COMMENTS: ʻOiai ke aʻo ʻana e hoʻohana ana i ka huaʻōlelo "Moekolohe moekolohe (CSB)," he poʻe ʻāmū porn nā kumuhana.e nānā i kēia hoʻokuʻu pāpāho). Ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nāʻanoʻoihana olakino i hoʻonuiʻia ka nui o ka amygdala a me ka hoʻolālā i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaha ma waena o ka amygdala hema a me ka DLPFC cortex prefrontal mua. Manaʻo nā mea kākau:
Loaʻa nāʻike i kēia manawa i nā puke i hoʻonuiʻia ma kahi'āpana i hoʻokumuʻia i loko o ke aloha hoʻoluhi a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā kūlana hoʻomalu o nā kānāwai. Hiki i nā haunaele o ia'eneke ke ho'ākāka i nā'ōnaehana o keʻano palekana e pili ana i ka uku maikaʻi o kaʻenehana a iʻole ka hoʻonuiʻia o kaʻikepili i nāʻike hoʻonani aloha. ʻOiai keʻano o kā mākou mauʻike ma ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me ka poʻe i loko o nā maʻi o ka hoʻohana (SUD), hiki i kēia mau hopena ke hoʻohālikelike i nāʻokoʻa ma keʻano o ka hopena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Unuhi unuhi #1): "ʻOi aku ka pili o ka hana ma waena o ka amygdala & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." He mea nui ka amygdala i ka hana ʻana i nā manaʻo, e like me kā mākou pane i ke koʻikoʻi. Hoʻopili ikaika ʻia ka amygdala ma nā ʻano he nui o ka hoʻāo e like me ka ʻiʻini, cue-reactivity a me nā hōʻailona haʻalele. Hoʻoemi i ka pilina o ka hana ma waena o ka amygdala a me ka prefrontal cortex i hoʻopili ʻia me nā mea ʻona. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka pili maikaʻi ʻole e hōʻemi ana i ka mana o ka prefrontal cortex ma luna o ka impulse o kahi mea hoʻohana e komo i ka hana hoʻopulapula.
Unuhi unuhi #2): "Hoʻonui i ka nui o amygdala" (ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui o nā mea hina). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi ʻana i ka lāʻau hoʻomake lāʻau e hōʻike i kahi amygdalae liʻiliʻi i nā mea addict (mea hina liʻiliʻi). Hōʻike kēia noi e hiki i ka lāʻauʻona lāʻau ke alakaʻi i ka liʻiliʻi o ka hina a no laila e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka amygdala i nā meaʻona. ʻAʻohe kānalua he kuleana kēia. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e hana mau ana ka amygdala i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana i nā porn, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka wā o ka hōʻike mua ʻana i kahi hōʻailona moekolohe. ʻO kahi laʻana, ke kaomi ʻana mai ka ʻaoʻao a i ka ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ke ʻimi nei i kahi wikiō a i ʻole kiʻi e hoʻomālamalama i ka amygdala. Malia paha ka mau moe ʻimi hou a me kaʻimi a me kaʻimiʻana i kahi hopena kūlohelohe i ka amygdala i nā mea hoʻokani porn ikaika.
Nā wehewehe'ē aʻe no ka nui o ka amygdala nui i nā mea pume porn: ʻO nā makahiki o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka porn koʻikoʻi hiki ke lilo i mea koʻikoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia mau kumuhana CSB wale nō ka mea ʻaʻa porn; ua ʻike lākou i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma muli o ka hoʻohana porn (ka nalowale o ka hana, nā pilikia pili, ka hoʻomohala ʻana iā ED i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka porn. Eia kahi kiko nui: Hoʻopiliʻia ka pilina koʻikoʻi i ka nui o ka amygdala nui:
ʻOiaiʻaʻole i maopopo pono nāʻano pono o ka plasticity, ma keʻano kūʻokoʻa i ka pilikia nui e hoʻonui i ka uluʻana o nā lālā o ka amygdala, eia naʻe ka hopena o ka hippocampus a me ke cortex mua.
Ke manaʻo nei mākou i ka mea i loaʻa ma luna o kaʻike i kēia ʻImi 2015 i loaʻa i ka "addicts moekolohe" i kahi axis HPA hyperactive (keʻano o ka hoʻouluuluʻana i ke kikowaena). Hiki i ka pilikia kahiko e pili ana i ka porn / sex addiction, me nā kumu e hoʻonui ai i ka wahine, e alakaʻi i ka nui o ka amygdala? I ka hope loa, hiki i ka'enela amygdala i maʻamau i ka manawa o nā meaʻona lama, e like me ʻO nā keiki i loko o nāʻohana me ka lama nui o ka waiʻona ka amygdalae liʻiliʻi.
LINK I NĀ KULA KULA
ʻO Casper Schmidt,1,2,3 Laurel S. Morris,1,4 ʻO Timo L. Kvamme,1,2,3 Paula Hall,5 ʻO Thaddeus Birchard,5 a me Valerie Auhea1,4,6 *
- Kau muaʻia: 27ʻOkakopa 2016 Nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala piha
- DOI: 10.1002 / hbm.23447 E nānā / mālama i ka helu
Hōʻike nā mea kākau i ka loaʻaʻole o nā kuleana e haʻi aku.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
kāʻei kua
He kūloheloheʻo ia i nā moe kolohe (CSB) a pili pū me ka hana pilikino kino a pilikanaka. Ke hoʻomaopopoʻoleʻia ka neurobiology i lalo. Ke nānā nei ka haʻawina o kēia manawa i nā puke a me ka hoʻomauʻana i ka pilina hana ma ka CSB me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā mea kōkua olakino (HV).
Nā Papahana
Ua hōʻiliʻiliʻia nāʻikepili MRI (MPRAGE) i nā koina 92 (nā kāne 23 CSB a me ka 69 makahiki-male i ka HV) a ua hōʻoiaʻia ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka morphometry. Hoʻopiliʻia kaʻike MRI hana kūwaho i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka'ōnaehana hoʻolālā multi-echo a me nā māheleʻano hoʻokaʻawale (ME-ICA) i nā hanana 68 (nā kumuhana 23 CSB a me ka makahiki 45-i like me HV).
Results
Ua hōʻikeʻia nā haʻawina CSB i ka nui o ka haʻaleleʻana i nā puke amygdala gray (me ka hoʻoponopono hapa liʻiliʻi,ʻo Bonferoni i hoʻololiʻia P <0.01) a hoʻemi i ka pili hana pili aupuni ma waena o ka hua hema amygdala a me ka bilors dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (ka lolo holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hui ʻo FWE P <0.05) hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HV.
hopena a
Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo CSB me nā puke kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi limbic e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā hoʻonāuki a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ka manaʻo, a me ka hana ponoʻole ka pilina ma waena o nā mana hoʻolālā mua a me nā palena limbic. Pono e hoʻolālā i nā papahana lōʻihi e nānā ai i kaʻikeʻana o kēia mau hopena i nā kumu kūpono i ka hoʻomakaʻana o nā hana a iʻole nā hopena o nā hana.
ailona
- ʻO ka ACC ka mua o ke kāhili
- ʻO CSB i ka moe kolohe
- Nā huapalapala CSF
- DLPFC hoʻonanea mua mua
- ʻO GM mea hina
- Hōʻike GLM maʻamau
- HV nā limahana ola olakino
- Hoʻomākaukau ka menekene MPRAGE i ka hoʻonā liʻiliʻi
- NOC kobitofrontal cortex
- ʻO ROI ka māhele'āina
- Nā Paʻukina Pūnaewele Nānā Pūnaewele SPM
- ʻO ka manawa hoʻopiʻi hou
- Hōʻike manawa RE
- Loaʻa ka morphometry VBM
- ʻO WM mea keʻokeʻo.
Introduction
ʻO ka moekolohe kolohe (CSB), i kapaʻia hoʻi he kūkino piliʻole i ka moekolohe a me ka moe kolohe, he mea maʻalahi (e hoʻolālāʻia ma 3% -6%) [Kraus et al., 2016] a pili i nā pilikia nui o ka pilikia a me ke kaumaha o ka psychosocial, e like me ka ho'ākākaʻia e ka manaʻoiʻole, ka hanaʻole, a me ka pilikino pili kino a me ka hana pilikino [Kraus et al., 2016]. Ua nānā nā haʻawina hou i kaʻikeʻana i ka pilina pilikino e pili ana i ke neurobiological [Kraus et al., 2016]ʻoiaiʻo ka nui o nā haʻawina e hōʻaleʻa ai i ko mākouʻike no nā kumu hana paʻa a pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i kēia mau pilikia. Ua hoʻomaopopoʻia ka CSB ma keʻano he hopena o ka hoʻoikaika a me ke kāwiliʻana [Kraus et al., 2016]. Eia naʻe, akā, ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ka maʻi hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka DSM-5 a hoʻopaʻaʻia ma ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo (Reid et al., 2012],ʻo kēia maʻi me ka hoʻohana ponoʻole o ka pūnaewele aiʻole nā pāʻani wikiō,ʻaʻole i hoʻokomoʻia ma ka mahele nui o ka DSM-5, ma kahi hapa no ka palena o nāʻikepili i nā kūlana. No laila, he mea nui nā haʻawina hou e pili ana i ka CSB no ka hoʻonuiʻana i kaʻike o kēia mau pilikia. ʻOiai e loaʻa iā CSB keʻano o nāʻano, eia mākou e nānā i kahi hui e hōʻike ana i nā pilikia nui me nā hoʻohana ponokala pilakala. Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka hua'ōlelo CSB ma ka manaʻo e "hōʻemi" ka ho'ākāka houʻana i ka mana hou aʻaʻole i manaʻoʻia e hoʻohālikelike i nā manaʻo mechanics a me nā haʻaliolo.
Ua mālama mākou i ka loiloiʻana i nā puke e pili ana i nā kuʻuna maʻamau e hoʻohana ana i ka morphometry (VBM) i ka voxel-iʻole ka mānoanoa kino. Ua hoʻohana mākou i nā hua'ōlelo ma hope o PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): '[("Morphometry-based morphometry" a i ʻole "mānoanoa cortical") a],' ukali ʻia e "[piliwaiwai pathological]," "[hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele]," "[maʻi maʻi pūnaewele]," "," a i ʻole " [pāʻani ma ka pāʻani]. ” Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu, ua loaʻa nā noiʻi 13 ma waena o nā ʻano lawena e pili ana i ka piliwaiwai, hoʻohana pūnaewele, a i ʻole ka pāʻani wikiō i loiloi ʻia ma VBM a i ʻole ka mānoanoa o ka cortical. Hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi o nā puke i ka Papa 1 a ua kūkākūkāʻia ma lalo.
Pākaukau 1. ʻImi moʻokalaleo o ka volumetric a me ka mānoanoa o ka mānoanoa cortical e pili ana i nā hana lawena
Ke poʻo inoa | Hoʻoweliweli pilikino | Nā Kaupapa (P / HV) | E ana | Nā Regiona i pili |
---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
[Grant et al., 2015] | ʻO ka maʻi pilikia | 16/17 | Ka mānoanoa kala | Ho'ōmiʻia ka mānoanoa kalapū ma R-SFC, RMFC, MOFC, PCG a me bl-IPC |
[Joutsa et al., 2011] | ʻO ka pāʻani pila | 12/12 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | ʻAʻohe volumetric e like me GM a WM ma waena o ka HV a me nā maʻi |
[Koehler et al., 2013] | ʻO ka pāʻani pila | 20/21 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | Hoʻonuiʻia ka nui GM i bl-VS a me R-PFC |
[van Holst et al., 2012] | ʻO ka pāʻani pīhoihoi | 40/54 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | ʻAʻohe volumetric e like me GM aiʻole WM ma waena o nā mea pili waiwai a me ka HV |
[Hong et al., 2013] | ʻAno Pūnaewele | 15/15 | Ka mānoanoa kala | Ho'ēmiʻia ka mānoanoaʻeleʻele i r-LOFC |
[Yuan et al., 2011] | ʻAno Pūnaewele | 18/18 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | Hoʻoemiʻia ka nui GM ma DLPFC, SMA, OFC, CB, RACC |
[Zhou et al., 2011] | ʻAno Pūnaewele | 15/18 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | Ho'ēmiʻia ka nui GM i ka l-ACC, PCC, IC, LING |
[Lin et al., 2014] | Pāʻani pūnaewele pūnaewele | 35/36 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | Ho'ēmiʻia ka nui GM i ka IFG, l-CG, IC, a me ka HI-HIPP ʻO ka emiʻana o ka mīkini WM i IFG, IC, IPC, ACC |
[Sun et al., 2014] | Pāʻani pūnaewele pūnaewele | 18/21 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | Hoʻonuiʻia ka nui GM i ka r-ITG, MTG, PHG Ho'ēmiʻia ka nui GM ma l-PrCG |
[Wang et al., 2015] | ʻO ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele | 28/28 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | Hoʻoemiʻia ka nui GM i ACC, PCUN, SMA, SPC, a me ka L-DLPFC, IC, CB |
[Cai et al., 2015] | ʻO ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele | 27/30 | Keʻano haʻahaʻa, FreeSurfer | Nā hua'ōlelo i hoʻonuiʻia o CN a me VS |
[Weng et al., 2013] | Hoʻopilikia pili pūʻokoʻa | 17/17 | Loaʻa ka morphometry | Ho'ēmiʻia ka nui GM i ka r-OFC, SMA a me bl-IC |
[Yuan et al., 2013] | Hoʻopilikia pili pūʻokoʻa | 18/18 | Ka mānoanoa kala | Hoʻonuiʻia ka mānoanoaʻeleʻele ma l-PrCG, PCUN, MFC, ITG, MTG Ho'ēmiʻia ka mānoanoa kalapū ma l-LOFC, IC, r-PCG, IPC |
ʻO ka nānāʻana i loko o nā haunaele neural i nā hoʻoponopono i loaʻa mai i kaʻikeʻana i nā maʻi o ka lāʻau (SUD). ʻO nā kānaka me SUD e hōʻike ana i ka emiʻana o ka nui o ka lolo a me ka mānoanoa ma kahi o nā kai kū i mua o ke kaʻina o ka lolo. ʻO kahi hoʻolālā hou o nā noi 9 a me nā kānaka i loaʻa i ka waiʻona 296 i loaʻa i ka emiʻana o ka nui o nā'āpana poʻo hina (GM), e like me ke kāpili pēpē mua (ACC) [Xiao et al., 2015], me ka maikaʻiʻole o ka hoʻomehana GM i mua i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka waiʻona ola (Taki et al., 2006]. Ua ho'ēmi likeʻia nā papahana GM Prefrontal i nā kānaka hilinaʻi e pili ana i ka cocaine, e like me ka cortex orbitofrontal (OFC) [Rando et al., 2013; Tanabe et al., 2009], kinikini mua mua o ka mua [Rando et al., 2013] a me ACC [Connolly et al., 2013],ʻo ka mea hope e pili ana me nā makahiki o ka lāʻau lāʻau [Connolly et al., 2013].
ʻO ka nui o nāʻokoʻa ma nā'āpana o kaʻeleʻele a me ka mānoanoa ua emi iho ka māmā i nā hoʻoponopono āpau (nānāʻia ma ka Papa 1). ʻEkolu mauʻano liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka maʻi kalapilikia i hōʻike i nāʻike me ka emiʻana o ka mānoanoa i ka māmā ma mua o nā'āpana mua a me nā hapalāʻau [Grant et al., 2015], hoʻonuiʻia nā volumes ma ka cortex pono mua (Koehler et al., 2013] aiʻole nā hui likeʻole [Joutsa et al., 2011]. Ma kahi haʻawina nui o nā pili pili ponoʻole o nā pāʻani pili,ʻaʻole iʻikeʻia kekahiʻokoʻa o nā hui ma nā waihona o ka lolo [van Holst et al., 2012]. Hoʻokahi haʻawina haʻawina i loko o ka hōʻailona pūnaewele hōʻike i ka mānoanoaʻeleʻele i ka OFC [Hong et al., 2013], me kekahi lalo iho o ka hoʻonuiʻana i kaʻenehana ma mua o ka cortex mua mua (DLPFC) [Yuan et al., 2011] a meʻelua mau hōʻike e hōʻike ana i nā haʻawina keu ACC [Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011]. ʻElua mauʻike liʻiliʻi ma nā'eneke pāʻani pūnaewele i hōʻike i nā palapala i hoʻemiʻia ma OFC [Weng et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013], aʻelua papahana nui i hōʻikeʻia nā puke liʻiliʻi ma ke kāpili'ōpili [Lin et al.,] 2014; ʻO Wang et al., 2015] me ka hōʻike pūnaewele likeʻole i ka emiʻana ma DLPFC [Wang et al., 2015], lalo mua [Lin et al., 2014], hauʻoli nui [Wang et al., 2015] a me kahi hua liʻiliʻi [Yuan et al., 2013] ke kino. Me ka pili i nā hale i lalo o ka papahana, ua hōʻikeʻia kahi haʻawina haʻawina nui i ka nui o ka nui (VS) nui i ka maʻi pili kālā (Koehler et al., 2013] me kaʻokoʻaʻole o nāʻano likeʻole i hōʻikeʻia ma nā haʻawina'ē aʻe. I loko o ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele,ʻike like nā mea i loaʻa me ka brassppocampal kiʻekiʻe [Sun et al., 2014], hippocampal hilo [Lin et al., 2014] aiʻoleʻole kahi kūkā [Wang et al., 2015; Weng et al., 2013]. Hoʻokahi kūmole me kahi'āpana kūpono kūpono e nānā ana i nā volcano subtitles hōʻikeʻia ka nui o nā caudate a me nā VS e pili ana i nā hemahema ma muli o kaʻike (Cai et al., 2015]. Hoʻohui pūʻia,ʻo ka hopena o nā meaʻino i loko o ka pilikia pili i ka pāʻani e kū'ēʻole. I ka hoʻohālikeʻana,ʻo nā loli o nā meaʻinoʻole ma ka hoʻohana pūnaewele a iʻole ka pūnaewele pūnaeweleʻoi aku ka hōʻikeʻana i ka nui o ka nui me ka emiʻana o ka ACC a me ka volume OFC i hoʻopili pinepineʻia ma nā papaʻelua.
I kēia lā, loaʻa kaʻike nui o nā hoʻololi kūlohelohe i nā poʻe me CSB. Ma kaʻikeʻana i nā kānaka olakino me ka hoʻohana ponoʻoleʻana i nā kiʻi ponoʻole me kaʻikeʻoleʻia o ka CSB, hōʻike i nā haʻawina GM haʻahaʻa i ka pahuwai kūpono [Kūkā a me Gallinat, 2014]. He kūʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi MRI o nā poʻe me CSB (N = 8 no kēlā me kēia hui) hōʻike i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa mean mean i nā mea keʻokeʻo frontal kiʻekiʻe (WM) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HV [Miner et al., 2009]. Me ka pili i ka hana maʻamau, hiki i ka kāne HV ke hōʻike i nā hana ma ka nohoʻana me ka haʻawina hema hema ma hope o ka holoʻana o ka mīkini STARTAMOLD BOLD i nā kiʻi'eneke [Kühn a me Gallinat, 2014] a me ka emi loa o ka mana kūpono i nā kiʻi kūpono [Prause et al., 2015]. I ka hoʻohālikeʻana, ma kahi hoʻolālā maʻamau o ka mīkini e like me ka hōʻikeʻana i ka CSB me ka HV, nā wikiō maʻamau i hoʻohālikelikeʻia ka kiʻekiʻe o VS, amygdala a me ACC ACCENDED i nā pane i ka CSB [Voon et al., 2014]. Hoʻohuiʻia ka pilina kūlike ma waena o kēia mau'āina me kahi hōʻailona o ka makemake wahine a "makemake" akā,ʻaʻole "makemake" i nā kumuhana CSB e hōʻike ana i ka hana o ka hoʻouluʻiaʻana, e like me ke kuhiʻana o ka lāʻau. Pēlā nō, ma kahi haʻawina'ē aʻe ma ka pūnaewele porno pornography, ua pili ka kiʻi pilina iʻoi aku me kaʻoihanaʻoihana nuiʻoi aʻe a hoʻopiliʻia wale nō me nā hōʻike pono'ī o ka pūnaewele pornography a me nā mea'ē aʻe o ka moe kolohe a me ke kaumaha [Brand et al., 2016]. ʻO kekahi hōʻike hou e hōʻike ana i nā poʻe me nā halihali i ka pilina koʻikoʻi i loaʻa pinepine a hoʻonui i ka makemake i ka wahine i ka hopena o nā ululāʻau, a uaʻikeʻia ka nui o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka caudate, kahi lobe liʻiliʻi, nā'āpana o mua, ka thalamus, a me ka DLPFC i kēia pūʻulu. [Seok a me Sohn, 2015]. Ua hōʻike hou aku ka poʻe CSB i ka manaʻo nui loa i nā ulia pōkole maʻamau [Mechelmans et al., 2014] i hoʻopiliʻia me nā koho maikaʻi no nā hōʻailona i hoʻolālāʻia i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi [Banca et al., 2016]. I ka paneʻana i ka hōʻike pinepineʻana i nā kiʻi hoʻohemoʻiaʻana o nā kiʻiʻeleʻele, ua hōʻike nā hōʻike a CSB i ka kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma ka ACC a hoʻokuʻu i nā hopena o ka wahine, i hoʻohuiʻia me nā koho koho no nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi pilikino [Banca et al., 2016], he hopena e hiki ke ho'ākākaʻia e kēlā me kēia maʻamau akā hiki nō paha ke kūlike me ka manaʻo o ka paleʻana i nā mea'aʻahia.
Ke nānā nei kaʻimi i ka GM volumetric ma ka CSB a nānā i nā puke i kēia manawa ma nā puke volumetric a me nā meaʻeleʻele pili i nā maʻi'elepili a me ka pūnaewele a me ka pilikia o ka pāʻani. Ke nānā nei mākou i ka hoʻomahaʻana i ka pilina o ka poʻe CSB a me ka HV me ka papahana e hoʻolālā houʻia me ka hoʻohālikelikeʻenehana kūʻokoʻa (ME-ICA) kahi iʻikeʻia ai nā hōʻailona BOLD ma nāʻano kūʻokoʻa me ka manawa o ka hoʻolālā laina (TE) akā,ʻo nā hōʻailona BOLDʻole iʻikeʻia he mauʻano kūʻokoʻa (Kundu et al., 2012]. Ke manaʻo nei mākou e hoʻopauʻia ka pūnaewele o ka salience a me nā pūnaewele pili pūnaewele e ka amygdala, VS a me ka ACC.
METHOD
i komo
Ua loaʻa nā kākoʻo o ka CSB ma nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha pūnaewele a me nā mea nāna i hoʻopuka mai i nā hōʻailona. Ua kālepaʻia nā kāne i hoʻonuiʻia i ka makahiki HV mai nā hoʻolaha kūloko i ka East Anglia. ʻO nā nīnau a pau o ka CSB i nīnauʻia e kekahi kauka kilokilo e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokōʻana i nā pae hōʻailona no ka CSB (ua hōʻoia i nā pae hoʻohālikelike i hoʻohālikelikeʻia no ka maʻi hoʻohaʻahaʻa maʻamau (Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012] a me ka moe kolohe [Carnes et al., 2007], e nānā ana i ka hoʻohana ponoʻana i nā mea kikowaena pūnaewele. Ua hoʻolālāʻia kēia ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi hua'ōlelo i hoʻololiʻia o ka Astronomical Experience Scale (ASES) [Mcgahuey et al., 2011], kahi i paneʻia nā nīnau ma ka pālākiō o 1-8, me nā helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i ka hōʻinoʻiaʻana o ke kumuhana nui aʻe. Hāʻawiʻia i keʻano o nā ala, nā mea a pau o ka CSB a me HV he kāne a he hetero kāne. Ua like nā makahiki HV me nā makahiki (± 5 makahiki) me nā kumuhana CSB. Ua mālama pūʻia nā mea i hoʻohuiʻia e like me ka MRI e like me kā mākou i hana ai ma mua [Banca et al., 2016; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014]. Aia nā papa helu hoʻokae ma lalo o ka 18 makahiki, me ka moʻolelo o SUD, he mea hoʻohana maʻamau o nā meaʻaeʻole (e like me ka cannabis), a me ka maʻi hōʻoia o ka maʻi, e like me ka maʻi o ke kaumaha a me ka maʻi hilahilaʻole; ka moʻaukala o ka maʻi pipili maʻi a schizophrenia (hoʻopaʻaʻia me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka Inventory Mini International Neuropsychiatric) [Sheehan et al., 1998]. ʻO nā meaʻaeʻa a me nā hana kuhiʻole kekahi. ʻO nā kumuhana i heluʻia e kekahi psychiatrist e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele a iʻole ka pāhana pāpili, ka pāʻani pāhili a me nā mea kūʻai nui, ka maʻi'ōpiopio o ka'ōpiopio a iʻole ka makuaʻole, a me ka hōʻailona pīpīʻai. Nā Kauhana i hoʻopau i ka Uila Haʻaheo UPPS-P [Whiteside and Lynam, 2001] e helu i ka impulsivity, a me ka Invent Depression Inventory [Beck et al., 1961] e helu i ka poino. Ua laweʻelua o nā mea o ka 23 CSB i nā'āpana antipaʻipaʻi a iʻole i hōʻoleʻole i ka maʻi ākea a me ka phobia (N = 2) a i ʻole phobia kaiāulu (N = 1) a i ʻole ka moʻolelo kamaliʻi o ADHD (N = 1). Ua loaʻa ka ʻae kākau kākau ʻia, a ua ʻae ʻia ke aʻo ʻana e ke Kōmike ʻInikua Research of University of Cambridge. Uku ʻia nā kumuhana no ko lākou komo ʻana.
Neuroimaging
Loaʻaʻike a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana
Kūkulu.
Hoʻopiliʻia nā kiʻi hana e like me ka hoʻopiha pihaʻana i ka holomua (MPRAGE) me ka hoʻohana pūʻana i kahi pūnaeweleʻo 3-channel i kahi pūnaeweleʻo 32-channel e hoʻohana nei i kahi papahana TDRNUMX i paʻiʻia (1 mau mūkaʻona stern, 176 minuke manawa; manawa kuʻi hou (TR) = 9 ms; manawa kikowahi (TE) = 2,500 ms; manawa hoʻohuliwaena = 4.77 ms; kekona loaʻa = 1,100 × 256 × 256; hoʻokiʻekiʻe hāpai = 176 °; 7 × 1 × 1 mm. Ua hoʻomakaʻia ka nānāʻana ma kahiʻo Wolfson Brain Imaging Center ma ke Kulanui o Cambridge.
Ua hanaʻia nāʻikepili pūnaewele me ka PalapalaʻImiʻIke Heluhelu (SPM8; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) (Wellcome Trust Center no Neuroimaging, Lādana, UK). Ua hoʻonohonoho houʻia nā kiʻi Anatomical me ka lima, e kau ana i ke kumu i ka'ākuhi mua. Ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā kiʻi (me ka Māhele Hou no SPM) i GM, WM a me cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ma muli o nā palapala maʻamau maʻamau maʻamau no kēlā me kēiaʻano kiko. Ua hōʻuluʻuluʻia nā kumukūmālua o nāʻano lole e huahuaʻia ka nui o ka nui o nā kinikini. Ua hanaʻia kekahi mamana maʻamau me DARTEL [Ashburner, 2007], e ho'ākāka nei i nā palena pono e kūpono i ke kiʻi GM ʻōiwi o kēlā me kēia kanaka i kahi ākea maʻamau, i kahi ʻano iterative. Ua kāinoa ʻia kēia anakuhi DARTEL i nā palapala ʻaʻa kūpono me nā hoʻololi affine, e lawe ana i nā kiʻi i kahi MNI. Hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi ʻia nā kiʻi me kahi ākea piha ma ka hapalua o nā kernel o 8 mm3.
Kūlana hoʻomaha.
Ua loaʻa nāʻike kuhi'āina fMRI no nā minuke 10 me nā maka e wehe ana me kahi pūnaewele Siemens 3T Tim Trio me kahi pūnaewele poʻo 32-channel i Wolfson Brain Imaging Center, University of Cambridge. Ua hoʻohanaʻia ka papahana kiʻi e hoʻonui i ke kelepona wikiō me ka hoʻoponopono pūnaewele (ka manawa hou, 2.47 s; flip angle, 78 °; 64 × 64 ka nui o ka hoʻohālikelike: ka hoʻolālā o ka mīkini, 3.75 mm; FOV, 240 mm; 32 oblique'āpana, Loaʻa i ka'āpana'āpana 3.75 mm me ka 10% gap; iPAT kumuhana, 3; bandwidth = 1,698 Hz / pixel; manawa pahuhopu (TE) = 12, 28, 44 a me 60 ms).
Ka heluʻenehana kūʻokoʻa Multi-echo (ME-ICAv2.5 beta6; http://afni.nimh.nih.gov) ua hoʻohanaʻia no ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka no-noising o kaʻikeʻana o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka mīho e hoʻonuiʻana i ka mīkini. ʻAeʻiaʻo ME-ICA i nāʻikepili multi-echo fMRI i nā'āpana kūʻokoʻa me FastICA. E hōʻike ana i ka hōʻailona o ka hōʻailona hōʻailona ma muli o ka hua'ōlelo TE2 * decay. Hoʻohālikeʻia kēiaʻike-e ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka pseudo-F-statistic, kappa, me nā mea e kau ana i ka ikaika me TE he kiʻekiʻe kappa kiʻekiʻe [Kundu et al., 2012]. Hōʻikeʻia nā mea non-BOLD e ke kuhiʻiaʻana e ke kuhiʻia e ka pseudo-F-statistic, rho. Hoʻokaʻawale 'ia nā Components e like me BOLD a iʻole non-BOLD ma muli o ko lākou kappa a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi waiwai, [Kundu et al., 2012]. Lawe ʻia nā mea non-BOLD e ke kuhi ʻana, ka hōʻalo ʻana i ka ʻikepili no ka neʻe ʻana, nā mea pono o ke kino a me ka mea scanner i ke ʻano ikaika e pili ana i nā loina o ke kino. Ua kākau inoa ʻia nā kiʻi echo planar de-noised o kēlā me kēia kanaka i kā lākou MPRAGE a hoʻonui ʻia i ka template Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka laumania ākea me kahi kernel Gaussian (piha ākea hapa hapalua = 6 mm). ʻO ka papa manawa no kēlā me kēia voxel i kānana ʻia i kahi manawa no ka band-pass (0.008 f <0.09 Hz). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka scan anatomical o kēlā me kēia kanaka i GM, WM, a me CSF. Ua kāpae ʻia nā mea nui o nā hōʻailona mai WM a me CSF.
Ua hanaʻia ka hoʻopili pūnaehana hana me kahi'āpana'āina (ROI) -e hoʻokolo pū me ka pahuhopu CONN-fMRI Mea Hana Kūikawā [Whitfield-Gabrieli a me Nieto-Castanon, 2012] no SPM (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/).
ʻIkeʻIke Heluhelu
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano o nā kumuhana a me nā helu nīnau nīnau ma waena o nā hui me nā huelo ʻelua t-e hōʻike me ka manaʻoʻole i keʻano likeʻole. Ua hoʻohanaʻia nā hoʻoponopono helu kākau me ka huahelu R (3.2.0) (RC Team, 2014].
Kūkulu
No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hui, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā puke GM no nā kumuhana CSB a me HV i kahi hiʻohiʻona laina laulā (GLM). Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka ʻikepili no ka nui o ka nui o ka intracranial o ka poʻe i komo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike kaulike a me kahi mask mask ma SPM. Hoʻohālikelike nā hoʻohālikelike hui no nā makahiki ʻelua a me nā helu kaumaha me he covariates lā. Nānā mākou a priori nā'āpana o ka hoihoi iʻikeʻia ma kā mākou haʻawina mua [Voon et al., 2014] a me ka ho'ākāka 'ana i nā noiʻi hoʻonaʻauao kūpilikiʻi lāʻau [Kühn a me Gallinat, 2011],ʻo ka hema a me ka'ākau VS, ka hema a me ka'ākau amygdala, a me ka ACC me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hoʻoponopono nui liʻiliʻi (SVC) hewa hewaʻohana (FWE) P <0.01 (Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻo Bonferroni no nā hoʻohālikelike he nui). No kēia mau anamanaʻo SVC, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi ROI anatomical VS, i hōʻike ʻia ma mua [Murray et al., 2008] i unuhiʻia ma o MRIcro e pili ana i ka ho'ākāka o VS na Martinez et al. [2003]. Loaʻaʻia ka amygdala ROI mai ka papa inoaʻo Anatomical Automated (AAL). Ua hoʻololi ikiʻia ka ACC ma hope o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka pahu pahu pahu hana MarsBaR ROI [Brett et al., 2002] a kauʻia ma luna o ke kāpili pilapila ROI mai ka AAL Atlas. Ua hoʻololiʻia e like me ka palena mua o ka hopena o ka hana i ka calpuum (Cox et al., 2014; Desikan et al., 2006] aʻo ka hope i hala ka hope hope loa o ka hana maoli o ke kino callosum [Desikan et al., 2006]. Hoʻoponopono houʻia nā hoʻoponoponoʻana no nā helu BDI.
Kūlana hoʻomaha
E hoʻohālikelike i ka pilina ma waena o nā kumuhana CSB a me HV, ua helu ʻia nā palapala ʻāina hoʻohui ROI-i-voxel holoʻokoʻa no ka ʻĀpana amygdala hema o ka hoihoi e pili ana i nā ʻike o ka hui volumetric. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā palapala ʻāina hoʻohui hopena i loko o ka GLM's factorial piha e hoʻohālikelike i ka pilina o ka lolo holoʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hui e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana no ka makahiki me kahi hoʻoponopono hope aʻe no ka makahiki ʻelua a me ke kaumaha. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻo FWE i ka hui lolo holoʻokoʻa P Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo <0.05 he mea nui no nā ʻokoʻa hui.
Nā Hua
ano
He iwakāluakūmākolu mau kāne heterosexual me CSB (makahiki 26.9, SD 6.22 makahiki) a me 69 makahiki-kūlike (25.6, SD 6.55 makahiki) he kāne hete kāne HV i komo i loko o ka haʻawina (Papa 2), nona nā mea a 19 CSB a me 55 HV i hoʻopihapiha i nā nīnau noi. ʻO nā haʻawina CSB heʻoi aʻe ka BDI (P = 0.006) a me UPPS-P (P <0.001) nā helu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HV. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā helu ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā ponokala kiʻi a me ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻana ma kahi ʻē aʻe [Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014].
Pakuhi 2. ʻIkepili a me nā ʻike pilikino no nā mea e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me nā mea manawaleʻa olakino
Group | makahiki | BDI | UPPS-P |
---|---|---|---|
Kuhi nā 4 hōʻeuʻeu mai 23.
Kuhi nā 14 hōʻeuʻeu mai 69.
| |||
ʻO CSB (N = 23) | 26.9 (6.22) | 14.82 (11.85)a | 152.21 (16.50)a |
HV (N = 69) | 25.6 (6.55) | 6.03 (7.20)b | 124.87 (20.73)b |
Thōkū (Phōkū) | 0.88 (P = 0.380) | 3.04 (P = 0.006) | 5.81 (P <0.001) |
Kūkulu
Ma ka hōʻikeʻana o ka ROI o ka hema a me ka'ākau amygdala, ka hema a me ka'ākau VS a me ka ACC i hōʻikeʻia ua hoʻonuiʻia ka nui o ka waihona amygdala hina ma ka CSB i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me HV (SVC FWE-paiʻia, P = 0.0096, Z = 3.37, xyz = −28, −4, −15) (Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻo Bonferroni no SVC FWE-hoʻoponopono P <0.01) (Fig. 1). ʻAʻole nā mea nānā'ē aʻe o ka ROI'ē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana no ka puʻuwaiʻaʻole i hoʻololi i nāʻikeʻokoʻa.
Hōʻike 1.
ʻO ka morphometry ma muli o ka moe kolohe. Ua hōʻikeʻia ka nui o ka amygdala ma nā moe kolohe i pili i nā limahana olakino. Ua pae ka kiʻi ma P <0.005 ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ke kiʻi. [Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi kala ma wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Ke Aupuni Kūlana
Ma muli o nā hopena o nā papahana, ua nānā mākou i ka hoʻomahaʻana i ke kūlana o ka hoʻolālāʻana me ka hua ma ka amygdala hema. Uaʻike mākou i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka pilina me DLPFC (DLPFC kūpono): P = 0.012, Z = 4.11, xyz = 31 42 16; DLPFC hema: P = 0.003, Z = 3.96, xyz = −27 52 23) (Fig. 2). ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana no BDIʻaʻole i hoʻololi i keʻano o nā hopena (DLPFC kūpono: P = 0.001, Z = 4.54, xyz = 31 61 23; DLPFC hema: P = 0.003, Z = 4.26, xyz = −29 49 35).
Hōʻike 2.
Hoʻoholo hou i ka pilina o ka amygdala hema. Hoʻopiliʻia ka moekolohe pili pono me ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka amygdala mau loa (hua, hema) me ka hui kūikawā mua ma waena (waena a me ka'ākau), e pili ana i nā limahana olakino. Ua pae ka kiʻi ma P <0.005 ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ke kiʻi. [Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi kala ma wileyonlinelibrary.com]
KA HOOHOLO
Uaʻimi mākou i nāʻenehana kūʻokoʻa a me ka hana i nā poʻe me CSB me ka HV e like ana. Ua hoʻonui kaʻenehana CSB i ka nui o ka amygdala a me ka hoʻohui piliʻana i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaha ma waena o ka amygdala hema a me ka DLPFC pili.
ʻO ka amygdala ka mea i hoʻopiliʻia i loko o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ka nohona kaiaola. ʻO ka nuclei o ka amygdala e hoʻohui i ka hoʻopuni āpau a iʻole nā hopena i loko o ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohālike, e hoʻoulu ai i ka leʻaleʻa a me ka hoʻonāukiuki [Everitt et al., 2003], a me ka hanaʻana o ka mana kīnā [Cardinal et al., 2002; Gottfried et al., 2003]. ʻO ka loaʻaʻana o ka nui o ka amygdala nui e kū'ē i nā kumu e pili ana i nā maʻi hoʻoholo kino wai [Makris et al., 2008; Wrase et al., 2008], no ka mea, ua emi nā huina o ka amygdala ma nā haʻawina e pili ana i kēiaʻano o ka mea hōʻemi. ʻO kaʻike kūpono no kēia kuhihewaʻana,ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea waiwai lōʻihi i nā hoʻololi neuroplastic lōʻihi a me nā mea ino [Kovacic, 2005; ʻO Reissner lāuaʻo Kalivas, 2010] hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomau i ka hana maʻamau [Gass a Olive, 2008]. ʻO ia mau mea kūponoʻole paha ke kōkua i ka laulā atrophy i mālamaʻia i ka lāʻau hōʻaia [Bartzokis et al., 2000; ʻO Carlen et al., 1978; Mechtcheriakov et al., 2007]. ʻO kēia mau mea pili i ka lāʻau lapaʻau he mea pono loa ia ma SUD akā he emiʻole ka hopena o ka hoʻoponopono i nāʻano. Ma kahi hoʻokohuʻana o ka CSB ma o ka hoʻohanaʻana i fMRI,ʻikeʻia kaʻikeʻana i nāʻike maʻamau i ka CSB me nā kumuhana CSBʻole i ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka amygdala [Voon et al., 2014]. ʻO keʻano o keʻano o ka amygdala nui he maʻamau mua e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā kānaka i ka CSB aiʻole i pili i ka nui o ka hihi e hoʻomauʻia.
ʻO ka hanaʻana o ka DLPFC he mea kaulana loa ia e pili ana i nāʻano āpau o ka mālamaʻana i kaʻike (MacDonald et al., 2000] a me ka hoʻomanaʻo hana [Petride, 2000]. ʻO kā mākouʻikeʻana o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka pilina o ka hana ma waena o amygdala a me DLPFC e hoʻohui pū ana me nā puke e kū nei ma ka piliʻana i kēia mau kaiapuni. He mea nui kēia pilikino hana no ka hoʻoponopono i nā manaʻo, i hōʻike muaʻia ma kēlā hoʻemiʻana i hoʻemiʻia ma waena o amygdala a me DLPFC ma nā poʻe me ka pilikia pūnaewele pūnaewele e pili ana me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ponoʻole [Ko et al., 2015]. ʻO kekahi haʻawina e ana ana i ka hiki i ka hoʻololiʻana i nā pane o ka naʻauʻole ma o ka hoʻohanaʻiaʻana o nā'ōkōʻike e hōʻike ana i ka hana ma nā wahi kiko'ī o ka pale mua, e like me DLPFC, i hoʻohuiʻia me ka hana amygdala, a me ka pilina o ka hana ma waena o kēia mau'āina. ke kūlana o ka manaʻo kūponoʻole (Banks et al., 2007]. Hana likeʻiaʻo Amygdala a me DLPFC i ka hoʻohaunaeleʻole [Siegle et al., 2007]. Ua piliʻo CSB me nā hōʻailona kaumaha a me nā pilikia a hiki i ka pilikia ke hana i kēlā mau hana; akā naʻe,ʻaʻole i pili pū nā mea i loaʻa iā mākou i nā helu pōʻino. Ua komo pū ka DLPFC ma kahi noiʻiʻana i nā kāne HV i hoʻohanaʻia ai kaʻoihana ponokala kiʻi nui me ka pilinaʻoihana haʻahaʻa ma waena o ka DLPFC a me ka striatum i ka nānāʻana i nā kiʻi maʻamau [Kūkā a me Gallinat, 2014].
Kūleʻa mākou i kēia mau hualoaʻa ma mua no ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā hihia CSB inā paha mākou e hoʻohālikelike i kēia hui me kahi nui nui o ka HV e pili ana. Hoʻokahi ka palena o ka haʻawina o ka hoʻohui likeʻana o ka heluna kānaka. ʻOiai,ʻaʻole mākou i hoʻokomo i nā haumāna me nā maʻi psychiatric'ē aʻe e hiki ke hana i kahiʻoihana, pono e hoʻopili ponoʻia kēia mau hualoaʻa i nā nīnau CSB a me nā mea'ē aʻe. Eia kekahi,ʻo nā hana kūpono a me nā hana iʻikeʻia i waena o nā kumuhana CSB paha e pili ana i nāʻano i hala i kēia manawa a iʻole paha e hopena i nā hopena o ka CSB, a no laila,ʻaʻole hiki i kēia haʻawina ke hoʻohālike i nā manaʻo pili i nā hopena o CSB. Pono e hoʻolālā i nā papa hana lōʻihi e hoʻoholo i nā mea likeʻole ma waena o nā manaʻo o ka moku'āina a me nā mea kūponoʻole ma mua o nāʻano nui a me nā'eneke likeʻole.
Loaʻa nāʻike i kēia manawa i nā puke i hoʻonuiʻia ma kahi'āpana i hoʻokumuʻia i loko o ke aloha hoʻoluhi a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā kūlana hoʻomalu o nā kānāwai. Hiki i nā haunaele o ia'eneke ke ho'ākāka i nā'ōnaehana o keʻano palekana e pili ana i ka uku maikaʻi o kaʻenehana a iʻole ka hoʻonuiʻia o kaʻikepili i nāʻike hoʻonani aloha. ʻOiai keʻano o kā mākou mauʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike me nā mea i SUD, hiki i kēia mau hopena ke hoʻohālikelike i nāʻokoʻa ma keʻano he hana o nā hopena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO nā hōʻike hōʻike e hōʻike ana i nā loiloi kūpono me ka papa hana hōʻailona ma muli o ke kākoʻo i nā manaʻo kumu hoʻonāukiuki. Ua hōʻike mākou i kēlāʻoihana ma kēia pūnaewele salina i ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana ma muli o kaʻikeʻana i nāʻike maikaʻi loa a iʻole iʻikeʻia e like me ka wahine. [Brand et al., 2016; ʻO Seok lāuaʻo Sohn, 2015; Voon et al., 2014] me nā hana e hoʻonuiʻia ai ka nānāʻana [Mechelmans et al., 2014] a makemake i nā mea kiko'ī i ka moekolohe akāʻaʻole makemake nui i ka moekoloheʻana [Brand & al., 2016; Voon et al., 2014]. Hoʻolakoʻia ka nānāʻana i nāʻike kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka makemake no kaʻikeʻana i nā moe kolohe me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻouluʻana i ka moe kolohe a me ka nānā ponoʻana [Banca et al., 2016]. ʻO kēia mau hopena o ka hoʻonuiʻoihana e pili ana i nāʻike a me keʻano o ka wahine keʻano likeʻole me ka hopena (aiʻole ka hoʻouluʻana) i hiki ai ke hoʻonuiʻia ka nohoʻana, e like me keʻano o ka hoʻomanawanui, hoʻonui i ka makemake no nā hoʻokūkū pilikino (Banca et al., 2016]. Loaʻa i kēia mau hopena e kōkua i ka hoʻoholoʻana i nā neurobiology ma lalo o ka CSB e alakaʻi ai i kaʻike nui o ka maʻi a me kaʻikeʻana o nā mea hōʻailona hōʻailona.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Makemake mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi aku i ke koʻokoʻo WBIC no ko lākouʻike a me kā lākou kōkua ma ka hōʻiliʻiliʻana i nāʻike kiʻi, a me nā mea hui pū no ka manawa a me ka hoʻokō. Eia pū, ke makemake nei mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi iā Thaddeus Birchard a me Paula Hall no nā mea maʻi o ka noi. Ke kākoʻo 'ia ka Pūnaewele Neuroscience Aʻe (Clinic Neuroscience Institute) (BCNI) e ka Wellcome Trust a me ka' Ahalepa Aʻo Huli.
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