara shi bisa la'akari da hanyoyin da ake samarwa a cikin maganin ƙwayar magungunan ƙwayoyi inda mutane da ƙananan masu karɓar maganin dopamine sunyi zaton sunyi amfani da kwayoyi.⁶³ Duk da haka, ƙungiyar da aka yi amfani da PHs a cikin striatum na iya zama daidaitattun ƙuri'a maimakon sakamakon sakamakon batsa na yau da kullum. Mutum da ƙananan ƙararrawa na iya buƙatar karin ƙarfin waje don samun jin dadi kuma zai iya yin amfani da batsa ta batsa kamar yadda ya fi dacewa, wanda zai iya haifar da PHs mafi girma. Binciken na gaba zai bincika tasirin batsa na tsawon lokaci ko gabatar da mahalarta masu haɗuwa da batsa da bincike akan sakamakon da zai haifar da lokaci don samar da ƙarin shaida ga tsarin da aka tsara don bayyanar da mummunar tasiri ga batutuwan batsa, wanda ya haifar da lalata tsarin tsarin ladabi.