COMMENTS: Ma kahi o kaʻike maikaʻi loa, ua haʻalele i ka nui o nā haʻawina i'ākoakoa ma kēiaʻaoʻao: Nā Koʻo Haumāna ma nā Mea Maoli. Ua waiho ʻia paha ka pepa ma mua o ka paʻi aʻo ʻana. Eia hou, ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale ka loiloi i ka "moekolohe" mai ka hoʻoweliweli porn pūnaewele. ʻO kēlā, ua maopopo ka hopena:
"Lawe pū ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana i nā loli i mua o ka lobe, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, septum, a me nā wahi o ka lolo e hana ana i ka makana he kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka puka ʻana o ka moekolohe. Ke hoʻokokoke nei nā loiloi genetic a me nā lāʻau neuropharmacological i ke komo ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana dopaminergic. "
Ka loulou i ka piha piha (uku)
Ka Papa Hana Hou o ka Neurobiology
S. Kühn*, †, , , J. Gallinat*
- * Ke Kulanui Kulanuiʻo Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic a me Polyclinic no ka Haukapila a me ka Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Kelemānia
- † Ka Pūnaewele no ke Kaiako Olapili, Max Planck Institute no ke Hoʻokōʻana Manuahi, Berlin, Kelemānia
Loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele 31 May 2016
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Ma kēia manawa,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka moekolohe ka hoʻokomoʻana i nā pūnaewele hōʻuluʻulu maʻamau. Eia naʻe, ua kamaʻilio pinepineʻia i nā mea iʻikeʻia i loko o kaʻona o ka moekolohe nui e pāpālua ana no kēlā me kēia. ʻO nā haʻawina mua e nānā i nā pilikino neurobiological o ka moekolohe, akā naʻe,ʻaʻole i lawa nā palapala i kēia manawa e huki ai i nā hopena o nā manaʻo. Ma ka hōʻike o kēia manawa, hoʻopuka a hōʻuluʻulu mākou i nāʻike mai nā manaʻo likeʻole: nā neuroimaging a me nā leion study, nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā maʻi neuropili i hoʻohuiʻia i kekahi manawa me ka moekolohe, nā hōʻike neuropharmacological, nā moʻo a me nā haʻawina holoholona. Hoʻohuiʻia,ʻikeʻia nā hōʻike i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka lobe mua, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, septum, a me nā lolo i hana i ka uku no ka hoʻokūkū o ka moekolohe. ʻO nāʻenehana a me nā neuropharmacological kahi e pili ai i kahi i ka hoʻokomoʻiaʻana o ka pūnaha dopaminerics.
Keywords: Ka hōʻeha kino; Hoʻopilikia i ka moekolohe; ʻO ka moekolohe; ʻO ka hana kolohe maʻamauʻole
NO KA HOʻOPIʻI AKU
4. NO NUI NO KA HYPERSEXUALITY
Ua ʻimi nā noiʻi he nui i nā neural correlates o ka hoʻonāukiuki i ka wahine i ka pane ʻana i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki erotic i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā stimulus kūlohelohe e hoʻohana ana i nā kiʻi magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). I loko o kahi meta-analysis ma nā noiʻi neuroimaging he nui e noiʻi ana i ka pane o ka lolo i nā kuhi erotic visual i mālama ʻia i loko o nā kāne heterosexuals, ua ʻike mākou i ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā noi ʻana i ka BOLD hoʻouluulu i nā wahi he nui me hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, gyrus cingulate mua (ACC), insula, fusiform gyrus , gyrus precentral, Cortex parietal, a me occipital Cortex (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2011a) (Fig 1). I loko o nā noiʻi i hōʻike i nā pane o ka lolo e pili ana i kahi marka physiological o ka hoʻowalewale moekolohe (e laʻa me ka penile tumescence), ua ʻike mākou i ka hoʻoulu mau ʻana ma o nā noi i hypothalamus, thalamus, bilateral insula, ACC, postcentral gyrus, a me occipital gyrus ʻO ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka ʻaoʻao mua ʻO ka ʻaoʻao mua ʻO ka Cortex kihi mua ʻO Cortex mua ʻO Cuadate Thalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Insula Nucleus accumbens Hypothalamus. Fig. 1 mau ʻāpana i komo i loko o nā moe kolohe (septum ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia).
I nā noiʻi i nānā ʻia ai ka hana lolo i ka wā o ka orgasm no nā kāne a me nā wahine, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ala dopaminergic e hoʻomaka ana mai ka ventral tegmentum (VTA) (Holstege et al., 2003) i nā nucleus accumbens (Komisaruk et al., 2004; Komisaruk , Wise, Frangos, Birbano, & Allen, 2011). Ua ʻike ʻia ka hana ma cerebellum a me ka ACC (Holstege et al., 2003; Komisaruk et al., 2004, 2011). I nā wahine wale nō, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lolo mua i ka wā orgasm (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2005). I loko o kahi noiʻi cue-reactivity ma nā mea maʻi ʻaʻai cocaine, ua hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka me nā ʻike ʻike e pili ana i ka cocaine a i ʻole ke kāne (Childress et al., 2008). ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i nā ʻāpana lolo like e hoʻāla ʻia i ka wā e pili ana i ka lāʻau a me nā mea pili i ka wahine i loko o ka pūnaewele uku a me ka ʻōnaehana limbic, ʻo ia hoʻi ma VTA, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal, a me insular cortex. Ua haʻi aku kekahi i kahi like i ka pili o ka cerebral activation i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻonāukiuki i ka moekolohe a me ke aloha a me ka hoʻopili (Frascella, Potenza, Brown, & Childress, 2010).
Hoʻokahi wale nō noiʻi i kēia lā, i ko mākou ʻike, ua ʻimi i nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lolo ma waena o nā mea komo me a me ka ʻole o ka moekolohe ma kahi o ka cue-reactivity fMRI hana (Voon et al., 2014). Hōʻike nā mea kākau i ka kiʻekiʻe ACC, ventral striatal, a me ka hana amygdala i kēlā me kēia kanaka me ka moekolohe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka poʻe me ka ʻole. Hoʻopili nā wahi i nā wahi lolo me mākou i ʻike ai i ka meta-analysis e hana mau ʻia i loko o nā paradigms ʻimi ʻana i ka lāʻau ma waena o nā ʻano mea ʻona (K € uhn & Gallinat, 2011b). Hāʻawi kēia like kūlike i ke kākoʻo no ke kuhiakau e like paha ka moekolohe me nā maʻi ʻaʻai. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka noiʻi a Voon a me nā hoapili e pili ana ka pilina paʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka pūnaewele ACC – striatal – amygdala i pili i ka makemake moekolohe i hōʻike ʻia ("makemake" i ka pane i ka nīnau "Ehia kēia hoʻonui i kou makemake moekolohe?" ʻAʻole "makemake "Loiloi ʻia e ka nīnau" Pehea kou makemake i kēia wikiō? ") I ke kekelē kiʻekiʻe aʻe i nā mea maʻi me ka moekolohe. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā mea maʻi me ka moekolohe i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka "makemake" akā ʻaʻole ka "makemake." Kuhi ʻia kēia hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ka "makemake" a me ka "makemake" i ka manawa i lilo ai kekahi ʻano i mea hōʻalo ma waena o ke kumu.
o ke kumumanaʻo insentive-salience o ke ʻano hōʻalo (Robinson & Berridge, 2008).
I loko o kahi noiʻi electroencephalography e pili ana i nā poʻe e hoʻopiʻi nei e pili ana i nā pilikia i ka kaohi ʻana i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pūnaewele, nā hanana e pili ana i ka hanana (ERPs), ʻo ia hoʻi nā amplitude P300 i ka pane ʻana i nā ʻōuli a me ka moekolohe, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia no kahi hui me nā helu nīnau e nānā ana i ka moekolohe a me ka makemake wahine (makemake ) (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013). Ua pili ka P300 i nā hana noʻeau a ma kahi ʻāpana i hana ʻia i ka ACC. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau i ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi pilina ma waena o nā helu nīnau a me nā amplitude ERP ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo ʻole i nā hiʻohiʻona mua o ka moekolohe. Ua hoʻohewa ʻia kēia hopena ma ke ʻano kūpono ʻole e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (Love, Laier, Brand, Hatch, & Hajela, 2015; Watts & Hilton, 2011).
I loko o kahi noi hou ʻana e kā mākou hui, ua ʻākoakoa mākou i nā kāne komo a ola a pili i kā lākou hōʻike ponoʻī i nā hola i hoʻolilo ʻia me nā mea ponokala kiʻi me kā lākou pane fMRI i nā kiʻi moekolohe a me kā lākou lolo morphology (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014). ʻO ka nui o nā hola i hōʻike e ʻai i nā ponokala kiʻi, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka pane BOLD i ka putamen hema i ka pane ʻana i nā kiʻi moekolohe. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike mākou e pili ana nā hola hou aku e nānā ana i nā ponokala kiʻi me ka nui o ka hina o ka mea i loko o ka striatum, ʻoi aku ka pololei i ka caudate ʻākau i hiki i ka putamen ventral. Kuhi mākou hiki i ka lolo ke hana i ka nui o ka deficit ke hōʻike i nā hopena o ke ahonui ma hope o ka desensitization i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia e Voon a me nā hoa hana ma muli o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia o kā mākou poʻe komo mai ka lehulehu a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e like me ka ʻeha o ka moekolohe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole paha e ʻoluʻolu nā kiʻi o nā ʻike ponokala kiʻi (i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā wikiō e like me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ʻia e Voon) i nā mea nānā wikiō wikiō o kēia lā, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Love a me nā hoapili (2015). Ma nā ʻōlelo o ka pilina hana, ua ʻike mākou i nā mea i hoʻopau i nā ponokala kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka liʻiliʻi o ka pilina ma waena o ka caudate ʻākau (kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka liʻiliʻi o ka leo) a haʻalele i ka dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC). ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ʻo DLPFC wale nō e pili i nā mana kaohi hoʻokō akā ʻike ʻia e pili pū i ka cue reactivity i nā lāʻau. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia kekahi hoʻohaunaele o ka pilina o ka hana ma waena o DLPFC a me caudate i nā mea komo i ka heroin-addict (Wang et al., 2013) ka mea e hoʻohālikelike i nā neural o nā ponokala kiʻi e like me nā mea i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO kekahi noiʻi i noiʻi i nā pilina neural o ka pilina e pili ana i ka moekolohe i hoʻohana i ke kiʻi ʻana o ka diffusion a hōʻike i ka diffusivity ʻoi aʻe ma kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo prefrontal ma kahi ʻaoʻao mua kiʻekiʻe (Miner, Raymond, Mueller, Lloyd, & Lim, 2009) a me kahi hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole. ma waena o ka diffusivity mean ma kēia kahana a me nā helu i kahi papa hana moekolohe koi. Hōʻike pū kēia mau mea kākau i ka lawena impulsive i kahi hana Go-NoGo i ka moekolohe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea komo i ka mana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hemahema hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻohālikelike i ka cocaine-, MDMA-, methamphetamine-, paka-, a me nā heluna pili i ka waiʻona (Smith, Mattick, Jamadar, & Iredale, 2014). ʻO kahi noiʻi i noiʻi i ka hana o ka lolo i ka moekolohe ma o ka morphometry i hoʻokumu ʻia e voxel e hoihoi paha ma aneʻi, ʻoiai kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā mea maʻi dementia frontotemporal (Perry et al., 2014). Hōʻike nā mea kākau i kahi hui ma waena o ka putamen ventral pono a me ka atrophy pallidum a me ka hana ʻimi uku. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻopili nā mea kākau i ka mea hina me kahi helu e ʻimi ana i ka makana i hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻano lawena ʻē aʻe e like me ka ʻai nui (78%), hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻalekohola a hoʻohana lāʻau lāʻau paha (26%), a me ka hypersexuality (17%).
No ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana,ʻo nā hōʻike hōʻike neuroimaging i ka uluʻana o nā lolo e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ukuʻana, e like me keʻano o ka puʻupuʻu (ma keʻano o ka striatum) a me ka VTA, nā hale hana mua a me nāʻano limbic e like me ka amygdala a me ka hypothalamus i ka huhū wahine. a me ka pili pono o ka wahine.
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