Nā Kiʻi mua Neurosci. 2015 Jun 16; 9: 356. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2015.00356. eCollection 2015.
Lin F1, Zhou Y2, Du Y3, Zhao Z3, Qin L2, Xu J2, Lei H1.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana i loko o ka striatum a me ka cortex prefrontal cortex (PFC) i hōʻike ʻia ma ka maʻi addiction pūnaewele (IAD). Eia naʻe, ʻike liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā loli ʻana o nā pika hana corticostriatal i IAD. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana ʻo ia e ʻimi pono i ka lōkahi o nā ʻekua lawelawe corticostriatal a me kā lākou pilina me nā neʻe neuropsychological i IAD ma o ka hoʻomaha ʻana i kahi kūlana hana kūlana (FC). He ʻumikumamākolu o nā ʻōpiopio IAD a me nā mana olakino 15 i mālama i nā hoʻomaha hoʻomaha f -RI. Ke hoʻohana nei i ʻeono mau wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka waiwai o ka paʻahana striatal i makemake ʻia, a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā palapala kiko o nā loina a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma waena o nā hui. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pilina corticostriatal a me nā ana lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻike ʻia ma ka hui IAD. Hoʻohālikelike i nā kāohi, hōʻike nā kumuhana IAD i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia o ka pilina ma waena o ka striatum ventral inferior a me ke poʻo bilateral caudate, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a me ka mea alohilohi cortex, a ma waena o ka striatum ventral kiʻekiʻe a me bilateral dorsal / rostral ACC, ventral anterior thalamus, a me putamen / pallidum / insula / inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), a, ma waena hoʻi o dorsal caudate a me dorsal / rostral ACC, thalamus, a me IFG, a ma waena o ka waiho lima ventral rostral putamen a me IFG. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā kumuhana IAD i ka hoʻomohala pili ʻana ma waena o ka camenal putamen hema a me ka wahi e hoʻolale ai i ka wahi o ka moku caudal caudal cigal. Eia kekahi, ua loli nui nā mana hana cotricostriatal i hoʻopili ʻia me nā hana neuropsychological. Hāʻawi pololei kēia noiʻi i nā hōʻike e pili ana ka IAD me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pika hana corticostriatal i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hana hoʻoikaika ʻana, a me ka hoʻomohala kognitive. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau ʻike e pili ana nā pilina hana i loko o ke kaila corticostriatal e nā ʻae a me ke ʻano / motivational / cognitive ka'ōlelo a hōʻike hou i ka IAD hiki ke loaʻa ʻole o ia ʻano loli i loko o kēia pūnaehana.
Introduction
Ma muli mai o ka piliona Pūnaewele (IAD), kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo maʻamau ma ka honua a puni, ua hūnā i ka manaʻo nui mai ka lehulehu a me ka ʻepekema kaiāulu (Spada, 2014).). I loko o ka helu o ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual o Mental Disorders Edition, ʻelima palapala (DSM-5), pilikia kīleʻa Pūnaewele, kahi subtype nui o IAD, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he pilikia e koi ana e aʻo hou ʻia (Petry et al., 2014).). Hoʻokomo ʻo IAD i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā; akā, ʻike liʻiliʻi no ka biomarkers, prevalence, papa a me nā hopena lapaʻau e pili ana i ka IAD.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana neurobiological i lalo o ka IAD, ua hana ʻia nā hana imaging e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā ʻano umauma a me ka hana i pili me IAD. Ua nānā ʻia nā loli pili ʻana o nā hana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana me IAD i nā haʻawina mua ma kahi ʻē aʻe (Kuss a me Griffiths, 2012; Ko et al., 2015; Lin a me Lei, 2015).). I ka pōkole, e hōʻike mau ʻia ana ka implfr cortex (PFC) a me ka striatum i IAD. ʻO nā kumuhana me IAD ua hōʻemi i nā mea momona kelepa / volum (Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Weng et al., 2013), ka mānoanoa cortical (Hong et al., 2013a; Yuan et al., 2013), ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke aniani (Tian et al., 2014) a hoʻololi ʻia i ka hana māmā (Dong et al., 2013a; Ko et al., 2014) i ka PFC e komo me ka dorsolateral PFC, a orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) a me ka pakanā cortate anterior (ACC). Ua ʻike ʻia nā addict IAD no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o dopamine D2 receptors (Kim et al., 2011; Hou et al., 2012), ka hoʻololi i ka metabolism glucose (Park et al., 2010a) a me ka neʻe ʻana i ka lolo (Ko et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014) i ka striatum. Kēlā mau mea i loaʻa i ka laʻana nā pathophysiological i kēia manawa e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka mana koʻikoʻi i ka striatum a me PFC i loko o nā pilikia addict (Goldstein a me Volkow, 2011; Limbrick-Oldfield et al., 2013).
ʻO ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka hana hoʻomohala hana (FC), ke ana ʻana i ka loulou o nā kikowaena kūloko o ka lolo o ka lolo i ka pae o ka oxygen oxygen dependence (BOLD) ka hana o ka magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hōʻailona, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia e noiʻi i ka hana o ka hana / hoʻopili ʻia o ka lolo. Me kēia ʻenehana, hōʻike ka hōʻike hōʻike e koʻikoʻi nā hika corticostriatal e hōʻino i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻanoʻano repetitive a compulsive, ka hana maʻamau, ka ʻimi ʻimi a me nā ʻano mea hou i ʻimi hou, a me nā ʻano hana addictive (Feil et al., 2010; Kahuhipa, 2013). Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa nā corticostriatal i loko o nā autism (i loaʻa i ka autism (Di Martino et al., 2011), ke kaumaha paʻakikī-compulsive (Harrison et al., 2009; Posner et al., 2014; Burguière et al., 2015), a me nā pilikia hōʻeha nui (Furman et al., 2011). ʻO ka kelepona corticostriatal hōʻaia ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi i nā mea hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i pili i ka hana me nā mea pili i nā uku a me nā mea hoʻohālikelike (Kühn a me Gallinat, 2014). Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina loiloi ma nā pilina ikaika ma waena o nā hana hoʻonaninani a me ke holo ʻana i loko o ka corticostriatal function circuit (Feil et al., 2010; Volkow et al., 2013).
ʻO ka hoʻohuihui, ʻo ka striatum kahi hana heterogeneous hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā subregions, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā ʻaluna corticostriatal functionally hana i lalo o nā hana cognitive ʻē aʻe (Alexander et al., 1986; Choi et al., 2012; Gordon et al., 2015; Manza et al., 2015). ʻO kekahi, e ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana i ka caudate a hoʻokomo i nā ʻāpana i ʻekolu mau wahi. Di Martino et al. (2008) delineated i nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā ʻekua hana corticostriatal e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, ka ʻona a me nā hana kaʻa.Di Martino et al., 2008). Ua hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka hoʻohui / effivity hoʻohui i waena o ke striatum a me cortex i hōʻemi ʻia i nā kumuhana IAD (Hong et al., 2013b, 2015; Li et al., 2014; Wee et al., 2014). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i noiʻi ka hapa nui o kēia mau noiʻi i ka pili ʻana o nā alahiki corticostriatal functionally kikoʻī i ka striatum subregions.
No laila, ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi pūʻulu paʻa o nā hua striatal striatal ʻeono (ʻekolu mau hua i ka caudate a me ʻekolu mau hua i ka putamen) e ʻimi ai i nā pili o nā lehelehe corticostriatal kūikawā i ka wā'ōpiopio me IAD. ʻO nā pahuhopu nā: (1) e nānā i nā ʻokoʻa i ka māhele topographic o ka hōʻiliʻili corticostriatal function circuit ma waena o nā ʻōpio me nā IAD a me nā mana olakino ʻole me IAD; a me (2) e hoʻomālamalama i ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻōpū corticostriatal hana a me nā hana neuropsychological i nā kumuhana IAD.
Nā Pono a me nā Una
Nā Kaupapa
Ua ʻāpono ʻia kēia haʻawina e ke Komikino ʻikepili o RenJi Hospital o Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School. Ua hāʻawi aku ka poʻe i komo a me ko lākou mau mākua i ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma mua o nā hoʻokolokolo MRI.
He ʻumikumamāwahine mau kamaliʻi ʻākau ʻokoʻa me IAD a me 18 ʻākau kūpono, ka makahiki, ka wahine, a me nā koikoi hoʻonaʻauao kūpono i komo i loko o kēia aʻo. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kūlana maʻi no IAD e ka nīnau noiʻi a ka maʻi diagnostic ʻo Young no nā addiction additation e Beard a me Wolf (Jumi a me Wolf, 2001). Hōʻalo ʻia nā kumuhana āpau no nā pilikia psychiatric me ka Mini International Neuropsychiatric Uiui no nā Keiki a me nā ʻōpio (MINI-KID; Sheehan et al., 2010). ʻO nā koi kīnā i komo i ka mōʻaukala o ka hōʻino kino a hilinaʻi paha; ka mōʻaukala o nā maʻi psychiatric koʻikoʻi, e like me ke schizophrenia, ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo kaumaha, nā psychotic episodes, a i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i nā maʻi psychiatric. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā kumuhana IAD i nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka hapa liʻiliʻi o nā IAD i loaʻa i ka psychotherapy. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻike helu MRI a me ka hoʻokaʻawale Nā MRI o kēia mau kumuhana.Zhou et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2012). No kēia noiʻi, ʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili rs-fMRI mai ʻekolu mana a me ke kumuhana IAD ʻehā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma muli o ke kaʻe nui o ka poʻo (ʻike i ka Pauku Preprocessing). A ʻo ka hopena, he ʻumikumamāwau mau mana a me ʻumikūmāʻehā IAD i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka noiʻi. ʻO ka ʻatikala kikoʻī kikoʻī kikoʻī no nā kumuhana āpau i kau inoa ma ka Papa 1.
ʻ Xlelo 1. Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ke ʻano e pili ana i nā kumuhana i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia noi.
Nā Manaʻo Neuropsychological
ʻEono nīnau nīnau, me ke ʻano o ka Pūnaewele Hoʻomau Wili Pūnaewele (YIAS; ʻO Young, 1996), Nā ikaika a me nā pilikia ninaninau (SDQ; Goodman, 1997), ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka wā e hoʻokuʻi ai i ka manawa (TMDS; ʻO Huang a me Zhang, 2001), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS; ʻO Patton et al., 1995), ke Keʻena no nā pilikia keiki i pili i ka pilikia (SCARED; Birmaher et al., 1997) a me ka Pūnaehana Piliwaiwai Family (FAD; Epstein et al., 1983), ua hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi i nā hiʻohiʻona neuropsychological a nā mea komo.
Kiʻi kiʻi
Ua nānā ʻia nā kaulike fMRI hoʻomaha i ka hoʻoneʻe e e-planar i kahi maʻi 3.0 Tesla Phillips Achieva scanner me nā kikoʻī e pili ana i kēia: nā manawa hoʻohana = 2000 ms; manawa echo = 30 ms; itu kikowaena = 90 °; acquisition matrix = 64 × 64; kahua ʻike = 230 × 230 mm2; haki ʻoki = 4 mm me ka ʻole o ka hakakā. Aia i kēlā me kēia puʻupuʻu kīʻaha ʻo 34 axial Slites a me kēlā me kēia holo i loaʻa nā helu 220. I ka wā i loaʻa ai ka ʻikepili, ua aʻo ʻia nā kumuhana āpau e hoʻomaha, hoʻomau nā maka, a ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo e pili i nā mea āpau.
Hoʻolālā Kākana Data
ʻO ka preprocessing data i hana ʻia e SPM8.1 ʻO nā palapala mua o 10 no kēlā me kēia kumuhana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e pale i nā hopena o ka hoʻoiho ʻole ʻōnaehana. Kuhi ʻia nā koina 210 no ka lohi ʻana o ka manawa lawe a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka volume mua. ʻO nā mea ʻeha me ka neʻe ʻana loa ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o kahi nui aʻe ma mua o 2.0 mm a i ʻole ke poʻo huli ʻana ma kahi nui ma mua o 2.0 ° i haʻalele ʻia mai kēia loiloi. A ʻo ka hopena, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻikepili o ke kumuhana IAD ʻehā a me ʻekolu mau mana. Hōʻike nā hopena i ʻole ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ke neʻe o ke poʻo ma waena o ʻelua mau hui (p = 0.55 no ka unuhi unuhi a p = 0.43 no ka neʻe pihi. Kālai ʻia nā kiʻi i pena ʻia i loko o ka wahi o ka Montreal Neurological Institute space a hoʻohālike hou ʻia i kahi 3 mm isotropic voxel. ʻO nā kiʻi maʻamau i hohola ʻia me kahi pāpaona 6-mm piha loa i ka hapalua ākea isotropic Gaussian kernel a me nā kumuwaiwai ākea ʻano nui me nā ʻōhua-poʻo, nā laina linear, nā hōʻailona BOLD honua, a me nā hōʻailona BOLD i loko o ka keʻokeʻo a me ka wai ʻana o cerebro-spinal. hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma o ka palena ʻāina. I ka hopena hope loa, kānana ka paʻila tempers (0.01-0.08 Hz) ma ka manawa o kēlā me kēia mele e hoʻohana ana i kahi puka aniani kūpono kūpono.
ʻĀpili Hoʻohui Uila
Ua hana mākou i ʻeono i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻāina striatal i hala mua ʻia ("hua"; Di Martino et al., 2008). ʻO nā hua Caudate me loko o ka striatum ventral haʻahaʻa (VSi, e pili ana i ka accumbens nucleus; ± 9, 9, −8), striatum ventral maikaʻi (VSs; ± 10, 15, 0) a me dorsal caudate (DC; ). ʻO nā ʻāpana putamen ka loko o ka putamen ventral rostral (VRP; ± 13, 15, −9), dorsal rostral putamen (DRP; ± 20, 12, 3), a me nā dorsal caudal putamen (DCP; ± 25, 8, 6). ʻO ka radius no kēlā me kēia hua he 28 mm. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā koikoo no nā hua hemolele a me ka hema ʻomaʻeka i ka wahi MNI. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau ʻano ma muli o nā puʻupuʻu anatomical a me ka lawelawe o ka striatum, a ua hoʻākāka pono ʻia kā lākou pilina pili.Di Martino et al., 2008, 2011; Harrison et al., 2009; Kelly et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2012; Gabbay et al., 2013; Gordon et al., 2015; Manza et al., 2015).
No kēlā me kēia kumuhana, loaʻa i kahi palapala koloua hoʻoliihui no kēlā me kēia hua i loaʻa mua me ka helu ʻana i ka māka hoʻoweliweli ma waena o nā papa manawa o ka subregion ʻano a me kēlā me kēia puʻupuʻu o ka lolo āpau ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hopena o ke neʻe o ke poʻo, ka laina. ka drift, a me ka hana naʻau mai ka cerebrospinal fluid a me nā mea keʻokeʻo. A laila ua hoʻohuli ʻia ke palapala ʻoihana hoʻokaʻawale ʻaoʻao z-value palapala e ka hoʻololi ʻana o r-to-z e lawaiʻa a Fisher e hoʻokokoke i kahi hoʻoili maʻamau. O ka z-o nā palapala helu i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi hōʻike like-voxel-naau t hōʻike i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā palapala palapala FC me ke kiʻekiʻe (p <0.001) a me ka laulā (p <0.001) nā paepae i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka pae lolo āpau (Greicius et al., 2007). Ua hui pū ʻia nā palapala palapala a Group FC mai nā kumuhana IAD a me nā pulima olakino ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hana "OR" e hana ai i ka mask i hui ʻia, i hana ʻia e kāohi ai i hope hui-ma waena o nā loiloi. A laila z-value palapala i loko o kēia maskā i hoʻokomo i loko o ka lua-ʻonaʻōlelo ʻelua kekaho t hōʻike me ka makahiki a me ka wahine me ka covariates e loiloi i ka hui-ma waena o nā ʻokoʻa ʻo FC. ʻO ka paepae hui ʻia o p <0.005 no kēlā me kēia voxel a me ka nui o 351-405 mm o3 (hema (l) VSi: 351 mm3; pololei (r) VSi: 378 mm3; lVSs: 405 mm3; rVSs: 378 mm3; lDC: 405 mm3; rDC: 405 mm3; lDRP: 378 mm3; rDRP: 405 mm3; lDCP: 405 mm3; rDCP: 432 mm3; lVRP: 405 mm3; rVRP: 405 mm3), pili i ka hoʻoponopono ʻia p Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo <0.05 e kiʻi i ka hui nui-ma waena o nā palapala ʻokoʻa FC. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia hoʻoponopono i loko o ka mask i hui pū ʻia a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e 5000 Monte Carlo simulation e hoʻohana ana i ka papahana AFNI AlphaSim.2
ʻO nā hui Pūnaewele
Ka loiloi ʻole ʻana i nā ʻano ka nui hoʻoneʻe ʻana me ka ikaika ʻo FC i nā wahi e hōʻike ana i ka pūʻulu-ma waena o nā ʻano like o FC me ka hoʻohālikelike like ʻana a me nā makahiki, ke ʻano wahine, YIAS, SDQ, SCARED, FAD, TMDS, a me BIS ma muli o nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa e hana e nānā inā paha hoʻololi ʻia nā lōkō i nā hana e hoʻoponopono ʻia me nā pae e pili ana.
Results
Nā Hana Kūʻai a me nā Kūlana
Ua hui pū ʻia nā mea komo i ka hui IAD a me nā pūʻulu mana maʻamau ma ka makahiki, wahine a me nā makahiki o ka hoʻonaʻauao. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka TMDS a me BIS ma waena o nā hui ʻelua a ʻoi aku nā IAD i nā ʻoi nui o ka YIAS (p <0.0001), SDQ (p <0.0001), SCARED (p <0.001) a me FAD (p = 0.017) mau ʻea ma o nā mana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano demographic a me nā hana kūpono no ka IAD a me nā kumumanaʻo i nā papa ma ka Papa 1.
Hōʻailona hiki ke Corticostriatal
E kūlike me nā hana ma mua, ua hōʻike nā ʻano loiloi ʻo FC i nā palapala kikoʻī o nā ʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i kēlā me kēia o nā hua ʻeono i ka striatum i hemisphere. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike o ke kumumanaʻo no nā caudate a me nā hua makeamen i Figures 1, 2, ʻae. Ua loaʻa iā mākou kā mākou ʻike i nā haʻawina mua (Di Martino et al., 2008, 2011; Harrison et al., 2009; Kelly et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2012; Gabbay et al., 2013; Gordon et al., 2015; Manza et al., 2015) a ua kū pū me ka pilina anatomical i ʻike ʻia (Haber, 2003) a me ka hana pono i hana ʻia mai ka meta-analysis o nā puke i hana ʻia (Postuma a me Dute, 2006). ʻOiai ke ʻano like nā ʻano striatal FC no nā kumuhana IAD a me nā kaohi maʻamau no kēlā me kēia o nā hua striatal ʻeono, ua hōʻemi ʻia nā koena o ka hui IAD i ka wā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui o ka hui. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike kikoʻī ma ke kiʻi 3; Papa 2 a ua ho'ākāka ʻia ma lalo nei.
Ke kiʻi 1. Kahi hana kikoʻī ʻokoʻa (FC) o nā hua caudate no kēlā me kēia hui. ^ E Ha yM. Nā Pelekikena no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele (IAD) ʻōpio (ʻulaʻula) a me nā mana maʻamau (HC; melemele) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a laila hūnā ʻia no ka hōʻike ʻana; ʻomaʻula kukui ʻōwili e hōʻike i nā wahi i uhi ʻia no nā hui ʻelua. Kuhi ka ʻaoʻao hema (hema) i nā palapala FC i hoʻoili ʻia e ka hema (ʻākau) caudate nā hua. Hōʻike ka waena waena i nā hua caudate. Ua palaki ʻia ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kiʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka lolo. VSi, ka ulu ma waena o ka ventral striatum; VSs, ʻoi ka hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe; DC, dorsal caudate.
Ke kiʻi 2. Kahi kikooho hana pono (FC) palapala o nā hua putamen no kēlā me kēia hui. ^ E Ha yM. Nā palapala FC no nā ʻōpio IAD (ʻulaʻula) a me nā mana maʻamau (HC; melemele) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a laila hoʻohui ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana; ʻomaʻula kukui ʻōwili e hōʻike i nā wahi i uhi ʻia no nā hui ʻelua. Aia ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ma nā hema no nā hema. Hōʻike ka waena waena i nā hua putamen. Ua palaki ʻia ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kiʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka lolo. VRP, putamen rostral ventost; DRP, dorsal rostral putamen; DCP, nā cēal caudal putamen.
Ke kiʻi 3. Ua hōʻike ko nā wahi ʻoi ma nā ʻano like ʻole o FC i waena o nā wā'ōpiopio me ka IAD a ua ʻae ʻia nā mana maʻamau (p <0.05, ua hoʻoponopono ʻo AlphaSim), ke loaʻa nā wahi hua ma nā (A) lVSi, (B) rVSi, (C) lVSs, (D) rVSs, (E) lDC, (F) rDC, (G) lVRP, a (H) lDCP. No nā kikoʻī hou aʻe, e ʻike i ka Papa 2. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā kala wela a me ke anu e hōʻike ai i ka hoʻonui a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i IAD ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaohi.
ʻ Xlelo 2. ʻO nā hui e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻokaʻawale koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻōpio me ka maʻi addict pūnaewele (IAD) a me nā kumumanaʻo e hoʻokele ʻia ana (p <0.05, Hoʻoponopono ʻo AlphaSim).
Inferior and Superior Ventral Striatum
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i kahi gradient FC mai ventromedial a dorsolateral mahele o prefrontal a me ACC e hele ana mai VSi a VSs. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka VSi i ka hopena maikaʻi nui me ka cortex postermi cing cortex (PCC). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia o nā palapala honua ma waena o nā hui, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi no nā VSi a me nā VS. E pili ana i ka VSi, hōʻike nui i nā ʻōpio IAD i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka FC me ke poʻo caudate a me ka subcallosal ACC bilaterally. Ua loaʻa nō ʻo FC i loaʻa i waena o VSi hema a me ka PCC bilaterally. No nā hua hua VSs, hōʻike i nā kumuhana IAD i lalo o FC me ka dorsal / rostral ACC a me ka ventral anterior thalamus bilaterally, a me nā wahi subortile hema e komo pū ana me nā putamen, pallidum, insula a me gyrus frontalior frontalior (IFG).
Kiihua Corsate
Ma nā papa ʻelua IAD a me nā pulima olakino, hōʻike mai ʻo DC i nā pilina kūpono me nā wahi lolo i komo i ka kāohi cognitive. Ua hoʻohālikelike nā hui hoʻohālikelike i hōʻike i ka IAD i hōʻemi iā FC ma waena o DC a me dorsal / rostral ACC bilaterally. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ka FC hema me ka thalamus lateral leftal, a me ka DC ʻoli kūpono i hōʻike i nā pilina kūpono ʻole me ka IFG hema i IAD.
ʻO Daudal Caudal a me Dorsal Rostral Putamen
Kūkākūkā me ko lākou kuleana i ka hoʻokele kaʻa, hōʻike ka huaʻoni putamen dorsal i kahi pilina maikaʻi me nā wahi sensorimotor mua a me ke kula no nā kumuhana ʻo IAD a me ke olakino. Eia nō naʻe, pili i ka mālama olakino, hōʻike ʻo IAD i ka hoʻonui ʻia o waena ma waena o ka DCP hema a me ka pahu caudal cingulate i ka lua o ka motor.
ʻO Ventral Rostral Putamen
Hoʻopau maikaʻi ka hua VRP me ka rostral ACC a me ka dorsal lateral PFC e pili pinepine ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa kaua a me nā hana pili. ʻOiai ʻo IAD i hōʻike iki i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻē aʻe ʻo FC me nā ʻona āpau ʻē aʻe, ʻo FC wale ma waena o ka VRP hema a me ka IFG i hōʻike ʻokoʻa i waena o nā hui.
ʻO nā hui pili hewa
I nā kumuhana IAD, ua ʻike nui aku nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma ka YIAS ma lalo o ka ikaika o FC ma waena o nā VS pololei a me ka bilateral dorsal caudate (r = -0.560; p = 0.038; Hōʻike 4A). Eia kekahi, wānana nā māka nui o SCARED i ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikaika o FC ma waena o nā VS pololei a me ka bilateral rostral ACC (r = -0.540; p = 0.046; Hōʻike 4B), ma waena o DC hema a me dorsal dorsal / rostral ACC (r = -0.566; p = 0.035; Hōʻike 4C), a ma waena o VRP hema a me ka IFG kūpono (r = -0.609; p = 0.021; Hōʻike 4D). Ua hoʻohana pū mākou i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mea nānā e ʻike i nā hui ma waena o ka FC a me nā ana hana. Ua like nā hualoaʻa o ka hoʻoponopono aliʻi i nā mea like me ke kūpaʻa linear. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo YIAS me ka ikaika ʻo FC ma waena o nā VS pololei a me ka caudate dorsal caterate bilateral (r = -0.594; p = 0.025). Ua pili ʻia nā helu SCARED me ka ikaika o FC ma waena o nā VS pololei a me ka bilateral rostral ACC (r = -0.548; p = 0.042), a ma waena o VRP hema a me IFG hema (r = -0.666; p = 0.009). Loaʻa nā kiʻina SCARED i ka neʻe ʻana a me ka ikaika o FC ma waena o ka hema hema a me ka bilateral dorsal / rostral ACC (r = -0.464; p = 0.095).
Ke kiʻi 4. ʻO ka loiloi hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o ka ikaika o FC a me nā ʻano hana i loko o ka hui IAD. (A) ʻO nā hoʻoponopono ma waena o ka ikaika o FC (i hōʻike ʻia e ka average z ka waiwai) o ka striatum ventral kiʻekiʻe kūpono (rVSs) i ka caudate dorsal a me ka ʻikepili o ka addiction pūnaewele ʻōpio (YIAS; r = -0.560, p = 0.038). (B) Ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o ka ikaika o FC (i hōʻike ʻia e ka awelika z ka waiwai) o nā rVS i ka rostral anterior cinguate cortex (ACC) a me ka pā no nā keiki pili i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka pilikia (SCARED; r = -0.540, p = 0.046). (C) Ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o ka ikaika o FC (i hōʻike ʻia e ka awelika z ka waiwai) o ka caudate hema hema (lDC) i ka rostral / dorsal ACC a me ka SCARED; ((r = -0.566, p = 0.035). (D) Ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o ka ikaika o FC (i hōʻike ʻia e ka awelika z ka waiwai) o ka pelamen rostral hema hema (lVRP) i ka gyrus mua frontal gyrus (IFG) a me ka SCARED (r = -0.609, p = 0.021).
kūkākūkā
I ko mākou ʻike, ʻo ia ka noiʻi mua e noiʻi ʻana i ka kūlike o nā ʻoihana lawelawe corticostriatal a me ka pilina o waena o nā abnormalities pae-pae a me nā lāʻau kūpaʻa ma IAD. No kēia mau kumuhana a ka IAD a me nā mana, ua paʻi mākou i ka ʻike o Di Martino et al. (2008), ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona pili i hoʻokuʻi ʻia me ka maʻi hypothesized a me ka hoʻowalewale (inferior ventral striatum), cognitive (ventral putamen, dorsal caudate, ventral striatum) a me ka mīkini (dorsal putamen) subdivisions of the striatum. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā kaohi, hōʻike ka IAD i nā ʻōnaehana like like akā ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ikaika o ka pilina no kēlā me kēia subriion striatum koe wale nō i ka DRP. Eia kekahi, ʻike mākou i nā helu YIAS me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ikaika o ka pilina ma waena o nā VS pololei a me ka dorsal caudate bilaterally, a me nā helu SCARED i pili me ka hoʻopili pono ʻana ma waena o nā VS pololei a me ka AUHALAI rostral ACC, ma waena o DC hema a me ka lua o ka lua. rostral ACC e like me ka waena ma VRP hema a me IFG kūpono. Hōʻike kēia mau pilina ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, nāwaliwali ka ikaika o ka pilina ma waena o kēia mau wahi. Hōʻike ʻia kā mākou mau ʻike i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōpala hana corticostriatal e like me ka biomarker mākaukau e hoʻomaopopo i ka lalo o nā hana neural no ka hōʻeha a i ʻole e loiloi i ka hana pono o nā wawaʻi mua o IAD.
Hoʻopilikia i ka Corticostriatal Functional Circuits ma IAD
I ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, hōʻike ka hua VSi i hōʻemi ʻia ka pilina me ke poʻo caudate, subgenual ACC a me PCC i ka hui ʻo IAD, kahi pilina e ʻike pono ana no ka hoʻopili a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka hana (Johansen-Berg et al., 2008; Beckmann et al., 2009). ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana ma waena o ka accumbens / VSi a me ke poʻo caudate e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻololi i pili i ka uku i IAD, e hōʻike ana i nā mea pili i ka pūnaewele e makemake i ke koho ʻana i nā makana liʻiliʻu hou (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hopena euphoric koke) ma mua o nā uku nui e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. , e like me ke olakino maikaʻi, nā pilina maikaʻi a i ʻole ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻopono.Irvine et al., 2013). E like me ka mea i hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka hoʻāla ʻana ma ka caudate ma hope o ka lanakila mau ʻana i nānā ʻia ma IAD (Dong et al., 2013b). ʻO Subgenual ACC, kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka pilina me ka nucleus accumbens / VSi, he pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā pūnaewele i hoʻolako ʻia i ka manaʻo o ka hōʻeuʻeu o ka manaʻo a i ʻole e hoʻoponopono ʻia (Johansen-Berg et al., 2008; Rudebeck et al., 2014). Ua hōʻike mua nā noiʻi ʻimi naʻau mua i ka hoʻokomo ʻia o ACC subgenual ma ke ʻano o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole (Mayberg et al., 1999) a me ka subgenual ACC kahi hopena me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lolo hohonu no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha (Liston et al., 2014). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina neuropsychological i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hopohopo a me ke kaumaha i loaʻa i nā kumuhana me IAD (Bozkurt et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013). ʻO ka PCC, kahi kikowaena ʻona o ka ʻoihana mode default, i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā hana pili pono (Vogt et al., 2006). Kūpono lahilahi hina hina (Zhou et al., 2011) a me ka mea keʻokeʻo microstruktur (Dong et al., 2012a) i PCC ua hōʻike i nā kanaka IAD. Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina noʻonoʻo olakino e hiki i nā haumāna addict University haʻahaʻa ke haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻoihana a me ka ʻoihana ʻoihana.Dalbudak et al., 2013a), e kuhikuhi ana i nā kumuhana IAD he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hana pono ʻana iho. Hoʻopili ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā ʻike o ka hōʻemi ʻia i waena o ka VSi a me ke poʻo caudate, kahi ʻĀpili subgenual a me PCC e hōʻike ana i ka ʻōpio o IAD e hōʻike i ka maʻi maʻamau a me ka hoʻoiho.
ʻO kā mākou ʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka pilina ma waena o ka caudate (VSs a me DC) a me ka bilateral dorsal / rostral ACC imply functioning o ka croticostriatal-limbic circuitry i hoʻopili i ka cognitive a me ka hoʻomāeʻā i ka naʻau (ʻO Botvinick et al., 2004; Li a me Sinha, 2008) i ka IAD. Ua pili ʻo Dorsal ACC me ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo e hana ana, ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻowalewale hewa ʻana a ʻo ka rostral ACC e pili ana i ka hana hoʻoulu a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻona.ʻO Bush & al., 2000). E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma Auro dorsal ACC i loaʻa ma ka cohort o ka hoʻokaʻawale palapala MRI i kā mākou noiʻi mua (Zhou et al., 2011). Ua hōʻike kekahi ʻano noiʻi kahi i hōʻemi i ka nui o nā mea hina i ka IAD ma ka rostral ACC (Yuan et al., 2011). Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi ka nui ʻoi aku ka hana ma ka ACC no ka pili o ke kūlana hōʻeha o ka paradigm stroop (Dong et al., 2012b) a me kahi meta-analiona i hōʻike mai ua IAD kahi hopena koʻikoʻi i ka medial frontal / ACC (Meng et al., 2014). Hōʻike kekahi mau kumuhana me IAD i kahi hiki ke nānā pono i ka nānā ʻana i nā hemahema, i pili i ka kaohi, a pili i ka hana ikaika ma dorsal ACC ma nā pane pane hewa (Dong et al., 2013a). Ua hōʻike nā hōʻike hoʻohālikelike i pili i ka poʻe IAD me ka manawa lōʻihi a me ka nui o nā hala i pane i nā kūlana incongruent ma mua o nā kālai ʻole me IAD (Dong et al., 2011). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pilina ma waena o VSs a me ka insula i IAD. ʻO ka insula i hōʻike mua ʻia nei e hana pinepine ʻia i ka wā e nānā ana i ka hana, a me ka hoʻololi ʻia e ka ʻike maopopo (Menon lāuaʻo Uddin, 2010). Ua hōʻike ʻia he hōʻike meta-anal ka hana imaging no ka insula ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike hala (Klein et al., 2007). No laila, ʻo ka insula he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale hewa i nā hua o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana kanaka. E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, hōʻike nā kumuhana IAD i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Zhou et al., 2011) a hoʻemi ʻia i ke aniani cortical (Yuan et al., 2013) ai ka insula. Eia kekahi, hoʻemi ʻia ka hana insular i ka wā e hoʻoili ʻia ai ka hewa ʻana i ka ʻike ma mua o nā kumuhana me IAD (Ko et al., 2014). No laila, e like me ka paulele mea, ke kāohi i ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele ʻo ia ka mea nui o nā hana kūloko croticostriatal-limbic i loko o nā IAD addict.
Ua hōʻike pū nō hoʻi ʻo IAD i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i waena o ka striatum (VSs, DC a me VRP) a me ka IFG, kahi pilina i ʻike pū ʻia me ka pale o ka pale ʻana (Chambers et al., 2009; Swick et al., 2011). Hiki paha i nā hemahema i ka pale aku i ka nalowale i ka mālama ʻana ma o kā lākou hoʻohana pūnaewele a me ka hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he pōʻino pilikino, nā hōʻailona o ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka naʻau, a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole like ʻole. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina Epidemiological i hōʻike i nā makahiki ʻōpio me IAD i hōʻike hou aku i ka impulsivity (ʻo ia hoʻi, deficits in response inhibition) ma mua o nā kālai ʻole me IAD (Cao et al., 2007; Dalbudak et al., 2013b). Hoʻokahi kekahi noiʻi neuropsychological i hōʻike mai i ka pale ʻana o ka pane i loko o nā kumuhana me IAD (Zhou et al., 2012). ʻO kekahi mau hanana loea e pili ana i ka hanana me ka noi / Go-No-Go kahi hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia nā haumāna IAD i ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻikepili a me ka hoʻomalu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa maʻamau (Dong et al., 2010). Eia kekahi, ke hōʻike nei nā kumuhana me ka Pūnaewele Keʻokeʻo nei i ka hoʻowalewale kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e hoʻōla ana i ka pane ʻana o ka pale ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ma mua o nā kaohi.Ko et al., 2014). ʻO nā hōʻiliʻili ʻia i waena o striatum (VSs a me DC) a me nā pallidum a me ka thalamus i loaʻa nō hoʻi ma ka hui IAD. I loko o nā kaila corticostriatal, ʻo ka pallidum ka hopena o ka striatum a me ka pallidum e pili ana me ka thalamus e hoʻolālā ana i ka cortex (Alexander et al., 1986). Manaʻo ʻia kēia mau pōpilikia i mea nui no ka nānā nui ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano i makemake ʻia aʻo ke kaohi ʻana i nā ʻano i makemake ʻole ʻia.Haber a me McFarland, 2001). I ʻike ʻia nā pilikia o ka IAD me ka paʻakikī me ka pale ʻana i ka pane, ka mea e hāpai ana i kā lākou makemake e hoʻoneʻe i mua o nā kō nā pūnaewele pili. No laila, ke hoʻopili nei nā hōʻike i ka mana o ka pale o ka pale o ka pale o ke kaomi, kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa i hiki ke hoʻopau i nā ʻano hana maʻamau a ʻano hana, ua pālahalaha loa i nā kumuhana me IAD.
ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua hōʻike ʻo IAD i ka pilina nui ma waena o ka DCP hema a me ka pahu caudal caudal cigulate o nā wahi ʻenehana e hana pinepine ʻia i ka wā o ka neʻe lima lima maʻalahi (ʻO Shima lāua ʻo Tanji, 1998). Hāʻawi ʻia nā mea hoʻolalima i ka Pūnaewele i ka nui o ka manawa ma ka pūnaewele a lilo i mea pīhoihoi a me ka pīhoihoi a me ka pololei i ka kaomi ʻana i nā kiʻi a me nā pihi papa paʻi (Kuss a me Griffiths, 2012), he mea hiki ke hoʻoikaika ʻia nā ʻōnaehana aʻo i ka loli o ka neuroplastic i nā wahi caudal cigulate i nā wahi e pili ana.
ʻO nā pilina ma waena o nā Cunctionicostriatal Functional Circuits a me ke ʻano ma IAD
Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua noiʻi mākou i nā correlates i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e nā hoʻololi o corticostriatal i loko o ke ʻano o nā ʻōpio IAD. ʻO ka hōʻemi o ka ikaika o FC ma waena o nā VS kūpono a me ka caudate dorsal bilateral o nā kumuhana IAD ua hoʻoponopono nui ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka helu YIAS; ʻOiai ʻo ka helu SCARED kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka pili me nā ikaika o lalo ma waena o nā VS ʻākau a me ka ACC Rostral bilateral, ma waena o DC hema a me ka bilateral dorsal / rostral ACC, a ma waena o VRP hema a me IFG pololei. ʻO ka YIAS kahi nīnau hoʻopiʻi nui no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hilinaʻi o ka Pūnaewele. Ua hōʻike mua nā haʻawina psychometric mua i ko nā IAD kumuhana i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu YIAS ma mua o ka poʻe me IAD (Cao a Su, 2007). No ka mea ua manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pilina ma ke ʻano he mea paʻakikī i ka neʻe ʻana i kahi kaapuni i ka wā e pono ai, ʻike ʻia kēia ka hopena hewa ma waena o nā helu YIAS a me ka ikaika o ka pilina ma waena o nā VS kūpono a me ka bilateral dorsal caudate e pili ana i nā kumuhana IAD me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka YIAS e hele a ʻimi e ʻimi. hoʻouluʻelima supraphysiological o ka Pūnaewele ma luna o nā makana kūlohelohe. ʻO ka SCARED kahi nīnau nīnau hōʻike pono a hōʻoia pono hoʻi e ana i nā hōʻailona o nā hopohopo pilikia i nā keiki (Birmaher et al., 1997). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina neuropsychological no ka ʻoi aku o ka IAD i nā mea ʻōpio ʻoi aku ka nui o ka helu SCARED ma mua o nā mea ʻole IAD (Xiuqin et al., 2010). ʻO ka hui maikaʻi ma waena o nā helu SCARED a me nā ikaika e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana mai ka lima o nā corticostriatal circuits e pili pū ana i ka hoʻoponopono aloha. Eia kekahi, nā ʻike o nā pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka pilina pilina ma waena o nā corticostriatal circuits a me nā hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike nei e hiki ke lawelawe ʻia nā ʻoihana corticostriatal e like me ka mea wānana o ka abstinence a i ʻole ka hiki ʻana o ka hana mālama hou no IAD.
ʻO nā hoʻohālikelike me nā Corticostriatal Functional Circuits Abnormalities ma ka hōʻino i ka lāʻau lapaʻau
Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻokiolo ʻana ʻo FC i nā hui ikaika ma waena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lāʻau me ka corticostriatal function circuits abnormalities. No ka laʻana, ua nānā ʻia ʻo FC ma waena o ka striatum hema a me ka ʻĀkau hema, e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ana i ka ACC rostroventral i loko o ka hakakā cocaine (Wilcox et al., 2011). ʻO ka ikaika o FC i loko o ka striatal-dorsolateral PFC i hoʻopili maoli ʻia me ka nui o ka cocaine hoʻohana i loko o ka cocaine mea hoʻohana, a me ka kaupaona ma waena o ka striatal-dorsal ACC a me ka striatal-anterior prefrontal / orbitofrontal cortex circuit i hoʻopili nui ʻia me ka nalowale o ka kaohi o ka cocaine hoʻohana ((Hu et al., 2015). He hōʻuluʻulu maikaʻi ka hōʻemi kino waipona ma ka hana i loko o nā corticostriatal circuits. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka dorsal striatum-mOFC FC i loaʻa kahi (Lee et al., 2013) a me ka hoʻopili koʻikoʻi me ka mua o ka hoʻohuihui hoʻonāukiuki i ka hopena hoʻoholo a me ka uku pane a me ka pane ʻana mai i ka waiʻona e hilinaʻi nei.Park et al., 2010b; Courtney et al., 2013; Forbes et al., 2014). E like me ka addotite nikotine, ka manawa i emi ai ʻo FC ma waena o striatum ventral a me dorsal anterior cingulated cortex i kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻole me ka nicotine dependence Severity (Hong et al., 2009). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka FC ma waena o ka accumbens nucleus a me ka ventral / rostral ACC a me OFC, ma waena o ka caudate kūpono a me ka bilateral waena frontal gyrus a me nā kūlana frontal gyrus i nānā ʻia i nā mea hoʻohana i ka heroin.Ma et al., 2010; Wiki a me., 2013). Hōʻike ʻia i pili me ka IAD a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e pili pū ana, i kekahi mea, like me corticostriatal function circuits abnormalities i loko o ka lolo, ka mea e lilo nei i kahi inoa neural no kēia mau ʻano hoʻokō.
hoʻokau
Nui nā palena i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kēia noiʻi. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka maʻi o ka IAD ua hoʻokumu pono ʻia i nā hopena o nā nīnau nīnau hōʻike ponoi iho, ka mea e loaʻa paha i ka hoʻopiʻi hewa ʻana i kekahi mau hihia. No laila, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka nānāʻana i ka IAD me nā mea hana maʻamau i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hilinaʻi a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ka lua, he ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka hoʻohālike i ka noiʻi ʻana a ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā loiloi he mea e makaʻala akahele. Ma muli o kēia palena, pono ke nānā ʻia nā hopena i mua he pono a pono hoʻi ke hoʻākāka ʻia i nā haʻawina hou aku me ka nui o ka nui. ʻO ke kolu, ke hoʻokaʻawale nei mākou i nā hihia i hoʻohui ʻia me nā waiwai a me nā maʻi psychiatric koʻikoʻi, a pono e hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i kēia mau pūʻulu me ka hōʻemi hōʻeuʻeu o ka comorbid a me nā maʻi maʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻehā, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kikoʻī o ka lōʻihi o ke maʻi i kēia aʻo. No laila, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā hemahema i corticostriatal function circuit a me ka lōʻihi o ka IAD, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia i kēia aʻo. Pōʻalima, no ka palena o ka hoʻoneʻe no ka fMRI palena palena palena ʻĀina, ke nānā nei mākou iā FC e pili ana i ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā subregions i ka striatum, ka mea hiki ke hoʻopiha i ka hōʻike piha ʻana o ka pauku hana corticostriatal. No laila, pono e hoʻohana i ka ʻikepili kiʻekiʻe i nā hoʻokele fMRI kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohana pono e hoʻonā i kēia pilikia ma nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka mea hope loa, me ka ʻole o nā hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo, ʻaʻole hiki ke pane ʻia i nā pilina kumu ma waena o nā limu o ka corticostriatal function circuit a me ka IAD. Pono e hoʻāʻo ʻia nā haʻawina i ka wā e ʻike i ka pilina kumu o ka IAD a me nā ala hana corticostriatal i hoʻololi ʻia.
Panina
I ka hōʻākāka, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka hoʻomaha ʻana ma ka mokuahi FC hoʻokele e noiʻi i ka hale hoʻolālā hana o ka corticostriatal i nā ʻōpio IAD. Hōʻike nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ʻo IAD e ka hōʻemi o nā corticostriatal function circuit e pili ana i ka hoʻopili a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka naʻau, a me ka kāohi cognitive. Hōʻike nā hōʻike i hiki i ka IAD ke kaʻana like me nā hana a me ke ʻano neural me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka maʻi hoʻomalu a me ka addiction. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hui ma waena o ka pilina o ka pilina o nā kaila corticostriatal a me nā ʻano hana e hōʻike ai e hiki ke lilo nā ʻaluna corticostriatal e hiki ai i ka hopena mālama hou no ka IAD, a he mea nui paha ka corticostriatal FC i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka prognosis no IAD. Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena i ka corticostriatal FC hoʻomaha hoʻomaha I loko o ka ola biomarker no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hou, kūpono hou aʻe, Hoʻohui hou i ka Internet.
Nā mea kōkua i kākau
ʻO FL, YZ, YD, JX a me HL ke kuleana no ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana. Ua hāʻawi ʻo YZ, LQ a me ZZ i ka loaʻa o nā ʻikepili. Ua kōkua ʻo FL me ka ʻikepili ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻike. Ua hoʻolālā ʻo FL i ka kākau kope. Hāʻawi ʻo FL lāua ʻo HL i ka loiloi hou i ka ʻike no ka ʻike ʻona koʻikoʻi. Nānā nā mea kākau a pau i ka ʻike a apono ʻia i hope no ka paʻi.
hoʻolako 'ia o
Ua kākoʻo hapa ʻia kēia hana e ka National Basic Research Program o Kina (973 Program) Grant No. 2011CB707802, a me Natural Science Foundation o Kina (Nos. 21221064, 81171302 a me 81171325), a me ka National Key Technology R&D Program Grant No.2007BAI17B03.
Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana
Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.
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Nā huaʻōlelo: corticostriatal circuits, hoʻopili hoʻohui, hoʻonaninani pili pūnaewele, nā hana ʻona neuropsychological, hoʻomaha ʻāina fMRI
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo: Lin F, Zhou Y, Du Y, Zhao Z, Qin L, Xu J a me Lei H (2015) Aberrant corticostriatal function circuits i loko o nā ʻōpio me ka pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele. Kākau. Hum. Neurosci. 9: 356. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2015.00356
Loaʻa: 20 Nowemapa 2014; ʻAe ʻia: 02 June 2015;
Kūpono ʻia me ka pūnaewele: 16 June 2015.
Hoʻoponoponoʻia e:
Charlotte A. Boettiger, Ke Kulanui o North Carolina, USA
Nānā ':
Carol Seger, Kulanui ʻO Ke Kulanui o Hawaiʻi, USA
ʻO ia ʻo Zng Zhang, Yale University, USA
Kuleana kope © 2015 Lin, Zhou, Du, Zhao, Qin, Xu a me Lei. He kumuhana kahi i wehe ʻia ma lalo o nā huaʻōlelo o ka Lulā Lahui Creative Commons (CC BY). ^ E Ha yM. Ke ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana, lawe ʻana a me ka hana hou i nā ʻaha kūkā ʻē aʻe, ke hāʻawi ʻia ka mea kākau (kumu) a me ka mea laikini paha i kākau ʻia a i ʻike ʻia ka hana kūlohelohe a i ka lula ma ke ʻano he hana maʻamau. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻohana, hoʻopuka a hoʻopili hou paha i kū ʻole ʻia me kēia mau ʻōlelo.
* Palapala: Hao Lei, National Center for Magnetic Resonance ma Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Science, West No. 30 Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, Kina,. [pale ʻia ka leka uila]
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