ABUBUWAN: Wannan binciken KMT na Koriya ya shafi wasu ƙwararrun kwakwalwa a kan masu amfani da batsa. Kamar yadda Jami'ar Cambridge Jami'ar ta yi nazari, ya gano samfurin motsa jiki na kwakwalwa a cikin jima'i wanda ya yi kama da alamun magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Bisa ga binciken da yawa da Jamusanci ya samo gyare-gyare a cikin kundin farko wanda yayi daidai da canje-canjen da aka yi a magungunan ƙwayoyi.
Yayinda yake sake fasalin al'amurra na sauran nazarin, wannan takarda ta Koriya ta ƙara da cewa:
- Tana nazarin ƙarin ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa da suka shafi amsawar da aka samu, kuma an sami duk abin da aka yi tare da mafi girma da ƙarfi fiye da yadda yake da iko. Ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa: thalamus, hagu mahadate tsakiya, gyrus supraarginal dama, da kuma dama dorsal na baya cingulate gyrus.
- Abin da ke sabo shi ne cewa binciken ya yi daidai da sifofin farko na cortex da aka lura a cikin masu shan kwayoyi: Greatarfafawa-mai da martani ga hotunan jima'i, amma duk da haka an hana mayar da martani ga wasu matsalolin na yau da kullun. A cikin likitan shan magani, alamomin da suka danganci jaraba suna haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska wanda ke hargitsa ladan lada tare da siginar “tafi samu”. Hakanan yana haifar da ƙaramin tashin hankali dangane da ladar yau da kullun. Wato, ƙarancin himma don neman lada na yau da kullun.
Gabar. Behav. Neurosci., 30 Nuwamba 2015
Ji-Woo Seok da kuma Jin-Hun Sohn*
- Department of Psychology, Cibiyar Nazarin Brain, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Koriya ta Kudu
Karatu kan halaye na mutanen da ke da matsalar luwaɗi sun kasance suna tarawa saboda ƙarin damuwa game da matsalar halayen masu luwadi (PHB). A halin yanzu, ba a san komai game da halayen halayen ɗabi'a da ƙananan hanyoyin sha'awar jima'i. Nazarinmu ya yi niyya ne don bincika alaƙa na haɗin sha'awar jima'i tare da hotunan haɓakar maganadisu mai saurin aiki (fMRI). Mutum ashirin da uku tare da PHB da 22 shekarun da suka dace da kulawar lafiya an bincika su yayin da suke kallon abubuwan jima'i da jima'i. Matakan 'matakan batutuwan sha'awar jima'i an tantance su dangane da kowane motsawar jima'i. Dangi ga sarrafawa, mutanen da ke tare da PHB sun ɗanɗana haɓaka da haɓaka sha'awar jima'i yayin fallasawa ga matsalolin jima'i. An lura da kunnawa mafi girma a cikin ƙwayar caudate, lobe mai ƙarancin kwalliya, gyrus na baya, thalamus, da kututture na farko a cikin ƙungiyar PHB fiye da ƙungiyar kulawa. Bugu da kari, yanayin hemodynamic a cikin yankunan da aka kunna ya banbanta tsakanin kungiyoyin. Daidai da binciken binciken ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa game da abu da ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a, mutanen da ke da halaye na ɗabi'a na PHB da sha'awar haɓaka sun nuna canjin kunnawa a cikin kututtukan farko da yankuna masu juzu'i. A ƙarshe, sakamakonmu zai taimaka don haɓaka halaye da hanyoyin haɗin jijiyoyin mutane da PHB.
Gabatarwa
Halin rashin daidaituwa tsakanin jima'i (PHB) an bayyana shi azaman ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin maimaita jima'i da ba tare da kula da yawan cin zarafin jima'i da halayyar ba duk da saninsa game da sakamakon da ya dace da ita (Goodman, 1993; Carnes, 2001, 2013). Wadanda ke shan wahala daga PHB zasu iya fuskanci matsala mai yawa a cikin dangantaka ta iyali da aikin aiki. Bugu da ƙari, suna fuskantar mafi haɗari ga ƙulla kamuwa da cututtuka da jima'i da jima'i ko fuskantar matakan da ba'a so ba daga halayen halayen auren aure (Schneider da Schneider, 1991; Kuzma da Black, 2008). A Amurka, 3-6% na ɗalibai da ɗaliban kwalejin suna da PHB (Coleman, 1992; Black, 2000; Magoya, 2003). A Koriya, kamar 2% na dukan daliban koleji suna da PHB (Kim da Kwak, 2011). Dangane da rashin daidaituwa da matsalolin da ke tattare da shi, halayen haɗari sun ƙara ganewa a cikin al'umma kamar yadda cutar ta PHB ta fara girma.
Kodayake muhimmancin PHB an gane yanzu, ba a haɗa shi ba a DSM-5 (Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka, 2013) Tattaunawa na gudana ne game da yadda za'a iya rarraba rashin daidaituwa tsakanin mazauni a matsayin cuta; sabili da haka, babu wata yarjejeniya a kan ma'anarta, rarrabuwa, ko ka'idojin bincike. Wannan yana nuna matsalolin da za a iya tabbatar da daidaitattun ka'idodi saboda rashin inganci da ƙwarewa a kan abubuwan da suka danganci halayyar haɗin kai.
Ko da yake, ƙaddamar da PHB a matsayin cututtuka har yanzu yana da rikici, an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a lasafta yawancin jima'i a matsayin jinsi na rikici saboda PHB ya hada da alamomin da ke kama da wasu nau'i na jaraba (Goodman, 2001; Kor et al., 2013). Ƙawataccen abin sha'awa yana da alaƙa da halayen ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Nazarin ilmantarwa ya nuna cewa aikin ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa da ke da sha'awar sha'awar canzawa a cikin wadanda ke da maganin abubuwa (Garavan et al., 2000; Tapert et al., 2003; Franklin et al., 2007;McClernon et al., 2009). Rashin jima'i, irin su caca, wasan kwaikwayo na intanit, da halayyar jima'i, wanda ba ya haɗa da yin amfani da kwayoyi ya haɗa da sha'awar da ya fi ƙarfin da zai kasance da alaka da ayyukan canzawa a cikin ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa masu dacewa (Crockford et al., 2005; Ko et al., 2009;Kühn da Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014).
Binciken jaririn zuciya na sha'awar jaraba da jita-jita na nuna hali sun nuna canje-canje na aiki a cikin gwanon farko (PFC) da kuma ladabi na ladabi a cikin batutuwa da wannan cuta (Goldstein da Volkow, 2011). Musamman ma, waɗannan binciken sun gano mahimmin aikin hannu na PFC a cikin buri, ta hanyar tsari na yankunan ladabi na limbiconi da kuma shiga cikin al'amurra masu fahariya na yin amfani da kayan abu da kuma halayyar tilasta. Rashin aiki na PFC yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin haɓakawa da haɓakar salutuwa, kamar su ƙaddamar da rashin jin daɗin wucewa ga wani abu mai ladabi, kamar yadda yake a cikin abubuwa masu haɗaka da halayya, da kuma rage ƙuri'a ga abubuwan da suka faru na al'ada (Goldman-Rakic da Leung, 2002; Goldstein da Volkow, 2011).
Dangane da waɗannan sakamako, sakamakon binciken da ba a yi ba a PHBs ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke tare da PHBs sun fi sha'awar sha'awace-sha'awacen jima'i da aka kwatanta da kula da lafiya da kuma cewa sha'awar da aka haɓaka ta haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban na maganganun neural a cikin dingal-cingulate-ventral striatal-amygdala cibiyar sadarwar aiki (Voon et al., 2014). A tsarin kwakwalwa da kuma nazarin haɗin aiki, Kühn da Gallinat (2014) ya nuna cewa hotunan batsa na yau da kullum yana haɗuwa da tsarin kwakwalwa da ke aiki a yankunan PFC kuma zai iya haifar da wani hali don bincika littafi da kuma matsala mafi girma.
Wadannan nazarin sun bada shaida cewa sha'awar da ya fi ƙarfin zuciya da kuma abubuwan haɗari da suke aiki a cikin sha'awar suna cikin PHB, kodayake kwaikwayon kanta baya haifar da tasiri.
Abin baƙin ciki shine, bayanan sirri game da sha'awar jima'i-haɗin da ke tattare da juna a cikin mutanen da ke da PHB sun kasa. Nazarin da ya gabata a kan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa wanda ke haifar da aiki da sha'awar jima'i a cikin mutanen da ke tare da PHB sun yi amfani da yanayin tsararraki na al'ada a yayin da ake yin amfani da na'urar haɓaka mai kwakwalwa (fMRI) da kuma hangen nesa da tsinkaye. A cikin nazarin sha'awar jima'i, lokacin gabatarwa yana da mahimmanci daga ra'ayi mai mahimmanci kuma saboda bambance-bambance a cikin sarrafa bayanai (Bühler et al., 2008). A cikin takaddun fannoni, tsawon lokaci na gabatarwar motsa jiki yana da tsawo, kuma abin da ya faru na ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin wani akwati shi ne gaba daya wanda ake iya gani (Zarahn et al., 1997). Sabili da haka, ƙididdigar toshe na iya kunna yankunan da ke hade da tsarin tafiyar da hankali, irin su ci gaba da kulawa, kulawa da kasa, da kuma hana jima'i. Wannan zai iya haifar da rage haɓakar motsa jiki kuma sabili da haka canza yanayin ƙananan hanyoyi (Schafer et al., 2005). Bisa ka'ida, zane-zane da aka haɗu ba su da mahimmanci ga tsarin ƙira na al'ada don gano wuraren kwakwalwar da aka kunna, yayin da suke fifiko don kimanta aikin mayar da martodynamic (Birn et al., 2002).
Saboda haka, manufofin wannan binciken shine
(1) ya yi kama da binciken halin da ake ciki na sha'awar jima'i a cikin mutane da PHBs,
(2) ya gane canje-canje a cikin aiki na kwakwalwa a yankuna da aka sani sun haɗa da sha'awar inganta, kuma
(3) fahimtar bambance-bambance a cikin maganin hemodynamic daga waɗannan sassan kwakwalwa a lokaci ɗaya a cikin mutane tare da PHBs ta amfani da fMRI mai dangantaka.
Mun yi tsammanin cewa mutane da PHBs zasu iya nuna sha'awar jima'i mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da kula da lafiya da kuma yankunan kwakwalwa, irin su PFC da kundin kyauta, suna nuna ayyukan da aka canza da kuma maganin hemodynamic idan aka kwatanta da kulawar lafiya.
Hanyar
Wanda su ka Halarta
Binciken na yanzu ya haɗa 23 'yan maza maza da mata maza a cikin kungiyar PHB [yana nufin shekaru = 26.12, bambanci na gaskiya (SD) = 4.11 shekaru] da kuma 22 mahalarta mata maza a cikin ƙungiyar kula (yana nufin shekaru = 26.27, SD = 3.39 shekaru). Kusan 70 masu halartar mahalarta sun samo asali ne daga wuraren kulawa don maganganun jima'i da Jima'i Jima'i Tsarin taron. Sharuɗɗan haɓaka sun danganci tsarin bincike na PHB na nazarin baya (S1; Carnes et al., 2010; Kafka, 2010). Tsai ya kawar da ma'auni sune: shekaru fiye da 45 ko karkashin 18; wani mummunar cututtuka, kamar maganin rashin amfani da barasa, matsalar caca, cuta mai tsanani, cututtuka, ko rikice-rikice; a halin yanzu shan magani; Tarihin tarihin babban rauni na kai; liwadi; wani rikodi na laifi; ko rashin inganci don hotunan (watau, yana da ƙwayar jiki a jikinsa, mai tsanani astigmatism, ko claustrophobia). Kwararru sun gudanar da tambayoyi na asibiti game da dukkan batutuwan da suka dace, da kuma ƙungiyar 23 ta ƙarshe waɗanda suka sadu da ka'idoji da suka hada da kuma ba a ba da ka'idojin haɓaka ba don kungiyar PHB. Ga ƙungiyar kulawa, mahalarta 22 tare da halayen birni (shekaru, jinsi, matakin ilimi, da matakin samun kudin shiga) wanda ya dace da kungiyar PHB an zaba. Dukan masu halartar sun ba da bayanan bayanan bayanan bayanan bayanan da aka gabatar a wannan binciken. Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Chungnam ta Jami'ar Chungnam ta yarda da hanyoyin gwaji da kuma izini (lambar izini: 201309-SB-003-01). Dukan masu halartar sun karbi rabon kudi (150 daloli) don su shiga.
Dokokin auna
Masu halartar sun kammala binciken da ke dauke da tambayoyi game da halaye na al'ada da ayyukan jima'i ga watanni na 6 da suka gabata da kuma ma'aunin daidaitattun abubuwa, irin su Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (Patton et al., 1995), Buss-Perry Wurin tambaya (Buss da Perry, 1992), Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996), Beck damuwa Inventory (Beck et al., 1996), Yin jima'i gwajin gwaji-R (SAST-R; Carnes et al., 2010), da kuma Harkokin Saduwa da Lantarki (HBI; Reid et al., 2011; Table 1). Tambayoyi game da halayen jima'i sun kasance shekarun farko da jima'i da kuma halin jima'i na yanzu. An Yanayin jima'i an danganta shi a matsayin dangantaka wanda kawai mutane biyu ke shiga cikin jima'i da keɓaɓɓe da juna. A babu dangantaka tsakanin jima'i an bayyana shi azaman rike da ma'amala da yawa tare da wasu ma'aurata daban-daban ba tare da yin wani irin zumunci a dangantaka ba.
TABLE 1
Table 1. Abubuwan halaye.
Tambayoyi a kan halayen halayen jima'i sun haɗa da yawan jima'i a cikin mako daya, yawan masturbation a mako daya, mitar kallon batsa a kowane mako, da kuma yawan yawan jima'i a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata. Bugu da ƙari, SAST-R (Carnes et al., 2010) da HBI (Reid et al., 2011) an yi amfani dasu don tantance digirin PHB a cikin mahalarta. SAST-R ta ƙunshi tambayoyin 20 da aka tsara don tantance darajar jaraba da jima'i. Sakamakon jeri daga 0 zuwa 20 maki, tare da matsayi mafi girma da ke nuna karin jima'i da jima'i. HBI yana kunshe da tambayoyin 19, kuma jeri na daga 19 zuwa 95. Kwancen 53 gaba ɗaya ko mafi girma shine alamar matsala ta rikici. Abubuwan da ke ciki (Cronbach's e coefficient) na SAST-R da HBI sune 0.91 da 0.96, bi da bi (Carnes et al., 2010; Reid et al., 2011).
Ƙwarewar gwaji da gwaji
An gudanar da wani kyauta a kan mutanen 130 da ayyuka masu jima'i na yau da kullum waɗanda basu shiga cikin gwajin ta na FMRI don zaɓar abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i da jinsi ba don nazarin fMRI (File S1). Abubuwan da suka gani na kunshe sun hada da hotuna 20 da aka tattara daga Tsarin Hotuna na Duniya (6 hotuna; Lang et al., 2008) da shafukan Intanit (14 hotuna). Harkokin jima'i sun ƙunshi hotunan da ke nuna mata matacciyar mata da kuma jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, 20 hotuna da basu jawo sha'awar jima'i da aka zaɓa a matsayin matakan da ba na jinsi ba. Sun kasance daidai da abubuwan jima'i don jin dadi. Harkokin da ba a jitu ba sun nuna matakai masu ban sha'awa, irin su wasanni na wasanni, bikin cin nasarar nasara, da kuma gudun. An zabi wadannan matsalolin don gane aikin kwakwalwar da ke da alaka da sha'awar jima'i ta hanyar gudanar da aikin da ya haifar da jin dadi da kuma jin dadi.
Ga tsarin gwaji na fMRI, an bayar da umarnin taƙaitaccen bayani game da gwaji don 6 s a farkon gwajin, wanda aka biyo bayan gabatarwar bala'i ko jima'i ko jima'i don 5 s kowace. Kowace tsaka-tsakin lokaci shi ne 7-13 s (matsakaici, 10 s) don taimakawa ɗan takara don komawa jihar su. Don ci gaba da mahalarta mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da suka faru, an umarce su su danna maɓallin amsa lokacin da aka gabatar da wata manufa marar tsammanin kamar yadda 500 ms ta kasance a cikin dukan lokutan 12 a kowane lokaci. Kwanan lokacin da ake buƙata don gwaji shine 8 min da 48 s (hoto 1).
FIGURE 1
Hoto 1. Shirye-shiryen al'ada game da sha'awar jima'i.
Bayan kammala aikin gwajin na FMRI, mahalarta kallon irin abubuwan da aka gabatar a gwajin gwajin na FMRI, kuma ana buƙatar su amsa tambayoyin uku masu la'akari da kima..
Na farko, ana tambayar su don amsa "a'a" ko "a'a" lokacin da aka tambaye su ko sun ji sha'awar jima'i idan sun kalli kowane motsa jiki.
Abu na biyu, an buƙaci su buƙatar sha'awar jima'i akan ma'auni biyar na Likert daga 1 (mafi tsanani) zuwa 5 (mafi tsanani).
Na uku, ƙididdigar ra'ayi na mahalarta game da girman girman kai da motsawa ga kowane motsawa an ƙaddara gwargwadon ma'auni bakwai na Likert.
An tsara sharuddan akan nau'i biyu. Valencia, wanda ya kasance mai kyau ko korau, ya fito ne daga mummunar a 1 zuwa tabbatacce a 7, kuma ƙwaƙwalwar motsa jiki ya fito ne daga kwantar da hankula a 1 don tayi murna / tada a 7. A ƙarshe, wajibi ne a buƙaci mahalarta suyi rahoton duk wani motsin zuciyar da suka samu ba tare da sha'awar jima'i ba yayin da suke nunawa ga kowane motsa jiki.
Samun Hotuna
An samo hotunan hoto tare da na'urar daukar hoto na 3.0 T na Philips magnetic resonance (Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands). Hanyoyin maɓalli na fMRI guda daya-bidiyon hoto (hoto na mahimmanci: lokaci na maimaitawa (TR) = 2,000 ms, lokacin sauti (TE) = 28 ms, rawanin ƙira = 5 mm ba tare da rata ba, matrix = 64 × 64, fili na duba (FOV) = 24 × 24 cm, kusurwa ƙananan = 80 °, kuma a cikin ƙananan yanayin = 3.75 mm] an yi amfani dashi don sayen nauyin 35 na jini na tushen jinin oxygen (BOLD). T1-hotunan anatomical nau'i sun samo asali tare da samfurin NBNUMX mai ƙaura wanda aka ƙaddamar da ruwa mai sauƙi (TR = 280, TE = 14 ms, kuskure kuskure = 60 °, FOV = 24 × 24 cm, matrix = 256 × 256, da rawanin katako = 4 mm).
Nazarin ilimin lissafi
Don bincika abubuwan da suka dace da halayyar mutum da kuma abubuwan da suke dogara ne kawai a kan sha'awar jima'i, bayanan hotunan da tunanin mutum don hotuna guda uku da suka haifar da wasu motsin zuciyarmu, irin su kyama, fushi, ko mamaki, banda banbancin jima'i an cire su daga nazarin bayanai . Tabbatar da kai t-anƙancin ƙwararru da kuma ƙarfin sha'awar jima'i tsakanin bangarorin biyu sunyi amfani da SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Yawan nauyin sha'awar jima'i an dauke yawan adadin abubuwan da kowanne mahalarta ke bukata daga sha'awar jima'i na 20, da kuma girman karfin jima'i shine matsakaicin nauyin sha'awar jima'i don hoton 20.
SPM8 (Cibiyar Nazarin Neuroscience, London, Birtaniya) ta yi amfani da shi wajen nazarin bayanan na FMRI. A cikin mataki na farko, an samu MRI hotunan image a cikin tsari mai zuwa: gyaran gyare-tsaren lokaci don haɓaka sayarwa, gyaran gyare-gyare, da daidaitattun sararin samaniya a kan samfurin samfurin da Cibiyar Neurological Na'urar ta Montreal (MNI) ta bayar. Daga bisani, an hotunan hotunan da aka tsabtace tare da kwayar 8-mm Gaussian.
Bayan kammala karatun, an tsara nau'ikan mataye tare da yanayi guda biyu (yanayin jima'i da halin jinsi ba) don kowane ɗan takara don gano yankunan da ake da sha'awar jima'i. An yi amfani da nazari na farko na kwatancen jima'i da aka yi amfani da su don yin nazari akan yanayin jima'i da aka yi amfani da ita don nazarin ilimin da ba a taɓa ba, kuma an halicci hotuna akan kowane batu. Ɗaya daga cikin samfurin t-an tambayoyi a kan hotuna sun kasance sun yi amfani da su don tantance muhimmancin tasiri a kowane rukuni a bambancin siffofin da aka tsara a cikin nazarin mutum. Samfurin guda biyu t- an gudanar da bincike don gano bambancin dake tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu don maganganun kwakwalwa a cikin yanayin jima'i da dangantaka da jinsi. Bugu da ƙari, an yi nazari ne kawai a ƙungiyar PHB don ƙayyade yankuna na kunnawa wanda ya danganta da ƙananan halin jima'i bisa ga SAST-R. Saboda bambance-bambance na takardun tambayoyin na iya kasancewa maras nauyi don bayyana karin mahimmanci a cikin rukunin kulawa, ba a gudanar da nazarin daidaitawa ba a cikin rukuni. Kwanancin P wanda ba haka ba ne a kan 0.05 (Ra'ayin bincike na ƙarya, gyare-gyaren, girman ɓangaren ≥ 20) ko 0.001 (wanda ba a taɓa sarrafa shi ba, girman nau'in ≥ 20) an dauke shi da muhimmanci ga aikin kwakwalwa kamar yadda aka yarda da waɗannan matakan a cikin binciken na fMRI. Ana nuna dukkanin haɗin kungiyoyin da aka kunna a matsayin haɗin MNI a Tables 3, 4.
An samo asali daga cikin siginar siginar daga Ƙungiyoyin Bincike (RAU) bisa sakamakon sakamakon tsakanin tsakanin kungiyoyi da haɗin gwargwado (watau na biyu, thalamus na biyu, magungunan gaba na farko (DLPFC), tsakiya na tsakiya caudate, gyrus supraarginal, da dama dorsal na baya cingulate gyrus] tare da MarsBaR (http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/marsbar). An halicci Rukunin ta hanyar sanya 5-mm a cikin keɓaɓɓun tsarin da aka ruwaito a Tables 3, 4. Domin nazarin abubuwan halayen halayen hemodynamic, an samo asali daga lokacin da aka gabatar da kowane motsi na jima'i (jimlar 12 s; 5 s da 7 daga bisani) ga dukkan masu halartar. Hakanan lokacin karatun lokaci ya zama daidai a cikin mahalarta a kowane rukuni.
A matsayin gwaje-gwaje na haɗin daidaitawa don lissafin haɗin gwargwadon daidaitawa, dangantaka tsakanin ƙananan a kan SAST-R da HBI da siginar ƙididdiga ya canza a cikin Rukunonin da ya danganci sakamakon sakamakon daidaitawa (Table 4) an bincika a cikin kungiyar PHB tare da SPSS 22.
results
Sakamakon binciken ilimin kimiyya
Daga 20 masu kula da lafiya, kawai guda biyu sun ruwaito wasu motsin zuciyarmu ba tare da jin dadin jima'i ba saboda maganganun jima'i uku. Ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta a cikin rukuni na rukuni ya ruwaito cewa jima'i biyu na jima'i a cikin 20 jima'i ya haifar da rikici da fushi, yayin da wani mai shiga tsakani a cikin rukuni ya kiyasta cewa hotunan jima'i ya mamaye mamaki. Abubuwan jima'i guda uku da suka haifar da jijiyoyin da ba a haifa ba ne daga bayanan bincike.
Mai zaman kansa t-test ya nuna babu bambancin kungiyoyi a cikin girma da basira da kuma ƙanshi a mayar da martani ga labaran jima'i [valence: t(43) = 0.14, p> 0.05, na Cohen's d = 0.042; dabarar: t(43) = 0.30,p> 0.05, na Cohen's d = 0.089]. Bugu da ƙari, yawan yawan matsalolin jima'i a cikin hotuna 20 wadanda ke nuna sha'awar jima'i syadda ya kamata kungiyar PHB ta ji sha'awar jima'i da yawa fiye da rukunin kulawa yayin da ake nunawa ga motsa jikii [t(43) = 3.23, p <0.01, na Cohen's d = 0.960]. Tya ci gaba da nuna sha'awar jima'i ya nuna cewa kungiyar PHB ta sami rinjaye mai tsanani fiye da magoya bayan kungiyar don mayar da martani ga hotuna [t(43) = 14.3, p <0.001, na Cohen's d = 4.26]. Sakamakon binciken binciken mutum an nuna a Table 2.
TABLE 2
Table 2. Sakamakon binciken binciken psychological.
fMRI Sakamako
A cikin rukunin PHB, an samu cigaba a cikin gyri na tsakiya / na baya na gyri [Brodmann yankin (BA) 9], cuneus / prewaus (BA 7, 18, da 19), striatum, thalamus, da kuma gingi gyri (BA 24 da 32 ) don amsa matsalolin jima'i idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin jinsi ba. I∎ Ƙungiyar kulawa, kunnawa an nuna shi a cikin gyri na gaba / na baya (BA 9), cuneus / prefaius (BA 7, 18, da 19), striatum, thalamus, da kuma gyrus cingulate (BA 24) (gyara fasalin binciken karya Rate,p <0.05).
A cikin rukunin tsakanin kungiyoyi, kungiyar PHB ta nuna cewa mafi girma a kungiya ta haɓakawa ta tsakiya (DACC, BA 24 da 32), thalami na tsakiya, hagu na tsakiya na tsakiya, DLPFC dama (BA 9, 46), da kuma gyrus supraarginal (BA 40) dangane da kunnawa a cikin ƙungiyar kulawa a yayin da ake nunawa ga matsalolin jima'i idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin jinsi ba. Babu sashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin rukuni mai kula da ya fi ƙarfin aiki fiye da ƙungiyar PHB. Dukkanin kulawar da aka kunna lambobin sadarwa an nuna su a matsayin haɗin MNI a Tables 3, 4. Hoto 2 yana nuna siginar siginar kashi a cikin kulawa da ƙungiyoyin PHB a kowace yanayin gwaji (wato, jima'i da bawancen yanayi) ga Rukunin da aka zaɓa, da kuma Hoto 3 nuna jerin lokuttan lokaci na kowane rukuni na siginar siginar kashi a kowanne lokaci a cikin RUWA yayin gabatarwar kowane motsi na jima'i (jimlar 12 s; 5 da 7 daga bisani) bisa ga sakamakon sakamakon bincike tsakanin rukuni.
TABLE 3
Table 3. Yankunan Brain da aka gano ta hanyar bincike na kungiyar.
Table 4. Yankunan Brain da aka gano a cikin nazarin daidaitawa a cikin kungiyar PHB yayin da ake nunawa ga matsalolin jima'i.
FIGURE 2
Hoto 2. Sakamako na bincike tsakanin kungiyoyi. (A) Bilateral thalamus (MNI hadewa; x = 6, y = -36, z = 4) (B) Tsarin gine-gine na gaba daya (MNI hadewa;x = 56, y = 10, z = 22) (C) Hagu na hagu (MNI haɗin kai; x = -38, y = -32, z = 2)(D) Gyrus supraarginal (MNI daidaitawa; x = 50, y = -42, z = 32) (E) Gyrus dingal na baya (MNI coordinate); x = 24, y = -16, z = 34). Sakamako na kwatantawa na kunnawa a cikin jima'i na jima'i ya rage rikice-rikicen da ba a tsakanin mutum ba tsakanin kamfanonin PHB da ƙungiyoyi masu kulawa (p <0.05, Discoimar Bincike na searya, an gyara). Representedungiyar kulawa da ƙungiyar PHB suna wakiltar azaman shuɗi da ja, bi da bi. Y-axis yana nuna canjin siginar kashi kuma sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar Kuskuren Kuskuren Ma'anar.
FIGURE 3
Hoto 3. Lokaci lokaci na kalmomin hemodynamic a kowane yanki na sha'awa.(A) Bilateral thalamus (MNI hadewa; x = 6, y = -36, z = 4) (B) Tsarin gine-gine na gaba daya (MNI hadewa; x = 56, y = 10, z = 22) (C) Hagu na hagu (MNI haɗin kai; x = -38, y = -32, z = 2) (D) Gyrus supraarginal (MNI daidaitawa; x = 50, y = -42, z = 32) (E) Gyrus dingal na baya (MNI coordinate); x = 24, y = -16, z = 34). Ƙarin y-axis da x-axis na nuna iyakar siginar kashi da kuma lokaci (s), bi da bi, da kuma sandunan ɓoye suna wakiltar kuskuren kuskure na Ma'anar.
Sakamakon daidaitawa na yankuna da suka danganci SAST-R da aka nuna ya nuna cewa da dama thalamus da DLPFC (BA 9) sun daidaita tare da SAST-R scores (p <0.001, ba a gyara shi ba) a cikin ƙungiyar PHB yayin bayyanar da matsalolin jima'i, kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 4. Tya samo sakamakon binciken da ya biyo baya ya nuna cewa siginar siginar da aka cire daga hannun dama thalamus da DLPFC sun haɓaka da muhimmanci tare da tsananin karuwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Figure 4. Siffar siginar ya canza a hannun dama thalamus kuma DLPFC mai kyau ya haɓaka daidai da sassan SAST-R a cikin kungiyar PHB lokacin da ake nunawa ga matsalolin jima'i (dama thalamus: r = 0.74, n = 23, p <0.01; dama DLPFC: r = 0.63, n = 23, p <0.01). Bugu da kari, siginar kashi ya canza a cikin DLPFC na dama da dama thalamus suna da alaƙa da tasirin HBI a cikin ƙungiyar PHB (dama thalamus: r = 0.65, n = 23, p <0.01; dama DLPFC: r = 0.53, n = 23, p <0.01), kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 4.
FIGURE 4
Hoto 4. Sakamakon bincike na daidaitawa. Hagu, halayen haɓaka mai kwakwalwa na magnetic (fMRI). Yankuna da ke nuna alamar mahimmanci tsakanin aikin kwakwalwa a lokacin sha'awar jima'i da kuma jarabawar gwajin gwaji-R (SAST-R) scores (p <0.001, ba a gyara ba). Dama, alaƙar linzami tsakanin siginar siginar canje-canje da aka ciro daga kowane yanki da ƙima mai tsanani na jima'i [watau, SAST-R da Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) scores]. Xarin x yana nuna ƙimar jima'i, kuma y-axis yana wakiltar canjin siginar kashi. (A) Bilateral thalamus (MNI hadewa; x = 4, y = -32, z = 6) (B) Tsarin gine-gine na gaba daya (MNI hadewa; x = 56, y = 8, z = 22).
tattaunawa
Binciken na yanzu ya binciko ko akwai bambanci a cikin matakan sha'awar jima'i tsakanin mutane tare da PHB da kulawar lafiya, kuma idan haka ne, ko wannan bambanci ya danganci gyare-gyare na aikin a cikin ƙananan hanyoyi na sha'awar jima'i a cikin waɗannan mutane. Kamar yadda aka fadi, ƙungiyar PHB ta nuna matakan da suka fi ƙarfin sha'awar jima'i da kuma sauyawar kunnawa a cikin PFC da yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa. Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa aikin yana canzawa a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin da ke tattare da sha'awar yin jima'i sun kasance kama da wadanda ke mayar da martani ga gabatarwar gabatarwa a cikin mutane tare da jarabawar kayan abu ko jarabar hali (Garavan et al., 2000; Tapert et al., 2003; Crockford et al., 2005; Franklin et al., 2007;Ko et al., 2009; McClernon et al., 2009). Voon et al. (2014) ya ruwaito sha'awar hauka da canje-canjen aiki a yankuna da ke da sha'awar sha'awar mutane da halayyar jima'i. Mun sabunta kuma muka ba da waɗannan sakamakon ta hanyar bincike kan jerin lokuta na kunnawa a yayin da ake kira 12 s a cikin yankunan da suka shafi sha'awar jima'i.
Kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da shi, nazarin sakamakon sakamakon binciken na hankali ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar PHB ta nuna sha'awar jima'i fiye da ƙungiyar kulawa yayin da ake nunawa ga matsalolin jima'i, wanda ya nuna cewa wannan rukunin yana da ƙananan ƙofa don sha'awar jima'i. Lokacin da sha'awar jima'i ya haifar, kungiyar PHB ta nuna sha'awar sha'awar jima'i fiye da yadda kungiyar ta yi. Wannan sakamako ya kasance daidai da binciken da ya gabata a kan mutane da PHB ƙungiyar (Laier et al., 2013; Laier da Brand, 2014; Voon et al., 2014), musamman nuna cewa sha'awar batsa batsa na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan yanar gizo.
Sakamakon sakamako na kwakwalwa ga jigilar jima'i yana da kyau tare da binciken binciken da baya nunawa wanda ya nuna cewa ana aiki a cikin sassan kwakwalwa da ke cikin sha'awar jima'i ko dalili / tsammanin, da kuma jima'i ko ƙarancin zuciya, lokacin da duk masu halartar fallasawa ga jima'ii (Georgiadis da Kringelbach, 2012). Sakamakon kamfanonin kwatancen kwakwalwa samfurin bayyanar canza aiki a cikin DLPFC (BA 9) da yankuna masu kwakwalwa, ciki har da dACC (BA 24 da 32) na dama, hagu na tsakiya na tsakiya, gyrus supraarginal (BA 40), da dama thalamus, kuma waɗannan canje-canjen na iya hade da halaye na hali na kungiyar PHB. Bugu da ƙari, haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mun bincika jerin lokuttan kalmomin hemodynamic a waɗannan yankuna a lokacin da bayan sha'awar sha'awar jima'i a wadannan yankuna.
Daga cikin wadannan yankuna, hagu na tsakiya na hagu da dama na ACC (BA 24 da 32) da kuma DLPFC na dama suna ɗaukar nauyin halayyar motsa jiki. Shirin shigarwar caudate a cikin motsawa da karbar sakamako zai iya bada rahotanni game da yadda za a mayar da martani ga jima'i.Delgado, 2007). An kunna doral striatum a lokacin sa ran sakamako (Delgado, 2007), wanda zai iya nuna sha'awar da ake danganta da irin wannan tsammanin. A cikin nazarin maganganun da ke tattare da hotunan batsa, yin amfani da shi akai-akai saboda sakamakon hotunan batsa zai iya haifar da sanyaya da lalatawa na striatum, ciki har da tsakiya na caudate, a cikin kwamitocin lafiya (Kühn da Gallinat, 2014). Duk da haka, a cikin binciken da ake ciki yanzu, an samu cigaba da yawa a cikin mahadate a cikin kungiyar PHB, kodayake kamfanonin PHB suna kallon batsa sau da yawa. Wadannan bambance-bambance tsakanin sakamakon binciken yanzu da wadanda ke Kühn da Gallinat (2014) za'a iya bayyana ta bambanci a cikin mahalarta. Wato, da bambanci da amfani da manya lafiya a cikin binciken da suka wuce, an gudanar da binciken mu a kan mutane da PHB. Samun shaida yana nuna cewa tsakiya na caudate yana da mahimmanci ga ilmantarwa-amsa amsa al'ada da kuma kiyaye halayyar haɓaka (Vanderschuren da Everitt, 2005). Tsayar da tsakiya na caudate a cikin wannan binciken zai iya nuna cewa jigilar halayyar jima'i an kafa bayan an sake bayyanawa ga jima'i..
DACC an san shi ne da alaka da abubuwan da suka dace da sha'awar jima'i (Redout et al., 2000; Arnow et al., 2002; Hamann et al., 2004; Ferretti et al., 2005; Ponseti et al., 2006; Paul et al., 2008). Abubuwan da muka gano game da aikin dACC yana nuna cewa yana da tasiri a cikin sha'awar jima'i, kuma waɗannan sakamakon sun kasance kamar kamannin binciken kan abubuwan da ke da alaka da ƙananan hankulan su a cikin batutuwa masu halayyar jima'i. (Voon et al., 2014). Bugu da ƙari, dACC an san cewa yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci a farkon aiki na halayyar burin ci gaba ta hanyar shiga rikice-rikicen rikice-rikicen tsakanin rukuni don nuna hali da kuma kawar da wannan buƙatar (Devinsky et al., 1995; Arnow et al., 2002;Karama et al., 2002; Moulier et al., 2006; Safron et al., 2007). Neuroanatomically, ayyukan DACC ga DLPFC da lobe na loiet (Devinsky et al., 1995; Pizzagalli et al., 2001). A cikin wannan binciken, kunnawa a cikin dACC a cikin kungiyar PHB zai iya nuna rikici tsakanin rikici tsakanin satar da za a nuna sha'awar jima'i a matsayin aiki da kuma armarin kawar da motsin jiki saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa a lokacin gabatar da jima'i.
Ana kunna jigilar gyrus na sama da ƙwarewa ga ƙirar da ake ganin su a matsayin jima'i (Redout et al., 2000; Stoléru et al., 2012). Binciken da aka yi a baya ya ba da shawara cewa karuwa da hankali ga jarabar jima'i yana da muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen kula da jima'i (Barlow, 1986; Janssen da Everaerd, 1993) kuma yana da alaƙa da neman jima'i (Kagerer et al., 2014). A cikin binciken da ake ciki yanzu, kunnawa na iya yin la'akari da mafi girman hankali da batutuwa na PHB suka biya akan matsalolin jima'i kuma hakan zai iya haifar da matsanancin sha'awar jima'i idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa.
Daga cikin yankunan da aka yi amfani da su a tsakanin rukuni na rukuni, DLPFC da thalamus sun haɗu da tsananin rashin jima'i a batutuwa na PHB. Mun lura da yadda yafi mayar da hankali ga ralamus, wanda ya kasance daidai da binciken da aka samu a baya game da jima'i (Redout et al., 2000; Moulier et al., 2006). Bisa ga binciken da ya gabata game da sha'awar jima'i, haɓakawar thalamus yana da alaka da martani na ilimin lissafi (watau shirye-shirye don yin jima'i) wanda aka haɗu da sha'awar jima'i kuma an hade shi daidai da penile erection (MacLean da Ploog, 1962; Redout et al., 2000; Moulier et al., 2006). Abin sha'awa, mun kuma sami samfurin hemodynamic mafi girma da kuma wanda ya dace da wannan a cikin sarrafawa. Wannan haɓakar halayyar hemodynamic da ya fi girma zai iya nuna cewa ƙyamar jima'i yana da karfi da kuma tsawo a cikin mutane da PHB.
Hakazalika da binciken binciken da aka yi game da ayyukan haɓaka a cikin mutane tare da jaraba a lokacin sha'awar da aka samu, mun sami canza aikin PFC a cikin kungiyar PHB. PFC yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da kuma ƙwaƙwalwar aiki (Bonson et al., 2002). Neuroanatomically, PFC yana haɗuwa da yankuna daban-daban, ciki har da dACC, ƙwayar caudate, da lobe pelat (Devinsky et al., 1995; Pizzagalli et al., 2001; Goldman-Rakic da Leung, 2002). Karatuttukan da suka gabata game da jaraba sun nuna cewa rashin ingancin wannan hanyar sadarwar, gami da PFC, yana da alaƙa da tsarin PFC na yankuna masu karɓar lada da kuma shigar da ita cikin aikin zartarwa mafi girma, gami da kame kai, jin daɗin jin kai, da wayewa (Goldman-Rakic da Leung, 2002; Feil et al., 2010; Goldstein da Volkow, 2011; Kühn da Gallinat, 2014). Musamman ma, waɗannan binciken sun gano cewa aikin DLPFC ya lalace a matsayin rashin haɓaka a sakamakon halayen salience, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka, irin su rashin haɓaka ya ƙãra ƙwarewa ga abin da ya shafi ƙwauro kamar yadda yake a cikin abu da halayyar halayya kuma ya rage sha'awa ga al'amuran al'ada. (Goldman-Rakic da Leung, 2002; Goldstein da Volkow, 2011). A cikin binciken da ake ciki yanzu, ganin yadda mafi girma DLPFC kungiya a cikin kungiyar PHB idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa tana iya yin la'akari da halayen saliance mai yawa ga jima'i.
A taƙaice, ƙungiyar PHB ta nuna sha'awar jima'i mafi girma da aka haɗi da aikin kwakwalwa. Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa kungiyar PHB zata iya ba da hankali sosai ga matsalolin jima'i kuma yana iya samun amsa ta atomatik saboda ba'a iya daidaita rikici ba don magance matsalar jima'i. Ƙuntataccen binciken da aka yi a yanzu shine kamar haka. Na farko, tseren batutuwa shine Asiya. Na biyu, wannan binciken ya shafi kawai namiji mazauna, kuma nan gaba karatu shafe mace da ɗan kishili namiji mazauna ya kamata ya taimaka a mafi fahimtar PHB. Batutuwa PHB da maganganun ƙwaƙwalwa na rashin kwakwalwa ba su shiga cikin binciken yanzu ba, don haka tabbatar da bincike akan rashin jin dadi na jiki wanda ya danganta da PHB kawai. Duk da haka, bisa ga wani binciken da Weiss (2004), 28% na maza da PHB suna shan wahala daga mummunar cuta. Samun waɗannan dalilai tare da iyakancewar rashin daidaituwa na sakamakon binciken ya zama yawan jama'a. A ƙarshe, ƙungiyoyi biyu sun yi sãɓã wa jũna game da fahimtar kanka da / ko tunanin tunanin mutum saboda kula da mahalarta PHB. Mun yi ƙoƙarin rage yawan bambance-bambance tsakanin iko da ƙungiyoyi na PHB ta hanyar dacewa da mahimmancin adabin alƙaluma, ciki har da shekaru, ilimi, da kuma mika hannu, don kwatantawa da kuma yin amfani da ka'idoji marasa mahimmanci, irin su ciwon rashin lafiya na psychiatric da kuma amfani da yanzu magani na psychotropic, ga ƙungiyoyi biyu. Bayan haka, zamu shirya nazarin yadda masu canzawa da suke da alaka da lokacin jiyya ko nau'i na magani suna shafar amsawar ta motsa jiki, ciki har da amsa ga jima'i, na mutane da PHB.
Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, sakamakon wannan binciken yana taimakawa sosai ga wallafe-wallafen kuma suna da muhimmancin tasiri ga bincike na gaba. Mun gano wasu yankuna masu kwakwalwa da suka dace da sha'awar jima'i da kuma canji na yanayi a cikin wadannan yankuna a tsakanin batutuwa da PHB. Kamar kwakwalwa na nazarin binciken akan abu da halayyar dabi'a, PHB yana da alaka da canje-canjen aiki a cikin PFC da yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ko da ba tare da maganin kwayoyi ba. Sakamakonmu yana da amfani ga halayyar dabi'u da haɗin gine-gine masu dangantaka tare da PHB, kuma tafi mataki bayan bayanan fasalin kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin binciken baya.
kudade
Wannan aikin ya taimaka ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Koriya (A'a. E35600) da kuma asusun bincike na 2014 Chungnam National University.
Fuskantarwa na Bayyana Shawarwari
Mawallafa sun bayyana cewa an gudanar da binciken ne a cikin babu wata kasuwanci ko kudi da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin mai rikici na sha'awa.
Acknowledgments
Masu marubuta suna so su gode wa Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Kasa don barin wannan binciken da za a gudanar a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Hanya ta Dan Adam ta amfani da hotunan 3T MRI (Phillips).
Karin kayan
Ƙarin Maganin wannan labarin za a iya samu a kan layi a: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00321
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Mahimman kalmomi: matsala game da halayyar luwadi, sha'awar jima'i, hoton haɓakar maganadisu, ƙirar gaba ta gaba, da martanin hemodynamic
Bayyanawa: Seok JW da Sohn JH (2015) uralananan Maɗaukakin Sha'awar Jima'i a cikin Mutum da ke da Matsalar Haɗuwa da Haɗu.Gabar. Behav. Neurosci. 9: 321. Doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2015.00321
An samu: 18 Yuni 2015; An karɓa: 10 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2015;
An buga: 30 Nuwamba 2015.
Edited by:
Morten L. Kringelbach, Jami'ar Oxford, Birtaniya da Jami'ar Aarhus, Denmark, Birtaniya
Duba by:
Matthias Brand, Jami'ar Duisburg-Essen, Jamus
Janniko Georgiadis, Cibiyar Nazarin Jami'ar Cibiyar Groningen, ta Netherlands
Hakkin mallaka © 2015 Seok da Sohn. Wannan labarin bude-hanya ne wanda aka rarraba a karkashin sharuddan Ƙirƙashin Lasisin Haɓaka na Creative Commons (CC BY). An yi amfani da amfani, rarraba ko haifuwa a sauran zangon, idan aka ba da mawallafi na asali ko mai lasisi da kuma asali na asali a cikin wannan mujallar, bisa ga ka'idar da aka yarda. Ba'a amfani da amfani, rarraba ko haifuwa wanda ba ya bi waɗannan sharuɗɗa.
* Rubutawa: Jin-Hun Sohn, [email kariya]
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