Ke Kinohi Kēkelē Lapaʻa a me ke Keʻokeʻo Honua Pono i nā Haumāna Komohana me ke Kelepona Mamao (2016)

Introduction

E like me ka eMarketer.com, e hōʻea ka helu o nā mea kākau kelepona nui piha i ka 2,380 miliona ma 2017, 672.1 miliona mau mea e lilo nei i poʻe Kinoa. He nui nā hiʻohiʻona hāmeʻa e kōkua i ka hānai i kona hoʻohana ʻana i ke ola o kēia wā, ʻoi aku no nā poʻe ʻōpio. He mea maikaʻi ʻole ia i ka hoʻolauleʻa a me ka hoʻomaha, kahi mea hana pono no ka hoʻokumu a mālama ʻana i nā pilina interpersonal, a he hana kūpono ia e pale ai i nā leʻaleʻa kūlohelohe a me ka 'pepehi' manawa (Choliz, 2010).

Hoʻonui hou, ʻike ka poʻe i ko lākou honua i kēia ʻenehana, multifunctional, hou 'ʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio e hoʻohana ana i nā kelepona i kahi o ka mana o ke kaohi. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua pili nā kino physiological, kūloko, ke ʻano, a me nā pilikia i pili pū kekahi i nā hopena ākea, ʻaʻohe pale, a me ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polokalamu kelepona, e kau ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hōʻea ʻana o ke kelepona nui ma luna (Roberts et al., 2015).

ʻO ka hūnā kelepona hele hewa, me he pilikia lā, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i kahi hoʻohui hana (Billieux, 2012). Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano kuʻuna maʻamau no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi kino a me ke kūlohelohe mai ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea e like me ka taba, ka ʻona, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (McMillan et al., 2001). Akā, ua manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e pono e hoʻonui ʻia ke komo ʻana i ka hoʻopalike ʻana i nā ʻano kulekele palolo e like me ka dependence o ke ʻano, a ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia lākou nei ma kēia ʻano he 'additions amio' (Kaumaha, 2002). Wahi a ka hoʻohui hoʻohui ʻano e pili ana i nā ʻano, kahi ʻokoʻa ka psychoactive substance ingestion, e hōʻuluʻulu i ka manaʻo pōkole o ka uku a me ka hoʻomau ʻana i kahi ʻano hoʻomau e ʻoi aku ka ʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO kēia mau ʻano i ka hoʻonaninani pathological, koho ʻili, kleptomania, compulsive ke kūʻai ʻana, a me ka hōʻuluʻeu ʻana i ka moekolohe, e inoa i kekahi mau (Grant a me., 2010). Hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻohui ʻana kūpono i nā mea pili i nā waiwai ma nā ʻāina he nui, e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala kūlohelohe, phenomenology (Roberts et al., 2015) ke hoʻomanawanui (Leung, 2008) ke kau aku nei i nā makana genetic (Billieux, 2012), nā mīkini hana neurobiological (Billieux et al., 2015a), comorbidity, pane aku i ka lapaʻau (Billieux et al., 2015b), a me ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka hōʻemi kaohi (Walther et al., 2012). Me ka hiki mai o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana e like me ke kīwī, ke pāʻani kamepiula, a me ka Pūnaewele, kahi ʻano hou o nā addity pono ʻole i ke ʻano kūlohelohe, ʻenehana hoʻomohala, ua hōʻike ʻia ka pilikia nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana e pili ana i ke kanaka - ka mīkini mīkini (Griffiths, 1996).

Aʻo ke kelepona kūlele kelepona (MPD), kahi ʻāpana o ke ʻano hana hoʻonaninani a me nā ʻenehana ʻenehana, kaʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe (Nā Bianchi a me Phillips, 2005; Billieux, 2012). Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e 'Brown's behavior's additions criteria' (ʻO Brown, 1993), a kau i: salience cognitive, kue me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā ​​hana, euphoria a i hōʻoluʻolu paha, i ka hoʻomau a hoʻolilo paha i ka mālama ʻana i ka moʻo, hoʻihoʻi, hoʻohuli, a hoʻi hou i kahi manawa (Martinotti et al., 2011). Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike ʻia ka MPD me ka nui o ka hoʻohana a me ka paʻa ʻole o kahi kelepona nui a hiki i ka nui e hoʻopilikia ai i kahi ola maoli o kekahi kanaka. No ka laʻana, ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ka hilinaʻi a me ka haʻalele ʻana, i kekahi manawa me MPD hiki ʻole ke hōʻoluʻolu a me ka huhū ma ka haʻalele ʻana o kā lākou kelepona, me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kino kino a me ka noʻonoʻo ma waena o nā hōʻailona ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka haʻalele.Ling a me Pedersen, 2006).

No kēlā me kēia poʻe MPD pilikino, hiki i kahi kelepona ke leʻaleʻa loa ia i mea e hiki ai ke kāohi i ko lākou ola a me nā makemake (Chóliz, 2012). I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka MPD me ka pōʻino o ka naʻau, ka puʻuwai naʻau, ka lehulehu (Beranuy et al., 2009), hōʻoia ʻae ʻia (Takao et al., 2009), ke kauā ʻana me ka hana ʻana, ʻimi ʻiaLeung, 2008) ke kaukauBillieux et al., 2007, 2008), a me ka hoʻoweliweli e like me ka hana ʻole i mālama ʻia, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa, ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ke kula, a me ka hana hewa (ʻO Yang et al., 2010). Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa nā hui maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka MPD a me ke olakino olakino a me ka ʻoluʻolu.Roberts et al., 2015), ka hana hana (Billieux et al., 2008), nā hana mana (Billieux, 2012) keikoʻi a me ke nānā akuTakao et al., 2009) ke manaʻo nei, a me kekahiʻO Yang et al., 2010). Hiki i ka MPD ke kumu i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ʻimi e ʻimi nei i ka hana, hoʻonui ʻia ʻana i ke kelepona ʻana, a me ke ola olakino a me ke kīpē o ka ʻona a me ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hana hana a me ka hiki ke hana haʻawina (Billieux et al., 2015a), e like pū me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka mea nui, ua hōʻike ʻia ka impulsivity no ka hana koʻikoʻi i loko o nā ʻano ʻano hilinaʻi like ʻole me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka lāʻau.Moreno-López et al., 2012), nā pilikia pili ke pāʻani (Joutsa et al., 2011; Bickel et al., 2012), hoʻonāukiuki pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele (Han et al., 2012b), a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele (Cao et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2012). No laila, i ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ua noʻonoʻo mākou e ana i ka hiki ke pani ʻia i lalo i ka MPD.

ʻOiai kekahi o nā mea pono e pili ana i ka MPD i ʻike ʻia ma nā noiʻi i hala aku nei, ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka noiʻi i hana ʻia e noiʻi ana i nā ʻano lalo neural a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻololi ʻana i ka morphological noʻonoʻo e kū nei ma ka poʻe MPD. Aia ka hoʻohālike nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) e hoʻopiha ai i nā hana neural a ka MPD (Yuan et al., 2011), a hiki i nā hopena ke kōkua i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ke ʻano palauleʻa a i ʻole nā ​​lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau no kēia a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana (ʻO Hanlon me Canterberry, 2012). No laila, i ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ua makemake mākou e ʻimi i nā ana o ka noʻonoʻo morphology me MRI i kēlā me kēia kanaka me MPD, ʻoi aku paha i nā haumāna haumāna ʻōpio ma muli o ke ʻano nui o nā kelepona i pāʻani ai i kēia lahui.

Hypothesized maʻamau papa hoʻohālikelike i waena o nā papa neural ma waena o MPD a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i hāʻawi ʻia i ka manaʻo ma o ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā hana ma hope o ka MPD, hiki i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ke ʻano.Billieux et al., 2015a). Ma ka papa noiʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka pūnaewele i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio, Zhou et al. (2011) ʻike ua hoʻohālikelike me kahi hui pūlea olakino, ʻōpioʻōpio i hoʻāliʻi i ka poʻe ʻenemi he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ka hema hema cortex hema, hema posterulate cingulate cortex, waiho insula, a waiho i ka lingual gyrus. Ma ka like noiʻi e nānā ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani me ka ʻōpio'ōpio, Weng et al. (2013) ua loaʻa ka poʻohu hina hina i ka orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), bilateral insula, a me nā wahi ʻenehana ʻōwili kūpono, a me ka nūnū manawaleʻa fractional (FA) ma ka genu kūpono o ka corpus callosum, bilateral frontal lobe keʻokeʻo (WM), a me ʻulepoti waho waho ma ka pāʻani pāʻani online-kanaka hoʻokahi. Ma ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka papaʻa patologis, aia ka nui o nā mea hina hina (GMV) i ka striatum ventral a me nā cortex prefrontal kūpono.Koehler et al., 2013), ka pōpoki haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a FA, a me ka kiʻekiʻe diffusivity (MD) i ka corosus callosum, ka cingulum, ka fascicle longitudinal maikaʻi loa, ka fascicle fronto-occipital, ka limu kūloko o nā kapole o loko, nā aniani thalamic radiation, ka fascicle longitudinal hina. , a me ka uncinate / inferior fronto-occipital fascicle i ka hui o nā poʻe maʻi maʻi pathological (Joutsa et al., 2011). Ua pili kēia mau ʻāina i pili i ka kaohi o ka inhibitory, ka hoʻōla uku, a me ka impulsivity (Romaro et al., 2010; Li et al., 2015). Hiki i ka MPD ke ʻatikala pū kekahi paha i kekahi o kēia mau ʻāina (ʻO Hanlon me Canterberry, 2012), a ke ʻimi nei i nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa i waena o nā mea pili i hiki ke hoʻonui i ko mākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana neural o nā ʻano MPD a kōkua paha i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā ʻano kūpono no ia.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano MRI ʻokoʻa a me ka pahuhopu MRI no ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano ʻōpiopio olakino olakino, e komo pū ana me ka hana hōʻino ukaʻi a me ka diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). I ka wā ma mua, hiki i ka GMV ke nānā a nānā hou i ka nānā ʻana i ka loea morphometry (VBM) e pili ana. Ma muli o ka loiloi ma luna, ua hoʻoneʻe iho mākou i ka GMV i nā pahu limu mua a me ka thalamus ma ka hui MPD e pili ana i nā kaohi. Manaʻo mākou e pili pū i ka hui MPD me ka hōʻemi a me nā mīkini WM e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka naʻau, ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻokele, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka mālama. ʻEhā mau integrity kūloko e hui pū ana me FA, MD, axus diffusivity (AD), a me ka radial diffusivity (RD), i helu ʻia ma nā hana ma muli o ka spatial statistik (TBSS) ʻanā (Yeh et al., 2009), e nānā i ka wehe ʻana o nā molekele wai i loko o ka lolo (Basser et al., 1994), a he pololei biomarkers mākama no ka nānā ʻana i ka pono o WM (Hasan et al., 2011).

I ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa, ua ʻimi ʻia ka kūlike GMV a me WM e hoʻohana ana i kēia mau hana i hōʻike ʻia ai nā ʻike hiki ʻole i hiki ke loaʻa i nā pākeke ʻōpio me MPD, me ka hiki o nā mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo pono i kāna mau hana neural.

Nā Pono a me nā Una

Ka'ōlelo Kaumaha

Ua ʻāpono ʻia kēia noiʻi e ke Komite Holika o ke Kulanui o Southwest, a ua loaʻa ka ʻatikala ʻia e nā ʻelele like kēlā me kēia wahi. ʻO nā poʻe āpau a pau ma 18 mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki, a ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia no ko lākou lilo ʻana i lilo ma ke komo ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa.

i komo

Ua kiʻi ʻia ʻekolu haumāna o ke kula haumāna mai Southwest University (SWU, Chongqing, Kina) e ka pamplet a me ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha pūnaewele. Ua pono lākou e hoʻopiha i ka helu kelepona hoʻoili kelepona (MobileAI Addiction Index) (MPAI) ma kahi i loaʻa ai kahi helu ma luna o 51 ma ke ʻano he kelepona paʻa (MPD). Ua alakaʻi kēia hoʻonāukiuki i kahi pūʻulu MPD o nā kānaka 34 (21 wahine, waena: 18-27 mau makahiki). I ka hiki ʻana o ka hui MPD, 34 haumāna non-MPD (21 wahine, i waena: 18 – 27 mau makahiki) i koho pilikino ʻia ʻo ka hui mana (CG). ʻAʻohe ʻano nui i uku ʻia ʻo ia i nā kumukūʻai o kēlā me kēia makahiki, nā makahiki, ka wahine a me nā makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana ma waena o nā hui (e ʻike i ka Papa 1).

 

NĀ KULA 1. ʻO ke kūlana waiwai, demographics, MPAI a me BIS hōʻailona o nā poʻe e komo.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe o nā hopena o ka poʻe a pau o nā pilikia neʻepekema, ka mōʻaukala o nā maʻi psychiatric, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana kele, nā peʻa, a i ʻole neʻe i ka ʻokiʻoki i ko lākou kino. Loaʻa iā lākou a pau a hoʻoponopono ʻia paha i ka ʻike maka pololei, ma ka lima pololei, a he mau ʻōlelo ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi nā Kina.

ʻO ka loiloi nīnau noiʻi

Ke kuhi MPAI (Leung, 2008), kahi o nā huahana 17, i hana e koho i ka helu o MPD. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi helu Likert elima mau: 1 = 'ʻaʻole i ʻole,' 2 = 'iki ʻole,' 3 = 'i kekahi manawa,' 4 = 'pinepine,' 5 = 'mau nō.' Huina ka huina helu mai 17 a 85 ka mea e like me ka wehe median, 51 a i ʻole e manaʻo ʻia he mea hōʻike o ke kelepona (Martinotti et al., 2011). ʻO ka hilinaʻi o ke ana e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ka alpha o Cronbach i mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma 0.90 (Leung, 2008).

ʻO ka palena ʻo Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) (ʻO Patton et al., 1995) i lawelawe ʻia i nā hui ʻelua e ana i ke ʻano o ka impulsivity trit. Hoʻolako ʻia ka BIS i nā huahana 30 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻelima ʻelima, kahi ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika a ka impulsivity. ʻO ka hilinaʻi kū ʻana o loko a me ka hilinaʻi retest hoʻi, ʻo 0.89, a me 0.91, ia manawa (Li et al., 2011).

Hoʻoiho Kāʻei

Loaʻa nā ʻikepili āpau āpau i hoʻohana ʻia me kahi scan 3T Siemens (Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Kelemānia) ma ka Brain Imaging Research Center o South University University. Loaʻa nā kiʻi anatomical hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe ʻo T1 i loaʻa me kahi magnetization i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka wikiwiki e loaʻa ana ka leo echo (MPRAGE) ka manawa (TR) = 1900 ms, ka manawa manawa (TE) = 2.52 ms, kahi o ka nānāʻana (FOV) = 256 mm, ke ana kikowaena = 90 °, a i nā mokulele holo-a-matri = = 256 × 256, wīwī = = 1 mm, ʻoki = 176, voxel nui = 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm]. 12-direction diffusion tensor images (DTI) i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me ka pualikaha pulima 'emelie' ʻelua kūlohelohe hou, TR = 6000 ms, TE = 89 ms, FOV = 240 mm, hoʻonā ʻohi matrix = 128 × 128, ʻokiʻoki = = 3 mm, ʻoki = 45, b-value = 1000s / mm².

Hana ʻia ka helu ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana

Kuhi ʻia nā ikepili helu hoʻonaʻauao o kēlā me kēia kumumea e ka Pūnaewele Helu Parametric Mapping (SPM8¹) ma MATLAB R2014a (MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA), a ua hōʻike mua ʻia i ka hōʻoia ʻana no nā kiʻi artifact a me nā abnormalities anatomical gross. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā Scans a ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i ka laina mua o ka commissure-posterior commissure, a laila māhele ʻia i ka hina hina (GM), WM a me ka cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Yin et al., 2013). Ma ka hope loa, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā hopena, hana ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Ma o ka pepa Hana Exponentiated Lie algebra (DARTEL), ka mea e hoʻohana ai i ka algorithm puʻupuʻu loiloi e hoʻokō hou ai i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa-mahele pili pono. ʻOi aku ka hoʻokō ʻia ma nā algorithm algorithm non-linear hoʻopaʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea hana ʻē aʻe like.

Ma hope o kēia mau ʻoihana preprocessing, ua hana ʻia ka puʻuwai hoʻonaʻauao ʻikepili mai nā kiʻi kumuhana āpau (ʻo ia hoʻi, image), a ua hoʻololi ʻia ke kiʻi o kēlā me kēia lox e nā mea hoʻoholo no Jacobian i mea e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nāʻokoʻa kūhelu i ka nui kūhelu o GM . ^ E Ha yM. A laila hoʻohuli ʻia nā kiʻi i kākau ʻia i ke kahua ʻo Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), a ma hope, ua hoʻopā ʻia nā kiʻi maʻamau a me ke ʻano me kahi pālahalaha 10 mm piha ma ka hapalua ākea (FWHM) Gaussian e hoʻonui ai i ka hōʻailona o ka leo-leo.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma GMV ma waena o ka pūʻulu MPD a me CG, ua loiloi ʻia e ʻelua mau ʻāpana t-ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka SPM8 ka nui o ka helu GM a me ka helu BIS i hoʻohui ʻia no ka covariance, no ka mea, he ʻano mea ʻole paha ke ʻano. Ua kau ʻia ka leo kelepona leo piha kūpono i ka 0.2 e hōʻemi i nā hopena palena GM (Duan et al., 2012). Ua kau i nā pae nui p <0.01 me ka hoʻoponopono Alpha-Sim, i helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu DPABI² (Chao-Gan a me Yu-Feng, 2010). Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi o ka hopena me BrainNet Viewer (Xia et al., 2013).

I mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i nā ʻokoʻa pili i ka pili o MPD i ka kaohi, ua koho ʻia nā clusters GMV like ʻole ma waena o nā hui ʻelua i koho ʻia a he mau ʻāina o ka makemake (ROI), a me nā mana o GMV o kēia mau ROI i loko o ka hui MPD a laila hoʻoneʻe ʻia e REST³, a komo i loko o kahi loiloi correlation Pearson me nā helu MPAI me ka waiwai nui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma p <0.05 (Song et al., 2011).

Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohālikelike Tensor

Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka ʻike hoʻonaninani ʻia ka diffusion-weighted data me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paipa pipa, PANDA⁴: ka manaʻo kaupaʻa ʻana o ka lolo e hoʻohana ana i ke kiʻi b0 me ka ʻole ʻana i ke kaupaona ʻana, ka ʻoki ʻana ʻana o ka manaʻo ʻole o ka ʻōpana i nā kiʻi maka ma 0.25 [ka paepae waena o fractional (0 → 1), ma nā mea ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi e hāʻawi nui i nā kuhi kaila pākī nui. ka lawehala a me ka neʻe o ka eddy i kēia manawa ma ka nānā ʻana i ke kākau inoa ʻana i nā kiʻi kaupaona diffusion (DWI) i ke kiʻi b0 me kahi loli, ʻaʻole palapala i hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā kiʻi FA ʻokoʻa i ka iwi kūloko a i ka hoa template FA ma ka Montreal Neurological Institute ( MNI) kahua maʻamau, kaua o nā hoʻololi i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohālike ai i nā kiʻi o nā metrusion diffusion me 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm hoʻonā kō, e hana ana i ka kaʻina hana TBSS kahi i hana ʻia ai nā kihi āpau o nā kumuhana, a me nā awelika o nā subregion FA, MD, λ₁ a λ₂₃ Kahi ʻia o ke kumu o ke kumuhana o WM i koho ʻia e like me ka John at Hopkins stereotaxic WM atlas - nona nā XIUMX palena ʻāina (Mori et al., 2008) - - no ka helu helu helu atlas ma o ka helu ʻana i waena o nā ʻano ʻelua ma waena o nā hui ʻelua i ka wā e kāohi ana i nā helu BIS. Ma ka hope, ua hana ʻia kahi hōʻike correlation Pearson i loko o ka pūʻulu MPD ma waena o nā waiwai mai nā wahi like ʻole a me nā hōʻailona MPAI me ka ʻike nui i hoʻonoho ʻia ma p <0.05 (Cui et al., 2013). Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka mana statistic o kēia ʻanoOishi et al., 2009; Faria et al., 2010). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena me FSLView me ka hāmeʻa FSL (FSL 5.0.0⁵), (Smith a me., 2006).

Results

Hana ʻnalelo nīnau

Ua loaʻa i nā helu MPD nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka MPAI ma mua o ka CG. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka manawa ma luna o kā lākou kelepona kelepona (e ʻike i ka Papa 1). E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu BIS i ka hui MPD me ka hōʻike ʻana, e hōʻike ana nā mea MPD i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka impulsivity e pili ana i ka kaohi.

Hoʻokaʻaʻike kelepona Grey kelepona ma waena o nā hui

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me CG, ua hōʻuluʻulu ka pūʻulu MPD i ka GMV i ka gyrus mua frontal gyrus (sFG), ka puhaka mua o ka gyrus mua (iFG), ka pahu lua medialal koʻikoʻi (mFG), nā kime waena occipital gyrus (mOG), ka waiho cortex mua mua mua. (ACC), a me ka bilateral thalamus (Thal) (ʻike i ka Papa 2). Eia kekahi, i loko o ka hui MPD, GMV o ka pono sFG, pololei iFG a me Thal i hōʻino ʻole me ka helu MPAI (e ʻike i ke kiʻi. 1).

 

NĀ KULA 2. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o ka mea hina hina (GMV) ma waena o ka hui kelepona pili paʻa (MPD) a me ka pūʻulu kaohi (hui MPD <pūʻulu mālama).

MAKAHI 1. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻokoʻa GMV ma waena o ka hui MPD a me ka pūʻulu mālama (CG> MPD), a me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o nā helu GMV a me MPAI i loko o ka hui MPD. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui mana, ua hōʻemi maoli ka hui MPD i ka GMV kūpono i ka sFG kūpono, iFG pololei, bilateral mFG, mOG kūpono, hema ACC, a me ka bilateral Thal. Eia kekahi, i loko o ka hui MPD, ka GMV o ka pono sFG, pololei iFG a me Thal i hoʻopololei ʻole ʻia me nā kiʻi MPAI. sFG, kiʻekiʻe mua gyrus; iFG, hiawahiwi hema loa; mFG, medial frontal gyrus; mOG, gyrus waena waena; ACC, hi cortex anterior cortex; Thala, thalamus; MPD, paulele mea hoʻohana; CG, pūpū hui; MPAI, Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Kelepona Pūnaewele; GMV, kaomi ʻili hina. L, hema; R, ʻae

Hoʻolaha ʻo DTI ma waena o nā Pūnaewele

No ka nānā ʻana o ka atlas TBSS, ka nui o nā FA a me ka AD no nā hippocampal cingulum fible fibers (CgH) i emi nui i ka poʻe MPD, e pili ana i nā kāohi (ʻike i ka Papa 3). Eia kekahi, i loko o ka hui MPD, FA o CgH i hui hewa me ka helu MPAI (e ʻike i ke kiʻi 2).

NĀ KULA 3. ʻO ka nui o ka helu helu helu diffuse imaging (DTI) ma waena o ka hui MPD a me ka pūʻulu mālama (MPD pūʻulu <pūʻulu mana).

 

MAKAHI 2. Ua hoʻemi ʻo FA a me AD i nā CgH bilateral (subregions i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e Johns Hopkins stereotaxic atlases) i ka hui MPD i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui kaohi (MPD <CG) a me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o nā helu FA a me MPAI i loko o ka hui MPD. ʻO nā FA a me AD mau waiwai i ka CgH i hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i nā kānaka MPD, pili i ka kāohi. Eia kekahi, i loko o ka hui MPD, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili hewa ʻia ʻo FA o CgH me nā helu MPAI. ʻO CgH, nā pūlaha pūʻulu cingulum ma ka hippocampus. FA, anisotropy fractional; AD, diffusivity axial; MPD, paulele mea hoʻohana; CG, pūpū hui; MPAI, Papa Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Kelepona.

kūkākūkā

E like me kā mākou i ʻike, ʻo ka aʻo nei ka hana mua loa e ʻimi e pili ana i ka hana neural nephally i loko o nā haumāna haumāna me MPD. Hoʻohālikelike mākou iā GMV a me nā helu ʻelua o ka WM kūlike (FA, MD, AD, a me RD) ma waena o nā kānaka MPD a me nā mana olakino. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa i hōʻemi nā kānaka MPD i ka GMV, pili i ka kāohi, i ka sFG ʻākau, pololei iFG, bilateral mFG, mOG pololei, hema ACC, a me ka bilateral thalamus (Thal). I ka mamao o ke kūkaʻi WM, hōʻike ka pūʻulu MPD i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka FA a me AD o ka hua uila kīʻaha o ka pūpū cingope (CgH) bilateral. Eia kekahi, nā waiwai o GMV o ka SFG kūpono, iFG pololei, a me ka bilateral thalamus (Thal) i kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻole me nā kiʻi MPAI i ka hui MPD, e like me nā waiwai o ka CgH. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hōʻoia mākou i ka pūʻulu MPD ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe truls impulsivity e like me ke ana me ka Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) (ʻO Patton et al., 1995).

Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻomoe i nā hana neurobiological ma hope o ka MPD, a kōkua i ka manawa like i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu o ka impulsivity i kēia ʻanoʻano ʻano hana hoʻomāhuʻi. Hāʻawi hoʻi nā hopena i nā ʻike i nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka MPD a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe o nā mikina.

Hoʻoholo i ka Grey Matter Volume i MPD

Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻike mākou i ka emi ʻana o ko GMV i ka hui MPD, kahi ʻike e kūlike me kā mākou hypothesis e pili ana i nā ʻike mai nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā haʻalulu mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe kahi i hoʻohuli ʻia ai ka impulsivity e hoʻokō i kahi kuleana.

ʻO nā noiʻi neuroimaging hana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lāʻau e hōʻike ana i nā lāʻau hōʻino no ka hoʻopili ʻana wale nō i ka hana o ka copical-waiwai waiwai like ʻole e like me ka ventral tegmental area (VTA), ka hoʻokūkū nucleus (NAcc), caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus a me amygdala, akā e hōʻole wale ana i nā wahi hoʻohalike cortical. e like me ke cortex prefrontal (PFC), OFC, ACC a me ka insula (ʻO Hanlon me Canterberry, 2012). Pēlā nō i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka poʻe me ka hoʻonaninani pono ʻole i ka hana maʻamau i loko o nā wahi o ka lolo e loaʻa ai ka cortex prefrontal, ACC (Grant a me., 2010), ʻoliʻi striatal (Han et al., 2012a) a me nā VTAs, NAcc (Grant a me., 2010), insula (Kuss a me Griffiths, 2012) a me ke thalamus (van Holst et al., 2010). Ma waho aʻe o nā hana i hoʻololi ʻia i kēia mau wahi, pono hoʻi i ʻike ʻia ua hoʻololi ʻia ka palekalekema alima i kēia mau wahi i hōʻike ʻia i nā mea pili i ka Pūnaewele a me nā mea pili i ka piliona. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi i ka hoʻēmi ʻana o ka GMV i kēia mau kūlana ma ACC hema, waiho i ka poster cortex hema, waiho ʻia insula, waiho gualo mau wā (Zhou et al., 2011), pololei OFC, bilateral insula, a me ka ʻokoʻa hāpana hoʻohui kūpono (Weng et al., 2013). Ke uhi nui nei kēia mau wahi i ka kahe i pili me ka pale o ka inhibitory (Ersche et al., 2011), ke hoʻoponopono i ka uku, hoʻoholo, a me nā hana cognitive (Romaro et al., 2010).

I kā mākou papa noi ʻana, hoʻemi i ka nui o nā ʻekolu i loko o ka hui o ka MPD e pili ana i nā mana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia pū kekahi me MPAI. ʻO ia hoʻi, ka sFG, pololei iFG, a me thalamus. Hōʻike ʻia ka sFG i pili i nā hana cognitive holomua e like me ka pale inhibitory, ʻike hoʻoholo, hoʻihoʻi, noʻonoʻo hana hana (Chase et al., 2011), nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻūhā o ke kaohi ʻana.Hopfinger et al., 2000), a me ka hoʻohālike ʻana a me ka wānana i ka ʻano o ka ʻano o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka manaʻo o ka noʻonoʻo) (Cui et al., 2012).

Manaʻo ʻia ka iFG kūpono e lilo i kikowaena mana no nā poli gangal fronto-basal e pili ana me ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka naʻau, ka pale a me ka mālama ʻana a me ka modulation (Moreno-López et al., 2012). Ua hoʻopili ʻia kona pōʻino i ka disinhibition amio, a ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi i ke ʻano nui o ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana (Grant a me., 2010; Kuss a me Griffiths, 2012).

ʻO ka thalamus, kahi i hoʻohui nui ai i nā hana cortical a me subortical kekahi me kekahi, hiki ke lilo i kekahi o nā puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi o ka nui o ka lolo, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka pili me ka uku hoʻolimalima, mālama, manaʻo, a me nā hoʻomanaʻo.Minagar et al., 2013), a me nā hana i hoʻokele (Tuchscherer et al., 2010). Eia kekahi, ua ʻike mua ka thalamic atrophy i ka pili me ka cognitive impairment (ʻO Hanlon me Canterberry, 2012).

Kūlike ʻole i kā mākou hualoaʻa, kahi noiʻi o nā poʻe maʻi me ka addiction pāʻani pūnaewele i hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka thalamic i hoʻonui ʻia i ka hui hoʻohui, hypothesized i ka hopena o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka dopamine kiʻekiʻe mai ka pāʻike hoʻonaninani a auditory nui e kū nei ma ka pāʻani pāʻani online - hoʻololi ʻia ʻO ka koena o ka pōkole mesolimbic (Han et al., 2012b). Hiki paha i kēia ke kūʻē i ka ʻokoʻa i ka hana maʻamau i waena o nā mea hoʻohana i ke kelepona hoʻohana ʻana a me nā mea pāʻani o ke pāʻani loea.

Hoʻopili ke kaukau ʻana o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma MPD

Ma waho o ka emi ʻana o GMV, ʻike mākou i ka hōʻemi o FA a me AD o ke kaula pūlū hoʻo Cahope hippocampal (CgH) i ka hui MPD.

E kahe a ka pahu kikulum WM i ka ʻike mai ka cingulate gyrus a i ka hippocampus, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻelua i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka axial of the corenius corpus callosum: ʻo ka cingulum i ka cingulate gyrus ma luna o ka splenium, a me ka cingulum ma nā wahi hippocampal (CgH) ma lalo o ka splenium (Mori et al., 2008). Hoʻokomo ka hana o CgH i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoʻohui like ʻole o ka ʻike sensory, ʻoluʻolu a me ka ʻike. Hāʻawi ia i nā input poly-sensory nui i ka hippocampus (Zhu et al., 2011), a hāʻawi i ka uku no nā ala, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana, mālama a hoʻihoʻi i ka hoʻomanaʻo hana hana (Yuan et al., 2011) - ka ʻike i koʻikoʻi no ka mālama cognitive (Luck et al., 2010; Benedict et al., 2013). Eia kekahi, kūlike ʻo FA i ka hui MPD me nā ʻike i ka mea inu wai ʻona.Yeh et al., 2009). Ma kahi holoʻokoʻa, i hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻike ʻike ma waena o ka cingulate gyrus a me ka hippocampus, e like me ka mea i hoʻemi ʻia e ka waiwai CgH FA i ka hui MPD, hiki paha i kahi kumu hana kumu no nā hemahema hana e alakaʻi i kahi paʻa o nā hoʻomanaʻo pili.

Eia nō naʻe, e like me kā mākou i ʻike, ua hōʻemi ʻia ʻo FA i ka CgH ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kekahi ʻano hoʻokolokolo pili hoʻoweliweli. Hoʻomaopopo mākou i kā mākou ʻike i ka hōʻemi ʻana o FA i ka CgH kūpono o ka pūʻulu MPD i alakaʻi nui ʻia e ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka waiwai nui AD, me ka ʻole o ka like ʻole ma ka index index. E kuhi ana ʻo AD i ka nui o ka diffusivity ma ke kumu nui o ka diffusion, ka mea e kuhikuhi ai i ka hoʻonohonoho o ka fiber fiber a me ke kūlike o axonal (Qiu et al., 2008). No laila, ʻo ka hana maʻamau i loko o ka hōʻeha o ka WM ma kēia wahi i hōʻoki i MPD ma muli o ka hōʻino o ka axonal axonal a ʻaʻole i hoʻolauna.Romaro et al., 2010).

Impulsivity a me ka hoʻolōʻihi i ka kelepona kelepona

Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka impulsivity me ka hana ʻana i nā hana i hōʻike mua ʻia, he pōpilikia maoli, i hoʻohilahila ʻole ʻia, a hiki ke hopena i ko nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (Bickel et al., 2012). Hoʻopili pili ia i kahi hapanui o nā kue huhū (Romaro et al., 2010), e like me ke kahakaha lāʻau (Moreno-López et al., 2012)) kauakaJoutsa et al., 2011), hoʻonāukiuki pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele (Han et al., 2012b), kuhi pūnaewele (Lin et al., 2012) a me MPD (Billieux, 2012). ʻO ka mahalo Walther et al. (2012) ua noiʻi i ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa a 12 a me ʻelima mau ʻano hoʻokaumaha komo me ka ʻawaʻī, tapaa, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā cannabis, pilikia pākuʻi, a me ka pāʻani kamepiula kamepiula pilikia, a ʻike i ka impulsivity kiʻekiʻe wale nō ke ʻano ponoʻohana i pili pū me nā ʻano āpau i hoʻohui ʻia e ua suesueina.

E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻike mākou i ka lawehala kiʻekiʻe i ka poʻe MPD, e kūlike me ka noiʻi o mua. ʻO ka impulsivity hiki ke lilo i ka mea wanana ikaika loa o MPD (Billieux et al., 2008). Ua hiki iā ia ke koho i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i kekahi manawa i kā lākou kelepona, a i hope ke alakaʻi ʻia i ka MPD, a ma ka huli ʻana, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino hou iā ʻoe ihoBillieux et al., 2007). Eia kekahi, pili ka kiʻekiʻe o ka impulsivity trait me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻaoʻao midbrain dopamine auto-receptor e hoʻopili ana (Buckholtz et al., 2010). Aʻo nā mea hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻonaninani, hoʻomau ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻokalakupua, no ka laʻana, i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomāhuahua hou aʻe i nā mea hoʻokuʻi hewa ʻole (Moreno-López et al., 2012). Pēlā, ma muli o ka pili kokoke i waena o ka impulsivity a me ke kolohe, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā hōʻuluʻulu lapaʻau e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ake ʻana a me ka koi ʻana o nā hana hoʻoholo, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki o ka pale ponoʻī, hiki i nā mea lapaʻau ke kau nei i ka hōʻemi i ke ʻano e pili ana i ka impulsivity (Leung, 2008).

Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka pilina pili ma waena o ka impulsivity a me MPD, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā helu BIS ma waena o ka MPD a me CG hiki i kahi mea ke hoʻohilahila nei i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka loiloi hoʻohālikelike o ka hoʻohana kelepona. No laila, i kā kā mākou papa noi ʻana, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka helu BIS ma kahi hōʻiliʻili nuisance i nā hoʻohālikelike hui a GMV a me FA, a ʻo nā mea waiwai mai nā wahi hua i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā loiloi correlation me nā helu MPAI i loko o ka hui MPD.

Hoʻohui a me nā kuhikuhi ʻana i ka hope

ʻOiai ka hopena o ka puke i noiʻi ʻia, aia kekahi mau palena e hoʻomaopopo ʻia. ʻO ka mea mua, ma muli o ke ʻano palena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano noʻonoʻo ʻano noʻonoʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoke i ke kumu a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hopena ma waena o ka kelepona kelepona nui a me nā loli hoʻololi maladaptive i loaʻa i ka hui MPD. No laila, ʻo ke aʻo lōʻihi me ka kōkua nui loa i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hiki ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo a me nā hana pilikino o MPD, a me ka hoʻolako i ke hiki ke ana i ka lōʻihi a me ka holomua o MPD i nā poʻe komo. ʻO ka lua, ʻoiai ua ʻike mākou i nā ʻokoʻa hoʻoneʻe o ka lolo ma waena o ka MPD a me CG, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike maopopo i nā ʻano kikoʻī o nā cognitive function defocits e pili ana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa. Pono nā haʻawina o ka wā e hana e pili i nā kūʻokoʻa GMV (a i ʻole WM e kūlike) i ka MPD i kekahi hana noʻonoʻo (e like me, cognitive executive function) i mea e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ai i nā hana pale a me nā wawao no ka pili ʻana i ke kelepona nui me ka hilinaʻi. ʻO ka mea hope loa a me ka liʻiliʻi loa, ʻoiai ke kāohi ʻia ʻana o nā helu BIS i ka wā e hoʻokō ai i nā hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe o GMV a me FA, ʻo ka mana kumu i ʻike ʻia ʻole i loko o ka hoʻohālike e hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia i loko o kēia aʻo ʻana. ʻO nā haʻawina i ka wā e hiki mai ana paha i kahi hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā kanaka MPD me ka impulsivity kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea kiʻekiʻe-impulsivity non-MPD kanaka paha e kōkua maikaʻi i ka wehe ʻana i ka MPD mai ka ʻano hoʻokaumaha.

Nā mea kōkua i kākau

Ke kuleana ʻo YW no ka hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua mua, kaʻina hana, ka hōʻike ʻike a me ka palapala kākau. ZZ ke kuleana no ka kaʻina hoʻokolohua, hōʻiliʻili data, a me ka kākau moʻolelo. HS kuleana no ka hoʻokō hoʻokolohua a me ka hōʻike ʻike data. Kūpoko ʻo XX no ka noiʻi nīnau nīnau nīnau a me ka hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua. HW kuleana no ka pakuhi a me ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho, me nā Kākuhi 1 a 2, hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻikepili, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike. ʻO FdU ke kuleana no ka kākau ʻana i ka hana kākau, ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hana o nā ʻōkuhi o ka lolo, ka hoʻoponopono kope, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kumuhana, me ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka hopena hope loa e paʻi ʻia. Na XH ke kuleana no ka hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua a me ke alakaʻi i nā holoʻokoʻa.

Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana

Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.

mau hoomaikai ana

Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hana e nā hāʻawi mai nā waihona kālā kālā o ʻOihana Pūnaewele no Central Universityities of China (SWU1509134) a me Chongqing Educational Fund (2015-JC-005).

Nāʻaoʻao hemahema

1. ^ http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm
2. ^ http://www.rfmri.org/dpabi
3. ^ http://www.restfmri.net
4. ^ http://www.nitrc.org/projects/panda/
5. ^ http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/tbss

E hoʻomaopopo '

Huaʻōlelo: mobile dependence dependence, Mobile Phone Addiction Index scale, fMRI, hina kala kelu, fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity, impulsivity

Citation: Wang Y, Zou Z, Song H, Xu X, Wang H, dʻOleire Uquillas F lāua ʻo Huang X (2016) Ka Hoʻololi Pōhaku Grey a me ke Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Kūleʻa i nā haumāna ʻOleau me ka Hoʻolauna kelepona Kelepona. ʻO mua. Psychol. 7: 597. hana: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00597

Loaa: 10 Ianuali 2016; ʻAe ʻia: 11 ʻApelila 2016;
Hoʻopuka: 04 Mei 2016.

Kuleana kope © 2016 Wang, Zou, Song, Xu, Wang, dʻOleire Uquillas a me Huang. He kumuhana kahi i wehe ʻia ma lalo o nā huaʻōlelo o ka Lulā Lahui Creative Commons (CC BY). Hāʻawiʻia ka hoʻohana, ka hāʻawiʻana a iʻole kopeʻiaʻana ma nā hui'ē aʻe, inā hoʻolakoʻia ka mea kākau a mea laikini paha a ua kākauʻia ka puke ma mua ma ka puke pai, e like me ka hana hoʻonaʻauao kūpono. ʻAʻole hoʻohanaʻia, hoʻolaha a hoʻoponopono paha iʻole e mālama i kēia mau hua'ōlelo.

* Hōʻike: Zhiling Zou, [pale ʻia ka leka uila]

^†Ua kōkua like kēia poʻe kākau ʻana i kēia hana a kaʻana like i ka kākau mua.