Hana Hana i 16 a hiki i 21-Year-Olds ma Beretania (2016)

Nā COMMENTS COMMENTS:

Ua hōʻikeʻia kēia hōʻike i nā pāʻani o ka hana pilikino ma 16-21 makahiki (mau mea mai ka 2010-2012):

• ʻAʻohe makemake e loaʻa ka moe kolohe: 10.5%
• Paʻa o ke koʻikoʻi: 8.3%
• ʻO ka paʻakikī e hoʻokō a mālama paha i kahi kūkulu: 7.8%

ʻO nā uku i luna nui loa i nā mea i hōʻikeʻia ma mua o ka hikiʻana mai o ka pūnaewelet ʻO kahi laʻana, hōʻike mau ʻia nā helu hana erectile no nā kāne ma lalo o 40 2% i nā hana i hana 'ia ma mua o ka makahiki 2000. Ma nā 1940s, ka Ua pau ka'ōlelo a Kinsey ʻO ka liloʻana o ED emi mai ka 1% i nā kāne'ōpio ma mua o 30 makahiki. ʻO nā lālā ED no nā kāne 21 paha e kokoke ana iā 1%. Inā pololei kēia mau mea o kēia mau makahiki o ka makahiki 6-8 e hōʻike i kahi hoʻonui 400% -800% i nā hoʻonui ED no nā kāne ma 16-21.! ʻLelo ʻia, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā helu o kēia noi ma mua o kekahi mau loiloi hou e pili ana i nā kāne ʻōpio (ʻo ia hoʻi nā helu ED). E ʻike i kēia loiloi no ka nui o nā kikoʻī a me nā haʻawina. He PūnaeweleʻIke Pūnaewele e hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka hana kino? ʻO kahi hōʻike me nā hōʻike hōʻailona (2016).

Hiki i kekahi mau kumu waiwai ke hoʻopuka i nā hōʻike pilikino o nā pilikia kāne kāne male:

1) Pehea i hōʻiliʻiliʻia ai kaʻikepili:

"Nīnauele ʻia nā mea i komo ma ka home e kahi mea nīnauele i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, e hoʻohana ana i ka hui pū ʻana o ke kamaʻilio me ke alo a he alo a me ke kamepiula e nīnauele ʻia (CASI) no nā nīnau maʻalahi."

He mea hiki ʻole paha ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōpio ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai i mua i kahi hālāwai ninaninau i ka home. ʻO nā noiʻi hou e ʻike nei i nā helu kiʻekiʻe o nā pilikia moekolohe i ka poʻe ʻōpio he anamana pūnaewele inoa ʻole. ʻO kahi laʻana, kēia Ke noiʻo 2014 ma luna o nā poʻe'ōpioʻo Canada hōʻike i ka 53.5% o nā kāne male 16-21 i loaʻa he mau hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i ka pilikia pili wahine. ʻO ka hanaʻehā o Erectile ka mea maʻamau (27%), a me ka makemake haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (24%), a me nā pilikia me kaʻoliʻoli (11%).

2) Ua hōʻiliʻili ka noiʻi i kāna ʻikepili ma waena o ʻAukake, 2010 a me Kepakemapa, 2012. ʻO 6-8 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā haʻawina e hōʻike nei i kahi ala nui i ka ED ʻōpio i hōʻike mua ʻia ma 2011.

3) Ua hoʻohanaʻia he nui o nā haʻawina'ē aʻe IIEF-5 aiʻole IIEF-6, e ho'ākāka ana i nā pilikia kūlohelohe ma kekahi pālākika, ma ka kū'ē i ka mea maʻalahi ʻae or ʻaʻole (i nā mahina i hala iho nei 3) hoʻohanaʻia ma ka pepa pepa.

Ka Nūpepa o ka Haumāna Ola

Loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele 3 August 2016

ʻO Rev. R. Mitchell, Ph.D.^{a, b,,,} ,ʻO Rebeca Geary, Ph.D.^c, Cynthia Graham, Ph.D.^d, ʻO Soazig Clifton^c, ʻO Catherine H. Mercer, Ph.D.^c, ʻO Ruth Lewis, Ph.D.^{a, e}, ʻO Wendy Macdowall, M.Sc.^a, ʻO Jessica Datta, M.Sc.^a, Anne M. Johnson, MD^c, Kaye Wellings, FRCOG^a

hana: 10.1016 / j.jadohealth.2016.05.017

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

manao

ʻO ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka moekolohe o ka poʻe ʻōpio ke nānā ʻia i ka pono e pale aku i nā hopena hōʻino e like me nā maʻi i lawe ʻia i ka moekolohe a me ka hāpai ʻole ʻole ʻia. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia ka pōmaikaʻi o ke kuanaʻike ākea, ʻike liʻiliʻi ka ʻike ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka moekolohe. Ua ʻimi mākou e hoʻoponopono i kēia āpau ma ke ana ʻana i ka heluna lehulehu o nā pilikia o ka moekolohe, kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana, a me ka hōʻalo i ka moekolohe i ka poʻe ʻōpio.

Nā Papahana

ʻO kahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kūpono o ka probability sample (Natsal-3) o nā wāhine 15,162 a me nā kāne ma Beretania (helu no ka pane: 57.7%), me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā nūele i kōkuaʻia e ka lolouila. ʻIke mai nāʻikepili mai ka 1875 (71.9%) i ka hana maʻamau, a me ka 517 hoʻoneʻe kino (18.7%), nā poʻe i komo i ka makahiki 16-21. ʻO nā kumuhana he mau mea likeʻole mai kahi ana i hanaʻia o ka moekolohe (ka Natsal-SF).

Results

Ma waena o nā mea komo 16 a i 21 mau makahiki i komo i ka moekolohe, 9.1% o nā kāne a me 13.4% o nā wahine i hōʻike i kahi pilikia moe kolohe kaumaha i hala 3 mau mahina a ʻoi paha i ka makahiki i hala. ʻO ka mea maʻamau i waena o nā kāne ke kiʻi wikiwiki nei i ka piko (4.5%), a ma waena o nā wahine paʻakikī i ka hiki ʻana i ka piko (6.3%). Ma kahi o ka hapakolu (35.5%) o nā kāne a me 42.3% o nā wahine e hōʻike nei i kahi pilikia ua ʻimi lākou i ke kōkua, akā ʻaʻole iki nā kumuwaiwai ʻoihana. I waena o ka poʻe i loaʻa ʻole ka moekolohe i ka makahiki i hala, aia wale nō> 10% o nā kāne ʻōpio a me nā wahine i ʻōlelo ua hōʻalo lākou i ka moekolohe ma muli o nā pilikia moekolohe.

hopena a

Hoʻopilikia ka pilikia i nā pilikia pili i ka moekino e hōʻikeʻia e ka poʻe liʻiliʻi nui o nā poʻe'ōpio i hana pāʻani. Pono pono ka hoʻonaʻauao, a pono e aʻoʻia, e pale i ka hemahema o kaʻike, ka hopohopo, a me ka hilahila i ka neʻeʻana i nā pilikia pili i ka nohona.

Keywords

• Ōpio kānaka;
• ʻO ke'ōpio;
• Nā pilikia pilikino hana;
• Nānā i ka wahine;
• Ka nohokino;
• Kōkua kōkua;
• Kaupae i ka moekolohe;
• Pākuʻi;
• Ka nānāʻana o nā kānaka

Nā hopena a me nā haʻawina

ʻIkeʻia kēiaʻikeʻikepili o ka'āina mai Beritania eʻikeʻoleʻia nā pilikia pilikino piliʻole i ka poʻe'ōpio (ʻo 16-21 makahiki). Ma nāʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao kāne a me nā lawelawe pilikino pili pono, pono nā kānakaʻoihana e hoʻomaopopo i keʻano o ka nohokino maikaʻi a hāʻawi i nā manawa no nā'ōpio e ho'āla ae kamaʻilio i ko lākou mau manaʻo.

Hoʻoikaika pinepine ka hoihoi ʻoihana i ka moekolohe a ka poʻe ʻōpio e ka hopohopo e pale i nā hōʻino o ka moekolohe, ka hāpai mua ʻole ʻia a me ka maʻi lele (STI) [1], [2] a [3] a me ka nui o ka moe kolohe. Hōʻike kaʻilima kūpono i ka manaʻo o nā'ōpio i nā pilikia e pili ana i ko lākou nohokino. Hiki paha iā lākou ke hopohopo e pili ana i ko lākou moekoloheʻana a iʻole kahiʻike [4], e noʻonoʻo i ka pilikino pilikino eʻae i nā hana a lākou e makemakeʻole aiʻole loaʻa i kaʻeha [5], aiʻole e kū'ē'ē i nā kuʻuna i maʻalahi ai ka hōʻoia i nā hana i kūponoʻole i ka mea maikaʻi [6] a [7].

ʻOiai ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia nā pilikia e pili ana i ka makemake, ka ʻike moekolohe, a me ka inoa moekolohe, ʻaʻole ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i nā pilikia i loaʻa i ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka pane a me ka hana a ka wahine. ʻO kēia kahi mahele no ka mea ua manaʻo ʻia nā pilikia o ka moekolohe e pili pono i nā ʻelemākule. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hana moekolohe ma ke ʻano he hiki i ke kanaka ke pane i ka moekolohe a i ʻole ʻike i ka leʻaleʻa wahine [8] a ʻo nā pilikia o ka moekolohe ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i kēia. ʻO nā noiʻi prevalence taupuna o nā pilikia pili i ka moekolohe ka mea maʻamau i nā poʻe komo i ka makahiki 16 a 18 paha, akā hoʻohana pinepine i nā papa makahiki ākea, a 29 mau makahiki [9] a 'ole hiki ke hoʻolako i nā kiko kiko'ī i nā'ōpio ma lalo o 24 makahiki [10], [11] a [12]. ʻAʻohe haʻawina e pili ana i ka'ōpiopio makua, aʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohana i kaʻikepili no kaʻike'āina [13] a [14].

Loaʻa kaʻike nui eʻike nuiʻia ka olakino kino [15] a [16], a me ka hōʻoia o ka hōʻoia o WHO- "kahi kūlana o ke olakino, a pilikino, a me ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka moekolohe" [17]Loaʻa kālā. Ma ka poʻe'ōpio,ʻo ka pilina pili i ka wahine e pili ana i "nā pili kūpono o ka moekolohe, a me ka loaʻaʻana o nā kūpono e pili ana i ka paleʻana i nā hopena pili kino" [18]. Loaʻa nā hōʻike e pili ana nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻokipa wahine a me ka leʻaleʻa e pili ana i ka laweʻana a me nā hana hoʻolālā palekana [16] a [19]. ʻO kekahi laʻana, uaʻikeʻia nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hanaʻana o ka'ōpileto i waena o nā'ōpio i ka paleʻana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka condom [20] a me ka hoʻohana ponoʻoleʻana [21]. ʻO ke olakino maikaʻi maikaʻi i nā poʻe'ōpio e pili ana i nā hana hoʻolālā kūpono, e like me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka condom a me ka moe kolohe [18], a me ka hana pilina ma nā poʻe mākua e pili like ana me ka hana kūpono [22]. ʻO nā hana e mālama ai i ka leʻaleʻa iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka poʻe mālamaʻole i kēiaʻano [16] a [23]. ʻO ka hemahema o kaʻikepili e pili ana i ka hana maʻamau i ka poʻe'ōpio ke hoʻoikaika nei i nā hana e pale aku i ka olakino i ka pilina a me ka hoʻoikaika i ka manaʻo e piliʻole ana ka hana pilina me ke olakino i nā papa hana palekana e hāpai ana i ka poʻe'ōpio [1] a [24].

Ua hōʻike mua aku nei mākou i ka hoʻomau pinepineʻana i nā pilikia pilikino i nā mākua i nā makahiki 16-74 e hoʻohana ana i nāʻikepili mai kaʻike āpauʻekolu o nā'Inekino a me ke Ola (Natsal-3) [22]. Maʻaneʻi, hoʻohana mākou i kēia ʻikepili i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hoʻoponopono i ka hakahaka o ka ʻike empirical e pili ana i nā pilikia o ka moekolohe (me nā mea e hoʻopilikia ai), kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana e pili ana i ke ola moekolohe o kekahi, a me ka hōʻalo ʻana i ka moekolohe ma muli o nā pilikia, i ka poʻe ʻōpio 16-21 mau makahiki ma Beritania.

Nā Papahana

Nā mea komo a me ka hana

Hōʻike mākou i ka ʻikepili mai ka poʻe 16- a 21 mau makahiki i komo i Natsal-3, kahi ana hoʻohālikelike kūpono o 15,162 kāne a me nā wahine mai 16-74 mau makahiki ma Pelekane, i nīnauele ʻia ma waena o Sepatemaba 2010 a ʻAukake 2012. Kūleʻa mākou i ka wā makua ka wā a me nā pae mua o nā hana moekolohe ma mua o ka "noho" ʻana o ka poʻe ʻōpio i loko o ka manawa lōʻihi o ka launa ʻana a me ka moekolohe. Ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi hoʻolālā laulā probist multistage, clustered, a stratified, me ka UK Postcode Address File ma ke ʻano he sampling frame and postcode sector (n = 1,727) i wae ʻia ma ke ʻano he anakahi Sampling unit. Ma loko o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana hōʻikeʻike mua, ua koho ʻia he 30 a 36 paha mau helu ʻekahi ma ka hulina, a ma loko o kēlā me kēia ʻohana, ua koho ʻia kahi makua kūpono e hoʻohana ana i ka pā Kish. Ma hope o ke kaupaona ʻana e hoʻoponopono ai no nā likelike kaulike ʻole o ke koho ʻana, ua hōʻike ākea ka laʻana Natsal-3 i ka heluna Pelekane e like me ia i ho'ākāka ʻia e nā helu helu kanaka 2011. [25].

Ua hoʻopaʻaʻia nā mea i komo ma ka home e kekahi mea nīnau i aʻoʻia, e hoʻohana ana i ka hui pūnaewele i kōkuaʻia me ke kākoʻo me ka lolouila (CASI) no nā nīnau maʻamau. Aia ka mea nīnauele a loaʻa iā ia e kōkua i ka manawa e hoʻopau ai nā haumāna i ka CASI akāʻaʻole iʻike i nā pane. Ma ka pauʻana o nā māhele CASI, ua "paʻa" nā pane i loko o ka kamepiula a hikiʻole i ka mea nīnau nīnau. ʻO ka hālāwai ninaninau i mālamaʻia no hoʻokahi hola, a loaʻa nā haumāna i ka '15 i hōʻailona o ka mahalo. ʻO ka mea noiʻi i hoʻoholoʻia i ka hoʻonaninu a me ka pilo pilo [26].

ʻO ka nui o ka pane paneʻana he 57.7% o nā helu kūpono a pau (64.8% i waena o nā poʻe i komo i ka makahiki 16-44). ʻO ka hāʻina hui (like o nā mea pane i nā kūpono kūpono kahi iʻaelikeʻia ai ke kūkāʻana e komo i ka nānāʻana)ʻo 65.8%. Hoʻopukaʻia nāʻano o keʻano o ka loiloi ma kahi'ē aʻe [25] a [27]. Ua'āponoʻiaʻo Natsal-3 e ke Kōmike Aʻoʻo Oxfordshire A. Ua hāʻawi nā poʻe i kaʻae kūkā no nā nīnauele.

Nā mea i loaʻa

ʻO nā mea komo e hōʻike nei i ka moekolohe, waha, a anal paha me hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha hoa i loko o ka makahiki i hala aku nei ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he "moekolohe" a nīnau inā ua ʻike lākou i kekahi papa inoa o nā pilikia ʻewalu me ko lākou ola wahine i hala he 3 mau mahina a ʻoi aku paha i ka wā i hala. makahiki. ʻAʻohe o lākou hoihoi i ka moekolohe, nele i ka leʻaleʻa i ka moekolohe, ʻano hopohopo i ka wā o ka moekolohe, ʻike ʻia i ka ʻeha o ke kino ma muli o ka moekolohe, ʻaʻohe pīhoihoi a i ʻole ke ala ʻana i ka wā o ka moekolohe, ʻaʻole i hiki i kahi climax (ʻike i kahi orgasm) a lōʻihi lōʻihi paha. e kiʻi i ka climax me ka pīhoihoi a i ʻole ala ʻia, ua hōʻea i ka climax (ʻike i kahi orgasm) ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o kāu e makemake ai, he ʻāpana maloʻo maloʻo ʻole (nīnau ʻia i nā wahine wale nō), a loaʻa ka pilikia i ka mālama ʻana i kahi kūkulu (nīnau ʻia i nā kāne wale nō) . No kēlā me kēia mea, kākoʻo lākou (pane ʻae), a laila nīnau ʻia nā mea komo i ko lākou manaʻo e pili ana i ka pilikia (nā koho pane: ʻaʻole loa i kaumaha; kahi pōpilikia iki; kaumaha loa; kaumaha loa). Ua nīnau pū mākou i ka lōʻihi o ko lākou ʻike ʻana i ka paʻakikī a pehea ka manawa i loaʻa ai nā hōʻailona (ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia i kēia ʻatikala).

ʻO nā mea komo i ka moekolohe a pau (ʻo ka poʻe i ʻike i ka moekolohe), me ka nānā ʻole i kā lākou moekolohe ʻana i ka makahiki i hala, ua noi ʻia e loiloi i ko lākou ola moekolohe ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, e like me ka mea i pale i ka moekolohe ma muli o nā pilikia moekolohe i ʻike ʻia e lākou a i ʻole kā lākou hoa. (ʻae ikaika, ʻae, ʻaʻole ʻae a kūʻē hoʻi, hōʻole, hōʻole ʻino). ʻO nā mea e ʻae ana i ka ʻae a i ʻole ka ʻae ʻana a laila hōʻike ʻia i ka papa inoa like o nā pilikia a noi ʻia e hōʻike i, inā he mea kekahi, i hōʻalo iā lākou i ka moekolohe. ʻO nā koho pane hou aʻe penei: "ua loaʻa i kaʻu pakanā hoʻokahi (a ʻoi paha) ka pilikia moekolohe" a "ʻaʻohe o kēia mau mea i hōʻalo iaʻu i ka moekolohe." ʻAe ʻia nā pane lehulehu. Ua nīnau ʻia aku ka poʻe komo inā manaʻo kaumaha a hopohopo paha lākou e pili ana i ko lākou moekolohe ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pae Likert ʻelima. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua nīnau ʻia ka poʻe komo inā ua ʻimi lākou i kōkua a ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo paha e pili ana i ko lākou ola moekolohe mai kekahi papa inoa o nā kumuwaiwai i ka makahiki i hala, a inā ʻae, e koho i nā mea āpau e pili ana. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kēia mau koho ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka ʻohana / hoaaloha, pāpāho / kōkua ponoʻī (me nā ʻike a me nā pūnaewele kākoʻo ma ka pūnaewele; nā puke kōkua ponoʻī / nā pepa ʻike; nā hui kōkua pilikino; kōkua kōkua), a me ka ʻoihana (ʻo ia hoʻi ka loio / ʻohana maʻamau. kauka; ke olakino olakino / genito-urinary lāʻau lapaʻau / STI keʻena kino; psychiatrist a psychologist paha; kākāʻōlelo pili; kekahi ʻano o ka haukapila a kauka paha), a i ʻimi ʻole i kahi kōkua. No Natsal-SF kēia mau mea; kahi ana o ka hana moekolohe i hana kikoʻī ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia a me nā ana o ka lehulehu. ʻO ke ana Natsal-SF he 17 mau mea kūpono kūpono (index index fit = .963; index Tucker Lewis = .951; root mean error square of approximation = .064), hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā hui lehulehu a me nā hui lehulehu, a he hōʻike maikaʻi. – Hilinaʻi hou (r = .72) [22] a [28].

ʻIkepili helu

Ua hana ʻia nā kālailai āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana noiʻi paʻakikī o Stata (mana 12; StataCorp LP, College Station, TX) e helu no ke kaupaona ʻana, hōʻiliʻili ʻana, a me ka stratification o ka ʻikepili. Ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kāne a me nā wahine ʻike kolohe a pau nā makahiki 16-21. ʻO ka pane pane ʻole ma Natsal-3 he haʻahaʻa (ʻaneʻane mau <5%, a pinepine 1% –3%), no laila ua kāpae ʻia nā mea maʻi me ka ʻikepili i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ma waena o nā poʻe komo moekolohe (ʻo kēlā mau mea e hōʻike nei ma kahi o hoʻokahi hoa moekolohe ma ka makahiki ma mua o ka ninaninau ʻana), hōʻike mākou i nā helu helu wehewehe no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pilikia o ka moekolohe (ʻo 3 mau mahina a ʻoi paha i ka makahiki i hala), a me ka hapa i pilikia i ko lākou pilikia. Hōʻike pū mākou i ka ʻāpana e ʻimi nei i ke kōkua mai ke ʻano o nā kumuwaiwai, i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ka hōʻike ʻana i hoʻokahi a i ʻole pilikia o ka moekolohe. No nā poʻe komo ʻole i ka moekolohe i ka makahiki i hala, hōʻike mākou i nā helu helu wehewehe no ʻekolu mau hopena: ka hauʻoli i ka moekolohe, ka pilikia e pili ana i ke ola moekolohe, a me ka hōʻalo ʻana i ka moekolohe ma muli o ka pilikia o ka moekolohe.

Results

ʻO ka nui o nā kāne a me nā wāhine (72%) makahiki 16-21 i hōʻikeʻia he hoʻokahi aʻoi aʻe paha iʻoi aku ka pilina ma ka makahiki i hala aku a pēlā i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e like me nā mea maʻamau (854 kāne a me 1,021 wāhine). Papa 1 hōʻike i ka mahele o kēia mau kāne e hōʻike nei i kēlā me kēia o nā pilikia hana kolohe ʻewalu i hala he 3 mau mahina a ʻoi paha i ka makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hapakolu o kēia mau kāne (33.8%) ua ʻike i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o ka pilikia o ka moekolohe (kolamu mua o Papa 1), a 9.1% hōʻike i hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha pilikia pilikia o ka hana moekolohe (s) (kolamu ʻelua); e hōʻike nei i waena o nā kāne e hōʻike nei i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o nā pilikia, ʻoi aku paha o ka hapaha (26.9%) ua kaumaha (kolamu ʻekolu).

Papa 1.

ʻO ka ʻike i nā pilikia pili i ka moekolohe, a me ka ʻeha e pili ana i kēia mau pilikia, i waena o nā kāne ʻōpio hana kino, 16-21 mau makahiki

CI = wā hilinaʻi.

a

ʻO ka mea hoʻohālike keʻano likeʻole i kēlā me kēia hana pilikino pili i kēia kolamu. ʻO ka mahele kūponoʻole a me nā helu i heluʻia no nā mea iʻike i hoʻokahi aʻoi aku paha o kēia mau pilikia.

Nā koho papa

Ma waena o nā kāne, hiki wawe i ka climax ka pilikia maʻamau (13.2%). Ma kahi o ka hapakolu o nā kāne me kēia pilikia (34.2%) i kaumaha e pili ana iā ia, a lilo ia i pilikia pilikia ma waena o nā kāne 16 a 21 mau makahiki (4.5%). ʻAʻole hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka paʻakikī i ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana (7.8%), akā ʻo ka pilikia ka mea i hana pinepine ʻia (ma waena o 42.1%) a ʻo ia ka lua o nā pilikia maʻa mau (e 3.3% o nā kāne i ka makahiki). ʻOiai ʻo ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hoihoi i ka moekolohe ka lua o ka pilikia i hōʻike pinepine ʻia (ʻike ʻia e 10.5%), ʻo 13.2% wale nō o nā kāne e hōʻike nei i kēia pilikia i pilikia iā ia, a ma ka hapanui, ua ʻike ʻo 1.4% ia mea he pilikia pilikia. ʻEkolu mau pilikia pilikia i hōʻike ʻia e <1% o nā kāne ʻōpio e moekolohe: ʻeha, nele i ka pīhoihoi / hoʻonāukiuki, a me ka nele i ka leʻaleʻa.

Papa 2 hōʻike i ka mahele o nā wahine ʻōpio e hōʻike nei i kēlā me kēia pilikia o ka moekolohe, a me nā mea e ʻike nei i ka pilikia, ua kaumaha ka hapa. Ma lalo o ka hapalua (44.4%) o kēia mau wahine i ʻike i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o ka pilikia o ka moekolohe ma hope o 3 mau mahina a ʻoi paha i ka makahiki i hala, a ua hōʻike ʻo 13.4% i kahi pilikia pilikia. e hōʻike nei i kēlā mau mea e hōʻike nei i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o nā pilikia, ma lalo o ka hapakolu (30.2%) ka pilikia.

Papa 2.

ʻO ka ʻike i nā pilikia pili i ka moekolohe, a me ka ʻeha e pili ana i kēia mau pilikia, i waena o nā wahine ʻōpio e hana moekolohe ʻana, 16-21 mau makahiki

CI = wā hilinaʻi.

a

ʻO ka mea hoʻohālike keʻano likeʻole i kēlā me kēia hana pilikino pili i kēia kolamu. ʻO ka mahele kūponoʻole a me nā helu i heluʻia no nā mea iʻike i hoʻokahi aʻoi aku paha o kēia mau pilikia.

Nā koho papa

ʻO nā pilikia maʻamau i waena o nā wahine i nele i ka hoihoi i ka moekolohe (22.0%) a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka paʻakikī i ka hōʻea ʻana i ka piko (21.3%), a ʻo kēia nō hoʻi nā pilikia kūpilikiʻi maʻamau (5.3% a me 6.3%). ʻO nā pilikia e pili pinepine ʻia me ka ʻehaʻeha ke hopohopo nei i ka wā o ka moekolohe (34.7%), ka ʻeha ʻana o ke kino ma muli o ka moekolohe (35.9%), a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka pīhoihoi a i ʻole ke ala ʻana (31.6%), akā ʻaʻole hōʻike pinepine ʻia kēia mau pilikia, a laila nā kuhi prevalence holoʻokoʻa no nā pilikia pilikia ma 2.8%, 3.2%, a me 2.5%. ʻO ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi climax me ka wikiwiki ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia (3.9%) a ua ʻike ʻia e like me ke kaumaha e 10.8% wale nō o nā wahine e hōʻike ana iā ia, a laila ka hopena o ka hopena o ka hopena o <1%.

Ma waena o nā'ōpio i hana i ka moe kolohe i ka makahiki i hala,ʻo 6.3% o nā kāne a me 6.8% o nā wāhine i'ōlelo ua pale lākou i ka moekolohe no kaʻaeʻana i ka moekolohe. Ma waena o nā poʻe'ōpio (Hōʻike 1),ʻo nā kumu kūpono loa no ka paleʻana ua paʻakikī i ka laweʻana a iʻole e kūkulu i kahi kūkulu, e hōʻemi i ka hopena wikiwiki, a me ka nele o ka pāʻani (i hōʻikeʻia e 26.1%, 24.4%, a me 25.1%,ʻo kēlā me kēia'ōpio'ōpiopio i'ōleloʻia ua hōʻole wahine). I waena o nā wāhine'ōpio (Hōʻike 1),ʻo nā kumu maʻamau loa no ka paleʻana, nele i ka hoihoi (i hōʻikeʻia e 45.5% o nā wāhine i hōʻole i ka moekino), a me ka nele i ka hauʻoli, ka hopohopo, a me kaʻeha (hōʻikeʻia e 21.2%, 25.3%, a me 23.7% o nā wāhine i hōʻole i ka moekino).

Hōʻike 1.

Nā kumu no ka paleʻana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā poʻe'ōpio i hana kino i ka'ōlelo e pale aku i ka moekolohe no ka pilikia o ka moekolohe.

Nā koho kiʻi

Kōkua a kōkuaʻimi paha ma waena o nā mea komo i ka hana

ʻO ke anakahi, ua noiʻo 26% (22.9-29.5) o nā kāne hana maʻamau a me ka 36.3% (33.1-39.7) o nā wāhine hana maʻamau i ke kōkua e pili ana i ko lākou ola wahine i ka makahiki i hala (lālani hope, Nā Papa 1 a 2). Hōʻike 2 hōʻike i nā kūlana e nīnau ana i nā kumu likeʻole, i hoʻopaʻaʻia e ka hopena o ka pilikiaʻoihana moe kolohe. ʻO ka poʻe e hōʻike ana i hoʻokahi aʻoi aku paha o nā pilikia iʻoi aku i kaʻimi i kōkua e hoʻolālikelikeʻia me ka poʻe hōʻikeʻole i nā pilikia (35.5% vs. 21% no nā kāne; p <.001 a me 42.3% vs. 31.1%; p = .001). Ma kahi iʻimi ai nā'ōpio i ke kōkua,ʻo nāʻohana a me nā hoaaloha ke kumu o kaʻikepili / kōkua pono'ī. ʻO ka kōkuaʻoihana i huliʻoleʻia. Ma waena o nā'ōpio e hōʻoia ana i hoʻokahi aʻoi aku paha o ka pilikia o ka'ilikino, 3.6% (1.9-6.8) o nā kāne a me 7.9% (5.8-10.6) o nā wāhine i kūkākūkā me nā mea lapaʻau e pili ana i ko lākou ola kino i ka makahiki i hala.

Hōʻike 2.

Ka hoʻohālike o nā poʻe'ōpio iʻimi i ke kōkua a iʻole ka'ōlelo aʻo e pili ana i ko lākou ola kino ma o kaʻikeʻana i ka pilikia o ka hana pili kāne a me ka wahine. SF = ka hana pilina.

Nā koho kiʻi

Ka pilikia a me ka palekana ma waena o nā'ōpio i loaʻaʻole ka moekolohe i ka makahiki i hala

ʻO ka nui,ʻo nā kānaka 262 a me nā wāhine 255 iʻikeʻia i ka moekino (iʻike muaʻia e ka pilina) akāʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka moekolohe i loko o ka makahiki ma mua o ka ninaninauʻana (Papa 3). Ma kahi o hoʻokahi wale nō o nā kānakaʻeono o kēia mau kāne (17.4%) a ma kahi o hoʻokahi iʻewalu mau wahine (12%) e hōʻike nei i ka hopohopo e pili ana i ko lākou ola wahine, a ma kahi o 10 (10%) ma kahi o kahi kāne a me wahine ua'ōlelo lākou ua hōʻole lākou i ka moekolohe. no ka pilikia pilikino a lākou a me kā lākou hoa iʻike ai. ʻAʻole heʻano likeʻole o ka hōʻikeʻana i ka pilikia a palekana paha.

Papa 3.

Ka hoʻohālike o ka mea maʻamau o 16-i ka poʻe 21 e hōʻike nei i ka pilikia e pili ana i ke ola wahine, ka nohona i ke ola wahine, a me ka palekana i ka moekolohe

CI = wā hilinaʻi.

Nā koho papa

kūkākūkā

Ke hōʻike nei kēiaʻike'ike'āinana o ka'āina ma kahi o ka 10 i nā kāne'ōpio a me kaʻewalu i loko o kaʻewalu mau wahine'ōpio e hana ana i ka hoʻopilikiaʻana i ka pilikia ma ka hoʻonāukiukiʻana o nā makahiki 3 aʻoi aʻe paha i ka makahiki i hala. ʻO ka pilikia nui loa o ka pilikia ma waena o nā kāne hana kolohe a hiki i ka hopena (4.5%), ai waena o nā kaikamāhine, hikiʻole ke piʻi i ka (6.3%). Ma kahi o ke kolu o nā kāne aʻoi aku iʻehā ma ka 10 wāhine e hōʻike ana i hoʻokahi aʻoiʻoi aku o ka pilikiaʻoihana pilikino i makemake i kōkua, akā,ʻaʻole naʻe mai nā kumu kumuhana. I loko o ka poʻe i moeʻole i loko o ka makahiki ma mua o ka ninaninauʻana, ua'ōlelo kekahi ma ka 10 i nā kāne a me nā wāhine i hōʻole lākou i ka moekolohe no ka pilikia o nā wāhine.

ʻO nā ikaika o kēia haʻawina e kūkuluʻia ia ma luna o kekahi hiʻohiʻona kūlike a nui loa o ka poʻe e helu ai i kahi āpau nui ma ka hōʻike hoʻoili e pili ana i nā pilikia pili i ka wahine ma waena o nā'ōpio. ʻOiai ka wikiwiki pane o kaʻikepili holoʻokoʻa (57.7%) he kumu ia o ka paʻakikī, ua kiʻekiʻe aʻe ka māmā pane ma waena o 16 a hiki i nā 44 makahiki, ma 64.8%. Uaʻike mua mākou i ka hāʻule hope loa o nā loli o nā loiloi, a me nāʻano kūpono no ka heluʻana iā lākou, a ua hoʻomaopopo hoʻi i ko mākou mau pane i ka laina me nāʻoihanaʻoihana nui ma United Kingdom. [25] a [27]. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hanaʻia ka hana maʻamau i kaʻaelike e komo ai, a ua hoʻohana mākou i nā anapuni no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i kēia manaʻo (nānā Nā Papahana). ʻO nā mea e pili ana i nā pilikia pilikino he paʻakikī, a hiki i kaʻikepili pilikino i hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo i ka paʻakikī a hikiʻole i ka hōʻikeʻole. Uaʻimi mākou e hoʻemi i ka hoʻopiʻi pūʻana ma o ka weheweheʻana i nā pilikia pilikino likeʻole "mau pilikia maʻamau" [22], ma o nā mea e hoʻolimalima ai i nā manaʻo [28], a ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka nīeleʻana i ka pūnaewele [25].

Hōʻikeʻia kā mākou hōʻikeʻike i nā pilikia pili pili i ka moekino ma waena o kēia pūʻulu. ʻO nā kuhi o ka nui o nā mea maʻamau o 16-i nā kāne 21 makahiki a me nā wāhine e hōʻike nei i nā pilikiaʻoihanaʻoihanaʻaʻole haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka nui o nā kānaka Natsal-3, 41.6% no nā kāne a me 51.2% no nā wāhine [22]. Ua hoʻokomo aʻikeʻia kekahi mau papahana e pili ana i ka poʻe i nā'ōpio'ōpio [10], [11], [12] a [29] ʻoiai ua hoʻokoeʻia ka hōʻai'ē ma o ka hoʻololiʻana i keʻano o nā'ōnaehana a me ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i nā pilikia pili i ka wahine a me ka pilikia. ʻO kahi noiʻiʻo Kanada i hala [13]No ka mea laʻana,ʻikeʻia he 50% o ka male 16 a me ka wahine iʻike i ka hopena o ka wahine, aʻo ka hapalua i hōʻikeʻia he pilikia, akāʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi, nā huahana piliʻole a me nāʻokoʻa o ka ho'ākāka e hōʻike ana i ka pono e mālama ai ma ka weheweheʻana. Ma waena o nā'ōpio,ʻo kā mākou kohoʻana no nā pilikia o ka honua (21%) ma waenakonu o ka 7.8% i loaʻa i kahi noiʻi o Australian no 4.3 hana maʻamau i ka poʻe 16 makahiki. [10] a me 11% i waena o nā mea maʻamau o 16-i ka 24 makahiki i loko o kahi aʻo ma Portugal [12]. ʻO kā mākou kūlana kūʻokoʻa o 13.2% no ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka hoʻoukuʻu he emi haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka noiʻana o Australian (15.3%) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka haʻawina Pukiki (40%). Ma waena o nā wāhine'ōpio, ua emi iho ka nui o kā mākou kohoʻana no ka nele i ka waiwai (22%) a me ka paʻakikī e hiki ai iā 21.3% (36.7% a me 29% i loko o kahi aʻo Suède no nā wāhine makahiki 20-27 makahiki [11].

Ua manaʻo ʻia ka hapa o nā pilikia i ka poʻe ʻōpio e ala aʻe mai kahi "hopena hoʻomaʻamaʻa" a nalowale lākou i ka manawa ke loaʻa i ka poʻe ʻōpio ka hilinaʻi a me ka ʻike. I ke kākoʻo ʻana i kēia, ʻO'Sullivan et al. [13] ʻike ʻia i loko o nā kāne ʻōpio, ua pili ka wā lōʻihi o ka ʻike moekolohe me ka hana erectile ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hauʻoli nui me ka moekolohe. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he ʻāpana o nā mākua me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe e hōʻike i nā ʻōuli o ke ola, i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, nā ʻōuli i ʻike ʻia ma mua a i ʻole ka manawa o kā lākou hoʻomaka mua moekolohe a ʻaʻole i hoʻomaha. [8] a [30]. ʻO nā kumu he nui e hāʻawi i nā pilikia moekolohe i ʻano maʻamau i ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio. Hoʻopili kēia i ka lawa ʻole o ka ʻike moekolohe, paʻakikī i ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka moekolohe, ka hopohopo e pili ana i ke kino a i ʻole ka moekolohe, a me ka hilahila a hilahila paha e pili ana i ka moekolohe a i ʻole nā ​​makemake. [31]. Hiki i nā hoʻopiʻi kūkoko ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hakakāʻana e loaʻa ai ka pilina maikaʻi i loko o ka hopena o nā hana kūʻokoʻa a me nā hoʻopiʻi kanaka, no ka mea, he hōʻailona e pono ai ka manaʻo o nā wāhine a hoʻomanawanui i kaʻeha [5]. ʻO ka pānaʻi maʻamau i hanaʻia ai nā wāhine i ka hoʻopaʻiʻana a me nā kānaka i ukuʻia no ko lākou moekoloheʻana, uaʻano kūpono ia i ka loliʻana o ka nohona Hawaiʻi [32],ʻoiai nā noiʻi hou e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka nui a nā poʻe'ōpio e hoʻohui nei i kēia mau moʻomeheu i loko o kā lākou mau pilina [33].

Ma luna o 25 mau makahiki mai ka essay a Fine lāua ʻo McClelland [34] ma kaʻikeʻana i ka'ōlelo e pili ana i ka makemake i ka hoʻonaʻauao moekino, e hoʻomau ana nā poʻe'ōpio i kaʻike ma kaʻike e pili ana i nāʻano o ka wahine a me keʻano o ka wahine. Hōʻike nā Natsal-3 i ka 42% o nā kāne a me 47% o nā wāhine ke makemake lākou eʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā kumuhana psychosexual i ka manawa i manaʻo mua ai lāua e loaʻa ka moekolohe, e like me ka 20% o nā kāne a me 15% o nā wāhine i makemake lākou iʻike pehea e hoʻomāhuahua ai i ka wahine [35]. Ma keʻano likeʻole, i loko o kahi aʻo hana maʻalahi mai Niu Tireni,ʻo nā haumāna o nā makahiki 16-19 i kohoʻia "pehea e hana ai i kaʻoihana pilina iʻoi aku kaʻoluʻolu no nā hoaʻelua" a me "nā manaʻo i loko o nā pilina" ma waena o nā kumuhanaʻelima i makemake lākou eʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka pili kula hoʻonaʻauao [24]. ʻOiai ka poʻe'ōpio e'ōlelo ana e makemake lākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka leʻaleʻa, nā mea hoʻololiʻole i ka piliʻana, a me ka piliʻana i ka pilina pili i ka pilina, ke aʻoʻana i ke kula i ka mālamaʻana i kēia mau kumuhana, [36].

ʻO nā inoa no ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka leʻaleʻa i ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻilimaʻaʻole he mea hou [37]. Ke hoʻopihaʻia nei ka lono i ka nohokinoʻana mai nā kumu kumu hoʻonaʻauao e nā kumu'ē aʻe e like me nā hoaaloha a me nā media; a, e like me Natsal-3, kokoke i ka hapahā o nā kāne'ōpio ke kahakiʻi i nā kiʻi'onikala e like me kekahi o ko lākou mau kumu eʻike ai e pili ana i ka moekolohe [35]. ʻOiai uaʻike kekahi poʻe i ka hopena maikaʻi o ko lākou ola wahine [38], hiki i nā kiʻi'onikala ke alakaʻi i nā manaʻo manaʻo kūponoʻole a me nā hopena o ka moekolohe i waena o nā'ōpio [39], hiki ke hoʻonui i nā pilikia pili i ka moekino. He mea nui ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i ka moekolohe i nā moʻolelo, e kūkā i nā meaʻoluʻolu, e hoʻoikaika i ka pilina pililike kāne, a hoʻokūkala i nā kuleana nui o ka kamaʻilio a me ka mahalo i loko o nā pilina e kū'ē i nā pilikia o ka wahine.

ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā poʻe'ōpio me nā pilikia pilikia eʻimi ana i ke kōkua a me ka'ōlelo aʻo paha,ʻaʻole paha e maopopo. Loaʻaʻole kaʻikeʻole i kaʻike, ma waena o nā mākua me nā pilikia pili pili i ka wahine [40]. He nui ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i nā pilikia, (1) ma o ka hālāwaiʻana i nā āpau ma kaʻike; (2) ma o ka hōʻoluʻoluʻana i nā'ōpio i keʻano o nā pilikia a he kūpono; a (3) ma o ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā loulou i nā lawelawe lawelawe aloha. Pono nā mea hoʻolako e hoʻomaopopo i nā poʻe'ōpio e hele ana i nā mea e pono ai ke olakino (e like me ka hanaʻana i ka hōʻailona a me ka ho'āʻo STI) e paio ana me nā manaʻo pili e pili ana i kā lākou hana moekolohe. Ma muli o ka hopena o kēia mau pilikia, pono paha i nā mea hoʻolako e hoʻomaka i ka kūkākūkā ma o ka noiʻana e pili ana i ka hana pilikino ma loko o ka moʻolelo hoʻomanaʻo o ka maʻi, aʻo nā loiloi e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka pono o kēia ala.

Me ka ʻole o ka ʻikepili hilinaʻi e pili ana i ka hana moekolohe a ka poʻe ʻōpio a me ke olakino maikaʻi, ke kāhea nei i ka nānā ʻana i kēia ʻano o ko lākou olakino moekolohe hiki ke kuhi wale. Aia kahi koi nui no ka noiʻi ʻōpio hou e nānā i ka laulā o nā pilikia, kā lākou etiology a me nā ramifications. Ma kahi kikoʻī, pono ʻia nā pono hana kūpono e hoʻopili pono ʻia i nā pilikia o ka poʻe ʻōpio.

I ka hopena, inā makemake mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka moekolohe ma ka heluna kanaka, pono mākou e kiʻi i kēlā me kēia kāne a me nā kāne i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai i kā lākou hana moekolohe, e pale i ka ʻike ʻole, ka hopohopo, a me ka hilahila e lilo i mau pilikia moekolohe mau. Hāʻawi kā mākou ʻikepili i kahi impetus empirical ikaika no ka hana ʻana i kēia hana pale.

mau hoomaikai ana

ʻO Natsal-3 kahi hui pū ma waena o University College London (London, UK), ke London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Ladana, UK), NatCen Social Research, Public Health ʻEnelani (ʻo ia ka Health Protection Agency), a me ke Kulanui o Manchester (Manchester, United Kingdom). ʻAʻohe o nā mea kālā kālā i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana o ke aʻo ʻana; hōʻiliʻili, hoʻokele, kālailai ʻana, a me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻikepili; a me ka hoʻomākaukau, loiloi, a ʻae paha i ka ʻatikala; a hoʻoholo e waiho i ka ʻatikala no ka paʻi ʻana. Mahalo nā mea kākau i ka poʻe i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, ka hui o nā nīnauele mai NatCen Social Research, nā hana, a me nā limahana hoʻolālā mai NatCen Social Research.

Pūnaewai kālā

Ua kākoʻoʻia ke aʻoʻana ma nā hāʻawi kālā a ka Hale Hoʻonaʻauao Kāmika (G0701757) a me ka Wellcome Trust (084840), me nā hāʻawi mai ka ʻAha ʻImi ʻImi Waiwai a me ke Kaiāulu a me ka ʻOihana Ola. Mai Kepakemapa 2015, ua hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo KRM e ka UK Medical Research Council (MRC); MRC / CSO Social & Public Health Unit Unit, Ke Kulanui o Glasgow (MC_UU_12017-11).

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Nā paio o ka lokomaikaʻi: ʻO AMJ ke kia'āina o ka Trust Wellment Trust. Hōʻike nā mea kākau'ē aʻeʻaʻole he paio i loaʻa iā lākou.

Ke kūkā kamaʻilioʻana i: Kirstin R. Mitchell, Ph.D., MRC / CSO Pūnaehana Kālaiʻike Ola a me ka Ola Ola, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, Scotland G2 3QB, United Kingdom.

©ʻOihana 2016 no nā Haumāna Ola a me Kauka. Hoʻopukaʻia e Elsevier Inc.

E nānā i nā mea hoʻohana:
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