Nannan Pan1 †, Yongxin Yang2 †, Xin Du1, ʻO Xin Qi1, Guijin Du3, ʻo Yang Zhang1, Xiaodong Li3* a 
Quan Zhang1*- 1Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Radiology a me Tianjin Key Laboratory o Fagingal Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Kina
- 2Ke Keʻena ʻOihana, Linyi ʻOha ʻOhā Hāpai kānaka, Linyi, Kina
- 3Keena ʻOihana ʻo Radiology, ʻO Linyi People Hospital, Linyi, Kina
Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, hoʻonui ka nui o nā ʻōpio i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, e alakaʻi ai i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma luna o nā kānaka a me ke kaiāulu. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ma mua i ka nui o ka nui o nā mea hina hina (GMV) i kēlā me kēia kanaka me ka maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD), akā ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka maʻamau i ka IGD a me ka GMV ma o ka lolo holoʻokoʻa ʻaʻole maopopo i nā ʻōpio. I ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ua hana ʻia ke kiʻi kiʻi anatomical me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma 67 mau kāne ʻōpio i pāʻani i ka pāʻani pūnaewele; a ua alakaʻi ʻia ʻo Young's Internet addiction test (IAT) e hoʻāʻo i ka ʻano IGD. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka waihona puke polokalamu ʻo FMRIB (FSL) e helu i nā pilina voxel ma waena o ka GMV a me ka helu IAT ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana no ka makahiki a me nā makahiki o ka hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO nā GMV o ka bilri postcentral gyri (postCG), ʻo ka bilri precentral gyri (preCG), ʻo ka precuneus ʻākau, ʻo ka posterior midcingulate cortex (pMCC), ka lobe parietal hema (IPL), a me ka gyrus frontal ma waena hema (MFG) ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole ʻia me ka helu IAT. Aia ka pilina ma waena o ka helu IAT a me nā GMV o ka postCG bilateral, ka preCG hema, ka pMCC hema, a me ka MFG ʻākau ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana no ka manawa holoʻokoʻa o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea i komo i ʻelua mau pūʻulu e like me ka helu IAT, ʻo nā GMV o kēia mau wahi lolo e pili ana i ka IAT i lalo ma ka papa helu helu IAT kiʻekiʻe (helu IAT> 50) ma mua o ka pūʻulu helu IAT haʻahaʻa (helu IAT ≤50). Hōʻike kā mākou hopena i nā GMV o nā wahi lolo e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana sensorimotor a me ka mālama ʻike i pili me ka ʻano IGD. Hiki i kēia mau hopena ke alakaʻi i nā pahuhopu hou no ka pale a mālama ʻana i ka IGD.
Introduction
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka Pūnaewele i mea nui i ko mākou ola. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpio i ka Pūnaewele a pāʻani i ka pāʻani pāʻani online, e hopena ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka wā'ōpiopio a me ke kaiāulu. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike epidemiological e pili ana i ka maʻi pūnaewele ma ka Pūnaewele (IGD), kahi subtype o ka addiction pūnaewele (IA) (1), he pilikia pilikia olakino maʻamau ma waena o nā ʻōpio Kina.2). No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka neuromekaneka o ka IGD a me ka manaʻo e kōkua i ka pale a me ka mālama ʻana o ka IGD.
Hiki i ka hana neuroimaging o ka lolo ke hoʻohana i nā hana olakino e pili ana i nā ʻano pilikino pilikino (3-5). Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua i nā noho ʻana o nā mea me ka IGD i ka nui o ka mau kino o ka hina hina (GM), e like me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hina hina (GMV) a i ʻole ka pāʻina GM i nā wahi cortical a me subortortical (6-11), a hoʻonui i ka GMV i ka mua a me ka pae kino (8, 12). Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau noiʻi ʻana i ka nui o nā wahi lolo i mua o ka mua, ka wā kino, ka parietal, a me nā wahi subortortical e like me ka ventral striatum i hoʻopili ʻia me IA, a ua hoʻopili i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o ka neuromekanisme o IA. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noi i hala e pili pono ana i ka IA a i ka IGD i hōʻike ʻia e ka nīnau nīnau lapaʻau e like me ka hoʻāʻo a ka Internet addiction (IAT), a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me ka hana o ka lolo a me ka hana ma waena o ka IGD a me nā kūleʻa olakino. Me he mea lā, ʻaʻole nā kānaka āpau e pāʻani i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma luna o ka IGD (13). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pili ʻana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pāʻani pāʻani online me nā pae like ʻole o ka IGD, ʻaʻole pono wale nō o ka poʻe me ka diagnosis ʻana o ka IGD.
ʻO kēia manawa iho, ua hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā haʻawina ʻekolu i nā hui neural o ka makemake i ka IA. Wen lāua ʻo Hsieh (14) kālele i ka pilina ma waena o ka pili o ka pili o ka lolo a me ka pae o IA ma kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio (19-29 mau makahiki) a loaʻa i ʻelua mau pūnaewele ʻoi aku nā neʻe mua o ka nui o nā ʻāina mua. Li et al. ((15) ua hōʻike i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana pono ʻana o ke cortex prefrontal cortex kūpono o ka dorsolateral a maikaʻi a me ka helu IAT ma kahi hui o nā ʻōpio olakino maikaʻi (18-27 mau makahiki). ʻO ke ʻimi ʻana e Kühn (16) ke hōʻike nei ʻo GMV o nā lolo i loko o ka pūnaewele fronto-striatal e hoʻopili ʻia e ka nui o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele i loiloi ʻia e IAT score. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike pū nā noiʻi mua e pili ana i nā hoʻololi o ka GMV e pili ana i ka hōʻemi pili i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma nā kumuhana IGD. ʻO kahi laʻana, he noi a Weng et al. hōʻike i nā GMVs o ka orbitofrontal kūpono cortex a me ka bilateral insula i hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia me ka hōʻino o ka pāʻani ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma nā kumuhana IGD (7). Cai et al. ua hōʻike i hoʻonui nui ʻia ʻo GMV o ka hoʻokele accumbens e pili ana i ka helu IAT ma kahi o ka poʻe IGD (17). ʻO kahi haʻawina e Zhou et al. ua hōʻike ʻo GMV haʻahaʻa ma ka orbitofrontal kūpono cortex i pili me ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pāʻani wikiō ma luna o ka Pūnaewele.18). Ua hōʻike kēia mau noiʻi ua pili nā pili o nā lolo a me nā hana i ka pae o IA. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka ulu ʻana o ka IGD a me ka GMV ma ka holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōpala holoʻokoʻa ʻaʻole i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia i nā makahiki ʻōpio (14-18 mau makahiki). ʻO ka wā'ōpiopio ma waena o 14 a me 18 mau makahiki he manawa koʻikoʻi ʻo ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ka hanana a me ka hopena (19, 20). Nui nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hoʻohui mea nānā i mālama pono ʻia i nā ʻōpio ʻo nā makahiki mai 14 a i 18 mau makahiki (21, 22). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina nui-maʻamau ka maʻamau maʻamau o ka IGD ma nā haumāna kula haʻahaʻa a me ke kula waena o Kina me ka loaʻa ʻana o 22.5% ma waena o kēlā mau haumāna e pāʻani nei i nā pāʻani pūnaewele (2). No laila, ʻoi aku ka mea e pono ai e noiʻi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lolo o ka lolo me ka neʻe o ka IGD i nā ʻōpio (14-18 mau makahiki).
Eia kekahi, hōʻike i nā noi i hala e hiki i nā pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele lōʻihi ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonohonoho houʻana i ka lolo i nā mea pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele.12, 23, 24). ʻO nā GMVs i ka cortex prefrontal cortex ventrolateral, ka cortex prefrontal cortex dorsolateral, ka wahi holo kaiāulu, a me ka rostral anterior cingulate cortex i hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka lōʻihi o ka pāʻani pāʻani online i ka wā'ōpiopio me ka maʻi o IA ((6, 25). No laila, ʻoiai paha ka lōʻihi o ka pāʻani pāʻani online e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka GMV a me ka ulu ʻana o ka IGD i ka nānā ʻana.
I kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua kiʻi ʻia nā ʻōpiopio kāne 67 (14-18 mau makahiki) i pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani pūnaewele. Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi correlation e pili ana i ka voxel e ʻike i nā ʻaoʻao o ka lolo e pili ana i ka helu IAT ma mua a ma hope o ka kāohi ʻana no ka manawa holoʻokoʻa o ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Ma muli o nā haʻawina mua, pili pono nā pōpoki prefrontal-striatal i ka hoʻohui. Ua komo ʻo Ventral striatum i ke aʻo ʻana a me ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka hana hoʻohui (26, 27), a me ka emi ʻana o ka hopena o ka cortex prefrontal i ke kaʻina hana e hoʻihoʻi i kekahi o nā kaina o ke kauā (28, 29). No laila, ua hypothesized mākou e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka IGD me nā wahi noʻonoʻo i pili i ka mālama cognitive (prefrontal cortex) a me ke kaʻina uku (ventral striatum). E aʻo paha kēia haʻawina i nā makai hou no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka IGD i nā ʻōpio.
Nā Pono a me nā Una
Nā Kaupapa
Kanaono 'ehiku mau wā' opio 'ana (14-18 mau makahiki he nui, he 15.54 ± 0.14) ka mea pāʻani ma ka' āina i koho 'ia ma kēia kau. He ʻumikūmālua o nā hui 67 i mau haumāna o ke Kula Ola a 47 o 67 poʻe haumāna i ko lākou mau ʻōpio a ko lākou mau mākua i lawe iā lākou i kahi psychiatrist no ka mea hiki paha i ka IGD. Ua loaʻa nā mea hoʻohana a pau i ka hoʻonaʻauao no 6 – 12 mau makahiki, mai ka papa mua a hiki i ke kula kiʻekiʻe. Ua lilo nā mea a pau i lilo ma mua o 80% o ka manawa pūnaewele ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio kāne wale nō i kākau ʻia ma kēia noiʻi ʻana no ka mea he liʻiliʻi ka helu o nā wahine e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma lalo iho nei a loaʻa i ka IGD (2, 30). Ka helu pono ʻana e pili ana i kēia aʻe nei: ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona a i ʻole ke kala ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau; ke ola ʻana o kekahi maʻi neurologic a psychiatric paha e like me ka insomnia, migraines, tinnitus, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka maʻi hoʻonaninani hyperactive; ka mōʻaukala o nā kino olakino e like me ka trauma utuk, ka hōʻili o ka lolo, a me ka epilepsy i loiloi ʻia e like me ka loiloi loiloi a me nā moʻolelo lapaʻau; Kūʻē ʻo MRI; a me nā mea ʻike hewa ʻole ma ka MRI maʻamau. Ua ʻāpono ʻia kēia haʻawina e ka Ethical Committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, a me nā poʻe āpau a me ko lākou poʻe kahu hānai i hāʻawi ʻia i ʻae ʻia e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.
Pā nīnau
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻike hoʻoweliweli ma ka pūnaewele e nānā i ke koʻikoʻi o ka maʻa i ka IGD i kēia aʻo ʻana. ʻO ka IAT ka helu 20 a ʻo nā pane o kēia mau nīnau i wehewehe ʻia he kiʻi 1-5 (1 = "liʻiliʻi ʻole" i 5 = "mau ka manawa") (31). ʻO ka helu huakaʻi o nā helu 20 e ana i ka nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻo Internet. Loaʻa ka ʻike no ka pāʻani o ka pāʻani pūnaewele Via kahi nīnau nīnau pilikino i nīnau ʻia e pili ana i ka lōʻihi a me ka nui o ka pāʻani. ʻO ka nui o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ua helu ʻia ʻo ia i nā hola i kēlā me kēia lā e hoʻonui ʻia e nā lā o nā pāʻani pāʻani online. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka naʻauao ʻo Quotient (IQ) o nā mea āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Standard Raven's Progressive Matrices. ʻO ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha paha i paʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hopohopo haʻahaʻa iho (SAS) a me ke ʻano haʻahaʻa o ke aʻina lima (SDS).
Hoʻolālā MRI
Loaʻa nā kiʻi Structural me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi scanner a Siemens 3.0 T (Magnetom Verio, Siemens, Erlangen, Kelemānia). Loaʻa ʻia kekahi mau kiʻi kiʻi anatomical high contramile 192 e hoʻohana ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka molumenaʻōmaʻomaʻo Volemetricʻʻo ʻekolu-dimensional, ʻo ka mākaukau wikiwiki me nā kaha gradient-echo me nā kikoʻī aʻe i ʻole: TR = 1 ms, TE = 2000 ms, TI = 2.34 ms, ke ana kikowaena = 900 °, FOV = 9 mm × 256 mm, ʻoki palu = 256 mm, ʻokoʻa matrix = 1 × 256.
Kāleka ʻo Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM)
Ua kiʻi mua ʻia nā kiʻi āpau me ka pahu hana VBM81 o ka SPM8 (Keʻena ʻOihana Hana hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻOlana, UK)2 e holo ana ma MATLAB R2010a (Math Works Inc., Sherborn, MA, USA). Ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻoponopono geometric ʻekolu i ka wā e hana hou ai i nā kiʻi. Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kiʻi ʻano pilikino o nā poʻe āpau i ke keʻokeʻo, ka ʻokeo (WM), a me ka waiʻala cerebral spinal (CSF), a me nā ʻaoʻao GM i hana maʻamau i ka laʻana o Montreal Neurological Institute ma o ka wehe ʻana mai o ka maʻi mele anatomical diffeomorphic ma o ka exponentiated lie algebra ( DARTEL) ((32). Hoʻololi ʻia nā kiʻi GM i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka Jacobian o ka māla o ka maʻawe loloa e hoʻoponopono ai no ka hoʻonui ʻana a kūloko paha. ʻO ka isotropic Gaussian kernel o 8-mm piha ākea i ka hapalua o ka maximum i ʻae ʻia e hoʻonanea i nā kiʻi GM modulated. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi maʻamau o GM maʻamau mai nā poʻe komo āpau e hana i kahi pale maka GM nona ka paepae i hoʻonoho ʻia i kahi waiwai o 0.3 (nā pikela me nā helu ʻāpana GM helu ʻia> 30% i wae ʻia). A laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pale maka GM ma ke ʻano he mask mask for the analysis statistic e kāpae ai i nā pika me nā helu kūpono kūpono GM.
ʻIkeʻIke Heluhelu
Ua hana ʻia ma ka loiloi helu regression Vo Vo-akamai e makaʻama i ka pili ma waena o ka GMV a me ka helu IAT ma waena o nā poʻe āpau ma hope o ka pale ʻana i nā makahiki a me nā makahiki o ka hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO ke ala permutation non-parametric (33) i hoʻokō ʻia e ka mea hana manuahi i kauoha ʻia ma FMRIB Software Library (FSL)3. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka clusterold-free cluster (TFCE) me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui o ke cluster a ke kiʻekiʻe i loko o kahi ʻākala a ʻaʻole ia e pono i kahi koho koho pākahi o kahi cluster e pae ana i ka paepae (34). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o ka GMV a me ka helu IAT ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua non-parametric no ka permutation me 5,000 random permutations. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka paepae heluhelu no ka waiwai nui ma P <0.01. No ka wehewehe ʻana inā paha ka lōʻihi o ka pāʻani ʻana ma ka pūnaewele e hoʻopili ai i ka pilina ma waena o ka GMV a me ka IAT, ua alakaʻi hou ʻia ka loiloi Voxel-wisdom i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka manawa holoʻokoʻa o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he covariate nuisance.
ʻO nā hui me ka hoʻopili ma waena o ka GMV a me ka helu IAT i wehewehe ʻia e like me nā wahi o ka hoihoi (ROI), a ua lawe ʻia ka GMV maʻamau i waena o kēlā me kēia ROI. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka hoʻopili hoʻopili ROI ma waena o ka GMV awelika a me ka helu IAT ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana no nā makahiki a me nā makahiki o ka naʻauao. A laila, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea komo āpau i ʻelua mau pūʻulu, ka pūʻulu helu IAT kiʻekiʻe (helu IAT> 50, N = 30) a me ka haʻahaʻa helu IAT haʻahaʻa (IAT score ≤50, N = 37). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma ka GMV ma waena o nā subpana ʻelua i hōʻike ʻia e ka loiloi Model Line General, e kāohi ana no nā makahiki a me nā makahiki o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā pae koʻikoʻi ma P <0.05.
Results
Loaʻa i nā mea komo kahi helu median o 46 ma ka IAT i hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi ai i kaʻenehana IGD. Ua hoʻopau ʻia nā kumuhana i 5.5 h / lā ma ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka manawa maʻamau no 56 mau mahina. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea lapaʻau a me demographic i ka Papa 1.
1 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. Nā ʻano hana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loiloi correlation Voxel hōʻike ʻĀina ʻo GMV o ka pouletal postcentral gyri (postCG), ka bilateral precentral gyri (preCG), ka precuneus ʻākau, ka hema hema ma ka pakanui cortex (pMCC), ka hema hema paluku (IPL), a me ka gyrus waena waena mua (MFG) nui i hoʻopili ʻia i ka helu IAT (Figure 1; Papa 2). Kiʻikuhi 2 e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ko ROI ma waena o ka GMV a me ka helu IAT. Ma hope o ka manawa piha o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele i hoʻohui ʻia me ka covariate nuisance, mau nō ka pilina ma waena o ka IAT a me ke GMV o ka postCG bilateral, ka mua preCG, ka pMCC hema, a me ka ʻaoʻao hala o MFG (Kiʻi. 3; Papa 3).
Hōʻike 1. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mākona pōkole e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopiha kino neʻe i ka hoʻāʻo ʻikepili pūnaewele (IAT) i ka pôpeku i ka pāʻani ʻōpio pūnaewele ʻōpio. ʻO ka helu IAT ua kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻole i ka hina o nā mea hina, (GMV) o ka lua o ka postcentral gyri, ka lua o ka precatereus bilateral, nā precuneus ʻākau, nā pihi hema hema cingulate cortex, ka hemaetetetetetetet kiri, a me nā kahe poepoe waena waena. ʻO nā helu ma lalo o nā kiʻi, ʻo ia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma Montreal Neurological Institute ma z-axis. Kākau ka ʻulaʻula i ka −log p.
2 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike nā wahi o nā pōpoki i ka pili i ka hana hoʻoweliweli ma ka ʻike honua addiction (IAT).
Hōʻike 2. ^ E Ha yM. Regions-of-interest (ROI) -based correlation analela ma waena o ka hina hina-mataupu (GMV) a me ka hōʻike hoʻokau hoʻohui pūnaewele (IAT). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke koena no ka mea nona ka makahiki a me nā makahiki o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ka wā o ka loiloi correlation.
Hōʻike 3. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mākeke palu e hōʻike aku ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā hana hoʻonaninani ma ka ʻike hoʻokaumaha pūnaewele (IAT) i ka pākeke ʻōpio i ka wā ʻōpio ma hope o ka kāohi ʻana no ka huina o ka pāʻani i ka pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO ka helu IAT no ka hoʻopili hewa ʻana i ka hulu hina (GMV) o ka pouri postcentral gyri, ka gyrus hema hema, ka pihi hema hema cingope cortex, a me ka gyrus waena waena mua. ʻO nā helu ma lalo o nā kiʻi, ʻo ia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma Montreal Neurological Institute ma z-axis. Kākau ka ʻulaʻula i ka −log p.
3 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike aku nā wahi pili i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka panina hoʻokaumaha pūnaewele (IAT) ma hope o ka pale ʻana no ka wā holoʻokoʻa o ka pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele.
E like me ka ʻike ma ka Papa 4, ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea komo i nā ʻāpana ʻelua e like me ka helu IAT, ʻo ka huina me ka helu IAT kiʻekiʻe (IAT score> 50) ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi GMV i loko o nā ʻehiku o ʻewalu mau māhele i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka subgroup me ka pūʻulu helu IAT haʻahaʻa (helu IAT ≤ 50) (P <0.05).
4 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. Nā ʻāpana-o ke hoihoi (ROI)-hoʻohālikelike i nā hoʻohālikelike o ke kumu hina-hina (GMV) ma waena o nā hui ʻelua.
kūkākūkā
I kēia haʻawina, ua loiloi ka hui ʻana ma waena o ka GMV a me ka IGD ma loko o ka lolo holoʻokoʻa i nā mea pāʻani ʻōpio pūnaewele ʻōpio. Ma hope o ka pale ʻana no ka hopena o ka manawa holoʻokoʻa i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ʻo nā GMV o ka postCG bilateral, ka mua preCG, ka pMCC hema, a me ka pono o W.G mau hewa hewa i ka IGD makemake. ʻO nā wā'ōpiopio me ka GMV haʻahaʻa i nā wahi o ka lolo e pili ana i ke kaʻina sensorimotor a me ka mālama cognitive i loaʻa ka kiʻekiʻe IGD.
Ua pili like ia me ka hypothesis i ka GMV i ka MFG, ma ke ʻano he cortex prefrontal i komo pū me nā cognitive control (35, 36), ke kākā hewa maikaʻi me ka IGD maʻamau. ʻO ka hana nui a me nā hana pono ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā mea pilikino me ka IGD (37-40). No ka ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka hana i ka cortex prefrontal i loaʻa i loko o ka IA (40). Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina mua i ke haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me GMV i ka cortex prefrontal i loko o nā poʻe IGD (37, 39). Ua hoʻonui ʻia ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma waena o ka MFG kūpono.41). Loaʻa ka hana maʻamau i ka cortex prefrontal i loaʻa i nā mea hoʻohana lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea hoʻohana marijuana a me nā mea hoʻokele kokua.42-44). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano like like o ka hoʻopili hoʻohui ʻana o ka cortex prefrontal i nā mea pilikino me ka hilinaʻi i ka waiʻona a me nā mea pū kekahi me IGD (45, 46). Hōʻike kēia mau haʻawina i ka pili a i ke kumu o ke prefrontal cortex me ka pili me ka hoʻohui. Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hōʻino hewa ʻo ka GMV o ka MFG kūpono i ka helu IAT, a ua haʻahaʻa ʻia ia i ka pae haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe IAT ma mua o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa IAT. ʻO ke ʻano nui i loko o ka MFG kūpono e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka mālama cognitive i nā pāʻani pāʻani online. A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻaʻole hiki i nā poʻe pāʻani pāʻani o ka pāʻani ke hoʻokele i kā lākou pilikia me ka pāʻani online i ka pāʻani ʻana a hōʻike i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma ka IGD.
No ka hewa, ʻaʻole i ʻike mākou i ka GMV o ka striatum ventral e hoʻokūkū ana me ka helu IAT. ʻO ka ventral striatum kahi wahi koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka mea hoʻohui, a hōʻike pinepine ʻia i ka hana maʻamau i loko o nā poʻe me ka hoʻoluhi (26, 27). Ma kā mākou papa noiʻi, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i nā mea pāʻani ʻōpio pāʻani ʻōpio akā ʻaʻole ia wale nō o ka poʻe IGD, ʻo ia paha ka wehewehe ʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka striatum ventral. Eia naʻe, pono e hōʻoia ʻia kēia hopena maikaʻi i ka aʻo ʻana i ka wā nui me ka nui o ka hoʻohālike.
ʻO ka mea kuhi hewa ʻole, ka preCG, postCG, a me ka pMCC i komo i ke kaʻina sensorimotor hōʻike i nā hoʻoponopono kino me ka pā IAT. Ua hana nui ka preCG i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ke alakaʻi ʻana (47). ʻO ke wā'ōpiopio ka manawa paʻakikī o ka ulu ʻana o nā neural, a hoʻoneʻe ʻia i nā mea kūlohelohe. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noi ʻana i mua e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka wai ʻona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka GMV i ka ulu ulu ʻana o nā ʻōpio (48). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi e hoʻohana lōʻihi ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka methamphetamine me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa GMV i ka preCG (49). I kā mākou papa noiʻi, haʻahaʻa ka GMV o ka preCG i ka pae haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe IAT ma mua o ka waihona haʻahaʻa IAT haʻahaʻa. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka pale a me ke kaohi ʻana o ka hana i ka mea pili me ka cortex kumu mua (50), ʻo ka hōʻemi o ka GMV o ka preCG e pili pono paha me ka mahele IGD. Aia ka postCG i ka cortex sensory mua a pili pū i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻike sensory (24). ʻO ka pilina maikaʻi ma waena o ka GMV o ka postCG a me ka helu IAT, ʻo ia ka GMV haʻahaʻa o kēia wahi i ka poʻe me nā helu IAT kiʻekiʻe. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pilina hoʻohui ʻole o ka postCG i nā makahiki ʻōpio me ka IGD (51). ʻO nā i hoʻololi nui ʻia o GMV a me ka mānoanoa cortical o ka postCG i hōʻike pū ʻia, ʻike ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻohana (heroin) (52) a me nā ʻōpio me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele.53). Hiki i ka postCG i hoʻopili ke alakaʻi i ka abnormality i ka loaʻa, ka hoʻokaʻa ʻana, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hōʻailona pili i ke kino a hiki ʻole ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomau i nā hanana e pili ana i ka hōʻala, ka manaʻo, ke kaumaha, ka uku, a me ka ea, a me ka hopena me ka hoʻohui ʻana (54). Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua loaʻa pū kekahi mau hana kino hewahewa i ka helu IAT i loaʻa ma ka pMCC hema. Hōʻike ka pMCC i ka hoʻopili nui ʻana i ka pilina me nā wahi lolo i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻoihana sensorimotor (55, 56) a he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻohui sensorimotor a me ka hoʻokele kaʻa.57). ʻAʻole wale nā wahi sensorimotor e hoʻokele i nā mea maʻamau o ke neʻe akā hiki ke kālai hou i ka ʻano kanaka.58). Pono paha nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻoihana sensorimotor e pili i nā ʻano automatized / koi i loko o ke kolohe (59). Ua hōʻike pū ʻia kekahi mea hoʻopilikia cortex Sensorimotor ma ke kanaka me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka cocaine (60, 61)) a me ka inu wai (62). Hoʻopili ʻia e like me ka hōʻemi o nā GMV i loko o ka preCG, postCG, a me ka pMCC e hui pū me ka nui o ka hōʻola o ka ʻoihana sensorimotor, a pili hou pū me ka IGD maʻamau.
I kēia haʻawina, nā loiloi maikaʻi ma waena o ka IAT a me nā GMV o ka preCG / postCG kūpono, IPL hema, a me ka precuneus pololei i hala ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana no ka hopena o ka wā holo i ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Ua komo ka preCG / postCG i kahi kaʻina sensorimotor (63); ʻo ka IPL a me ka precuneus kūpono e pili pono ana i ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻokomo64-66). Pono ke kaʻina pāʻani i nā mea pāʻani e hoʻolohe pono i ka loli liʻiliʻi ma ka maka no ka manawa lōʻihi a laila hōʻeha i kā lākou ʻike maka (65), he pilina paha e pili ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka GMV ma nā wahi pili i ʻike ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o GMV o ka precuneus (8) a hōʻemi i ka mānoanoa cortical o ka IPL (53) i nā poʻe pilikino me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Hōʻike ko kā mākou mau hopena i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka GMV i kekahi mau wahi o ka lolo e pili ana i ka nānā maka a me ke ʻano sensorimotor i hoʻoiho ʻia e ka wā holoʻokoʻa o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hopena kumulatif o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i kekahi mau palena i kā mākou aʻo ʻana. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau laha ma waena o ka lolo GMV a me ka helu IAT, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka kumu. ʻO ka GMV haʻahaʻa i nānā i nā wā'ōpiopio me ke kiʻekiʻe IAT kiʻekiʻe ʻoi paha ke hopena o ka pāʻani nui ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele a i ʻole ke kūlana preexisting e pili ana i ka IGD. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka IAT he nīnau nīnau a me ke ʻano nui o nā loiloi no ka loiloi i ka makemake o ka IGD e pono ai. ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ka manawa holoʻokoʻa o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele he mea hiki wale nō ke ana a ʻaʻole pololei paha. ʻEha, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kāpae i ka hopena o ka ʻano pāʻani o nā hopena i manaʻo ʻia, i mea e noʻonoʻo ʻia ai i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hope, he mau ʻōpio kāne i mau ʻia i kā mākou aʻo ʻana. No laila, ua ʻohi ʻia nā ʻike i kēia manawa i nā kāne ʻōpio pāʻani ʻōpio kāne ʻōpio.
Panina
Ma kēia noiʻi, ua noiʻi ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana i ka hoʻonaninani ʻo ka IGD i kekahi pūʻulu o nā mea pāʻani pāʻani ʻōpio'ōpio. Ua loaʻa i ka GMV o nā wahi noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke kaʻina sensorimotor a me ka hoʻomohala kognitive i pili pū me ka helu IAT. ʻO ka GMV haʻahaʻa o nā wahi e pili ana i ke kaʻina sensorimotor a me ka kāohi kognitive hiki i ka hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe o ka IGD, e alakaʻi paha i nā pahuhopu hou no ka pale a mālama i ka IGD i nā wā'ōpiopio.
Ka'ōlelo Kaumaha
Ua ʻāpono ʻia kēia haʻawina e ka Ethical Committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, a me nā poʻe āpau a me ko lākou poʻe kahu hānai i hāʻawi ʻia i ʻae ʻia e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.
Nā mea kōkua i kākau
ʻO NP, YY, XL, a me QZ hoʻolālā noiʻi. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi XQ, XD, GD, YZ, a me QZ. Ua komo ʻo YY ma ka loiloi loiloi. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻikepili i ka NP, YZ, GD, a me QZ. ʻO NP, YZ, XL, YY, a me QZ i kākau i ka pepa.
Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana
Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.
Nāʻaoʻao hemahema
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