Ua hoʻololiʻia kahiʻokoʻa kahihana e hoʻomaha ai i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka pilina o nā poʻe'ōpio me ka pāʻani pūnaewele pūnaewele (2013)

PLoS hana. 2013; 8 (3): e59902. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059902. Epub 2013 Mar 26.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

manao

Hoʻohana nui ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele i kekahi o nā hopena noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo ʻole. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia noiʻi i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka mana magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) e nānā ai inā ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pilina o nā hana ma nā ʻōpio me ka pāʻani pū ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele (IGA).

Nā Papahana

He ʻumikumamāhiku o ka wā opio me IGA a me 24 kaomi mau o nā ʻōpiopio maʻamau i lalo o kahi scan 7.3 minute hoʻomaha. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilina o ka pouulate cingulate cortex (PCC) i nā kumuhana āpau ma ka noiʻi ʻana i ka loli ʻana o nā hōʻailona fMRI haʻahaʻa lohi ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano hana pilikino kino. No ka loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o ka IGA hōʻailona a me ka hoʻohui o PCC, nā kiʻi hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike ana i nā wahi i hoʻokūkū ʻia me ka pili ʻana o PCC ua hoʻoponopono ʻia me nā helu o nā kumuhana 17 me IGA ma ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Pūnaewele (CIAS) a me Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11 ) a me kā lākou mau hola o ka Pūnaewele i kēlā me kēia pule.

Results

ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa nui i nā hāʻawi o ka makahiki, ke kāne, a me nā makahiki o ka ʻike ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. Ua hōʻike nā kumuhana me IGA i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi i kēlā me kēia pule (hola) (p <0.0001) a me nā CIAS kiʻekiʻe (p <0.0001) a me BIS-11 (p = 0.01) ma mua o nā kaohi. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu kaohi, hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana me IGA i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hana i ka lobe posterior cerebellum posterior a me ka gyrus temporal waena. ʻO ka lobule parietal haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā gyrus temporal haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hōʻike i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka pili. Hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka pilina me ka PCC me nā helu CIAS ma ka precuneus pono, gyrus posterior, thalamus, caudate, nucleus accumbens, area motor hou, a me lingual gyrus. Ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole ʻia me ka ʻula o ka cerebellum akau mua a waiho i ka lobet parietal kiʻekiʻe.

Panina

Hōʻike ko kā mākou mau hopena i nā mea ʻōpio me IGA e hōʻike i nā ʻano kūlana ʻokoʻa o ka hana o ka lolo. E like me kēia mau hoʻololi i ka hapa like ʻole i ka poʻe i ka poʻe maʻi me ka mea pili i ke koina, ke kākoʻo nei lākou i ka hypothesis ʻo IGA ma ke ʻano he hana hoʻohilahila e hoʻohele pū i nā ʻano neʻe neurobiological like me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.

Hōʻike: Ding Wn, Sun Jh, Sun Yw, Zhou Y, Li L, et al. (2013) Haumaha Hoʻololi Hōʻike Hoʻoiho I Ke Kānāwai Hoʻohālikelike Hapa i ka ʻApiopio ma ka ʻApiopio Pūnaewele Pūnaewele. PLOʻO 8 (3): e59902. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059902

Luna ho'oponopono: ʻO Michelle Hampson, ke Yale University, United States of America

Loaʻaʻia: 'Okakese 25, 2012; Uaʻaeʻia: Pepeluali 19, 2013; Kuhiʻia: March 26, 2013

Kuleana kope: © 2013 Ding et al. He ʻatikala ʻōlelo wehe ʻia kēia i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma lalo o nā huaʻōlelo o ka ʻAha Kuhi Hoʻohui Kīwī, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, ka hoʻoili ʻana, a me ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i kekahi ʻano mea i hana ʻia, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka mea kumu a me nā kumu i ʻike ʻia.

Kākoʻo kālā: Kākoʻo ʻia kēia noiʻi e ka National Natural Science Foundation o Kina (No. 81171325), ke Kōmike Alakaʻi Haʻawina Lapaʻau ʻo Shanghai Science and Technology (No. 114119a0900), ʻo Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Project No. S30203), a me ka National Key Technology R&D Polokalamu 2007BAI17B03. ʻAʻohe o nā mea kālā kālā i ka hoʻolālā hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻikepili a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ka hoʻoholo ʻana e paʻi, a i ʻole ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka palapala.

Nā mea hoʻolimalima: Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i kaʻaʻohe hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū.

 

Introduction

I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hōʻiliʻili ka noiʻi e hōʻike nei i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻohui ʻana [1]. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻohui ʻana ʻo ka pūnaewele (IA) i kahi pōʻino koʻikoʻi no ka olakino o ka noʻonoʻo, a ua nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena psychosocial. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka palapala nīnau Diagnostic ʻo Young [YDQ][2], Sinmoes et al. ʻike i hoʻokahi 11% o 12-i ka 18 makahiki makahiki ma Greece e hoʻokō nei i nā koina no IA [3]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa iā Cao lāua ʻo Su he 2.4% o nā ʻōpio ma Kina i helu ʻia he IA [4]. ^ E Ha yM. Shek et al. [5] ua hōʻike ʻo 19.1% o nā ʻōpio Kina Hong Kong i loaʻa iā IA. Wahi a, ua hewa nui ʻo IA ma nā ʻĀina a me Western o nā kaiāulu, e hōʻike ana he maʻi maʻamau ka honua e pono ai ka nānā ʻana [6].

ʻO ka manawa nei, ua koho ʻia e "non-pili pili i ka hana." [7]. ^ E Ha yM. Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo maʻamau e pili ana ka addiction i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā mea ʻenekini, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "addiction" e pili i ka nui o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e like me ka pākalepa.[8], ʻo nā pāʻani wikiō[9], ka wahine, a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻo ia mau ʻano kīʻaha kīhai ʻole i pili i ka mea i loko o ka waiʻona a i ʻole ka mea waiwai, ua hui ʻia kahi pūʻulu noiʻi e like me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ʻano hana ʻano like like me ia i nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā mea e pili ana.[10]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi e kaʻana i ka lawehala e hoʻohālikelike i kekahi mau hōʻailona me ke loaʻa i nā hopena like i ka poʻe i hoʻohui i ka waiʻona a me nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike.

Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele (IAD) kahi pilikia olakino noʻonoʻo pono i kūpono o nā noiʻi ʻepekema hou. ʻOiai, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ka prevalence o IAD i ka nui e hoʻokomo i ka DSM-V[11]. ^ E Ha yM. Hāʻawi kekahi i nā haʻawina Neuroimaging ma kahi o ka loiloi kūloko a me ka hoʻokele noiʻi ʻana ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā wahi pili i ka lolo e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala a me ka mālama o ka hoʻohui. Ma kēia noiʻi, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ke kūlana magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) e noiʻi ai i ka ʻōnaehana paʻamau (DMN) i ka poʻe ʻōpio me IGA. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana ʻo 1) e noiʻi ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pūnaewele kūlana hoʻomaha hoʻomaha kūlana kūlana (FC), 2) e nānā ana inā pili paha kekahi ʻano hoʻohuli me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā mea maʻi me ka hoʻohui mea hoʻohua, a me 3) e hoʻoholo ai aia kekahi nā pilina ma waena o ka FC i hoʻololi ʻia, a me nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻano pilikino i nā kumuhana me IAD.

 

Nā Pono a me nā Una

Nā Kaupapa

Ua lawe ʻia nā kumuhana āpau mai ke Keʻena ʻĀina a me ʻApiopio Psychiatry o ke kahua ʻo Mental Health Shanghai. He 14 lākou i 17 mau makahiki paha. Hoʻokomo mākou i ka ʻumikūmū ʻumikūmā he mau kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā papa hana DSM-IV no ka IA e like me ka palapala noiʻi ʻo Diagnostic Hoʻohālikelike no ka Hoʻohui Pūnaewele (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka YDQ) nā ʻōlelo maʻamau e Beard [12]. ^ E Ha yM. I mālama ʻia i ke ola olakino ʻole he iwakāluakūmākahi mau makahiki a me ke ʻano pilikino ʻole me ka mōʻaukala pilikino. Ua koho kūpono ʻia nā kumuhana āpau a ʻaʻohe mea poki iā lākou.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi nīnau nīnau noiʻi e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike demographic e like me ke kāne, ka makahiki, ka makahiki hope o ke kula i hoʻopau ʻia, a me nā hola o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ma kēlā me kēia pule. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia haʻawina e ka Ethics Committee of Ren Ji Hospital o Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea komo a me ko lākou mau mākua a kahu hānai ʻānō no nā pahuhopu o kā mākou noi ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) i hana. ʻO ka ʻae a piha nā palapala ʻike ʻia i loaʻa mai ka makua a me nā kahu ʻokoʻa ma kēlā me kēia.

Ka hoʻohui a me ka hoʻoneʻeʻana i nā kulekele

Ua hana ʻia nā kumuhana āpau i kahi loiloi maʻalahi o ke kino a me ke ana ʻana o ka puʻuwai, a ua ninaninau ʻia e ka ʻepekema e pili ana i kā lākou moʻolelo olakino o ka nulea, ka holo ʻana, ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ka hanu, ka pōʻai, endocrine, urinary, a me nā pilikia hānau. No laila, nānā lākou i nā maʻi psychiatric me ka Mini International Neuropsychiatric Uiui no nā Keiki a me nā ʻōpio (MINI-KID)[13]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa i nā kūlike nā hōʻike no ka hōʻino kino a me ka hilinaʻi paha, ka hoʻokipa ma mua o nā maʻi psychiatric, a i ʻole kahi moʻolelo o nā maʻi psychiatric nui, e like me ke skizophrenia, ke kaumaha, nā hopohopo pilikia, a me nā hanana psychotic. ʻAʻole i mālama ʻia nā mea me IAD me ka psychotherapy a i ʻole kekahi lāʻau lapaʻau.

Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka nīnau noiʻi no ka IA mai nā papa DSM-IV no ka pā pāʻani pathological a Young [2]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO YDQ ka mea i hoʻohana ai mākou he ʻewalu mau nīnau "i ʻole" a i ʻole "ʻaʻole" i kākau ʻia i ka ʻōlelo Kina. Ua pili i kēia mau nīnau: (1) Ke kani nei ʻoe i ka hilo ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, me ka ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka hana ma mua e pili ana i ka hana pūnaewele a i ʻole ka makemake no ka hālāwai ninaninau e hiki aʻe? (2) Makemake paha ʻoe i kāu hoʻohana pūnaewele inā e hoʻonui ʻoe i kāu manawa o ka manawa ma ka pūnaewele? (3) I hōʻole ʻole ʻoe i ka hoʻokele, hōʻemi a hōʻalo paha i ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i ka Pūnaewele? (4) Ke kani nei anei ʻoe i ke ʻano palupalu, hoʻokaumaha, hōʻeha, a naʻauao paha i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai e hōʻalo a haʻalele paha i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele? (5) Noho lōʻihi aku ʻoe ma kahi pūnaewele ma mua o ka manaʻo mua? (6) Ua lawe paha ʻoe i kahi pōʻino o ka nalowale i kahi pilina pili nui, nā hana, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a i ʻole e hoʻokau ai i ka manawa ma muli o ka Pūnaewele? (7) Ua hoʻopunipuni paha ʻoe i kou ʻohana, nā maʻi lapaʻau, a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻē aʻe e hūnā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kou hoʻopili ʻana me ka Pūnaewele? (8) Hoʻohana ʻoe i ka Pūnaewele i ke ala e pakele ai mai nā pilikia a i ʻole ka hoʻomaha ʻana i kahi manaʻo hopohopo (ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike ʻole o ke kōkua ʻole ʻana, hewa, hopohopo, a manaʻo ʻole paha ke kaumaha)? Ua hoʻohiki ʻo Young e ʻelima a i ʻole nā ​​pane o ka "ʻae" i nā nīnau ʻewalu e hōʻike ana i kahi mea hoʻohana. Ma hope mai, Beard a me Wolf [12] ua hoʻololi ʻia nā paʻina YDQ e ʻōlelo i nā pane i pane "ʻae" i nā nīnau ma 1 ma o 5 a ma kahi o ia mau ʻelima mau nīnau e helu ʻia ai ka maʻi ʻana mai IA.

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā nīnau nīnau no ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā poʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS)[14], Nānaina kaukani ʻana o ka minamina (SAS)[15], Kākau o ka helu iho nei i ke kala ʻana (SDS) [16], a me Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) [17]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hana ʻia nā nīnau nīnau i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania a laila ua unuhi ʻia i loko o Kaina.

Kālepa MRI

Ua hana ʻia ka MRI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi scan 3T MRI scanner (GE Signa HDxt 3T, USA). Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi coil poʻo poʻo me ka hoe ʻana i ka pahuhī. I ka wā hoʻomaha o ka fMRI, ua aʻo ʻia nā kumuhana e hoʻomau i ko lākou mau maka, noho mau ʻole ʻole, noho wana, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e noʻonoʻo i kekahi mea. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi laina e-e-e-planar e pili ana i kahi kikoʻī. Ike kanakolu-ʻehā hāmeʻe hāmeʻa [i ka manawa kai (TR) = 2000 ms, ka manawa echo (TE) = 30 ms, ka palena o ka ʻike (FOV) = 230 × 230 mm, 3.6 × 3.6 × 4 mm voxel nui] i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka commissure anterior. -loaʻa nā laina komisina laina. 'O kēlā me kēia fMRI scan hope loa 440 s. Loaʻa kekahi mau ʻōmaʻomaʻi ʻē aʻe, me (1) kahi sagittal T1-kaupaona 3D-magnetization e hoʻomākaukau ana i ka wikiwiki e loaʻa ana i ka uka e [TR = 9.4 ms, TE = 4.6 ms, flip angle = 15 °, FOV = 256 × 256 mm, 155 ʻoki, 1 × 1 × 1 mm voxel nui], (2) axial T1-kaumaha ke kahua wikiwiki echo sequences [TR = 331 ms, TE = 4.6 ms, FOV = 256 × 256 mm, 34 mouku, 0.5 × 0.5 × 4 mm ukuran nui vox, a (3) axial T2W turbo spin-echo sequences [TR = 3013 ms, TE = 80 ms, FOV = 256 × 256 mm, 34 mouku, 0.5 × 0.5 × 4 mm voxel nui].

Nānā kiʻi

ʻElua pahuhopu tUa hoʻohana ʻia nā hana i nā hoʻohālikelike o nā hui e nānā i nā ʻokoʻa demographic ma waena o nā hui ʻelua, a me χ2Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hana i nā hoʻohālikelike wahine. ʻĀpana ʻelua p-value o 0.05 i manaʻo ʻia he helu koʻikoʻi no nā hōʻike āpau.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōkuhi MRI scanstraction (T1- a me nā kiʻi kaupaona ʻo T2) e nā neuroradiologists ʻike ʻelua. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi mau hewa ʻole ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. Ua hana ʻia ka mākaukau hana MRI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Data Data Assistant no ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka mokuʻāina fMRI V 2.0 (YAN Chao-Gan, http://www.restfmri.net), kahi i hoʻohui pū me ka hana MRIcroN (Chris Rorden, http://www.mricro.com), ka helu o ka mapping parametric (SPM5; Keʻena ʻOihana Hana ʻO nā Imaging Neuroscience, Lādana, UK, a me ka Pūnaewele Ka Manaʻo Pūnaewele FMRI Ka Manaʻo Pūnaewele (REST V1.8, Song et al., http://www.restfmri.net).

ʻO ke kīʻaha 10 mua o kēlā me kēia manawa hana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hōʻailona o ka hōʻailona MRI a me ka hoʻohālikelike mua o nā mea i komo i ke kūlana. ʻO nā ʻikepili mai kēlā me kēia kiʻi fMRI ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manawa 220 manawa, a ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā kiʻi 210. A laila ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā kiʻi no ka wā lika a hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ke kiʻi mua e ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻo poʻo ka hoʻoponopono o ka poʻo (ka maʻi a ka mea hōʻike e hōʻike ana i ka neʻe nui aʻe ma mua o 1 mm me ka unuhi nui ma ka loulou x, y, a z, a i ʻole 1 ° ka palena kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā koʻi ʻekolu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia). ʻAʻohe mea i haʻalele ʻia no ka neʻe. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi i loko o kahi kikowaena stereotaxic anatomical Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kikoo maʻamau i like me ka nui o ka mana o 3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm. Ua kiʻi hou ʻia nā kiʻi o ka echo-planar me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kānana Gaussian isotropic o 4 mm piha loa i ka hapalua lōʻihi.

ʻO ka hana manawa i kēlā me kēia voxel i hana ʻia e hoʻoponopono no ka neʻe laina i ka wā lōʻihi. ʻEiwa mau canuariiwa (he wānana manawa-manawa no ka hōʻailona honua, keokeo keʻokeʻo, ka wai cerebrospinal, a me nā ʻāpana lele ʻeono) i hana pinepine ʻia mai ka manawa-manawa[18], [19]. ^ E Ha yM. Ma hope iho, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka kānana ʻana ma ke kino (0.01-0.08 Hz) i ka manawa manawa o kēlā me kēia mele e hoʻemi ai i ka hopena o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kani kiʻekiʻe.[8], [20]-[22]

Ua koho ʻia ka papa PCC, ka mea i loaʻa i nā wahi a Brodmann o 29, 30, 23, a me 31, ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana hoihoi (ROI) e hoʻohana ana i ko WFU-Pick Atlas lako polokalamu[23]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka manawa holo i ka pae o ka oxygen oxygen level-dependence manawa i loko o nā leo kīkē i loko o nā hua hua i hōʻike ʻia e hana ai i ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia. No kēlā me kēia kumulāʻau a me nā hua kanu, ua hana ʻia kahi palapala kikoʻī ma o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā coefficient correlation ma waena o ka manawa o ka manawa e haʻi nei a me nā ʻano o nā kikoʻī āpau. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā koikoi kaua hoʻoponopono i z waiwai e hoʻohana ana iā Fisher z-ʻoniʻoni e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maʻamau o ka hoʻoili[22]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke kanaka z-hoʻokomo ʻia nā loko i loko o SPM5 no kahi pākahi t-ʻea hoʻi e hoʻoholo i nā wahi o ka lolo me ka pilina nui me ka PCC i loko o kēlā me kēia hui. Ua komo pū ʻia nā helu pākahi ponoʻī i loko o SPM5 no ka hoʻohālikelike hopena pālua a me ʻelua-hōʻike t-ʻoniʻoni e ʻike i nā wahi e hōʻike ana i nāʻokoʻa nui i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka PCC ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu AlphaSim ma ka Analysis of Functional Neuroimages software package, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o Monte Carlo simulation. Nā papa helu helu kuʻina o ka ʻelua-ʻāpana t-ohumu ʻia hana e hoʻohana i ka paepae hui pū ʻana o p<0.05 a me ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka nui o 54 voxels, e hāʻawi ana i kahi paepae i hoʻoponopono ʻia o p<0.05. Ua uhi ʻia nā ʻāpana e hōʻike ana i nā ʻokoʻa helu nui ma nā anakuhi lolo MNI. ʻO ka CIAS i hoʻomohala ʻia e Chen he 26 mau mea ma ka pālau Likert 4-kiko. Loaʻa nā helu helu piha mai 26 a 104 a hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi i hala aʻe nei ua hōʻeha nā mea maʻi me IA i ka kaohi impulse [24]. ^ E Ha yM. No laila, ʻo nā kiʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e pili ana i nā wahi o ka pilina ma waena o ka hana ma ka ʻāina huaʻai a me CIAS a me nā helu BIS-11 a me nā hola o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ma kēlā me kēia pule. ka hemahema, a me ka hoʻopili PCC, hoʻohana i ka paepae o p<0.05 AlphaSim i hoʻoponopono ʻia.

 

Results

Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ke ʻano

1 Pūnaewele papa inoa i nā kaho kanaka a me nā hana no ka IGA a me nā kumuhana kaohi. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa nui i nā hāʻawi o ka makahiki, ke kāne, a me nā makahiki o ka ʻike ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. Hana nā kumuhana me IGA i nā hola hou o ka hoʻohana Pūnaewele i kēlā me kēia pule (p <0.0001) a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā CIAS (p <0.0001) a me BIS-11 (p = 0.01) ma mua o nā kaohi. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa ma nā mākia SAS a me SDS i loaʻa ma waena o nā hui.

kiʻi liʻiliʻi
Download: 

1 Pūnaewele. Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ke ʻano e pili ana i ka poʻe i komo.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059902.t001

Ma waena o ka pūʻulu hoʻonohonoho o ka pilina PCC

Ua hana ʻia kahi hui ma waena o ka pūʻulu helu ʻelua me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ka ʻelua-hoʻāʻo ma SPM5. Kūlike ia me ka hui hoʻomalu, nā hōʻike me IGA i hōʻike i hoʻonui ʻia ʻo FC i ka bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe a me ka gyrus temporal waena. ʻO kā lākou bilateral haʻahaʻa parietal lobule a me nā koikoi loa o ke kino gyrus i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana.2 Pūnaewele a Hōʻike 1).

kiʻi liʻiliʻi
Download: 

Hōʻike 1. He mea nui ma waena o nā ʻokoʻa o ka hui pū ʻana i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā kumuhana hoʻomohala olakino a me nā mea me IGA.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui mana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana me IGA i hoʻonui i FC i ka bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe a me ka gyrus temporal waena. Ua hōʻike pū kekahi mau wahi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka lua o ka lobetal bilateral inetiale a me ka gyrus temporal. ((p<0.05, AlphaSim-hoʻoponopono). Hōʻike ʻia nā kīkā helu helu ma ka ʻākau. Hōʻike kaʻulaʻula iā IGA> a me ka polu e kuhikuhi iā IAD

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059902.g001

kiʻi liʻiliʻi
Download: 

2 Pūnaewele. ʻO ka mea nui i waena o nā ʻokoʻa o ka hui pū ʻana i ka hoʻopili i waena o nā ʻāpana o ka lolo a me ka cortex ka hope keiki.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059902.t002

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka pilina a PCC a me CIAS a me BIS-11 hōʻailona a me nā hola o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ma kēlā me kēia pule i nā kumuhana me IGA

Ua pili pono ka pilina me ka PCC me nā helu CIAS ma ka precuneus ʻākau, posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, caudate, nucleus accumbens, supplement motor area (SMA), a me ka lualua gyrus, a ua hōʻole ʻia i ke poʻo ʻeuaneli cerebellum ʻākau a me ka hema Lio3 Pūnaewele a Hōʻike 2).). ʻAʻohe mea nui ma waena o ka pilina me ka PCC a me BIS-11 hōʻailona a i ʻole nā ​​hola o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ma kēlā me kēia pule.

kiʻi liʻiliʻi
Download: 

Hōʻike 2. ʻO nā ʻili o nā hui kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka pilina me ka PCC me ka nui o nā helu CIAS i nā kumuhana me IGA.

(p<0.05, AlphaSim-hoʻoponopono).

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059902.g002

kiʻi liʻiliʻi
Download: 

3 Pūnaewele. ʻO nā ʻili o nā hui kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka pilina me ka PCC e hoʻopili me nā helu CIAS i nā kumuhana me IGA.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059902.t003

Kahakaha: ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka mea maʻi. PCC = posterior cingulate cortex; IGA = Pāʻani pāʻani pāʻani Pūnaewele; CIAS = Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Pūnaewele Pūnaewele.

 

kūkākūkā

Hōʻike ka hoʻopiʻi ʻikepili i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi mea pili kolohe [25], [26]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka poʻe e ʻike ana i ka IAD ke hōʻike nei i nā hiʻohiʻona lapaʻau e pili ana i ka makemake, hoʻihoʻi, a me ke ahonui[11], [27], hoʻonuiʻia impulsive [28], a me ka hiki i ka hana cognitive i nā hana e pili pū ana i ka hoʻoholo no ka hoʻoholo[29]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau ʻōuli i kuʻuna i ka hoʻohui me nā mea pili e pili ana i ka waiwai [30]. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻololi ʻo IA i kahi kikoʻī heterogeneous o nā hana Pūnaewele e hiki ke hopena i nā maʻi, e like me ka pāʻani, ke kūʻai ʻana, ka palaka, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻoihana pūnaewele. Ke hōʻike nei ka pāʻani i kahi ʻāpana o ka hana i kāpae ʻia i ka IA, a me ko ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani ke ʻike ʻia nei ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike nui loa o IA a hiki i kēia lā [31]. ^ E Ha yM. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ʻo IAD i mea ākea a puni o ka honua a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i kāna hopena hōʻino i nā mea hoʻohana a me ka ʻoihana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopiha piha ʻia ka mana neurobiological o IAD.

Ke kākoʻo nei kekahi poʻe noiʻi e pili ana i ka IAD e like me nā abnormalities like a me ka maʻi addictive ʻē aʻe. Hou et al.,[32] ʻike i ka hopena o ka hōʻike dopamine transporter (DAT) i loko o ka striatum i haʻahaʻa loa i ka poʻe me ka IAD e hoʻohana ana i ka 99mTc-TRODAT-1 kiʻi photon emission compute tomography brain scans. Hoʻokomo ka DATs i nā hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pae dopamine striatal synaptic [33], a ua hoʻohanaʻia e like me nā hōʻailona o ka hopena dopamine [34]. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki i kekahi hapa o nā membrane cell ke hoʻohālikelike paha i ka pahu stopatal dopamine i ʻole i ʻole ka palupalu a me ka lolo dopaminergic, i loaʻa pū i ka addiction pili. [35]. ^ E Ha yM. No ka mea, ʻo ka nui o ka dopamine extracellular i loko o ka striatum e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kumuhana o ka uku, e like me ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka euphoria. [36], ʻike pū kekahi i nā IAD me ka euphoria e like me nā extracellular dopamine level i ka striatum hoʻonui. ʻO nā mea maʻi me ka petological gaming e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka dopamine i ka striatum ventral i ka wā pāʻani[37]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā haʻawina hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka positron emission i loaʻa i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka dopamine i ka striatum i ka wā o ka pāʻani wikiō [38].

ʻO kekahi poʻe noiʻi [39]-[44] ua noi i ka fMRI resting-state i ka poʻe maʻi me ka waiwai dependence e maopopo hou i kāna mau hana a kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i kona ʻano o kona ʻano a me ka neuropsychological deficits. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi i nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka lolo i manaʻo ʻia e komo i loko o nā pilikia addict, e like me ka nucleus accumbens [45], storsatum dorsal, a me cortex prefrontal (PFC) [46], [47]. ^ E Ha yM. Nā hopena i hāʻawi ʻia e Zhang et al.,[39] hōʻike i nā hoʻoliʻina hoʻoliʻina ma waena o nā kumuhana heroin-makemake a me ka olakino, ma nā wahi e pili ana i ka orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), cingulate gyrus, mua a me nā ʻaoʻao para-limbic e like me ka anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampal / parahippocampal region, amygdala, caudate, putamen, posterior insula, a me thalamus. Hoʻopili kēia mau wahi i ka pūnaehana ʻoihana e kōkua ana i ka uku, ka hoʻoikaika, ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana, a me ka kaohi o nā nalu ʻē aʻe. Tanabe et al.,[40]ʻike ua pili ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka nikotine me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hana ma nā wahi i loko o ka DMN a hoʻonui i nā hana i nā wahi ʻē aʻe striate. Ua manaʻo lākou ua hopena kēia mau hopena o ka nikotine, i ka ʻole o ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana a i ʻole ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe i nā powa ma mua o nā hui ʻole i nā mea ʻole i waena o nā nūo i waena o nā pūnaewele lawelawe fronto-parietal a me ka medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). ʻO nā mea ulaula me ka nui o ka mPFC-left fronto-parietal ka hoʻopili nui loa ka ʻōpala storsat striatum cue e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ana e like me ke ana ma ke ʻano o kahi kīʻaha fMRI cue réactivity paradigm[41]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi haʻawina e hana ʻia e Ko CH et al., [48] loiloi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻoluʻolu o cue-induced craving e pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma nā kumuhana me IGA. Hōʻike ko lākou mau hopena i ka bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), precuneus, left parahippocampus, posterior cingulate a me ka anterior cingulate i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka pane ʻana i nā pāʻani pāʻani ma ka hui IGA ma kahi i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka pūʻulu mana. No laila, ua hōʻike kēia mau noi ʻana i like nā underpinnings o ka neurobiological o IGA ua like like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia me nā maʻi kī.

Kuhi ʻia ma ke kumu hoʻohālike i hāʻawi ʻia e Volkowet al.,[49] hiki i kekahi mau hoʻonohonoho o ka neurobiological hana i hoʻomāluʻohi i ka cga-induced gaming craving. Hoʻopili kēia ma nā wahi kikowaena ʻike e like me ka limu occipital a precuneus paha e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻike pāʻani ma nā ʻikepili kūloko, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ka hippocampus, parahippocampus, a i ole amyddala a hoʻolako i ka hoʻomanaʻo a me nā ʻike piliʻikepili no nā puʻupuʻu pāʻani. Hoʻopili pū kekahi a me nā pūnaehana uku e like me ka limu kōhao a me ka cingulate posterior e ʻae ai no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻike pili pili i ka pāʻani a hoʻolako i nā manaʻolana a me ke ʻano nui, a e komo pū ana lākou i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻāla e like me ka anterior cingulate a orbital frontal lobe e kāohi i ka makemake no ka pāʻani . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hope, ʻo kēia mau papa inoa i nā ʻōnaehana o ka mana e like me ka DLPFC a me ka cortex prefrontal e hiki ai i kekahi ke hana i kahi hoʻolālā e loaʻa ai ma ka pūnaewele no ka pāʻani.

ʻIke mākou i nā kumuhana me IGA i hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka FC i ka bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe a me ka gyrus temporal waena. ʻO ka lobletal haʻahaʻa hoʻoluʻu hoʻoluʻu kūlau a kūpono i ka puʻu kino kino i hōʻike ʻia me ka hui o ka hui. Ua pili pono ka pilina me ka PCC me nā helu CIAS, ka mea e pili ana i ka ʻeha o ka IGA, ma ka precuneus ʻākau, posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, caudate, nucleus accumbens, supplemental area motor, and lingual gyrus. He hewa ʻole lākou me ka lobebellum anterior pololei a waiho ʻia aku i ka lobus parietal maikaʻi.

ʻAʻole kaupae ʻia nā hana o ka cerebellum i ka neʻe a me ka kaulike, no ka mea he mea nui ia i ka manaʻoʻalike a me nā hana cognitive. [50], [51]. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa ia ia nā komo mai nā pūnaehana sensory a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka lolo, a hoʻokomo pū i kēia mau mea i hoʻokomo ai i ka hana motor maikaʻi maikaʻi[52]. ^ E Ha yM. Nui ka pili o ka cerebellum posterior i ka hoʻoponopono cognitive[53], ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻailona, ​​a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻomanaʻo auditory-verbal kūpono[54]. ^ E Ha yM. Hū ka piʻi ʻana o ke koko (rCBF) i ka cerebellum i ka manaʻo ʻana i ke kao lua [55]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua paio ʻo Paradiso lāua ʻo Takeuchi e pili ana ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka cerebellar i ka pili kino a me ka nānā ʻana i ka wā cue-induction [56], [57]. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka noiʻi e pili ana i nā loli i ka homogeneity kūloko (Reho) o kahi hana hoʻomaha hoʻomaha ʻāina ma nā kumuhana me IGA[58], i hoʻonui ʻia ʻo Reho ma ka hema o ka cerebellum hema. Hōʻike kēia i kahi koʻikoʻi o ka cerebellum i ka huhū i ke ʻano o ka IGA, aʻo ʻoi aku i ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ka hoʻouka ʻana, ka hana hana.[59], a me nā kaʻina uila i hoʻoponopono ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana extrapyramidal. Ua ʻike mākou i hoʻonui nui ʻia o FC i ka bilateral posterior cerebellum, akā i kahi ala maikaʻi ʻole i loko o ka puʻukima anterior cerebellum kūpono me nā uku CIAS. ʻOiai he ʻokoʻa nā wahi, i ka ʻōlelo o nā hana o ka cerebellum, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻokoʻa ma ke kāʻei medial-to-lateral. Me kēia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kēia aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa a pono e hoʻokolokolo ʻia e ka loea pili i ke ʻano.

ʻO ke gyrus waena temporalal waena i hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka FC i nā kumuhana me IGA, akā ʻo ke kakano ka loa temporal kūpono e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka FC. ʻO ka gyrus temporal haʻahaʻa loa kekahi o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka kahe puna o ka hoʻoneʻe o ka leo a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike, a pili pū ʻia me ka hōʻike o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano paʻakikī[60]. ^ E Ha yM. Dong et al. ua loaʻa ʻo Reho ma ka puʻukū temporal inferior, a kākau lākou i hoʻemi i ka ReHo i ka ʻike maka-ʻike a me nā ʻona e pili ana i nā auditory e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kumuhana me IGA paha ka hopena o ka lōʻihi o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani. [58]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua pili like kā mākou mau hopena i kēia hypothesis, pono e nānā ʻia i nā haʻawina ma hope.

Ua ʻike mākou i hōʻemi ʻana i ka FC i ka bilateral inferior lobetal lobule, a ʻo ka FC o ka lehelehe parietal hema hema e komo pū ana me ke kulana ʻo PCC me ka nui o nā helu CIAS. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻimi like ʻana me ka pili o ka limu parietal i komo pū me nā hana visuospatial. ʻO nā hoʻololi o ke kūlana i nānā ʻia e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻōla lua ʻole i ka cortex parietal maikaʻi loa[61]. ^ E Ha yM. Olson et al.,[62]ʻike ua nui ka mana o ka limu parietal i mea hoʻomanaʻo i ka hoʻomanaʻo pōkole. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo kekahi mau noiʻi e loaʻa i ka cortex parietal i kuleana ma ke hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nānā ʻana a i ʻole hoʻopaʻa i nā pane ʻana i nā wā kaʻa i ka wā o ka hana pale ʻana[63], [64].

Ua pili pono ka pilina me ka PCC me nā helu CIAS ma ka precuneus kūpono, posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, caudate, nucleus accumbens, SMA, a me lingual gyrus. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau māhele kahi o ka ʻōnaehana uku[65]. ^ E Ha yM. Pākuʻi ʻia ka precuneus i mea noʻonoʻo, nānā, a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana. Ua komo i ke kaʻina ʻike a hoʻoili i nā hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana. Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka noiʻi, ua hana ʻia ka precuneus e ka petua puʻupuʻu, hoʻopili i nā hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo ʻia, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā makemake cue-induced no ka pāʻani pūnaewele.[66]. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ke kikowaena o ka DMN i manaʻo ʻia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka PCC ma nā kaʻina hoʻokō. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua i ka pane ʻana o ka PCC PCons i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka uku, ka nui, a me ka noʻonoʻo-spatial orientation [67], [68]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua i ka hana o ka thalamus i ka hana koʻikoʻi ma ke kaʻina hana [69] a me nā pahuhopu e alakaʻi ʻia ana, a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe a me nā hana pono [70]. ^ E Ha yM. Dong et al.,[71] ua ʻike ʻia ka pono o thalamo-cortical circuitry i nā kumuwaiwai me IGA, e hōʻike ana i nā mea hoʻopiʻi no ka uku ʻana no ka uku. Ka hōʻike o ka striatum i hōʻike ʻia i ka wā e wānana ana i ka makana, ka nānā ʻana i nā hewa wānana o ka uku, a ma nā pākuhi ʻoi pū kekahi keu [72], [73] I kēia manawa, ua noi ʻia e pili pū ka striatum i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka saliency stimulus ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa wale nō i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēlā me kēia se se[74]. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki i ka hoʻomākaukau no ka uku ke hoʻololi i ka hana i nā ʻāina lolo e like me ka dorsal striatum.[75]-[77]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua ʻike mau ʻia nā haʻawina o ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fMRI he koʻikoʻi ka pre-SMA no ka koho ʻana i nā ʻano kūpono, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻokō kūpono a me ka pale ʻana i nā pane kūpono ʻole. [78].

He ʻike ʻike ka lingual gyrus. Ua loaʻa iā mākou ma mua o nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ka hina hina i loko o ka lopa gualum i nā kumuhana olakino e like me nā mea me IAD [79], [80]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia wahi ʻike kaiaulu i schizophrenia[80]-[83]. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokahi aʻo[83] hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka gyrification a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka mānoanoa cortical o ka gualum kaila, ka mea i hoʻonui i nā ʻike mua o ka morphology aberrant o ka ʻāina lingual ma schizophrenia[84]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā pololei parahippocampus a me lingual gyrus i ka komo ʻana i nā ʻoihana hemispheric ʻae ʻia e hoʻoweliweli i nā hana naʻau. [85]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO keʻano, ʻo Seiferth et al. [86] hōʻike ʻia i ke gyrus kūpono i ka wā o ka hōʻemi o ka manaʻo i nā kumuhana kiʻekiʻe.

ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā mea maʻamau i ka FC o ka PCC me ka mPFC a me ACC. He mea paha paha kēia i ka nui o ka ʻāpana hoʻohālike a me ka nui o ke kaumaha o IAD i nā poʻe e komo i ka poʻe e like me nā kumuhana i nīnau ʻia ai ma mua. [25], [48], [57].

Ka palena o ke aʻoʻana

Nui nā palena i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kēia noiʻi. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka maʻi o ka IAD ua hoʻokumu pono ʻia i nā hopena o nā nīnau nīnau hōʻike ponoʻī, he mea hiki ke hoʻohewa ʻia kekahi hewahewa. ʻO ka lua, he liʻiliʻi iki ka nui o ka laʻana, e hiki ke hōʻemi i ka mana o ka helu ʻatikala a hoʻokerinō nā ʻike. Ma muli o kēia palena, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia, a e hoʻopono hou ʻia lākou i nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana me ka nui o nā ʻāpana nunui. ʻO ke kolu, ma ke ʻano he loiloi ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia kā mākou mau hopena inā ua hele mua nā hiʻohiʻona noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka IAD a i ʻole he hopena paha i ka manaʻo nui o ka Pūnaewele. No laila, ʻo nā mea e pili ana i nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana i wehewehe i nā pilina kumu ma waena o ka IAD a me nā ʻano noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka mea hope loa, e hoʻohele ʻia i ka neurobiology o ka hoʻohui waiwai a me nā mea hoʻonaninani e like me IGA, e noiʻi hou ʻia ana e noiʻi ana i nā mea maʻi mai nā kānaka kulekele ʻelua.

 

hopena a

Ke wehewehe nei kēia pepa ma kahi noi mua o FC i nā keiki ʻōpio me IGA. Ua hōʻike ko mākou mau hopena i nā ʻōpio me IGA i hōʻike i nā ʻano kūlana ʻoluʻolu o ka hana neuronal. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻia kekahi mahele like me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia i nā mea maʻi me ka mea hoʻomau i nā mea. No laila, kākoʻo kēia mau hopena i ka hypothesis a IGA ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa neurobiological like ʻole me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.

 

mau hoomaikai ana

Ua hoʻomaikaʻi aku nā mea kākau iā Kauka Yong Zhang a me Kauka He Wang o ka PR Healthcare no ke kākoʻo ʻenehana.

 

Nā mea kōkua i kākau

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia a hoʻolālā i nā hoʻokolohua: YZ Y-sD J-rX. Hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua: W-nD J-hS Y-wS LL. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻikepili: Y-wS YZ W-nD. Hāʻawiʻia nā reagents / mau mea hana / pono hana: Y-wS YZ W-nD. Kākau i ka pepa: Y-wS YZ W-nD.

 

E hoʻomaopopo '

  1. 1. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD (2012) Pūnaewele Pūnaewele a me Mea Pūʻali: ʻO ka Hoʻoikaika Pūnaewele Nānā Nā Manaʻo o Neuroimaging. ʻLelo Brain Science 2: 347-374. hana: 10.3390 / Brainsci2030347. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  2. 2. ʻO KS KS (1998) addict pūnaewele: ka puka ʻana o kahi maʻi hōʻeha hou. Cyberp Psychology o ka Keiki 1: 237-244. hana: 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.237. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  3. 3. Siomos KE DE, Braimiotis DA, Mouzas OD, Angelopoulos NV (2008) Hoʻohui pūnaewele ma waena o nā haumāna ʻōpio Helene. Cyberpsychol Behav 11: 653 – 657. hana: 10.1089 / cpb.2008.0088. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  4. 4. ʻO Cao F SL (2007) ka hoʻohui i ka pūnaewele ma waena o nā ʻōpio Kina: ka hoʻonui ʻia a me ka hiʻohiʻona noʻonoʻo. 33: Ka mālama ola ʻana o nā keiki. 2765-2781. hana: 10.1111 / j.1365-2214.2006.00715.x. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  5. 5. ʻO Shek DT, Tang VM, Lo CY (2008) ka hoʻohui i ka pūnaewele ma nā ʻōpio Kina i Hong Kong: ka nānā ʻana, ka ʻike, a me nā psychosocial correlates. ʻIficlelo ʻĀleloWorldJournal 8: 776-787. hana: 10.1100 / tsw.2008.104. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  6. 6. ʻO Ko CH YJ, Yen CF, Chen CS, Chen CC (2012) ʻO ka hui ma waena o ka hoʻohui honua a me ka maʻi kino. Eur Psychiatry 27: 1-8. hana: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2010.04.011. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  7. 7. Alavi SS, Ferdosi M, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Alaghemandan H, et al. (2012) Ke Kino Lākuhi Ua hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana: Ka ʻaha o ka Psychiatric a me nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo. Int J Prev Med 3: 290 – 294. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  8. 8. ʻO Rogers P (1998) Ka Cognitive Psychology of Lottery Gambling: A Theoretical Review. J Gambl Stud 14: 111 – 134. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  9. 9. Nā kiaʻi GA (1990) Preoccupation pathological me nā pāʻani wikiō. J Am Acad keiki kamaliʻi psychiatry 29: 49-50. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  10. 10. ʻO Lesieur HR BS (1993) Ke kīleʻa papahele, ʻai pūpona, a me nā pilikia psychoactive maʻi. j addict Dis 12: 89 – 102. hana: 10.1300/J069v12n03_08. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  11. 11. Block JJ (2008) Nā kumu no DSM-V: hōʻailona pūnaewele. X NUMX Nānā Hinai: 165-306. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2007.07101556. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  12. 12. ʻO Beard KW, Wolf EM (2001) Hoʻololi i loko o nā koina diagnostic i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohui honua. Cyberpsychol Behav 4: 377 – 383. hana: 10.1089/109493101300210286. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  13. 13. Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH, Shytle RD, Janavs J, Bannon Y, et al. (2010) Pono a me ka hōʻoia o ka Kōkua Enekopsychiatric Mini International no nā kamaliʻi a me nā ʻōpio (MINI-KID). J Clin Psychiatry 71: 313 – 326. hana: 10.4088 / JCP.09m05305whi. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  14. 14. Chen SH WL, Su YJ, Wu HM, Yang PF (2003) Kūkulu o ka ʻenehana Internet addcition scale a me kona aʻo ʻana i ka psychometric. ʻĀpana J Psychol 45: 279-294. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  15. 15. Zung WW (1971) Kekahi papa helu no ka pili ʻana o nā hana kaumaha. Psychosomatics 12: 371-379. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  16. 16. Zung WW (1965) ʻO kahi hōʻaiʻē i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa pilikino. Arch Gen Psychiatry 12: 63-70. hana: 10.1001 / archpsyc.1965.01720310065008. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  17. 17. Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES (1995) Kūkulu kumu o ka Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 51: 768 – 774. hana: 10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  18. 18. Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, et al. (2005) Hoʻokomo ʻia ka lolo o ke kanaka i nā ʻoihana hoʻohui, anticorrelated. Hoʻolālā ʻAla Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 9673-9678. hana: 10.1073 / pnas.0504136102. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  19. 19. Fox MD SA, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, et al. (2005) Hoʻokomo ʻia ka lolo o ke kanaka i nā ʻoihana hoʻohui, anticorrelated. Hoʻolālā ʻAla Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 9673-9678. hana: 10.1073 / pnas.0504136102. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  20. 20. ʻO Greicius MD, Krasnow B, Reiss AL, Menon V (2003) Ka pilina hāmeʻe i loko o ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha: kahi loiloi pūnaewele o ka hoʻokūkū mode default. Hoʻolālā ʻAla Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 253-258. hana: 10.1073 / pnas.0135058100. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  21. 21. ʻO Biswal B, Yetkin FZ, Haughton VM, Hyde JS (1995) Hōʻuluʻulu koʻikoʻi i loko o ka cortex o ka hoʻomaha ʻana o ka lolo kanaka e hoʻohana ana i ka MRI echo-planar. Magn Reson Med 34: 537-541. hana: 10.1002 / mrm.1910340409. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  22. 22. ʻO Lowe MJ, Mock BJ, Sorenson JA (1998) Hōʻuluʻulu ka hana like i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā echoplanar e pili ana i ka lehulehu. Neuroimage 7: 119-132. hana: 10.1006 / nimg.1997.0315. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  23. 23. Maldjian JA, Laurienti PJ, Kraft RA, Burdette JH (2003) He ala automated no ka neuroanatomic a me ka cytoarchitectonic atlas-based enrogation of fMRI data set. Neuroimage 19: 1233-1239. hana: 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00169-1. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  24. 24. ʻO Dong G ZH, Zhao X (2011) ʻO nā mea hōʻiliʻili pūnaewele kāne kāne ke hōʻike nei i ka mana o ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū. Neurosci Lett 499: 114-118. hana: 10.1016 / j.neulet.2011.05.047. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  25. 25. ʻO Young K (2010) hoʻohui kiʻi pūnaewele ma luna o ke kenekulia: he nānā pilikino. Psychiatry World 9: 91. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  26. 26. ʻO Tao R HX, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li M (2010) Hōʻuluʻulu i nā loiloi diagnostic no ka pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele. Hoʻohui 105: 56-564. hana: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2009.02828.x. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  27. 27. Aboujaoude E, Koran LM, Gamel N, Large MD, Serpe RT (2006) Nā mea kaha kūikawā no ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka pūnaewele: kahi leka uila o nā mākua o 2,513. CNS Spectr 11: 750-755. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  28. 28. Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck PE, Khosla UM, McElroy SL (2000) Nā hiʻohiʻona psychiatric o nā poʻe me ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. J Hoʻopilikia hōʻole 57: 267-272. hana: 10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00107-X. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  29. 29. Sun DL, Chen ZJ, Ma N, Zhang XC, Fu XM, et al. (2009) Ke hoʻoholo nei a me nā hana no ka hoʻonā ʻana i nā pane ma ka mea hoʻohana pūnaewele keu. CNS Spectr 14: 75 – 81. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  30. 30. Beutel ME, Hoch C, Wolfling K, Muller KW (2011) [Nā hiʻohiʻona haukapila o ka pāʻani o ka pāʻani kamepiula a me ka hoʻoili pūnaewele ma nā poʻe e ʻimi nei i ka mālama ʻana i kahi haukapila outpatient no ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani kamepiula]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 57: 77 – 90. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  31. 31. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD (2011) Pūnaewele pūnaewele a me nā mea hōʻalo – kahi loiloi o ka moʻokalaleo psychological. ʻO Int J En environment Res Health Health 8: 3528–3552. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  32. 32. Hou H, Jia S, Hu S, Fan R, Sun W, et al. (2012) Hoʻoemiʻia nā pōpilikia dopamine i nā poʻe me ka maʻi kuhi pūnaewele. ʻO Bio Bioolino 2012: 854524. doi: 10.1155/2012/854524. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  33. 33. Dreher JC, Kohn P, Kolachana B, Weinberger DR, Berman KF (2009) Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻano o dopamine i ka pane ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana uku kanaka. Hoʻolālā ʻAla Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 617-622. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  34. 34. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, et al. (2001) Ka hēaʻi o nā mea lawe dopamine i loko o ka mea hoʻokele methamphetamine e hana hou me ka noho aloha protracted. J Neurosci 21: 9414 – 9418. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  35. 35. Shi J, Zhao LY, Copersino ML, Fang YX, Chen Y, et al. . Eur J Pharmacol 2008: 579-160. hana: 10.1016 / j.ejphar.2007.09.042. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  36. 36. Drevets WC, Gautier C, Kūʻai JC, Kupfer DJ, Kinahan PE, et al. (2001) ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu dopamine-dotamine-hoʻokomo i Amphetamine i loko o ka ventral striatum kanaka e hoʻoponopono me ka euphoria. Biol Psychiatry 49: 81-96. hana: 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01038-6. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  37. 37. Steeves TD, Miyasaki J, Zurowski M, Lang AE, Pellecchia G, et al. (2009) Ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka dopamine striatal ma nā maʻi maʻi Parkinsonian me ka petological gaming: a [11C] raclopride PET aʻo. Brain 132: 1376-1385. hana: 10.1093 / ʻāuki / awp054. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  38. 38. Koepp MJ, Gunn RN, Lawrence AD, Cunningham VJ, Dagher A, et al. (1998) Hōʻike no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka dopamine striatal i ka wā pāʻani wikiō. Kūlohelohe 393: 266-268. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  39. 39. Zhang Y, Tian J, Yuan K, Liu P, Zhuo L, et al. (2011) Ka hana hoʻoliʻāina hoʻōho o ka ʻāina i ka poʻe iʻike i ka wahine. Brain Res 1402: 46-53. hana: 10.1016 / j.brainres.2011.05.054. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  40. 40. Tanabe J, Nyberg E, Martin LF, Martin J, Cordes D, et al. (2011) nā hopena Nikotine ma ka pūnaewele mode mode ma ke ʻano hoʻomaha. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 216: 287-295. hana: 10.1007/s00213-011-2221-8. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  41. 41. ʻO Janes AC, Nickerson LD, Frederick Bde B, Kaufman MJ (2012) Prefrontal a me ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka lawelawe ʻana i ka lolo o ka naʻau e ʻokoʻa ka pilina ma waena o nā mea puhoi hilinaʻi nikotine a me nā kālai ʻole hoʻokipa. Hoʻolilo i ka lāʻau inu wai 125: 252-259. hana: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2012.02.020. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  42. 42. Cole DM, Beckmann CF, Long CJ, Matthews PM, Durcan MJ, et al. (2010) Ka hoʻololi ʻana o Nikotine i nā mea hoʻopihapiha kūloko e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hōʻailona hōʻemi cognitive me ka modulation o ka hoʻomaha ʻana o ka pūnaehana network brain. Neuroimage 52: 590-599. hana: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2010.04.251. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  43. 43. Hong LE, Gu H, Yang Y, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, et al. (2009) Ka hui o ka hana ʻino ʻana i ka nikotine a me nā hana a ka nikotine me nā kaʻapuni cortulate cingulate. ʻO Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 431-441. doi: 10.1001 / archgenpsychiatry.2009.2. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  44. 44. Ma N, Liu Y, Li N, Wang CX, Zhang H, et al. (2010) Hoʻohui pili e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻike lahaʻāina. Neuroimage 49: 738-744. hana: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.08.037. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  45. 45. Di Chiara G, Imperato A (1988) Ke hana hoʻomāino ʻia e nā kānaka e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o ka synaptic dopamine i loko o ka ʻoihana mesolimbic o nā mea i hoʻoweliweli kahe nui ʻia. Hoʻolālā ʻAla Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 5274-5278. hana: 10.1073 / pnas.85.14.5274. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  46. 46. Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (2005) Nā ʻōnaehana neural o ka hoʻoikaika no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau: mai nā hana i nā hana i ka hana hoʻohālua. Nat Neurosci 8: 1481-1489. hana: 10.1038 / nn1579. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  47. 47. Goldstein RZ, Volkow NĀ (2011) Hāʻuleʻole o ke kinikini mua ma ka hoʻoponopono: neuroimaging hopena a me nā pilikino pili. Nat Rev Neurosci 12: 652-669. doi: 10.1038 / nrn3119. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  48. 48. ʻO Ko CH, ʻo Liu GC, Yen JY, Chen CY, Yen CF, a al .. (2011) Kūpono nā mea make no ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma lalo o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā haʻawina me nā mea pili i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā kumuhana i lawe ʻia. Kahuna Biol.
  49. 49. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Telang F, et al. (2010) Hoʻopilikia: hoʻemi i ka ʻike i ka uku a hoʻonui ʻia ka noʻonoʻo i ka conspire e hoʻokahuli i ke kaapuni kaohi o ka lolo. ʻO Bioessays 32: 748-755. doi: 10.1002 / bies.201000042. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  50. 50. ʻO Tirapu-Ustarroz J, Luna-Lario P, Iglesias-Fernandez MD, Hernaez-Goni P (2011) [Kīwaha Cerebellar i ka kaʻina ʻana o nā kaʻao: nā holomua o kēia manawa]. Rev Neurol 53: 301 – 315. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  51. 51. ʻO Strata P, Scelfo B, Sacchetti B (2011) Ka komo ʻana o ka cerebellum i loko o ke ʻano manaʻo. ʻO Physiol Res 60 Hoʻonui 1S39-48. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  52. 52. De Zeeuw CI, Hoebeek FE, Bosman LW, Schonewille M, Witter L, et al. (2011) Kūʻai uila spatiotemporal i loko o ka cerebellum. Nat Rev Neurosci 12: 327 – 344. hana: 10.1038 / nrn3011. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  53. 53. Baillieux H, De Smet HJ, Dobbeleir A, Paquier PF, De Deyn PP, et al. (2010) Hōʻailona a me ka hoʻopilikia e pili ana i ka pōʻino cerebellar poʻokela i nā pākeke: kahi noiʻi neuropsychological a me SPECT. Cortex 46: 869-879. hana: 10.1016 / j.cortex.2009.09.002. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  54. 54. Grasby PM, Frith CD, Friston KJ, Bench C, Frackowiak RS, et al. (1993) Ka palapala palapala hana o nā wahi lolo i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hana hoʻomanaʻo audory – waha. Nā lolo 116 (t 1): 1-20. doi: 10.1093 / lolo / 116.1.1. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  55. 55. ʻO London ED, Ernst M, Grant S, Bonson K, Weinstein A (2000) Orbitofrontal cortex a me ka hana hōʻino manuahi: lawelawe imaging. Cereb Cortex 10: 334-342. hana: 10.1093 / cercor / 10.3.334. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  56. 56. Paradiso S, Anderson BM, Boles Ponto LL, Tranel D, Robinson RG (2011) Ke hoʻololi nei i nā hana neural a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka ma waena o ka mahele waena o ka cerebral artery. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 20: 94 – 104. hana: 10.1016 / j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.11.005. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  57. 57. ʻO Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Sassa Y, Hashizume H, Sekiguchi A, et al. . Hum Brain Mapp 2011: 32 – 1497. hana: 10.1002 / hbm.21122. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  58. 58. Dong G HJ, Du X (2012) Ke hoʻololi nei i ka homogeneity o ka'āina i ka hana o ka noho hoʻomaha o ka ʻāina ma ka internet addict gaimg. ʻAno Hōʻailona a me Ke Ana Bona 8: 41. hana: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-41. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  59. 59. Passamonti L, Novellino F, Cerasa A, Chiriaco C, Rocca F, et al. (2011) i loli nā cortical-cerebellar i ka wā e hana ana i ka hana verbal i ka hana haʻalulu nui. Brain 134: 2274-2286. hana: 10.1093 / ʻāuki / awr164. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  60. 60. ʻO Lewald J, Staedtgen M, Sparing R, Meister IG (2011) Ka hoʻoiho ʻana i ka hoʻoneʻe auditory i ka lobule parietal haʻahaʻa. Neuropsychologia 49: 209-215. hana: 10.1016 / j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.038. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  61. 61. Vandenberghe R, Gitelman DR, Parrish TB, Mesulam MM (2001) Hōʻuluʻulu kikoo o ke ʻano nui parietal mediation o ka hoʻoneʻe spatial. Neuroimage 14: 661-673. hana: 10.1006 / nimg.2001.0860. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  62. 62. Olson IR BM (2009) Kekahi Pīhā Huli o ka Hoʻolālā o ka Parietal Lobe i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ke kanaka. Neurobiol Ako aʻo Mem 91: 155-165. hana: 10.1016 / j.nlm.2008.09.006. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  63. 63. ʻO Braver TS, Barch DM, Grey JR, Molfese DL, Snyder A (2001) Kahi kikowaena cāmiʻō a me ka pane ʻana aku: nā hopena o ke alapine, ʻāʻī a me nā hemahema. Cereb Cortex 11: 825-836. hana: 10.1093 / cercor / 11.9.825. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  64. 64. Garavan H, Ross TJ, Stein EA (1999) ʻO ka mana hemispheric ʻokoʻa loa ka pale o ka control inhibitory: kahi hanana hana e pili ana i ka hana MRI. Hoʻolālā ʻAla Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 8301-8306. hana: 10.1073 / pnas.96.14.8301. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  65. 65. O'Doherty JP (2004) Nā hōʻike uku a me ke aʻo e pili ana i ka uku i ka lolo o ke kanaka: ʻike mai ka neuroimaging. ʻO Curr Opin Neurobiol 14: 769-776. doi: 10.1016 / j.conb.2004.10.016. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  66. 66. Cavanna AE, Trimble MR (2006) ʻO ka precuneus: kahi loiloi o kāna hana anatomy a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻonaninani. Brain 129: 564-583. hana: 10.1093 / ʻāuki / awl004. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  67. 67. ʻO McCoy AN, ʻo Crowley JC, Haghighian G, Dean HL, Platt ML (2003) ʻO nā hōʻailona hōʻailona kapu e hōʻike ana i ka cortex posterior cingulate. Neuron 40: 1031-1040. hana: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00719-0. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  68. 68. ʻO Pearson JM, Hayden BY, Raghavachari S, Platt ML (2009) Neurons i nā hua palapala hōʻoia cortex signal exploratory i loko o kahi hana koho multioption koho. Curr Biol 19: 1532-1537. hana: 10.1016 / j.cub.2009.07.048. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  69. 69. Yu C, Gupta J, Yin HH (2010) ʻO ka hana o nā thalamus mediodorsal i ka hoʻohālikelike kino ʻana i nā hana alakaʻi-alakaʻi. Front Neurosci 4.
  70. 70. ʻO Corbit LH, Muir JL, Balleine BW (2003) Kēlā o nā mediodorsal thalamus a me ka anterior thalamic nuclei e hana i ka hopena dissociable i nā mea hoʻokalakupua i nā mea hana i nā kiʻi. Eur J Neurosci 18: 1286 – 1294. hana: 10.1046 / j.1460-9568.2003.02833.x. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  71. 71. ʻO Dong G, DeVito E, Huang J, Du X (2012) Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻike e ka diffusion tensor imalamus a me nā mea hoʻohuli i ka cortex abnormalities i nā mea pāʻani pili pūnaewele. J Psychiatr Res 46: 1212 – 1216. hana: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2012.05.015. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  72. 72. ʻO O'Doherty JP, Dayan P, Friston K, Critchley H, Dolan RJ (2003) Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa kūlohelohe a me nā aʻo e pili ana i ka uku i ka lolo o ke kanaka. Neurona 38: 329–337. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00169-7. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  73. 73. ʻO Delgado MR, Nystrom LE, Fissell C, Noll DC, Fiez JA (2000) Ke nānā nei i nā pane hemodynamic e uku i ka uku a me ka hoʻopaʻi ma ka striatum. J Neurophysiol 84: 3072 – 3077. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  74. 74. ʻO Zink CF, Pagnoni G, Martin ME, Dhamala M, Berns GS (2003) He pane striatal a ka poʻe staliatal nonrewarding stimuli. J Neurosci 23: 8092 – 8097. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  75. 75. Haruno M, Kuroda T, Doya K, Toyama K, Kimura M, et al. (2004) Ka neural correlate o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hana hoʻolaʻa pono ma ka caudate nucleus: kahi hana hoʻihoʻi magnetic resonance hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kahi hana hoʻoholo stochastic. J Neurosci 24: 1660 – 1665. hana: 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.3417-03.2004. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  76. 76. ʻO O'Doherty J, Dayan P, Schultz J, Deichmann R, Friston K, et al. (2004) Nā kuleana dissociable o ka ventral a me ka dorsal striatum i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi instrumental. ʻEpekema 304: 452-454. doi: 10.1126 / science.1094285. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  77. 77. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ʻo Ramnani N MR (2003) i ka hana lohi i ka cortex prefrontal kanaka e hoʻololi ʻia e ka uku kālā. Cereb Cortex 13: 318-327. hana: 10.1093 / cercor / 13.3.318. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  78. 78. ʻO Simmonds DJ, ʻo Pekar JJ, Mostofsky SH (2008) Meta-kaohi ʻana o nā hana Go / No-hele e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka fMRI i ka pane aku ʻana i ka hana i hilinaʻi ʻia. Neuropsychologia 46: 224-232. hana: 10.1016 / j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.015. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  79. 79. Zhou Y, Lin FC, Du YS, Qin LD, Zhao ZM, et al. (2011) Nā meaʻino e like me nā mea pili i ka Pūnaewele: kahi noiʻi morphometry. 'Eur J Radiol 79: 92-95. doi: 10.1016 / j.ejrad.2009.10.025. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  80. 80. Collin G, Hulshoff Pol HE, Haijma SV, Cahn W, Kahn RS, et al. (2011) Hoʻopili ka hana huakaʻi cerebellar i loaʻa i nā maʻi maʻi schizophrenia a me ko lākou mau kaikunāne olakino. Psychiatry Front 2: 73. hana: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2011.00073. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  81. 81. Ruef A, Curtis L, Moy G, Bessero S, Badan Ba ​​M, et al. (2012) Hoʻonui ka hana hoʻohālikelike resonance Magnetic o ka psychosis-episode mua i nā maʻi ʻōpiopio ʻoʻelemakule: hui pū me nā mea hina. J Psychiatry Neurosci 37: 305 – 312. hana: 10.1503 / jpn.110057. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  82. 82. Alonso-Solis A, Corripio I, de Castro-Manglano P, Duran-Sindreu S, Garcia-Garcia M, et al. (2012) Ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o ka pūnaewele paʻa i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pilina hana ma nā maʻi i nā maʻi me kahi manawa mua o ka psychosis. Schizophr Res 139: 13-18. hana: 10.1016 / j.schres.2012.05.005. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  83. 83. ʻO Schultz CC, Koch K, Wagner G, Roebel M, Nenadic I, et al. (2010) Hoʻonui i ka parahippocampal a me kahi gyrification lingual i ka schizophrenia-episode mua. Schizophr Res 123: 137-144. hana: 10.1016 / j.schres.2010.08.033. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  84. 84. Voets NL, Hough MG, Douaud G, Matthews PM, James A, et al. (2008) Hōʻike no ka abnormalities o ka hoʻomohala cortical i ka schizophrenia wā'ōpiopio. Neuroimage 43: 665-675. hana: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2008.08.013. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  85. 85. Piskulic D, Olver JS, Norman TR, Maruff P (2007) E aʻo ʻia i nā hana hoʻihoʻi o ka hana spatial hana memo hana ma ka schizophrenia: ka loiloi helu kuʻuna. Psychiatry Res 150: 111-121. hana: 10.1016 / j.psychres.2006.03.018. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele
  86. 86. Seiferth NY, Pauly K, Habel U, Kellermann T, Shah NJ, et al. (2008) Hoʻonui i ka pane neural e pili ana i nā maka kūlohelohe i nā poʻe me ka hopena no ka psychosis. Neuroimage 40: 289-297. hana: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2007.11.020. Eʻike i kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele