ABUBUWAN: Yayinda yake da kyakkyawan rubutun, ya ƙyale yawancin binciken da aka tattara akan wannan shafi: Nazarin Brain a kan Masu Kayan Yanar Gizo. Wataƙila an gabatar da takaddar kafin bugun karatun. Bugu da kari, wannan bita ba ya raba “luwadi da madigo” daga jarabar batsa ta yanar gizo. Wannan ya ce, ƙarshe ya bayyana a sarari:
“A dunkule, shaidun sun nuna kamar canzawa a gaban gaba, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, septum, da kuma yankuna masu kwakwalwa wadanda ke aiwatar da lada suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a bayyanar luwadi. Nazarin kwayar halitta da kuma maganin cututtukan neuropharmacological sun nuna a yayin da ake amfani da tsarin kwayar halittar. ”
Hada zuwa cikakken binciken (biya)
Ƙasashen Duniya na Neurobiology
S. Kühn*, †, , , J. Gallinat*
- * Clinical University Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic da Polyclinic don Psychiatry da Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Jamus
- † Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kimiyya, Cibiyar Max Planck don Ci gaban Dan Adam, Berlin, Jamus
Nemi 31 mai yiwuwa a kan layi 2016
Abstract
Har ya zuwa yanzu, jima'i ba ta sami shigarwa cikin tsarin jituwa na yau da kullum ba. Duk da haka ana magana da shi akai-akai game da sabon abu wanda ke cike da ciwon haɗari mai yawan gaske wanda yake cutar da mutum. Binciken farko sun binciko ka'idar neurobiological na liwadi, amma littattafan yanzu ba su da isasshen zane da kuskure. A cikin bita na yanzu, muna taƙaitawa da tattauna abubuwan da suka samo daga hanyoyi daban-daban: nazarin nema da ciwon jinsi, bincike kan wasu cututtuka da ba'awar da ke tattare da jima'i, hujjoji neuropharmacological, kwayoyin da kuma nazarin dabba. A haɗuwa tare, shaidar tana nuna cewa canje-canje a lobe na gaba, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, septum, da kuma ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa wadanda ke aiwatar da ladabi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayyanar da haɗin kai. Nazarin halittu da nazarin maganin neuropharmacological yana nunawa a yayin da ake aiwatar da kwayoyin halitta.
keywords: Jima'i jima'i; Halin halayen jima'i; Hudaci; Halin halayyar jima'i marar iyaka
MUHAMMU KUMA
4. KASANCE DA KUMA GARANTIN HYPERSEXUALITY
Karatuttukan da yawa sun binciko hanyoyin da ke tattare da sha'awar jima'i don mayar da martani ga abubuwan motsa sha'awa na gani idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar amfani da hoton maganadisu mai kyau (fMRI). A cikin nazarin kwatankwacin bincike game da binciken jijiyoyin da yawa da ke bincike kan amsar kwakwalwa game da alamomin batsa da ke gudana a tsakanin maza da mata, mun sami haduwa a tsakanin karatuttukan BOLD a yankuna da dama da suka hada da hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, gyrus cingulate gyrus (ACC), insula, fusiform gyrus , Gyrus na tsakiya, kwalliyar kwalliya, da kuma kwarkwata (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2011a) (Fig. 1). A cikin karatun da ke ba da rahoton amsoshin kwakwalwa da ke hade da alamar ilimin lissafi na motsawar sha'awa (misali, tashin hankali na azzakari), mun sami daidaitaccen aiki a duk faɗin nazarin hypothalamus, thalamus, insula na biyu, ACC, gyrus postcentral, da gyrus occipital. Corunƙasar gaba na gaba Gefen tsakiya na Gabatarwa pounƙarar ƙwanan baya Anunƙarar ƙwayar baya Cuadate Thalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Insula Nucleus accumbens Hypothalamus. Siffa 1 Yankuna da ke iya kasancewa cikin halayyar luwadi (septum ba a nuna ba).
A cikin karatun da aka kula da aikin kwakwalwa a lokacin inzali ga maza da mata, an ba da rahoton kunnawa a cikin hanyoyin dopaminergic wanda ya samo asali daga ƙananan kwakwalwa (VTA) (Holstege et al., 2003) zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (Komisaruk et al., 2004; Komisaruk , Mai hikima, Frangos, Birbano, & Allen, 2011). An kuma lura da aiki a cikin cerebellum da ACC (Holstege et al., 2003; Komisaruk et al., 2004, 2011). A cikin mata kawai, an lura da kunna ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa ta gaba yayin ɓarna (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2005). A cikin nazarin sake-amsawa akan marasa lafiya masu shan cocaine, an gabatar da mutane da alamun gani waɗanda suka danganci koken ko jima'i (Childress et al., 2008). Abin sha'awa shine, sakamakon ya nuna irin wadannan yankuna na kwakwalwa da za a kunna yayin alamomin da suka shafi kwayoyi da alaƙa da jima'i waɗanda ke cikin layin sadarwar da tsarin lalata, wato a cikin VTA, amygdala, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, orbitofrontal, da kuma ɓoyayyen cortex. Wasu kuma sun faɗi kamanceceniya a cikin bayanan kunnawa na kwakwalwa don amsa matsalolin jima'i da ƙauna da haɗewa (Frascella, Potenza, Brown, & Childress, 2010).
Studyaya daga cikin binciken ne kawai har zuwa yau yana da, ga iliminmu, bincika bambance-bambance a cikin kunna kwakwalwa tsakanin mahalarta tare da ba tare da liwadi a yayin aiki na aiki na fMRI ba (Voon et al., 2014). Mawallafa sun ba da rahoton mafi girma ACC, ventral striatal, da amygdala aiki a cikin mutane tare da liwadi idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba tare da su ba. Yankunan da aka kunna sun haɗu tare da yankuna na kwakwalwa waɗanda muka gano a cikin zane-zane don ci gaba da kunnawa a cikin alamun shaye-shaye na miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan maye (K € uhn & Gallinat, 2011b). Wannan kamanceceniyar yanki yana ba da ƙarin tallafi don tunanin cewa yin luwadi na iya zama mafi kama da rikicewar jaraba. Binciken da Voon da abokan aiki suka yi ya kuma bayyana cewa babban haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗin ACC-striatal-amygdala an haɗu da sha'awar jima'i da aka ba da labari ("ana so" a cikin amsar tambayar "Nawa wannan ya haɓaka sha'awar jima'i?" Ba "son ”An tantance ta da tambayar“ Nawa kuka so wannan bidiyon? ”) Zuwa mafi girma a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da liwadi. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya da ke yin luwadi sun ba da rahoton matakan girma na "so" amma ba na "son" ba. Wannan rarrabuwa tsakanin "son" da "son" an yi tsammanin zai faru da zarar wani hali ya zama jaraba a cikin tsarin
na abin da ake kira ka'idar karfafa gwiwa game da jaraba (Robinson & Berridge, 2008).
A cikin binciken binciken ilimin lantarki akan mahalarta suna gunaguni game da matsaloli game da ikon sarrafa tasirin batsa na intanet, abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru (ERPs), watau P300 amplitudes a mayar da martani ga motsin rai da kuma jima'i alamun, an gwada su don wata ƙungiya tare da tambayoyin tambayoyin da ke nazarin jima'i da sha'awar jima'i (so ) (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Yi amfani, 2013). P300 yana da alaƙa da matakan kulawa kuma yana cikin ɓangaren da aka kirkira a cikin ACC. Marubutan sun fassara rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙididdigar tambayoyi da ƙimar ERP a matsayin gazawa don tallafawa samfuran da suka gabata na liwadi. Wannan ƙaddamarwa ta soki kamar yadda wasu ba su da hujja (Love, Laier, Brand, Hatch, & Hajela, 2015; Watts & Hilton, 2011).
A cikin binciken da ƙungiyarmu ta yi kwanan nan, mun tattara mahalarta maza masu lafiya kuma sun haɗu da rahoton da aka ba da rahotonsu na kai tsaye tare da abubuwan batsa tare da amsar fMRI ɗin su game da hotunan jima'i da kuma ƙirar kwakwalwar su (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014). Hoursarin sa'o'in mahalarta sun ba da rahoton cinye hotunan batsa, ƙaramin amsa mai BOLD a cikin hagu na hagu dangane da hotunan jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, mun gano cewa yawancin awannin da aka shafe ana kallon hotunan batsa yana da alaƙa da ƙaramin ƙwayar launin toka a cikin bugun, wanda ya fi daidai a cikin madaidaicin madaidaicin da ke shiga cikin ƙirar ƙirar. Muna tunanin cewa ƙarancin ƙirar ƙira na kwakwalwa na iya yin nuni da sakamakon haƙuri bayan lalacewa ga matsalolin jima'i. Bambancin tsakanin sakamakon da Voon ya ruwaito da abokan aiki na iya kasancewa saboda gaskiyar cewa an tattara mahalarta daga cikin jama'a kuma ba a bincikar su suna fama da liwadi ba. Koyaya, yana iya zama cewa har yanzu hotunan abubuwan batsa (sabanin bidiyo kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken ta Voon) bazai gamsar da masu kallon bidiyo na yau ba, kamar yadda andauna da abokan aiki suka ba da shawara (2015). Dangane da haɗin haɗin aiki, mun gano cewa mahalarta waɗanda ke cinye mafi yawan batsa suna nuna ƙaramar haɗi tsakanin madaidaiciyar caudate (inda aka sami ƙaramin ƙarami) da hagu na farko na farko na hagu (DLPFC). Ba a san DLPFC kawai ta kasance cikin ayyukan sarrafa zartarwa ba amma har ila yau an san cewa tana da hannu cikin tasirin sakewa ga magunguna. Wani takamaiman rushewar haɗin aiki tsakanin DLPFC da caudate an kuma bayar da rahoton a cikin mahalarta masu shan tabar heroin (Wang et al., 2013) wanda ke yin lalatattun maganganun batsa kamar waɗanda ke cikin shan kwayoyi.
Wani binciken kuma wanda ya binciki tsarin alaƙar da ke tattare da haɗin kai ya yi amfani da hotunan tensor ya bazu kuma ya ba da rahoton maƙasudin maƙasudin mafi girma a cikin ɓangaren farar fata na gaba a yankin gaba na gaba (Miner, Raymond, Mueller, Lloyd, & Lim, 2009) da kuma alaƙa mara kyau tsakanin mahimman rarrabawa a cikin wannan hanyar kuma ƙididdiga a cikin halayyar halayen halayen jima'i. Wadannan marubutan suma suna ba da rahoton ƙarin halayyar motsa rai a cikin aikin Go-NoGo a cikin luwadi idan aka kwatanta da mahalarta iko.
An nuna raunin haɓaka masu kama da juna a cikin cocaine-, MDMA-, methamphetamine-, taba-, da kuma yawan giya (Smith, Mattick, Jamadar, & Iredale, 2014). Wani binciken da ya binciki tsarin kwakwalwa a cikin luwadi ta hanyar samfurin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama mai ban sha'awa a nan, kodayake samfurin ya ƙunshi marasa lafiya na rashin lafiyar gaban jiki (Perry et al., 2014). Marubutan sun ba da rahoto game da haɗuwa tsakanin madaidaiciyar dama da ƙoshin lafiya da kuma neman lada. Koyaya, marubutan sun haɗu da launin toka tare da sakamakon neman lada wanda ya haɗa da wasu bambance-bambancen halaye irin su yawan cin abinci (78%), ƙarar barasa ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi (26%), ban da luwadi (17%).
Don taƙaitawa, shaidun bayanan da suke nunawa a cikin sassan kwakwalwa da suka danganci aikin haɓaka, ciki har da ƙwayar mahaukaci (ko mafi yawan al'ada) da kuma VTA, sifofin gaba da ma'adinai irin su amygdala da hypothalamus a cikin jima'i kuma yiwuwar har ma da liwadi.
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