ʻO wai nā kānaka gynnerromorphophilic? Hanaʻia nā kāne me ka hoihoi pili i ka wahine i nā wahine transgender (2015)

ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kapena Pūnaewele

Nā mana'o: ʻO nā kāne i lilo i mea hoihoi i ka transgender (colloqually, shemale) porn / hoa hana maʻamau heterosexual i kā lākou ʻike a me nā lauana hoʻonāukiuki – kēlā he, maʻamau aole hoa moe a iʻole bisexual.

ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke noʻonoʻo i ka hopena o kēia ho'āʻoʻana, akā, nui nā mea hana porn internet e hāʻawi i kēia kiʻi i ka hana porn pūnaewele a me ka huliʻana i kekahi mea hou aʻe i ka manawa. He nui nā mea e hōʻike mai ua hala ma hope o ka haʻaleleʻana i ka porn.

no hoi, Uaʻike nā kānaka noiʻi'Inelani aia wale nō ka 26% o nā kāne i mālamaʻia no nā STI i loaʻa i ka wā o ka wahine me nā kāne e like me keʻano male kāne. Hoʻomaha nā mea i koe no nā kumu'ē aʻe. ʻO kahi haʻawina e pili ana i ka moe kāne kāne

KJ Hsua1 c1, AM Rosenthala1, DI Millera1 lāua ʻo JM Baileya1

a1 Ke Keʻenaʻo Psychology, Northwestern University,'Evanston, IL, USA

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Ka Ike: ʻO Gynandromorphophilia (GAMP) he pili pili i ka wahine nā gynandromorphs (Nā GAM; shemales). Loaʻa nā GAM i nā hui kino kāne a me wahine. No laila, ke hāʻawi neiʻo GAMP i kahi paio i nāʻike kuʻuna maʻamau o ka nohokinoʻana e like me keʻano o ka wahine v. ʻano wahine. ʻO nāʻikepili e pili ana i nā kāne GAMP ua hoʻokomo i nā manaʻo e pili ana lākou i ka wahine kāne, heterosexual, a ma keʻano paha, bisexual.

hana: Hoʻohālikelike mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonāuho kanaka a me nā pilina o nā kāne GAMP a me nā kāne kāne hoʻokahuli a me nā kāne kāne. Ua hoʻolālikelike mākou i kēia mau pūʻulu ma luna o kā lākou mau manaʻo pilikino e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me ka moekino.

Results: Heʻano hoʻolālā nā kānaka GAMP e like me ka poʻe kāne heterokū a he'ē aʻe i ka poʻe kāne kāne kāne. Eia naʻe, i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā kāne heterone, uaʻoi aʻe ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o nā kāne GAMP e nā GAM o ke kalapīpili kala ma muli o nā hanuʻana o nā wāhine. Ua lanakila nui nā kāne GAMP ma mua o nā kāne heterosexual a me nā kāne kāne ke kāne ma kekahiʻano o ka autogynephilia.

Nā hopena: Nā hualoaʻa e hōʻike ana i nāʻike he kāneʻole nā ​​kāne GAMP. Hōʻike lākou i nā poʻe GAMP e hoʻopili wale i ka manaʻo o ka wahine.

ʻO nā hua'ōleloʻo Autogynephilia; gynandromorphophilia; paraphilia; moe kolohe; hoʻonanea; transgender

ʻO ke kūlike

c1 Kahi no ka nūpepa: KJ Hsu, Keʻena o ka Hoʻonaʻauao Psychology, University of Northwestern, 2029 Sheridan Rd.,'Evanston, IL 60208, USA. (Email: [pale ʻia ka leka uila])

Introduction

ʻO ka hoihoi nui o nā keiki kāne kāne i loaʻa nāʻano o ke kino wahine (e like me nā ū) aʻo ka paʻaʻana i kahi peni,ʻaʻole maopopo. ʻO nā kānaka i loaʻa kēia huiʻana o nāʻano kino kāne a me wahine nā gynandromorphs (Gyne pili i ka wahine, andro i kane, a ʻo morph e hana), a ʻo nā kāne me ka hoihoi nui o ka erotic i kēia mau kānaka he gynandromorphophilic (Blanchard & Collins, 1993; Ma kēia hope aku, ke hoʻohana nei mākou i nā gynnaromorphs e like me GAM, a me gynandromorphophilic e like me GAMP). ʻO nā kāne male kāne i loaʻa i ka GAM ma ke kiʻiʻana i nāʻano o ke kino e like me nā umauma ma o ke kuhiʻana a iʻole ka hormone therapy haʻalulu i ka manawa e nānāʻia ai ka penis ma kekahi manawa nā wahine transgender (eg Operario ¶ AL.2008) ai 'ole transwomen (e like me Weinberg & Williams, 2010) akā ua maʻalahi a'ōleloʻiaʻo ia shemales1† or t-kaikamahine. I hoʻokahi anamanaʻo o ka huli ʻana i ka Pūnaewele me nā hoihoi o ka moekolohe, ʻo 'shemales' ka ʻumikūmāono mau ʻōlelo e makemake nui ʻia (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). He helu o nā wikiō ma kahi pūnaewele wikiō kaulana loa (http://www.aebn.net) hāʻawi ʻia i ka 'shemale' 4071 o ka huina o> 94 000.

ʻO ka pāʻani pili i ka GAMs, ka mea i loaʻa nāʻokoʻa kāne a me ka wahine, he mea hoʻopūpikipikiʻia e nāʻike maʻamau o ka nohoʻana i ka wahine,ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻokūkino i ka manaʻo hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kāne a wahine paha (e like me Freund, 1974). Hōʻike kēia i ke kuhiakau o nā kāne GAMP he bisexual. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hapalua o nā kāne liʻiliʻi me ka hoihoi moekolohe i nā GAM i ʻike ʻia he bisexual (Weinberg & Williams, 2010). Eia naʻe,ʻike maʻalahiʻia nā kānaka bisexual i ke koloheʻana i nā kāne a me nā wāhine ma mua o ka GAM, a no laila,ʻaʻole i maopopo i kaʻikeʻana o nā kāne i ka GAM ma keʻano pilikino.

ʻO Ogas & Gaddam (2011) loaʻa hoʻokahi helu o ka GAMP hiki ke wehewehe i ke kumu i kūʻole ai. Ma muli o kā lākou hōʻoiaʻana o nā moʻaukala'Inae Pūnaewele, ua hoʻoholo lākou i ka nui o nā kānaka e nānā ana i nā kiʻi pumehana GAM he heterone lākou a ua manaʻo e hoʻouluhuaʻia nā kāne heterosexual e ka GAM pornography ma o ka 'manaʻo hoʻopunipuni'. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kāne heterone eʻike i nā kiʻi pilau e hōʻike ana i ke kāne a me ka wahine e ho'āla. Wahi a kēia kuhiakau, nā GAM e hoʻohui i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā lālāʻelua o kēia māhele, aʻo ka manaʻo hoʻohaʻahaʻa i GAMs he mea likeʻole ia o ka noho male kāne. Akā,ʻo kēia kuhiakau,ʻaʻole ia e helu i ka GAMP ma nā wahi i hikiʻole ai i nā kānaka ke komo i ka ponokala. Ma kahi'ē aʻe, ma nā wahi me nā kiʻiʻole kiʻiʻole,ʻike ka hapanui o nā kāne heterosexual i ka moekolohe ma waena o ke kane a me ka wahine e ho'āla aʻe ai, a laila e hiki ai i ka "hoʻopunipuni hoʻopunipuni".

ʻO ke kuhiakauʻekolu e pili ana i ka GAMP he mea hōʻike pinepine ia autogynephilia, ʻo ka mea ʻelua o ka rarer ma mua akā pili pono i ka heterosexual kāne. ʻO Autogynephilia kahi wahine e hoʻoweliweli i ka manaʻo a i ʻole kiʻi iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he wahine (Blanchard, 1989a , 1991; ʻO Lawrence, 2004, 2013). ʻO kekahi kanaka me ka autogynephilia he makemake heterosexual no ka wahine āna i makemake ai (Blanchard, 1992). Hōʻike nā hōʻike pololei ʻole i nā kāne GAMP e lilo i autogynephilic. I hoʻokahi noi, 31.1% o nā kāne e hoʻolaha nei no ka moekolohe me nā mea ʻaihue, transsexuals, a i ʻole GAMs i hōʻike iā lākou iho i ka lole keʻa (Blanchard & Collins, 1993); hiki i ka palepoke keʻano o ka pahuhopu autogynephilia (Lawrence, 2013). Eia naʻe, ʻo Blanchard & Collins (1993)ʻaʻole i hāʻawiʻokoʻa i nā huina palekana no nā kāne me ka hoihoi pili i ka wahine ma GAM no kēlā me kēia, ma waho o nā mea'ē aʻe i nānāʻia (e like me ka pili pili i ka pili pili i nā mea pili i ka cross-dressers a transsexuals). ʻAʻole hoʻi lākou i hāʻawi i kahi kaulike o ka palekana i nā poʻeʻaʻole GAMP. ʻAʻoheʻike i hōʻike i ke kūlana i kākoʻo nā GAMP i nā manaʻo autogynephilic.

Ua kiʻi mākou i nā kāne GAMP, nā kāne heterosexual, a me nā kāne kāne kāne e wehewehe i nāʻanoʻokoʻa ma ko lākou moekolohe a me ka moe kolohe ma nāʻanoʻelua:ʻO ka mea mua, ua ana mākou i kā lākou mau hanuʻana i ka wahine maʻamau a me ka pilikino e pili ana i nā mea hōʻeuʻeu i nā kāne, wahine, aiʻole GAM. ʻO ka lua, ua nānā mākou i nā hui ma nāʻano o kā lākou moekolohe a me ka moekino (e like me ka helu o ka autogynephilia).

hana

i komo

Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kāne GAMP me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pūnaewele Pūnaewele ʻo Chicago no nā kāne makemake i ka hālāwai moekolohe me nā mea transgender (ka papa inoa ʻo 't4m' i ka ʻāpana 'hālāwai maʻamau' o kā Craigslist o Chicago) ma o nā hoʻolaha pilikino e ʻimi nei i nā kāne me ka hoihoi wahine i ka 'transwomen', 'shemales', a i ʻole 't-kaikamahine'. Aia nā hoʻolaha i nā loulou i ka nīnau nīnau no ka pono pūnaewele e hōʻoia i ka hoihoi moekolohe i nā GAM me kahi mea hoʻokahi i nānā i ka hoihoi wahine ma 'shemales'. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kāne Heterosexual a homosexual i nā GAM ma nā pūnaewele like no nā kāne e ʻimi nei i nā moe kolohe me nā wahine a me nā kāne, ʻo kēlā me kēia (nā 'w4m' a me 'm4m' papa inoa ma ka ʻāpana 'hālāwai maʻamau' o kā Craigslist o Chicago, ʻo ia hoʻi). Ua hoʻopau lākou i ka nīnau nīnau no ke kuleana pūnaewele, ka mea i hōʻoia i ka nele o ka moekolohe i nā GAM.

Loaʻa nā hāpana 24 GAMP kāne (mean makahiki = 34.46, sd = 11.52), 21 kāne kāne heterosexual (mean makahiki = 35.00, sd = 14.28), a me 21 kāne homosexual (mean makahiki = 32.00, sd = 6.52). ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā makahiki o nā kāne i waena o nā hui, p > 0.250. ʻAʻole i hōʻike mua ʻia nā nui hāpana; akā, ua hopena lākou mai ka hui pū ʻana o nā kālā i loaʻa no ka noiʻi a me ka paʻakikī i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kāne GAMP.

Kaʻike o nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokipa wahine

Hoʻokumu i nāʻoniʻoniʻeiwa 3-min, me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoniʻelua aʻehiku mau kiʻiʻeleʻele. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona palewa i hōʻikeʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona e hele pū me nā meleʻoluʻolu. Uaʻikeʻia nāʻanoʻelua o nā poʻe i hana i ka pilina o keʻano pilina e pili ana i keʻano o ka waha a me ka hoʻopiliʻana. Ua komo lākou i nā'āpanaʻelua e pili ana i nā kāne maleʻelua wale nō (mau hanana kāne),ʻelua mau'āpana me nā wahine wahineʻelua (ʻo nā wahine hoʻohālikelike wahine, he helu kelepona), aʻekolu mau'āpana me nā GAM (GAM stimuli): hoʻokahi me GAM me kahi kanaka, he hoʻokahi GAM me kahi wahine, a hoʻokahi meʻelua GAMs. ʻO nā wikiō erotic me nā kāne a iʻole nā ​​wāhine wale nō i ka hanaʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kāne kāne a male kāne paha, no ka mea, piʻi lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka huhū i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā hanana'ē aʻe (e like me nā kiʻi kiʻi), a no ka mea, ke kuhi, ma kahi kū'ē i nā hanu o nā kāne a me nā wahine (Chivers ¶ AL.2004, 2007). No ka mea,ʻo ia ka haʻawina mua o nā hiʻohiʻona o ke keiki wahine GAMP, ua komo mākou i kahiʻano likeʻole o nā mea i hoʻokomoʻia e GAMs.

Ua hoʻolālāʻia keʻano o ke alo o ka wahine ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i keʻano o nāʻano odium-gallium i hoʻololiʻia i ka hoʻololi o ka peni. Ua hoʻoholoʻia ke kumu arousal kumu ma ka hopena o kēlā me kēia haʻawina hoʻonaniʻana ma kahi pālākiō mai 0 (ʻaʻohe moe kolohe) i ka 10 (i hoʻouluʻia i ke kolohe).

Kaʻike o ka pilina pili i ka moekolohe a me ka moekino

Ua hoʻopauʻia nā mea i hoʻokomo i ka loiloi kamepiula e pili ana i nāʻano likeʻole o ko lākou moekoloheʻana a me ka moekolohe. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻo nā mea pane i hāʻawi i ko lākouʻokoʻa wahine (e like me 'straight / heterosexual', 'bisexual', 'male kāne / male kāne)' a me kā lākou pane ma ka Kinsey (Kinsey ¶ AL.1948), kahi helu pūʻali hōʻike pūnaewele 7-pūnaewele mai 0 (makemake i kekahi wahine'ē aʻe) i ka 6 (makemake i ka wahine hoʻokahi). Ua hāʻawi pū lākou i nā helu o ka GAM manawa, wahine, a me nā hoa kāne kāne. Ua hoʻonuiʻia ke kēkelē o ka autogynephilia ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka Scale Autogynephilia Scale (CAS; Blanchard, 1989b ), kahi ana 8-mea e loiloi i ka makemake o ke kāne e hoʻoulu ʻia i ka moekolohe ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana iā ia iho he wahine. ʻO nā huahana e laʻa me: 'Ua ala aʻe ʻoe i ka moekolohe i ke kiʻi ʻana iā ʻoe iho i ke kino wahine ʻōlohelohe a i ʻole me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka wahine wahine ʻōlohelohe?' a 'Ua ala ʻoe i ka moekolohe e ka manaʻo o ka wahine?' ʻO ka CAS kahi mea i kālailai ʻia mai 16 mau ʻaoʻao kūpono, a kiʻekiʻe kona hilinaʻi me kahi alpha o 0.95. ʻAʻole kekahi o nā mea i kā mākou ana ʻana i loiloi i ke ʻano o ka moekolohe i nā GAM.

NānāʻIke Heluhelu

Ua kālailai ʻia ka ʻikepili genital a me ka subjective e hoʻohana ana i ka regression hopena-hopena i hoʻohālikelike i nā mea komo e like me nā ʻāpana pae-2 a hoʻoulu i kēlā me kēia pāʻina e like me ka pane pane pane-1 (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002). Hoʻohālikelike nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻoponopono iʻelua mau hoʻouluʻana (i loko o nā kumuhana): kahi hoʻohālikelike i nā kūpikipiki kāne e like me nā kumu hanaʻeleʻele a me ka mea e hoʻohālikelike i nā kumuhana GAM me nā koiʻana o nā wāhine. Uaʻaeʻia kēia mauʻano likeʻole i waena o nā kumuhana. Hoʻohālikelike nā hiʻohiʻona i nā huiʻelua (waena-mau kumu): hoʻokahi e hoʻohālikelike i nā kāne kāne kāne me nā huiʻelua a hoʻokahi kekahi e hoʻohālikelike i nā kāne GAMP me nā kāne heterosexual. Ma hope, ua hoʻokomo pūʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻonaʻokoʻaʻehā, i hoʻomālamalama i nāʻokoʻa o nā hui ma nāʻano likeʻole o nā makemakeʻoihana. ʻO kā mākouʻoihana waiwai nui a me nāʻaoʻao Huakaʻi e nānā nei i kēia mau hua'ōlelo pili. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻopuka piha nā Papa Hoʻolaulu S1 a me S2 i nā kiko'ī ma kēia mau hoʻoponopono hoʻolālā a me nā helu helu helu pono'ī i hoʻohanaʻia no nā wae kaulike.

Ma mua o ka hanaʻana i nā kānalua, ua kau mua mākou i nā kumuhana no nā mea maʻamau a me nā manaʻo kumuhana e hiki ai ke hoʻohanaʻia nā heluna hoʻolālā regression e like me keʻano o ka nui o nā mea nui. Ma keʻano hou aku, no kaʻike kuhihewa aliʻi, mākou (a) i ke kuhiʻana i ka hoʻoukuʻuʻana i ke kumu no ka hoʻonāukiukiʻoleʻana i nā hanana kūponoʻole i kēlā me kēia o nāʻano kūpikipikiʻeleʻeleʻekolu (i mea e hoʻomalu ai i keʻano o ka hoʻohālike o ke kumuhana)b) ua heluʻia ka hoʻohālikelike maʻamau o ka honua āpau ma luna o nā poʻe a pau a me nā wikiō wikiwiki a pau ((c) mahele i nāʻike kuhiʻana o ka baseline-e hoʻolālāʻia e kēia kikowaena maʻamau ākea, a (d) ua hōʻike i nā heluna mai nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā o kaʻikepili kūwaho kūwaho. Ua hanaʻia keʻano likeʻole no kaʻikepili kumuhana kumuhana.

Nā koho hoʻokae i ka poʻe i komo

He mea pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nāʻike kuhihewa kanaka mai ka poʻe iʻaeʻole e pane pololei i nā mea ulu. (Hikiʻole nā ​​mea paneʻole ma 'aneʻi e like me ka weheʻana i nā haumāna i paneʻole i ka nīnau noi i kahi haʻawina.) E like me nā hana i hala aku nei (eg Chivers ¶ AL.2004), ua koi mākou i nā mea komo e hālāwai i ʻelua pane no ka hoʻopili ʻana. ʻO ka mea mua, ipsatized (ie i loko o nā kumuhana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia) hoʻāla genital i ka liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano hoʻokahi o nā erotic stimulus (ke kāne, ka wahine, a me ka GAM) pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o nā stimuli kūpaʻa e ka hapalua o ka hoʻololi maʻamau a ʻoi aku paha. (Ua ipsatized mākou ma ka unuhi ʻana i ka genital arousal i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki āpau mai ka awelika hoʻonāukiuki i kēlā me kēia ʻano stimulus a laila e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hoʻololi maʻamau o ka hoʻāla ʻana ma waena o nā mea hoʻonāukiuki. ma waena o kahi ʻano o nā erotic stimulus a me nā stimuli kūpaʻa) pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mm no ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi ʻano o nā erotic stimulus. Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike, nā helu pane pane ʻino no GAMP, heterosexual, a me nā mea komo homosexual 95.8% (23/24), 71.4% (15/21), a me 81.0% (17/21), kēlā me kēia. ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka helu pane ma waena o nā hui (ka hiki pono o Fisher = 0.077). ʻO nā mea komo i kāpae ʻia mai nā kālailai pane genital ua hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā kālailai ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu manaʻo a me ka ʻikepili nīnau.

Manaʻo nā mea kākau i nā kaʻina hana a pau e kākoʻo ana i kēia hana e like me nā kūlana kūlike o nā komite a me nā komite kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻokolohua kanaka a me ka Hōʻikeʻo Helsinki o 1975, e like me ka hoʻoponopono houʻana ma 2008. ʻO keʻano, ua loli a ua'āponoʻia kahi papahana hoʻonaʻauao Institutional i kā mākou kulanui a ua'āponoʻia ke aʻo.

Results

Nā hōʻailona hoʻonā moe kolohe

E like me ia i hōʻikeʻia Laau. 1,ʻOkoʻa nā kāne GAMP e like me ka wahine heterosexual ma mua o nā kāne kāne kāne e like me keʻano o ke kino maoli (Laau. 1a ) a me nā meaʻuʻuku (Laau. 1b ) nā kumu hoʻonaninani. Eia naʻe, i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā kāne heterone, ua hoʻonuiʻia nā poʻe GAMP e nā mea ulu lāʻau GAM. Ma ka hoʻohālikeʻana i ka GAMP a me nā kāne heterokū, he kanaka'ōlohelohe ke kāne male e pili ana i keʻano o ka manaʻo maoli.

Pane 1.

Pane 1.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o (a) ka hopena o ke kaʻina (controlling genital arousal) a (b) i ke kumu o ke ola honua (ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā pūnaewele mai 0 -ʻaʻohe hoʻonā wahine i ka 10 - i hoʻouluʻia i ke kolohe) i nāʻano likeʻole o nā'ōpiopio i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e ka hui hui. ʻO nā'āpana i hoʻokaeʻia e hōʻike i nā hemahema maʻamau GAM, Gynandromorph; GAMP, gynandromorphophilic.

Hoʻohālikelike nā hoʻohālike hoʻohālike i ka hopena i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka GAMP a me nā kāne heterokū, nā kāne kāne kāne eʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea i hoʻonāukiukiʻia e nā kūpikipiki male e pili ana i nā kumu lāʻau'ē aʻe [β = 1.81, 95% wā hilinaʻi (CI) 1.39-2.22, p <0.001], a na nā GAM stimulus e pili ana i nā wahine stimulus (β = 0.54, 95% CI 0.10-0.99, p = 0.018). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka GAMP a me nā kāne heterosexual i kā lākou pane genital haʻahaʻa i nā stimulus kāne e pili ana i nā stimulate erotic ʻē aʻe (β = .0.05, 95% CI −0.52 a i 0.42, p > 0.250). Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i nā kāne GAMP kahi nui o ka genital pane i nā stam GAM e pili ana i nā wahine stimulus hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kāne heterosexual (β = 0.61, 95% CI 0.11-1.12, p = 0.017). E pili ana i ka hoʻonāukiuki kumuhana, ua kū mai kahi ʻano like o ka launa ʻana mai nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike hopena hopena, ʻoiai nā kuhi kuhi o ka nui o ka hopena i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka genital arousal

ʻO ka pilina pili i ka wahine a me ka moekolohe

Laau. 2a hoʻolālā i ka helu helu a kēlā me kēia mea komo i ka pālākiō Kinsey. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ua hōʻike nā kāne kāne heterosexual kokoke i ka hoihoi moekolohe i nā wahine, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā kāne kāne kāne e pili kokoke i ka wahine. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu ʻo Kinsey kāne GAMP ma waena, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka bisexuality ma waena o nā kāne GAMP. ʻOiai he ʻokoʻa nā kāne GAMP mai nā kāne heterosexual a me nā kāne kāne ma ka pā Kinsey (ʻelua ps <0.001), ʻoi aku ka like o nā kāne GAMP i ka heterosexual ma mua o nā kāne homosexual (p <0.001). 1 Pūnaewele hōʻike i nāʻona a me nā kuhi maʻamau no ka Kinsey e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e ka hui hui.

Pane 2.

Fig. 2.Nō papa a me nā mea no (a) Kinsey a me (b) Cran Autogynephilia Scale weheʻia e ka hui hui. GAMP, Gynandromorphophilic.

 

Ke hōʻike haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻO ke kūlana hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe

 
 

Nā'ikepilihelu ho'ākāka no ka heluna Kinsey, nā helu o nā hoa hana moekolohe o ke ao, a me ka Scale Scene Autogynephilia

1 Pūnaewele. Nā'ikepilihelu ho'ākāka no ka heluna Kinsey, nā helu o nā hoa hana moekolohe o ke ao, a me ka Scale Scene Autogynephilia

Laau. 3 hoʻolālā i nā helu o kēlā me kēia mea komo o GAM, wahine, a me nā kāne moe kolohe. E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne GAMP i hōʻike ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ola ma mua o nā kāne ʻē aʻe (d = 0.73, 95% CI 0.18-1.28, p = 0.036)2. Hoʻonuiʻia ka hapalua (46%) o nā GAMP i kahi o hoʻokahi mau hoa GAM, i hoʻohālikeʻia me 0% o nā kāne heterosexual a me 11% o nā kāne kāne kāne. Ma nā 'ano o kekahi' ano pili i ka pilina, nā kāne GAMP i pili like me ka heterosexual ma mua o ka kāne kāne kāne: Ua hōʻike nā GAMP a me nā kāne heterosexual i nā helu likeʻole o nā hoa wahine (d = 0.32, 95% CI −0.31 a i 0.95, p > 0.250), a ua hōʻike pū aku lāua i nā wahine i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā kāne kāne male (d = 1.07, 95% CI 0.47-1.67, p <0.001). Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike nā kāne GAMP ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o ka hana ʻana o nā kāne heterosexual (d = 0.77, 95% CI 0.12-1.42, p = 0.010), ʻoiai ua hōʻike nui nā kāne kāne male ma mua o ka GAMP a me nā kāne heterosexual i hana (d = 3.29, 95% CI 2.45-4.12, p <0.001). Ma kahi o ka hapalua (46%) o nā kāne GAMP i hōʻike e loaʻa ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi kāne kāne, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 0% o nā kāne heterosexual a me 100% o nā kāne kāne homosexual. No laila, e pili ana i ka moekolohe, pili like nā kāne GAMP me nā kāne heterosexual, akā ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe lākou iā GAM, a he mea hoihoi hoʻi, he ʻike moekolohe. 1 Pūnaewele hōʻike i nā manaʻo a me nā haʻina maʻamau no nā helu o ke ola GAM maʻamau, wahine, a me nā wāhine kāne male e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e ka hui hui.

Pane 3.

Pane 3. ʻO ka'ōpala kiʻi a me nā kumu no nā helu o ke ola o ka wahine gynnerromorph, wahine, a me nā hoa kāne male kāne i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e ka hui hui. GAMP, Gynandromorphophilic.

No ka nānāʻana i ka hiʻona maʻamau, 41.7% (10 / 24) o nā kāne GAMP i kapaʻia he bisexual, aʻo nā mea'ē aʻe i kapaʻia he heterosexual. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻohālikelike, ma ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā kāne GAMP, he poʻe kāne iʻikeʻia he kāne a me ka wahine iʻikeʻia, hōʻikeʻia i nā kāne GAMP iʻikeʻia heʻoihanaʻoihana kiʻekiʻe i nā kāne ma Kinsey (d = 1.59, 95% CI 0.55-2.63, p <0.001), a ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ola ke kāne male (d = 0.72, 95% CI −0.20 a i 1.65, p = 0.113). ʻOiai ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi, ua kaulike kēia ʻokoʻa o ka helu o nā kāne moekolohe kāne. ʻO ka ʻike a ka bisexual a me ka lawena o kēia mau kāne, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i ka nui o ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana o ka genital i nā kāne erotic stimuli i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāne GAMP i ʻike ʻia heterosexual.d = .0.27, 95% CI −1.18 a i 0.63, p > 0.250).

Laau. 2b hoʻolālā i ka helu o kēlā me kēia mea komo ma ka CAS (Blanchard, 1989b). E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, hōʻike pinepine nā kāne GAMP wale nō i nā autogynephilia: 42% o nā kāne GAMP i loaʻa kahi helu> 1, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 12% o nā kāne heterosexual a me 0% o nā kāne kāne homosexual. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne GAMP ma ka autogynephilia ma mua o ka hana ʻana o nā kāne heterosexual a me nā kāne kāne (d = 1.20, 95% CI 0.62-1.77, p <0.001), ʻoiai ʻaʻole he ʻokoʻa nā kāne heterosexual a me nā kāne kāne (d = 0.40, 95% CI −0.28 a i 1.08, p = 0.210). Ma waena o nā kāne GAMP, ʻaʻole pili nā helu ma ka CAS i kēlā me kēia genital (r21 = 0.25, p > 0.250), aiʻole kumuhana kumuhana paha (r21 = 0.25, p > 0.250), i nā GAM. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike nā kāne GAMP ʻike ʻia i ka bisexual ʻoi aku ka nui o ka autogynephilia kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hana ʻana o nā kāne GAMP heterosexual ʻike ʻia (d = 1.38, 95% CI 0.37-2.38, p = 0.007). No laila, i waena o nā kāne GAMP, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka ʻike bisexual me ka hoʻowalewale moekolohe i nā kāne, akā me autogynephilia. 1 Pūnaewele hōʻike i nā ala a me nāʻokoʻa maʻamau no ka CAS i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e ka hui hui.

ʻO nā kāne GAMP iʻoi aʻe ka nui aʻe o ka autogynephilic a hoʻonuiʻia i ke kolohe e GAM (v. nā wāhine) kūpikipiki i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā kāne hetero. Ua nānā mākou ināʻo ka huikau ma waena o ka GAMP a me ka autogynephilic e hiki ke helu no kēiaʻokoʻa ma nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonā moe ma waena o nā huiʻelua. I ka hanaʻana pēlā, uaʻike mākou ua nui ka paneʻana o ka GAMP ma mua o nā kāne heterone i nā mea ulu o ka GAM e pili ana i nā hoʻokumuʻana i nā wāhine,ʻoiai i ka manawa e mālamaʻia ai ka autogynephilia (β = 0.67, 95% CI 0.11-1.23, p = 0.020). Ua like ka hopena no ka hoʻohaunaele kumuhana (β = 1.02, 95% CI 0.61-1.44, p <0.001). No laila, hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kāne heterosexual, ʻike ʻia nā kāne GAMP e hoʻāla ʻia e ka GAM e pili ana i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki wahine no ka mea ʻo GAMP lākou, ʻaʻole no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka autogynephilic.

ʻO kā mākou haʻawina e pane maikaʻi loa aku i kahi nīnauʻanoʻano'ē aʻe ma mua o ka mea i hoʻonohoʻia ma ko mākou inoa,ʻo ia hoʻi,ʻaʻole nā ​​kāne GAMP:ʻO nā kāne GAMPʻaʻole male kāne. Hōʻikeʻia kēia ma ka piliʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonā moe kolohe, kūlohelohe, a me kaʻike pilina. Akā, uaʻano like nā kāne GAMP me nā kāne heterokū ma ia mau hiʻohiʻona. Eia naʻe,ʻelua mauʻokoʻa nui ma waena o kēlā mau pūʻuluʻelua: Ua hoʻonuiʻia nā GAMP e nā Gimuli keu e pili ana i nā hoʻokumuʻana i nā wāhine, a ua kiʻekiʻe nā kānaka GAMP ma luna o ka autogynephilia. ʻO kēia paʻakikī mua ma nā hiʻohiʻona ho'āna wahine ma waena o GAMP a me nā kāne heterosexual ke kūʻokoʻa i ka lua o kaʻokoʻa ma autogynephilia.

E pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa o kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻāla, ua koho mākou i nā mea komo heterosexual wale i hōʻole i ka hoihoi nui o ka wahine i nā GAM. Hāpai kēia i ka nīnau inā he mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o kā mākou noi kāne heterosexual kāne a me nā kāne GAMP e hōʻike ana i ka atypicality o nā kāne GAMP a i kā mākou hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o nā kāne heterosexual. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē, ʻokoʻa paha kā mākou mau kāne heterosexual i waena o nā kāne heterosexual i ka hoihoi iki ʻana i ka wahine? Ma kahi ana e pili ana i mālama ʻia, ʻo 5.3% (12/227) wale nō o nā kāne heterosexual i kiʻi ʻia mai Amazon Mechanical Tureke i kākoʻo i ka GAM (AM Rosenthal ¶ AL., ʻikepili i hoʻopuka ʻole ʻia). No laila, ʻaʻole paha he mea atypical loa ka laʻana heterosexual i kēia manawa no ka mea ua kāpae ʻia ka poʻe i kākoʻo iā GAMP. I ka nui o kā mākou hāpana heterosexual maʻamau, hoʻohālikelike kā mākou hopena i ke kuhi manaʻo ʻana mai Ogas & Gaddam (2011) hoʻonāukiuki ʻia nā kāne heterosexual e nā GAM ma muli o kahi 'erotical illusion'. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he haʻahaʻa nā kāne kāne heterosexual i ka stimulus GAM i haʻahaʻa, kokoke i ko lākou hoʻonāukiuki i ke kāne ma mua o nā wahine stimulus. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hoʻowahāwahā haʻahaʻa, hōʻike ʻia nā kāne kāne kāne heterosexual i kahi hōʻeuʻeu genital i nā stimulus GAM i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā stimulus kāne, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā stimulus wahine.

Ua like ia me nā laʻana i hala (e laʻa me Weinberg & Williams, 2010), hiki i ko mākou poʻe GAMP ke hoʻomaopopo pono i keʻano he bisexual. Akā naʻe,ʻaʻole i kālepaʻia ko lākou pilikino bisexual me ko lākou moe koloheʻana i nā hanu kāne. Akā, ua pili pono kaʻike pilikino me ka mēkia o ka autogynephilia. 'Ālaʻula (1989b ) ua hoʻomaopopo i nā kānaka iʻikeʻia me nā kānaka bisexual i ka pahu cargynephilia i ka mea e hoʻopilikia i ka manaʻo o ka wahine i makemakeʻia e ka moekolohe me ke kanaka. Ua kapaʻo ia i kēia hoihoi pseudobisexuality, no ka mea, heʻokoʻa ia i ka pili pili i ka wahine maoli i nā kāne a me nā wāhine. I loko o kahi noi i kēia manawa o nā kānaka autogynephilic,ʻikeʻia ka pilikino bisexual a me kaʻoi aku o ka lōʻihi o ka nohoʻana o nā kāne ma ke kino e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka autogynephilic i hōʻikeʻia i ka manaʻo o ka wahine e launa pū ana (ʻo ia paha i ka moekolohe) me kekahi kanaka (Hsu ¶ AL.2015). ʻOiai ʻaʻole mākou i nānā pololei i ka pseudobisexuality ma ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, wehewehe paha ia i kekahi o ka ʻike bisexual i waena o nā kāne GAMP. ʻO kekahi mea hāʻawi ʻiʻo paha ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he ʻano kāne a kāne a wahine hoʻi nā GAM. Hoʻomaopopo paha kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka male kāne i ka wahine i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki o GAM, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea hōʻeuʻeu wahine, a me nā kāne heterosexual i hoʻonui i ka hoʻowalewale i ka wahine GAM, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāne kāne. Eia nō naʻe, e pili ana i nā kāne GAMP, ʻo ka moekolohe a me ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā GAM e like me ka palena o ka hoihoi i ke ʻano kāne. No laila, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā kāne GAMP e bisexual i ke ʻano maʻamau.

ʻAʻole kā mākou aʻoʻana e hāʻawi i nā pane i nā nīnau nuiʻelua. ʻO ka mea mua, no ke aha i hoʻomaka ai kekahi mau kāne e hoʻonui i ka hoʻouluʻana i ka wahine i GAM? ʻO ka lua, he aha ka hopena ma waena o ka autogynephilia a me ka GAMP? Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa e pili ana kēia mau nīnau i nā pane kūpono. ʻOiaiʻaʻole mākou manaʻo maikaʻi no ka nīnau mua, ke hāʻawi nei mākou i ka manaʻo hoʻohālike e pili ana i kēia hope: ua hoʻonāukiukiʻia nā kāne autogynephilic e ka manaʻo o ka liloʻana i wāhine. Hoʻomaopopoʻo GAM i ka hoʻololiʻana mai kekahi kanaka a wahine. Ma muli o ka hopena, hiki i nā GAM ke hoʻoulu a hoʻonui paha i ko lākou mau manaʻo autogynephilic. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻike e nīnau i nā kāne GMP autogynephilic i ko lākou mau manaʻo a me ko lākou mau manaʻo i ka laweʻana iā GAM i nā kumuhana (aiʻole e launa pūʻana me kekahi hui GAM) eʻimi i keʻano o nā mea likeʻole me nā kāne GAMP non-autogynephilic.

hoʻokau

ʻO nā hualoaʻa o kā mākou noiʻana e unuhiʻia me kekahi mau manaʻo i ka manaʻo. ʻO ka mea mua, heʻano liʻiliʻi ka nui o kā mākou'ōpili, akā, ma muli o ke kāohi kālā a me ka pilikia o ka hōʻiliʻiliʻana i nā kāne GAMP. No laila,ʻo nā hopena,ʻo nā mea kūpono paha, e kali i ka hoʻopiʻi hou aku.

ʻO ka lua o ka pilikia nui,ʻo kā mākou kohoʻiaʻana o nā manipuni paʻakikī. ʻO kā mākou mau kūlana GAM i kūʻole i ka likeʻole i kā mākou mau kāne a me nā wāhine. Uaʻikeʻia nā kāne male kāne a male wahine i nā kāne male kāne, akā, hoʻokahi mau kāne GAM-kāne hoʻokahi, kahi GAM-wahine wahine, hoʻokahi kāne GAM-GAM. Ua koho mākou i kēia hui ma muli o ko mākou hopohopo he nuiʻole nā ​​mea i loaʻa i nā GAM-GAM, me ka hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā kumuhana GAM'ē aʻe, a no laila paha he mea kūponoʻole i ka hoʻonāukiuki. Inā ua loaʻa i kā mākou hoʻoholo ka hopena kūpono, hiki paha iā ia ke paʻakikī i kaʻikeʻana i ke kahe ma waena o nā kāne GAMP a me nā kāne'ē aʻe. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻoiai ināʻikeʻole nā ​​kāne kāne kāne i nā GAMs, hiki paha ke hoʻonāukiukiʻia e ka GAM-male stimulus clip no ka mea he kāne kekahi. ʻO kēia kekahi kumu kumu'ē aʻe i hoʻonuiʻia ai nā kāne kāne kāne e nā GAM keu aʻe ma mua o ke kūʻana o nā wāhine, a no ke aha i hoʻonuiʻia ai nā kāne heterosexual ma muli o ke kūlana GAM ma muli o ke kūʻana o nā kāne. Akā, ua hiki iā mākou keʻike i nāʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne GAMP a me nāʻaoʻao'ē aʻeʻelua.

ʻO ka palena hope loa e kūkākūkā nei maʻaneʻi,ʻo kā mākou mau komohana he mau kānaka o ka Honua. Ma Samoa a me kekahi mauʻokoʻa'ē aʻe, ua lawe pinepine nā kāne kāne kāne i ka hōʻike transgender e like me ka GAM ma ka Western culture: nā inoa wahine, nā makaleo, nāʻaʻahu, nāʻano, a me nā pono (VanderLaan ¶ AL.2013). Malia paha he mea nui, akā,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kēia mau kanaka nāʻano kūlohelohe wahine-ʻano maʻamau e like me nā ū e like me nā GAM. Uaʻikeʻia he mau nīnau hou nei he mau kāne hulu kanaka kāne Sāmoa i moe i kēlā me kēia poʻe (i kapaʻia wahine wahine i ko lākou moʻomeheu) he mau pilikino i loko o kā lākou mau kumu o ka hoihoi piliʻole i ka poʻe kāne heterone me ka loaʻaʻole o iaʻano (Petterson ¶ AL.2015). ʻOiai uaʻano likeʻole kēlā mau hualoaʻa me kā mākou, ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nāʻano likeʻole ma waena o nā haʻawina e pili ana i keʻano o ka hopena a me ke ana o ka mahuʻona mau. Eia kekahi, wahine wahine ʻaʻole ia he kūlohelohe Sāmoa i GAM ma ke Komohana. Hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo mua, i ka nui o nā kāne heterosexual e hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokipa i nā GAM ma kahi moʻomeheu kahi i hoʻopiliʻoleʻia ai ia mea, aʻo ka lua, inā paha i loko o ia mau moʻomeheu, e nui aʻe ka nui o nā kānaka (a ho'ālaʻia e ) GAM ma mua o nā wāhine wahine.

Nā hopena maʻi

Ua hakakā kekahi mau kānaka me ka GAMP me ko lākou nele i kaʻike pono'ī (eg Savage, 2010; Clark-Flory, 2011; ʻO Bering, 2012), aʻo kā mākou hualoaʻa e hāʻawi mai i kahi maopopo o ka mea. Eia kekahi laʻana, ua kākau kahi kanaka i ka papahana'ōlelo 'Savage Love' e nīnau ana ināʻo konaʻoluʻolu i nā GAM e manaʻo neiʻo ia he mea pupule (Savage, 2010). Hōʻike maikaʻi kā mākou hualoaʻaʻaʻoleʻo ia; ʻOiaʻiʻo,ʻaʻole i hoʻonui houʻia nā kāne GAMP e nā kāne ma mua o nā kāne heterone. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomāhuahua nā kāne GAMP i ka hoʻolālā kāne kāne e like me nā kāne heterone, akā hiki paha kēia ma muli o kekahi mau kumu'ē aʻe ma mua o ka moekolohe a male bisexual, e like me ka hui pūnaewele autogynephilic.

Ke hoʻopuka nei mākou i nā huahana'ē aʻe'ē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻomālamalamaʻia e kā mākou noiʻana me nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā poʻe i hoʻohuli i ka mea kākau nui ma muli o konaʻike e pili ana i kaʻepekema o nā hihia pili i transgender.

Kū i ka GAMP

ʻO ka wahine moe kolohe a me ka ipo a kahi wahine makua kahi kāne i hōʻike i kāna hoihoi i ka GAM ma mua o ko lāua pili. Ua hoʻokomo lākou i kekahi manawa i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo GAM i loko o kā lākou ola wahine, a i ka manawa mua ua ʻike ʻo ia i kēia erototic. Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, ua lilo kēia hana i mea e pono ai kāna pakanā e hauʻoli i kā lākou launa pū ʻana. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia kēia i ka wahine, a ua pau ko lākou pili.

Hōʻike nā hopena o kā mākou noi ʻana ʻaʻole kuleana nā stimulus GAM no ka hoʻonāukiuki erotic. No kā mākou kāne GAMP, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ko lākou genital a me subtake arousal i ka wahine a me nā GAM stimulus mai ka ʻole. (ʻO ia ka heterosexual kāne i hoʻemi i ka pane i nā stimulus GAM i alakaʻi iā lākou e ʻokoʻa mai nā kāne GAMP i ke ʻano hoʻāla. E lilo paha kēia mau kāne i mea hōʻoluʻolu ʻole i nā pilina moekolohe me nā wahine natal.

Ke kāne dysphoria

ʻO kekahi kanaka makua me ka moʻolelo o ka moekolohe a me ka pilina pili me GAM, hōʻikeʻo ia i ka lōʻihi o ka piliʻana i ke kaiāulu i ka wahine a me ka loaʻaʻana o ke kāpili hōʻailona. Eia kekahi, i ka wā e pili ana i ka wahine me GAM, manaʻoʻo ia he wahine.

Hōʻikeʻia nā hualoaʻa e hiki ke maʻalahi ka dysphoria male ma waena o nā kāne GAMP ma mua o nā kāne maʻamau. ʻO kēia no ka meaʻoi aku kaʻoi aku o nā mea ma mua o nā kāne'ē aʻe e hōʻike i ka autogynephilia, a pili pūʻia ka autogynephilia me ka dysphoria kāne (Blanchard, 1993; Hsu ¶ AL.2015). Eia naʻe,ʻo kā mākou hopena e hōʻike ana he mamao loa ka holoʻokoʻapalalia ma waena o nā kāne GAMP, he hapalua wale nō (n = 12) o kā mākou hāpana GAMP hōʻike autogynephilia. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokahi hapakolu (n = 8) he 6 mau helu ma ka CAS, i ʻoi aku i ka awelika o kahi laʻana o nā mea maʻi dysphoric kāne autogynephilic (Blanchard, 1989b ).

hopena a

ʻAʻole i maopopo iki ka GAMP, akāʻaʻole naʻe he hanana, makemake nui. ʻO ka nele o kaʻike, he mea pōʻinoʻole ia,ʻo kaʻikeʻepekema a me ka pilikino. Uaʻimi pinepine nā kāne GAMP a me kā lākou mau mea aloha a me ka moekolohe e pili ana i keʻano o ka GAMP (ʻoiai paha he mea hōʻeha ka hoihoi i nā GAM) a uaʻeha i kaʻikeʻole. ʻO kaʻimi noiʻi i kēia manawa he mea nui i kaʻike.

Nā mea'ē aʻe

No nā mea hou e hele pū me kēia huakaʻi pepa http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002317.

'Ōlelo hōʻeia

Mahalo mākou iā Arundati Nagendra no ke kōkua nui loa i ka mālamaʻana i nā haʻawina a me nā mea waiwai a me nā poʻe komo pū. Mahalo nui iā Anne A. Lawrence no ka nānā houʻana i ka puka mua o ka puke a no ka hāʻawiʻana i nā kōkua kōkua e pili ana i ka'ōlelo. ʻAʻole loaʻa kēia noiʻi i kekahi hāʻawi kālā i hāʻawiʻia e kekahi pūʻulu kālā, nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻaʻoleʻole

Hōʻike o ka Pono

'A'ohe.

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Notes

†Hōʻike nā memo ma hope o ka hua'ōlelo nui.

 

Notes

1 He mea maʻamau he manawa kūpaʻa. ʻike kekahi i ka mea hōʻino, no ka mea, ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia e pili i nā kāne kāne male kāne a male paha i ka wahine kāne male aiʻole i GAM i nā mea hoʻokipa haʻuki (Arune, 2006). I mea e pale ai i ka hewaʻole a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, hoʻohana mākou i ka GAM manawa ma muli o ka hemale.

2 No nā hōʻailona e hōʻuluʻulu ana i nā helu o nā hoa'ē aʻe,ʻo ka heluʻoi loa no kēlāʻano kēiaʻano moekolohe (GAM, wahine, a me kāne) ua kau palenaʻia i ka 25 i mea e pale ai i ka manaʻole o nā mea'ē aʻe. ʻO kēia hoʻoholoʻana i hōʻemi nuiʻoleʻia ka helu maʻamau o nā kāne kāne o nā kāne kāne kāne. Eia naʻe, ua like nā hopena i ka wā i weheʻia ai kēia palena i ka helu kiʻekiʻe.