(CAUSATION) He Moʻolelo Mahele o ka Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā o ke Kino Pūnaewele Engagement, Hoʻoponopono, a me ke Ola Mental (2018)

Ke Kiʻi Lapaʻa. 2018 Nov 21; 9: 2239. hana: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.02239.

Krossbakken E1, Pallesen S1, Mentzoni RA1, Ka Mō'ī DL2, Kauaee H3, Finserås TR3, Torsheim T1.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Nń Pahuhopu: Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka pāʻani wikiō ma ke ʻano o nā loli olakino noʻonoʻo. Aia kahi hapa o nā haʻawina lōʻihi e ʻimi nei i nā hui like, a me nā noiʻi e ʻokoʻa ana i ka pāʻani pāʻani ʻana mai ka pilikia a hana ʻia (ʻo ia hoʻi, pāʻani pinepine akā ʻole pilikia). Ke hoʻokolokolo nei kahi noiʻi explorative o kēia manawa i ka papa kūlohelohe o ka hana pāʻani i ʻekolu mau haʻawina haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka noi ʻana 1 ka nānā ʻana i nā antecedents a me nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō i ana ʻia ma ke ʻano he unidimensional kūkulu (pāʻani pathological). ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana 2 e ʻimi i nā hui like e pili ana i nā typologies o nā mea pāʻani ("hoʻopili," "pilikia," "addict"). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka noiʻi 3 e noiʻi i ke kūlana paʻa i manaʻo ʻia a me nā hoʻololi e kū nei ma waena o nā typology i ʻōlelo ʻia, a me kahi hui pāʻani pāʻani ʻole.

Pākuhi: Kahi nūhou makaʻāina o nā ʻōpio 3,000 i ʻōpio ʻo 17.5 mau makahiki mai kā ka helu ʻana o ka helu o Norway ma 2012 a kono ʻia e komo i nā loiloi makahiki e kū nei i nā makahiki 3 (NT1 = 2,059, NT2 = 1,334, NT3 = 1,277). ʻO nā mea pane i hoʻopau i nā hana o ka hoʻohui i ka wikiō wikiō, ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, ke kaumaha, ka hōʻeha a me ka pehu me ka inu ʻona. Ka helu ʻana ma ka helu helu hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano hoʻohālike, ʻo Satorra-Bentler chi square test (study 1), ka loiloi regression (study 2), hūnā ʻia ʻo Markov no nā hoʻololi hoʻololi (aʻo i ka 3).

Results: Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loaʻa ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 1 i ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha, a pili pū kekahi me ka petological gaming. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka mea hoʻoulu kino kino ma ke ʻano he antecedent, a ʻo ke hopohopo he hopena ia o ka pāʻani patological. Ke hōʻike nei i nā ʻano kīʻaha ʻekolu o nā mea pāʻani (aʻo 2) i ʻike i ke kaona wale a me ka hoʻoulu kino kino ʻana me ka mea he antecedents, a me ke kaumaha ma muli o nā hopena āpau. Ua ʻike ʻia ke kaumaha he antecedent o ka pilikia a me nā pāʻani pāʻani. Ua ʻike ʻia ke kaumaha ma muli o nā hopena o nā mea pāʻani pilikia, a ʻo ke hopohopo iho he hopena ia o nā mea pāʻani addicted. Ua loaʻa i ka nui o ka ʻōpū ʻawaʻawa i nā ponoʻenehana i hoʻohui ʻia, a ua loaʻa ka wai inu wai haʻahaʻa me ka nui o nā mea pāʻani. ʻO ka koho kūpaʻa o ka hoʻohui kiʻi wikiō ma 35%.

Ka Hopena: ʻO ka pilina piliʻai ma waena o ka pāʻani pāʻani a me nā hanana o nā pilikia o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo eʻikeʻia ana. ʻO ka paʻa o ka hōʻailona wikiō e hōʻike i kahi kūpono no ka nui o nā kānaka i hoʻoholoʻole no ka manawa o 2 makahiki.

KEKAHI MEA: nā ʻōpio; nā pāʻani pāʻani; nā hana pāʻani pūnaewele; hōʻike lōʻihi; ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo

PMID: 30519203

PMCID: PMC6258776

DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.02239

Introduction

ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō he hana maʻamau i waena o nā ʻōpio ʻo ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui, e hāʻawi i nā hola leʻaleʻa, hoʻokūkū, hoʻomaha a me ʻoluʻolu (Hoffman lāua ʻo Nadelson, ). Eia naʻe kekahi, hōʻike kekahi o nā poʻe i nalowale i ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou pāʻani pāʻani, e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka hana koʻikoʻi a me ka hopohopo. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka pāʻani wikiō ma ke ʻano he addictive ka mea i komo ma ke ʻano no ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ka lima a me ka hopena hou o ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association. ), i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he "Pūnaewele Pū ʻIa Pūnaewele (IGD)." Pēlā nō hoʻi, "Ua hauna pū ʻia ka" Hale Hōʻike Pūnaewele "ma 11th o ka International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) (World Health Organization, ). Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ka poʻe koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kahi maʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻoili pāʻani wikiō, ʻaʻole i lawa nā kumu hōʻike i kēia manawa i ka maʻi maʻi (Van Rooij a me Kardefelt-Winther, ) a aia nō ka hapa o nā noi ʻana e hoʻomālamalama nei i ka papa maoli o ka maʻi (Petry a me O'brien, ; ʻO Mihara lāua ʻo Higuchi, ). ʻO kahi palena nui e pili ana i ka hapa nui o ka ʻimi noiʻi e pili ana i ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani he pili nui paha i nā hoʻolālā cross-sectional. ʻO nā haʻawina lōʻihi loa ma kēia kumuhana he liʻiliʻi i helu ʻia (Gentile et al., ; Brunborg et al., ; ʻO Mihara lāua ʻo Higuchi, ), ʻoiai nā haʻawina e hiki ke kōkua i ka huli ʻana i nā mea e pili ana i ke ʻano kino o ke kumu a me ka hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka paʻa kino ʻana o ka hoʻoilina pāʻani. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka noiʻi noiʻi o kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka loaʻa o ka ʻike ākea o ka papa kūlohelohe o ka ʻano pāʻani o ka pāʻani ma o nā haʻawina ʻekolu (study1, study2, study3). Aʻo 1 conceptualized gaming pathologicalized as a unidimensional entity and investigated cross lagged hui between between pathological gaming and a mental health over time. Ua ʻimi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 2 i nā hui ma waena o ka noʻonoʻo olakino a me nā ʻano pāʻani me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano typological, e nānā hou i ke ʻano o nā hui i ʻike ʻia ma ke aʻo 1. Ua noiʻi ʻia ʻo 3 i ka kūpaʻa a me nā trajectories ma ke ʻano o ka manawa, e kau ana i ke ʻano typological (i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, pilikia a me nā mea pāʻani addicted) i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke aʻo 2.

Antecedents a me nā hopena o nā pāʻani pathological

E noʻonoʻo paha nā haʻawina lōʻihi inā he mau pilikia olakino ka noʻonoʻo mua a me ka nui o ka wānana o ka pāʻani pāʻani, inā paha he pilikia olakino ka hopena o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani, a i ʻole he pili paha ka pilina ma waena o nā pilikia olakino noʻonoʻo a me nā pāʻani pāʻani. Nā hopena e pili ana i ka hopena i waena o nā loli i ka wā lōʻihi, e wehewehe ana i ko lākou ʻano like me kekahi (Kearney, ). Pēlā, ʻike maopopo i nā hopena i ke kaʻa ma waena o ka olakino noʻonoʻo a me nā pāʻani pāʻani e hoʻohemo i nā hana i pili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pāʻani pāʻani. ʻOiai kekahi mau noiʻi e pili ana i ka hui o ke kaʻa ma waena o ka hoʻoili pāʻani pāʻani a me ke olakino noʻonoʻo i loaʻa (Lemmens et al., ,), he loko āpau o ka ʻike no ka hui ma waena o ke ʻano pāʻani me ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani, a me nā pilikia olakino ʻē aʻe i nā hiʻohiʻona nui a me nā mea i hōʻike.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi mua i ka pili o nā pāʻani me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pono o ke olakino e pili ana i ka olakino e pili ana i ka olakino (Wittek et al., ; Bargeron a me nā Hormes, ), e like me ke kaumaha, hopohopo (Mentzoni et al., ; Bargeron a me nā Hormes, ; Wartberg et al., ). kamaʻāina (Lemmens et al., ), mea inu wai (van Rooij et al., ), a me ke ahulau (Kim et al., ). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina lōʻihi lōʻihi a me ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha i ka hopena o ka pāʻani pathological ma hope o 2 mau makahiki (Gentile et al., ), a me ʻelua mau haʻawina lōʻihi lōʻihi i ʻike i ke kaumaha, akā, ʻaʻole hopohopo, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hōʻeuʻeu o ka pāʻani ma hope o kekahi (van Rooij et al., ), a me 2 mau makahiki (Liau et al., ) ae ia no hoi. E pili ana i nā kumu kūpono o nā keaka pāʻani, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina kaumaha loa i wānana i nā pilikia pili i ka wā e hiki mai ana (Mößle a me Rehbein, ). ʻIke ʻia kahi hōʻike lōʻihi ʻōiwi i ke kaona ma ke ʻano he antecedent a me ka hopena o ka pāʻani pathological (Lemmens et al., ), e hōʻike ana he mea nui loa ka minamina no ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pono pili pāʻani. Eia kekahi, he nui nā haʻawina hoʻoliʻina me nā mea i hui pū ʻia e pili ana i ka hui ʻana ma waena o ke ʻano pāʻani pāʻani, hōʻeha a me ka inu ʻona. ʻOiai ka hopena o ka hana ʻino i nā pāʻani wikiō e pili ana i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ke ola maoli (Funk et al., ; Ferguson, ) aia nō kekahi mau loiloi e hōʻike ana i ka maʻi pāʻani, ʻaʻole i ʻike, e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā keiki kāne (Lemmens et al., ), a ʻo kēlā me kēia poʻe me nā hana keu e ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aʻe ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa e kūkulu i ka pāʻani pathological (Kim et al., ). Ua hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina cross-sectional i nā pilikia pili i ka waiʻona a me ka pili ʻana o ka pāʻani pāʻani (Ko et al., ; van Rooij et al., ), ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻikepili ʻē aʻe i kahi ʻili like (Brunborg et al., ; Kaess et al., ).

Ma kahi o kekahi mau haʻawina, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wahine kekahi mea nui i ka pāʻani wikiō, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne i loko o nā pāʻani wikiō (Mentzoni et al., ; van Rooij et al., ; Yu me Cho, ) a hiki ke koho ʻia i nā mea hana pilikia ma mua o nā wahine (Mentzoni et al., ; Brunborg et al., ; Yu me Cho, ; Milani et al., ). Eia nō naʻe, aia nō kekahi mau noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka pili ʻole o nā moe i ka pili e pili ana i ka antecedents a me nā hopena o ka pāʻani (Lemmens et al., ; Brunborg et al., ). Eia nō naʻe, he pono e ʻike i ka ʻike hohonu hou e pili ana i ka wahine ma ke ʻano he mea kākau i ke pathogenesis o nā pāʻani pāʻani (APA Task Force on Violent Media, ), a no ka holo lōʻihi ʻana ma ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka noʻonoʻo olakino a me ka pāʻani pāʻani ʻana.

E aʻo i ka 1

Ua pili ka hopena ma waena o ka olakino noʻonoʻo olakino a me nā pāʻani pathological i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kahi kūlana kūʻiʻo

Nā loiloi longitudinal mua i loiloi i ka pāʻani patological he ʻano unidimensional kūkulu (Lemmens et al., ; Yu et al., ), kahi i hiolo ʻia ai nā hōʻailona a nānā ʻia ke ʻano o ke pāʻani me ka hoʻomau ʻana mai ka haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. A unidimensional conceptualization o ka papa patele e hiki ai i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻia o ka pilina pili i waena o nā hōʻailona o ka pāʻani pāʻani a me ka olakino noʻonoʻo i loko o hoʻokahi hoʻohālike, e hōʻike ana i ka pilina pili ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole ma luna o ka manawa (Jeon, ).

E kū'ē i kēia kua, ʻo ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo mua ʻana e maopopo ka antecedents a me nā hopena, a me nā kaona ʻokoʻa, nā pilikia o nā pāʻani wikiō. He haka unidimensional kahi papa hana pāʻani i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua (Lemmens et al., ; Andreassen et al., ), ua noi ʻia (i kapa ʻia "gaming pathological" i ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa). Ua manaʻo mākou e loaʻa nā hui e like me ka hopena o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo a me nā hōʻailona o ka pāʻani patological. Ma muli o ke ʻano like o kēia noi, a me nā ʻike like ʻole mai nā haʻawina mua, ua noiʻi ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole (ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo a me ka pāʻani patological) e like me antecedents, a me nā hopena o nā pāʻani patological.

E aʻo i ka 2

Nā kuʻuna a me nā hopena o ka pāʻani pathological i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka pāʻani pāʻani i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hana hōʻino a me nā pilikia noʻonoʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i ka maʻi mai ke komo ʻana i ka pāʻani (Charlton a me Danforth, ; Brunborg et al., ; Kardefelt — Winther et al., ). ʻO kahi hoʻokolohua noiʻi ma kēia wahi ka mea e ʻike ai i nā loli e hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa i waena o ka pāʻani o ka pāʻani a me ka pāʻani kino ʻole ʻia (pilikia a me ka pilikia). ʻOiai ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka komo ʻana o ka pāʻani (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā pāʻani) pili i ka salience, ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano (peripheral criteria), pili i ka pāʻani pili ʻana i ka hakakā, hoʻihoʻi, hoʻihoʻi i nā pilikia ma ka pāʻani Kauakahi, ; Brunborg et al., ) pū kekahi. ʻO ka pilikia o nā pāʻani ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻopiha ʻana i kekahi mau mea, akā, ʻaʻole i pau nā pono hoʻohālikelike o nā kumu waiwai (Brunborg et al., ; Wittek et al., ).

Ke noi nei i kahi ʻano maʻamau e hōʻike ai i ka pili ʻana i nā mea ʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa paha ma waena o nā "mea pāʻani addict," "gamers pilikia pilikia," a me nā "pāʻani pāʻani". hopena ma mua o ka hoʻohui (Loton et al., ), a me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻohe pilina ma waena o ka pāʻani pāʻani wikiō a me nā pilikia olakino (Brunborg et al., , ). E ʻae pono nā ka ʻike ʻana i nā kūʻokoʻa no ka hoʻomaopopo hou ʻana i ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ke ʻano pāʻani o ka pāʻani, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hāmeʻa loiloi lāʻau lapaʻau, ka mālama ʻana a me nā mea pale. I ka ʻike mua ʻole o ka ʻike ʻike ʻaʻohe loiloi mua e noiʻi nei i nā hui i waena o ka olakino noʻonoʻo a me nā kīʻaha o nā ʻano pāʻani like ʻole i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike nui i nā ʻōpio wā lōʻihi.

ʻO ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana 2 ka mea e noiʻi ai i nā antecedents a me nā hopena o nā typologies ʻekolu (i hoʻohui ʻia, ka pilikia, a me ke ʻano o nā mea pāʻani) i ka manawa o ka manawa. Manaʻo mākou e loaʻa i kahi nui o nā antecedents, a me nā helu he nui e pili ana i nā "mea pāʻani addict," ma mua o nā "mea pāʻani pilikia," a me nā "mea hana pāʻani." Ma muli o ke ʻano hōʻaila o kēia aʻo, a me ka nele o nā haʻawina mua. ke noiʻi nei i nā ʻano mea pāʻani like ʻole e noi ana i kahi ʻano typological, nā ʻano like ʻole (ka noʻonoʻo olakino a me ka pāʻani) i noiʻi ʻia e like me antecedents a me nā hopena.

E aʻo i ka 3

Ke kūpaʻa kino a me nā ʻōnaehana kūkulu e hoʻohana ana i kahiʻike kulekele

Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻimi ʻana o nā kumu a me nā hopena, ʻo nā haʻawina lōʻihi me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻokolokolo pono i kahi kūlana i kekahi manawa. Hāʻawi ke kino pilikino o ka pāʻani i kahi hōʻike inā he pilikia ka hopena ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i ka manawa maʻamau, ma muli o ka hoʻonaninani, a inā he hoʻomau paha ke ʻano. I kēia lā, ua hui ʻia nā hopena mai nā noiʻi e noiʻi nei i ka paʻa o nā pāʻani pili pāʻani. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi noiʻi kiʻekiʻe paʻa kino kino o 84% ma hope o 2 mau makahiki (Gentile et al., ), aia kekahi e loaʻa ana ʻo 50% o nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele online me nā hōʻailona maʻi huakaʻi, e noho mau ana ma hope o 1 makahiki (van Rooij et al., ). Ua hōʻike nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe i nā hana ma lalo o 2.8% ma hope o ka makahiki 1 (Rothmund et al., ) a me <1% ma hope o 2 mau makahiki (Strittmatter et al., ). I ka maikaʻi o ko mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe mea e aʻo ai i nā ʻōkuhi hoʻomohala o nā ʻano kīnā like o nā mea pāʻani ma luna o ka manawa. No laila, nā ʻumi ma waena o nā "mea pāʻani addicted," "nā mea pāʻani pilikia," "nā mea pāʻani maalea" a me nā mea maʻamau a me nā mea pāʻani ʻole ke loiloi ma mua.

No laila, ʻo ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 3 ʻo ia e noiʻi i ka noho kino kino o nā "ʻenehana manuahi," a me nā loli e kū nei ma waena o nā "ʻenikani pilikia," "Pāʻani pāʻani," a me "mau mea pāʻani" i nā manawa.

Nā Papahana

Ke kaʻina hana a me ka ʻālana

Ua noi ʻia nā haʻawina ʻekolu i nā ʻike nui mai ka lōʻihi o ka loiloi nui ʻōlima, pāʻani, a me ka lawena lāʻau lapaʻau i nā wā ʻōpio. Kahi nūhou makaʻāina o nā ʻōpiopio o 3,000 (50% wahine) wahine 17.5 mau makahiki he mea huki ʻia mai ka Norehu o ka Panakū Norehu ma 2012 (Wave 1). ʻ werelelo ʻia nā ʻōpio i nā kumu o ke aʻo ʻana, e mālama pololei ʻia ka ʻike a pau, a e hoʻohana wale nā ​​ʻikepili i nā mea noiʻi. Loaʻa ʻia nā ʻatikala i kākau ʻia mai nā poʻe a pau i komo. ʻAʻole i koi ʻia ka makua ma luna o nā ʻōpio i luna aʻe o nā makahiki o 16. Loaʻa nā mea a pau i pane mai ma Wave 1 ma muli o nā loiloi e pili ana i ka leka uila (2013 a me 2014) me nā hoʻomanaʻo he ʻelua no kēlā me kēia nalu. Hiki ke pane ʻia ka loiloi ma ka pepa a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma ka envelope o ka prepaid i pane ʻia a i ʻole pane i ka pūnaewele. Ua loaʻa nā mea a pau i kahi palapala i hāʻawi ʻia me kahi waiwai o 200 NOK (~ 18 UK £) ma hope o kēlā me kēia nalu. ʻO ka noiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi me ke kaʻina ʻae i kau ʻia ma mua, i ʻae ʻia e ke Komite Helu no ka Medical and Health Research, Ethics, South East Region (Number Number: 2012 / 914).

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā nalu ʻekolu (2012, 2013, 2014) i loko o nā haʻawina ʻekolu i kau ʻia ma ka pepa o kēia manawa. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio 3,000 i kono ʻia ma 2012, ʻaʻole i hiki ʻia ka 54 ma muli o nā kuhikuhi pololei ʻole, ʻaʻole naʻe i hiki i 23 nā pane ma muli o nā kumu ʻē aʻe e like me ka maʻi cognitive, ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i kā mākou hoʻohālike me 2,923. I ka nalu mua, ua pane nā ʻōpiopio 2,059 (pane pane o 70.4%, 53% wahine). ʻEhā mau hihia i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka mea he ʻōpio ʻo lākou ma mua o 17 makahiki, a he ʻehā mau hihia i hōʻike ʻole ʻia ai kā lākou moeʻuhane a ua kū ʻole ʻia. I ka hawewe lua, ua pane ka nui o nā kānaka 1,334 (ka noho pio ʻana o 64.9%, wahine 58.7%); a i ka hopena hope loa, pane mai ʻo 1,277 (ka noho pio 62.1%, wahine 61.7%).

Pauku a me nā mea hana

Nā ʻano hoʻohālike Demographic

ʻO ka hoʻopili ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā nīnau sociodemographic e pili ana i ka wahine.

mea piliwaiwai

ʻO ka loiloi pathological i loiloi ma ke hoʻohana ʻana i ka Palapala Hoʻohui Game no nā ʻōpio (GASA) (Lemmens et al., ). Aia ka GASA i ʻehiku mau huahana e ana ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻelima ʻenehana me nā koho pane mai ana “ʻaʻole” (Hoffman lāua ʻo Nadelson,) ) iā "pinepine pinepine" (Petry lāua ʻo O'brien, ). Kahi ʻia ka helu pākahi me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka helu o kēlā me kēia mea. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pākuʻikahi no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ke komoʻana, pilikia, a me nā mea pāʻani addicted e hoʻohana ana i ka CORE 4 hoʻolālā (Brunborg et al., , ; Wittek et al., ), ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hui like ʻole e like me Charlton lāua ʻo Danforth's () nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ka hōʻalo a me ke komo nui ʻana (Charlton a me Danforth, ). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea i pane ʻia ma ke ʻano he "mea pāʻani pāʻani" i ka manawa o nā mea ʻehā e ana ana i nā pae hoʻohālikelike o ka addictin (hoʻi hou, haʻalele, hakakā a me nā pilikia ma muli o ka pāʻani ʻana) a ʻae ʻia he "gamer pilikia" i ka manawa he ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau kumu nui o ka hoʻāla i kākoʻo ʻia. ʻO nā ʻōpio nāna i ʻae i nā mea ʻekolu a pau i manaʻo ʻia he peripheral to addiction (salience, tolerance, and mood modification) a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi o nā pae hoʻohālikelike o ke kūpina i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he "mea pāʻani pāʻani." ʻO nā mea paneʻe i koe i komo i ka hui hoʻokūkū ʻole ʻole / ʻole pilikia / pili ʻole (e hoʻopili pū nei me nā mea pāʻani ʻole). E hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka hoʻohana dimensional o GASA a me nā typologies ʻekolu, e hoʻohana ʻia ka "pāʻani pathological" ma ke ʻano he wā ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka hoʻohana dimensional o GASA, akā ʻo "gamer i hoʻopili ʻia," "nā mea pāʻani pilikia," a me "nā mea pāʻani addict. ”Hoʻohana ʻia no ke ʻano typological. ʻO kā Alpha alpha o Cronbach no GASA ma nā nalu ʻekolu ʻo 0.89, 0.90, a me 0.90.

ʻO ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha

No ke ana ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha i ka Hōʻeha Hoʻohālikelike a me ke Kanikau (HADS) (Zigmond a me Snaith, ) lawelawe ʻia. Loiloi ʻo HADS i nā ʻōuli ʻole vegetative o ke kaumaha a me ka hopohopo me nā mea ʻehiku e nānā ana i ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha. Pane ʻia nā mea āpau ma ka pālākiō ʻehā mai ka 0 a hiki i ka 3. ʻO nā helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka alpha Cronbach no nā nalu ʻekolu ʻo 0.76, 0.80, a me 0.81 no ka hopohopo, a me 0.69, 0.73, a me 0.76 no ke kaumaha.

Loneliness

No ke ana i ka minamina, ua hoʻokele mākou i nā Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS) (Roberts et al., ). RULS mau ʻewalu mau mea e nānā ana i ke kaona hūnā ma nā ʻehā ʻehā mai nā “ʻaʻole” (Hoffman lāua ʻo Nadelson,) ) i "pinepine" (Van Rooij a me Kardefelt-Winther,) ). Kauoha ʻia nā mea pane e hōʻike i kahi e pili ai kēlā me kēia ʻōlelo iā lākou. ʻO kā Alpha alpha o Cronbach no kēia pālākiō ʻo 0.75, 0.81, a me 0.80 ma Nalu 1-3.

ʻAkohola inu wai

Ua loiloi ʻia ka inu ʻokoʻa me ka Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) (Bush et al., ). Loiloi ʻo AUDIT-C i ka inu waiʻona me ʻekolu mau mea e helu ana i ke alapine a me ka nui o ka inu ʻana ma ka pālākiō ʻelima mai ka 0 a i ka 4. ʻO nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma ka AUDIT-C e hōʻike ana i ka inu waiʻona kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā alphas a Cronbach no kēia pālākiō ʻo 0.77, 0.71, a me 0.67 ma Nā hawewe 1-3.

Paʻi

ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi kino a me ke ʻano Verbal i nā nīnau Nānā Pōkole Buss-Perry Agnaiki (BPAQ-SF) (Diamond a me Magaletta, ) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau hana. Loaʻa i nā ʻōpū ʻuhane a me ke Verbal ʻehā a me ʻekolu mau mea, pane kēlā me kēlā me kēia ma ke ʻano ʻelima mau wahi mai ka “ʻae ʻole iaʻu” (0) i "like me aʻu" (4). Hōʻike ka helu kiʻekiʻe i kahi kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana. Ma Waves 1 – 3 ka alphas Cronbach he 0.80, 76, a me 0.78 no nā keʻena kūlohelohe o ke kino, a me 0.66, 0.68, a me 0.67 no ka haʻihaʻi o ka waha o ka maʻi.

NānāʻIke Heluhelu

Ua mālama ʻia ka loiloi mua a me ka loiloi noiʻi ma ka hoʻohana ʻana iā SPSS, version 25 (Corp, ). No ka nānā ʻana i ka huila, ua kūkulu mākou i kahi ʻano nominal e noʻonoʻo nei i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea āpau 7 GASA-ʻokoʻa (a i ʻole a i ʻole). Ua helu ʻia ka komo ʻana ma ka nalu āpau me 1, ka nalo ma T2 ma 2, nalowale ma T3 ua helu ʻia ʻo 3, a nalowale hoʻi ma ka T2 a ʻo T3 i kālai ʻia ma 4. A laila hana mākou i kahi loiloi multinomial regression me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka moekolohe, a me nā hana aʻe e pili ana i ka T1 e like me antecedents: "gaming pathological" , a me ka inu waiwai.

Ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi hou ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ka pa alima holoʻokoʻa ma Mplus, kahi 7.4 (Muthén a me Muthén, ).

E aʻo i ka 1

Ma ka noiʻina mua, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano alaloa i kū ʻia me nā hōʻailona nānā e ana i ke ana o ka hopena o ka hopena o ka hopena noʻonoʻo a me ka pāʻani ma nā nalu ʻekolu (e ʻike i ke Kuhi ʻOKiX1).1). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka manaʻo nui loa me ka maikaʻi ʻole o nā hemahema. No nā māka no nā unahi, ua helu ʻia nā helu kūlike. Ma kēia loiloi, ua hana ka unidimensional o GASA a ua hui pū ʻia ka ʻatikala e ka wahine i ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa wahine ka hopena. ʻO ka pāʻani a me ka puʻuwai olakino e like me ke ʻano (ke kaumaha, ke kaumaha) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka manawa like i ʻae ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. Mālama ke ala i hiki i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o nā kuhi ʻikepili me ka hoʻomau ʻana, a makemake mākou e hōʻoia i ke kuhi manaʻo ʻana o ka kumu hoʻohālike e like me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hana hoʻohālike mua. ʻEhā ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike hou me kekahi o kēia mau palena: "ʻaʻohe hopena o ka pāʻani" (M1) "ʻaʻohe antecedents o ke pāʻani" (M2), "wā kiko" (M3) a me ka "wahine pili" (M4).

ʻO kahi faila i waho e paʻa ana i kahi kiʻi, kiʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he fpsyg-09-02239-g0001.jpg

Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ke ala polile e hele ai i ke ʻano pāʻani o ka pathological (GASA) i nā ʻano noʻonoʻo olakino (nā ana hopena).

I nā hoʻohālikelike ʻole nā ʻaʻohe hopena o ka pāʻani, nā hopena o ke pāʻani ma nā loli hopena (ala a me ke ala b) i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i zero. I nā palena paʻa ʻia o ʻaʻohe antecedents o ka pāʻani, ua ke kumu o ka hopena o ka hopena ma ka pāʻani (ala c a me ke ala d) i kaupalena ʻia i ke kīwī.

He kaulike manawa ua āohi ʻia ma ka waiho ʻana i nā hopena āpau o ka pāʻani a i ʻole nā ​​hopena hopena e like me waena o nā ana āpau (ala i = ala b, ala c = ala d), kau i nā hopena āpau o ka manawa. I nā hiʻohiʻona me ka moooleloʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia nā hopena o ka moekolohe i loko o ka hōʻike ʻana.

Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona paʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻole ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hōʻike Satorra-Bentler chi square test (Satorra a me Bentler, ), hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka manaʻo nui loa me ka maikaʻi loa o nā hemahema (scorpr error scaling) (MLR) me ka hoʻoponopono ʻia o ka hopena (Muthé a me Muthén, ). Inā ʻaʻole i kū like ka manaʻo o nā kuhi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka data, e hāleʻa ʻia ke ʻano hoʻohālike. No laila, kahi hopena koʻikoʻi ma ka hōʻike chi-square e hōʻike i kūpono ke kū ʻole i ke kumu hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kā mākou ʻike ma mua o ka hoʻohālike me nā kuhi paʻa. Kahi hopena hopena ʻaʻole e hōʻike i kahi hoʻohālike i kaupalena ʻia i ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻole ʻia (Bryant a me Satorra, ), e hōʻike ana e pili ana i ka palena paʻa i hana ʻia me ka ʻikepili.

E aʻo i ka 2

No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā wānana no kahiʻike typology, ua papa inoa mākou i ke kūlana pāʻani i ʻehā mau pūʻulu: (1) Nā mea pāʻani maalea, (2) Nā mea pāʻani pilikia, (3) Pāʻani manuahi, a (4) Pāʻani pilikia / i ʻole hana kime / hana ʻole ʻokoʻa ka hui (ma hope ma ke ʻano he "hui kūlike") e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻokele Core 4 (Brunborg et al., ).

I ka pau ʻana o nā hoʻohālikelike o hope, ua noiʻi ʻia inā ua wānana ke kūlana pāʻani i ka hopena ola olakino (ma hope aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā hopena") a i ʻole ka hopena o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo i wānana i ke kūlana pāʻani (ma kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "antecedents"). E like me ke kūlana o ka pāʻani i ka hoʻololi ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka loiloi regression multinomial e noiʻi i nā antecedents o ke kūlana pāʻani. No ka nānā ʻana i nā hopena o ke kūlana pāʻani, ʻo ke ʻano o ka pāʻani ka helu ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mana kūʻokoʻa me nā hopena noʻonoʻo. Kāohi mākou i ka moekolohe, ka hōʻailona typology, a me nā helu ma ka neʻe mua ma luna o nā hopena hopena. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā ʻano noiʻi ʻelua i ka hoʻohālike like, a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana no kēlā me kēia hopena hopena. Ua kālele mua nā ʻatikala o nā pāʻani a me nā hopena hopena me 1 makahiki waena (T1-T2, T2-T3), a laila i loko o kahi hiʻohiʻona hou e noiʻi ana i nā hopena ma 2 mau makahiki (T1 – T3). E kūkākūkā nā hopena o nā loiloi regression e like me nā ʻike ma ke aʻo ʻana 1, e nānā hou i nā hui i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka pāʻani patological a i ke olakino noʻonoʻo i ka manawa.

E aʻo i ka 3

Ke noiʻi nei i ka kūpaʻa a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea pāʻani addicted, nā mea pāʻani pilikia a me nā mea pāʻani manawaleʻa, ua manaʻo mākou i kahi kumu huna o Markov i hūnā ʻia o nā hoʻololi hoʻololi ma waena o nā mea pono ʻekolu o nā mea pāʻani, a me ka hui kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻohālike ʻia ʻo Hidden Markov e koho i nā hoʻololi hoʻololi ma waena o nā ʻano hiki ʻole i ka manawa manawa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenemi i nānā ʻia e koho i ka hana a Markov i lalo o ka mana a me ka nānā ʻole ʻia, kahi i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ma ke ʻano he Markov mana, aia ma luna o ka manaʻo e hilinaʻi nei ka hopena o ke kūlana o kēia manawa i ka pae mua (Zucchini et al., ; Muthén a me Muthén, ).

Results

Keʻumeʻa

ʻO nā poʻe komo 2,055, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻia ke 21 ma muli o ka nalo ʻana o nā mea ma GASA ma Wave 1. ʻO nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i koe, komo ʻo 999 i nā nalu āpau; Ua nele ʻo 256 ma Wave 2, aia nā 309 ma Wave 3, a ua nele nā ​​470 ma nā Waves 2 a me 3. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, nāwaliwali o ka nalo ana i nāwaliwali me kahi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka nalowale ʻana ma Wave 3 ua wānana ʻia e ke kāne male (OR = 0.52, p = 0.001), a ma o nā inu ʻemi kiʻekiʻe aʻe aʻe (OR = 1.10, p = 0.01). ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana ma Waves 2 a me 3 ua wānana ʻia e ke kāne male (OR = 0.31, p = 0.00), a me ka inu wai kiʻekiʻe (OR = 1.08, p = 0.01), a i ka hoʻohui pū ʻana i ka mea kani (OR = 4.58, p = 0.02).

E aʻo i ka 1

Antecedents a me nā hopena o nā pāʻani pathological

Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka hui ma waena o ka pāʻani pathological a me nā hopena olakino ma ka papaʻaina paʻa ʻole ʻOTable11.

1 Pūnaewele

Ke kumu hoʻohālikelike ala ala ʻōiwi o nā antecedents a me nā hopena o nā pilikia o nā pāʻani.

Hoʻolālā betaPaʻa ʻia
Alanui AAlanui BAlanui CAlanui Dχ2 (df ​​= 8)CFITLIRMSEASRMRn
KANAKA
Boys0.14**0.070.030.01115.330.9070.6740.1140.050963
Girls0.13***0.12**0.11**0.12**1,088
ANXIETY
Boys0.11*0.070.03-0.0293.930.9360.7760.1020.042963
Girls0.07*0.07*0.050.051,088
LONELriv
Boys0.070.050.040.0192.470.9330.7670.1010.044962
Girls0.070.080.10*0.08*1,088
ALCOHOL
Boys-0.03-0.05-0.05-0.0676.620.9380.7840.0910.038963
Girls0.010.01-0.001-0.041,087
NA MEA KULA
Boys0.09*0.020.04-0.04103.730.9230.7300.1080.043963
Girls0.030.030.02-0.0031,088
HALEKA KAKOU
Boys0.05-0.030.050.0587.910.9380.7820.0990.040963
Girls0.040.060.08*0.051,088

Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hopena noʻonoʻo i ka hopena o ka pāʻani ma ke ala A a me ke ala B, ʻoiai ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka olakino noʻonoʻo e like me nā antecedents o ka pāʻani ma ke ala C a me ke ala D.

*p <0.05.
**p <0.01.
***p <0.001.

Nā hopena o ka hōʻike Satorra-Bentler o nā ʻokoʻa kūlike chi ma waena o kahi paʻa ʻole alaloa a me nā hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike (e nānā i ka Apehu A-D no nā papa) i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa ʻOTable2.2. ^ E Ha yM. Pākaukau ʻOTable22 hōʻike i ka hōʻike hōʻike no ʻaʻohe hopena o ka pāʻani nui no ke kaumaha, kaumaha a me ka minamina, ke hōʻike nei i ke kīpē ʻana o kēia mau ʻōuli i ka hopena o nā papa kuhikuhi e pili ʻole ana. ʻO ka ʻike no ʻaʻohe antecedents o ka pāʻani He mea nui no ke kaumaha, ka minamina a me ka hōʻemi kino ʻana, e hōʻike ana he mau antecedents kēia mau ʻōnaehana me ka papa o ka pāʻani. Pēlā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumu hoʻohālikelike i ka wā e kaupalena ana i nā hopena a me nā antecedents i nā ʻano kikoʻī i hōʻike ʻia. Hōʻike nā hōʻike i loaʻa ka manaʻo manaʻo poepoe e like me ke kaumaha, i ʻole he hopena he hopena no ka petological gaming. No laila, ua ʻike mākou i ka hoʻoulu kino kino e lilo i antecedent o ka pāʻani pathological, hopohopo e like me ka hopena o ka petological gaming, a ua ʻike mākou i kahi hui huakaʻi ma waena o ke kaumaha, ka minamina a me nā pāʻani patological. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike omnibus a i ʻole e pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā ​​makahiki ma waena o nā ʻekolu manawa. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia no nā hana noʻonoʻo olakino a me nā hopena o nā pāʻani patological i like nō no nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine, kūʻokoʻa o ka makahiki i kēia noiʻi.

2 Pūnaewele

ʻO Satorra-Bentler chi square test e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā hoʻohālina ala ʻae e pili ana i nā hopena o ka pāʻani pathological, antecedents no ka pāʻani pathological, mea kuhi paʻa ʻole, a me nā ʻokoʻa keu i ka hoʻohālike ʻole.

M1: ʻAʻohe hopena o ka pāʻani (df = 4)M2: ʻAʻohe antecedents o ka pāʻani (df = 4)M3: Ka manawa manawa (df = 8)M4: ka hoʻohālikelike o ka wahine (df = 8)
kaumaha37.84*20.47*6.1611.52
Mamua19.51*6.1813.275.99
Loneliness12.82*16.92*8.5010.43
Alcohol2.185.4112.1413.27
ʻO ka hoʻonāukiuki Verbal7.282.388.867.86
Hoʻohui kino kino7.3110.66*12.037.44

Nā kuhi o ke kūʻokoʻa i hōʻike ʻia, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kumu paʻa i ʻole ka hoʻohālikelike ʻole ʻia.

*p <0.05.

E aʻo i ka 2

Nā Antecedents a me nā hopena o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻekolu o nā mea pāʻani

papaʻaina ʻOTable33 Hōʻike i nā hopena mai ka loiloi regression multinomial. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i ke kaumaha i wānana i ka pāʻani o ka pāʻani wikiō mai T1 – T2, a mai T1 – T3. Ua wānana hoʻi ka kaumaha ma ke ʻano o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pilikia pilikia me ka makahiki 1 (T1-T2, T2 – T3) akā ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau makahiki (T1-T3). Ua wānana ka līlū hapa i ka pāʻani wikiō pāʻani a me ka pāʻani pilikia mai T1 – T2, a me nā helu āpau o nā pāʻani mai T1-T3. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka inu ʻawaʻawa ua wānana ʻia ka pāʻani pāʻani pilikia mai ka T2 – T3, a me T1 – T3, aʻo ka wai inu wai kiʻekiʻe i wānana i ka pāʻani i ke kala i ka makahiki ʻelua o ke ana (ʻo ka T2-T3). T1 – T2), a me ka hōʻeuʻeu kino kino wānana i nā ʻano āpau o nā pāʻani i ka manawa like o ke ana ʻana.

3 Pūnaewele

ʻO ka loiloi reginomial multinomial e hōʻike ana i nā antecedents no ka "gamer pili," "gamer pilikia" a me "gamer addicted." ʻO ka hui ʻokoʻa ka pūlima o nā māhele pili.

OR [95% CI]
Ua hanaKapuPāʻaniʻia
KANAKA
T1 – T21.11*
[1.02-1.22]		1.11**
[1.03-1.19]		1.08
[0.94-1.23]
T2 – T31.04
[0.94-1.16]		1.11*
[1.02-1.21]		1.22
[0.95-1.55]
T1 – T31.15**
[1.05-1.27]		1.05
[0.97-1.14]		1.09
[0.87-1.37]
ANXIETY
T1 – T21.08
[0.98-1.18]		1.05
[0.99-1.12]		1.07
[0.92-1.23]
T2 – T31.09
[0.97-1.22]		0.98
[0.89-1.07]		0.93
[0.78-1.11]
T1 – T31.06
[0.95-1.20]		1.05
[0.98-1.13]		0.97
[0.82-1.14]
LONELriv
T1 – T21.11**
[1.04-1.19]		1.07*
[1.01-1.13]		1.06
[0.98-1.15]
T2 – T31.08
[0.99-1.16]		1.05
[0.99-1.11]		1.07
[0.94-1.23]
T1 – T31.08*
[1.01-1.16]		1.08*
[1.01-1.15]		1.16**
[1.05-1.28]
KOMOHANO AlCOHOL
T1 – T20.90
[0.76-1.06]		0.97
[0.87-1.08]		1.19
[0.89-1.58]
T2 – T30.87
[0.68-1.10]		0.78*
[0.63-0.98]		1.46*
[1.03-2.07]
T1 – T30.94
[0.76-1.16]		0.78**
[0.65-0.93]		0.96
[0.75-1.23]
NA MEA KULA
T1 – T21.16*
[1.03- 1.31]		1.11*
[1.01-1.21]		1.15
[0.99-1.34]
T2 – T31.00
[0.85- 1.16]		0.95
[0.83-1.09]		0.66
[0.41-1.08]
T1 – T30.96
[0.84-1.10]		1.04
[0.93-1.17]		0.75
[0.54-1.04]
HALEKA KAKOU
T1 – T21.12**
[1.04-1.21]		1.10**
[1.03-1.16]		1.19**
[1.07-1.31]
T2 – T31.01
[0.90-1.14]		1.05
[0.96-1.15]		0.91
[0.68-1.21]
T1 – T31.04
[0.95-1.13]		1.02
[0.95-1.09]		0.94
[0.78-1.13]

Kāhea ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pauku ʻana o ka papa kaukani, a me ka mua o ka hopena o ka hopena no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻikepili. Ka hōʻike ʻana i ka manawa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo T1 – T2) i loaʻa ma lalo o ka hopena hopena, e hōʻike ana ke ʻano o ka hopena i ka nalu mua e wānana i ka hāmeʻa o ke pāʻani i ka nalu lua..

*p <0.05,
**p <0.01.

papaʻaina ʻOTable44 hōʻike i ka hopena o ka loiloi linear regression e hōʻike ana i nā hopena o nā papa pāʻani āpau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hui kūlike. Ua loaʻa ke kaumaha ke kīnā he hopena o ka pāʻani ma hope o ka makahiki 1 (T1-T2), a me nā ʻano āpau o nā pāʻani ma nā makahiki 2 (T1 – T3). Ua loaʻa ka lelo i kahi hopena o ka pāʻani pilikia ma hope o 1 makahiki (T1-T2), a ma hope o nā makahiki 2 (T1-T3). Ua loaʻa ka haunaele ma ke ʻano o ka pāʻani i ke ʻano ma hope o nā makahiki 2 (T1-T3). Ua ʻike ʻia ka hana ʻino Verbal ma muli o nā pilikia o ka pāʻani ma hope o ka makahiki 1 (T1-T2).

4 Pūnaewele

Ke hōʻike nei ka loiloi kanikau e pili ana i nā hopena o ke "gamer pili," "gamer pilikia" a me "gamer addicted," i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hui hoʻohālikelike me nā makahiki 1 ma waena o nā ana.

Koho UAHU NUI (STDY)
T1 – T2T2 – T3T1 – T3
KANAKA
Ua hana0.130.300.38*
Kapu0.42***0.120.33***
Pāʻaniʻia0.520.330.58**
ANXIETY
Ua hana0.040.070.19
Kapu0.150.150.13
Pāʻaniʻia0.24-0.040.38**
LONELriv
Ua hana0.150.290.06
Kapu0.30**0.140.30**
Pāʻaniʻia0.11-0.060.08
KOMOHANO AlCOHOL
Ua hana-0.070.26-0.02
Kapu-0.01-0.22-0.02
Pāʻaniʻia-0.08-0.26-0.01
NA MEA KULA
Ua hana0.100.010.25
Kapu0.19*-0.030.11
Pāʻaniʻia0.210.08-0.15
HALEKA KAKOU
Ua hana0.09-0.040.11
Kapu0.06-0.010.13
Pāʻaniʻia-0.180.38-0.12

Kāhea ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pauku ʻana o ka papa kaukani, a me ka mua o ka hopena o ka hopena no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻikepili.

*p <0.05,
**p <0.01,
***p <0.001.

E aʻo i ka 3

ʻO ka kūpaʻa a me nā hana e hele nei ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea pāʻani

ʻO ka hoʻoili ʻia o ka "gamer pili," "ka mea pāʻani hoʻopihapiha," "kahi mea pāʻani hoʻopili" a me nā hui kūʻokoʻa ma luna o nā nalu ʻekolu i loaʻa i ka Apenohui E, a me nā helu ʻai no kēlā me kēia hui i ka hopena o ka hopena i ka mua a me ka neʻe hope i loaʻa i ka ʻApika F. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana ʻo Markov i ka Papa ʻOTable5.5. Hōʻike ʻOHōʻikeʻia ka Figure22 hāʻawi i kahi pakuhi o Sankey o ka hoʻololi i waena o ka poʻe pāʻani. Ua kuhi ʻia ka ikaika o ka typology gamer typology ʻo 35%. No nā mea maʻamau a pau o nā mea pāʻani, ke ʻole ka lawena, e koe ana ma ka papa like i ka manawa o 2 mau makahiki he nui kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mana kīnā. No ka mea i loea i nā mea pili i ka lawena, aia ka palena kiʻekiʻe e hele ai i ka "gamer pilikia" i ke alualu o ka wā (53%), ma mua o ka noho ʻana ma ka māhele hoʻohui (35%). Ma aneane ʻaʻohe loli ma waena o "addicted" i "gam" hoʻi (0%) a mai "pili" i ke kani "addicted" (2%).

5 Pūnaewele

Latent hoʻololi kūloko ʻana i ʻehā mau māhele o nā mea pāʻani e pili ana i kahi loiloi Hidden Markov i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pakeneka.

%
Ua hanaKapulamaAkä naÿe
Ua hana52200226
Kapu16590817
lama00533512
Akä naÿe000000100

ʻO kahi faila i waho e paʻa ana i kahi kiʻi, kiʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he fpsyg-09-02239-g0002.jpg

Sankey pakuhi e hōʻike nei i nā loli i hoʻohalike ʻia ma waena o nā ʻekolu o nā mea pāʻani o ka mea pāʻani, a me nā hui kūlike o nā ʻōpio i hāʻule ʻole i loko o nā palapala pāʻani ʻekolu. Kuhi ʻia ka mea hoʻohālikelike me nā loli ma waena o T1 – T2-T3.

kūkākūkā

E aʻo i ka 1

Antecedents a me nā hopena o nā pāʻani pathological

ʻO ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 1 e hoʻomaopopo i ka antecedents a me nā hopena o ka pāʻani pathological i kekahi manawa o 2 mau makahiki. Ua ʻike mākou, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ka hui like ʻole ma waena o nā hōʻailona noʻonoʻo o ka noʻonoʻo ma ke ʻano o ke aloha a me ke kaumaha i ka pāʻani pathological. E pili ana i ke kahenahe, ua like ko kā mākou ʻike i nā ʻike i hōʻike ʻia e Lemmens et al. (() e hōʻike ana he alakaʻi nui paha i ke pāʻani i ka pathological a me nā ʻokoʻa. I nā haʻawina lōʻihi lōʻihi, ua loaʻa wale ke kaumaha i ka hopena ma ka hopena o nā petological pathological (Mößle a me Rehbein, ; ʻO Mihara lāua ʻo Higuchi, ), akā, ke hōʻike nei ka loiloi i kēia manawa i nā hōʻailona o ke kaumaha e wānana i ka pāʻani pathological pū kekahi. E like me nā ʻimi mua (Gentile et al., ), ua manaʻo ʻia ka hopohopo ma ke ʻano o ka pāʻani patele. Hiki i kēia e wehewehe i nā hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana waho ma o ka nohona olakino maoli (Lo et al., ) paha, a i ʻole ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pūnaewele a me ka ʻike pūnaewele ma muli o ka ʻike ʻole ʻole o ka ʻike ʻole ʻole i ka honua maoli. Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka noiʻi mua ʻana i ka hōʻeha kino ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka pāʻani ʻana (Lemmens et al., ). Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hōʻeha kino i lilo i mea antecedent no ka pāʻani patological. Hiki ke kumu ia i ka manaʻo endogenous i ke ʻano hōʻeha kino, e hōʻoluʻolu ʻia paha i nā pāʻani wikiō ma mua o ka honua maoli (Kim et al., ). Hōʻike ka ʻike ʻana i ka hiki ʻana i ke kūlohelohe kino ke hōʻike i ka pilikia pilikia i ke alo i ka pilina, e hana ana i ka launa pū me ka pūnaewele (e like me ke pāʻani, ka pāʻani) i kahi ʻoniʻoni nui aʻe o ka ʻōpio ʻōpio.

E kūlike me nā haʻawina mua (Lemmens et al., ; Brunborg et al., ), nā hui ma waena o ka noʻonoʻo olakino a me nā pāʻani patological i kēia noiʻi i loaʻa i mea e invariant ma waena o ke kāne. Hōʻike kēia ʻike i ka mea ʻoi aku ka hopena o ke kāne ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea pāʻani pāʻani (Mentzoni et al., ; van Rooij et al., ), ke ala e hana ai nā mea olakino noʻonoʻo e like me antecedents a me nā hopena o ka pāʻani pathological, ua like no nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻano like ʻole i ke ʻano he theoretical sound i ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā makahiki i waena o 17.5 a me 19.5 mau makahiki ʻaʻole kūpono no ka hui ʻana ma waena o ka noʻonoʻo olakino a me ka pāʻani patological.

E aʻo i ka 2

Nā Antecedents a me nā hopena o nā pāʻani maʻamau

ʻO ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 2 ʻo ia ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hui kūikawā ma waena o ke olakino noʻonoʻo a me nā ʻekolu o ke ʻano o ka pāʻani, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pāʻani ʻole hana ʻole / a i ʻole i hoʻohui ʻia e like me nā mea i hōʻike. Ua noiʻi ʻia nā maʻi maʻamau ma muli o nā hopena a me nā poʻe antecedents o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo. Manaʻo mākou e ʻike e pili ana ka hui o nā mea pāʻani i ka nui o nā antecedences, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena ma mua o nā hui ʻē aʻe o nā mea pāʻani, i hōʻoia ʻia ʻaʻole ia i ka hihia i kēia aʻo nei. Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻike mai ka hōʻike 1, nā hopena kūpono mai ke aʻo ʻana 2 ka komo ʻana i ka kaumaha ma ke ʻano he antecedent no ka gamer e hoʻopili ana a pilikia, ʻoluʻolu a me ka hoʻoulu kino kino e like me antecedents no nā mea āpau āpau. E pili ana i nā hopena, ʻo nā hui e pili ana i ka minamina ma ka hopena o nā maʻi āpau, nā hopohopo e like me ka hōʻemi o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani, a me ke aloha e like me nā hopena kīwī pāʻani.

E like me ke kūkākūkā ʻana ma ka noi 1, ua ʻike mākou i nā hopena i hala i waena o nā pāʻani pathological a me ka mehameha a me ke kaumaha. I ka nānā ʻana i nā loli like i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā typology, ʻike ʻia ka mehameha he antecedent a me kahi hopena o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pilikia ', a ua ʻike ʻia ke kaumaha he antecedent a me kahi hopena o ka pāʻani ʻana o ka pilikia a me ka pāʻani pū ʻana. ʻO ka nāwaliwali akā koʻikoʻi, ka hui pānaʻi ma waena o ke kaumaha a me ka pāʻani pāʻani ʻana he mea kahaha paha ia no ka mea ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia e nā noiʻi i hala nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka pāʻani wikiō ʻana (Brunborg et al., ). Hōʻike ka ʻike o ka ʻikepili i nā salience, hoʻomanawanui, a me ka loli hoʻololi (periphery criterias), ʻo ia nā hōʻailona o ka IGD (American Psychiatric Association, ), he mea nui paha e hoʻomaopopo i ka pilina like me ka hāpai ʻana e like me ka pāʻani ma waena o ka pāʻani patological a me ke aloha ʻole / i kaumaha ke loaʻa ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana 1.

Aia nō kekahi mau hopena hoihoi e pili pū ana i ka pāʻani hoʻoili, hiki iā ia ke wehewehe i ke kumu i ʻike ʻia ai ka psychopathology ʻoi aʻe e pili pū me kēia hui (Loton et al., ). Ua loaʻa wale ka hopohopo ma muli o ka hopena no nā mea pāʻani addicted. Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻike mai ka noi ʻana ʻo 1, ʻaʻole he mea ia e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā hopohopo a me ka "pāʻani pathological" wale nō e pili ana i ka "pāʻani addicted" i ke aʻo ʻana 2. ʻAʻole loaʻa iā mākou kekahi kākoʻo no ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o ka inu wai ʻona a me nā pāʻani patological i ke aʻo ʻana i ka 1. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ma ka hōʻike ʻana o nā palaka lā i nā mea inu wai kiʻekiʻe i wānana ʻia i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka wikiō, ʻoiai ka wai inu wai wānana i wānana i ka pāʻani i ka pilikia ma ke aʻo ʻana 2. ʻO kēia mau ʻike i nā ala ʻōiwi e hiki ke hoʻopau i kekahi hopena i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai i ka pāʻani patological a me ke ʻano unidimensional, a no laila e ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana. ʻO kēia mau ʻike he mau ʻokoʻa maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā mea pāʻani addicted a me nā ʻano maʻamau, a pehea paha e wehewehe nei i ke kumu no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka wikiō wikiō e hoʻopiʻi hou i nā hoʻopiʻi olakino olakino ma mua o ka pāʻani ʻikepili pilikia (Brunborg et al., ). ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hui kūʻokoʻa e hōʻike i nā pāʻani hoʻoili i hōʻike ʻia, e hōʻike ana i kēia ʻano e wānana i ka psychopathology paʻakikī loa, ʻaʻole ia e wānana ʻia e ka olakino noʻonoʻo.

Hōʻike kā mākou mau ʻike i ka hana kūlohelohe kino i wānana i nā ʻano āpau o nā pāʻani i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hui mea e hōʻike. Hōʻike kēia i ka pilina ma waena o ka pāʻani a me ka hoʻonāukiuki i wehewehe ʻia e ka poʻe ʻōpio me nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike a me nā ʻano noʻonoʻo pili kino (Kim et al., ), ʻoi aku ka pilikia o ka pathology pāʻani, ʻaʻole ke pāʻani i ke kumu no ka hoʻouka ʻana no ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ua ʻike mākou i nā hōʻailona o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoweliweli wahaheʻe ma ke ʻano he antecedent o ka hana ʻana a me ka pāʻani pilikia, a ma muli o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pilikia, akā, ʻaʻole mau loa kēia mau ʻike i ka nalu ʻekolu, ʻaʻole hoʻi i kākoʻo ʻia e ka helu Satorra-Bentler ma ke aʻo ʻana i 1 . ^ E Ha yM. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hōʻike ko mākou mau ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻouluulu a me nā papa hana pāʻani e nānā pono ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia, no ka laʻana, he kumu hoʻohālikelike i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mea pāʻani (Ferguson et al., ) ai ʻole ka ʻoluʻolu gradication (Sherry et al., ), kahi mea e noʻonoʻo ai i ke kikowaena o ka mea pāʻani.

E aʻo i ka 3

Nūlā a me nā kiʻi o nā ʻano pāʻani pāʻani

ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka noi 3 e noiʻi i ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe o nā typologies pāʻani, a me nā hoʻololi e kū nei ma waena o nā typology a me ka hui ʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe o nā mea pāʻani addict i 35% i waenakonu o nā pae i hōʻike ʻia e nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe (<1-84%) (Gentile et al., ; van Rooij et al., ; Strittmatter et al., ; Rothmund et al., ). No laila, no ka hapanui o nā ʻōpio i hoʻohui ʻia i ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, ua ʻoi loa ka nui o nā hōʻailona pāʻani ma luna o nā makahiki o 2 mau makahiki. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana ka hoʻololi palani i ka manawa mai 17 a i 19 mau makahiki (e like me, ke kuleana hoʻonui, ke aloha wahine a me nā hana haumāna) (Rothmund et al., ) hiki ke wehewehe i kēia. Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka pūʻulu o "nā mea pāʻani addicted" ʻo 35%, he mea maikaʻi ʻole ia, e hōʻike ana no ka nui o nā mea pāʻani, e hoʻomau nei nā hōʻailona o ka pāʻani pāʻani ma mua o nā makahiki 2. Eia kekahi, he mea ka nui o nā mea pāʻani addicted ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka pūʻali pāʻani pilikia (53%), kahi hui pū kekahi me ka hoʻopiʻi a me ke olakino (Brunborg et al., ).

Hōʻike nā mea i hōʻike ʻia no nā hiʻohiʻona āpau o nā mea pāʻani, ke ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻokani pāʻani, aia kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe e noho i ka papa like ma ka manawa e waiho ai. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea mai ka pāʻina kūʻokoʻa i hoʻoili i kekahi o nā mea maʻamau, e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o ka pāʻani patological e puka mua i ka mōʻaukala hoʻomohala. E wehewehe kēia i ka hemahema o ka hoʻopaʻa hou ʻana i nā pūʻulu o nā mea komo, pilikia, a me nā mea pāʻani koa.

Kūkākūkā kūkākūkā a me nā ʻano kumu o nā ʻike

Ua hoʻopiʻi ka pepa i kēia manawa i kahi ala ākea e noiʻi i ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ke ʻano o ka pāʻani i ka wā o ka manawa, ke ʻimi nei i ka alakaʻi o nā hui me ka olakino noʻonoʻo, a me nā ʻikepili ma waena o nā ʻano aʻoaʻo like ʻole. Ke noi nei i kahi unidimensional a me ka typological conceptualization o ke ʻano pāʻani i ka hoʻohālike like me ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi ala unidimensional e pili ana i ka pāʻani pāʻani (e like me ke aʻo ʻana ma 1) me ka hana hou ʻana, ka mea hiki ke nānā ʻole i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā papa hana pāʻani. No ka laʻana, ʻo ke kuhikuhi ma waena o ka inu ʻawaʻawa a me ka "pāʻani kīwī" (kino) a me ka "pāʻani hoʻokaumaha" (maikaʻi) i ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 2, he kūlike kekahi i kekahi, aʻo ke aʻo ʻana nō 1 ʻaʻole i ʻike i kahi pili ma waena o ka inu ʻawaʻawa a me nā pāʻani pili. No laila, ʻike ka ʻimi ʻo 2 he ʻokoʻa nā mea ma waena o nā petele a me nā mea i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokau ʻia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma 1, kahi i hoʻomau mau ʻia ai nā pāʻani papaʻa. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana o nā mea pāʻani he mea nui nui paha no ka ʻike pono ʻana i nā ʻōpio'ōpio i ka pono o ka mālama ʻana, a no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wawa o ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana.

Nā hualoaʻa o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 2 a me 3 i hāʻawi i ka ʻike i ke ʻano kūlohelohe o nā ʻano leʻa like ʻole. Ke nānā nei i nā ʻāpana o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 3 e hōʻike ana i ka hapanui o nā mea pāʻani (ua 53%) e hele nei i ka "pilikia manawaleʻa," a i ʻole e hoʻokau (35%). He ʻoluʻolu kēia no nā mea i loaʻa i ke aʻo ʻana i ka 2, ke kuhikuhi nei i kekahi mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka "pilikia pāʻani" a me ka "pāʻani pāʻani." Ma ka huina, ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka mau ʻana o nā mea pāʻani a me nā mea pāʻani pilikia. nui nā mea ʻōpio i mea e pono ai ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano kākoʻo ʻē aʻe.

E like me kā mākou ʻike ma ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 1, ʻo ke kaumaha a me ka minamina i ke ʻano o ka launa ʻana me nā hōʻailona o ka pāʻani pathological i ke ʻano hoʻoikaika ʻana iho a me / a i ʻole he alakaʻi ka hāpai ʻana. ʻO kēia a nui mau i kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻike mai ke aʻo ʻana i 2, me kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā typologies. He ʻōlelo wehewehe ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele panula no nā ʻōpio (Strittmatter et al., ) ke kuhikuhi nei i ka hōʻino ʻana ma luna o nā pūnaewele pono ʻole (e laʻa, pakele mai nā pilikia ola maoli, ke ʻano ʻino, nā hakakā) ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hopena pathological a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. Loaʻa ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka hoʻoikaika pūnaewele ma ka maikaʻi (e like me, hōʻoia ʻana i ko lākou iho, ʻike ka ʻike.) Kahi mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. Strittmatter et al. (() ʻ suggestlelo i ka hana pinepine ʻana i kēia pōkole a mālama ʻia e nā ʻōpio me nā pilikia ʻōpio ma mua o ka poʻe i ʻole ka pilikia. Eia kekahi, "ʻo ka neʻe neʻe" (Gentile et al., ) wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana e pili ana i ka hana pilikino e like me ka hiamoe a me ke ʻano. Ke kūkulu nei ma luna, ua ʻōkuhi mākou i kahi kumu hoʻohālike e pili ana i nā hana hoʻokūkū kūloko e hana ana ma waena o ke kaumaha, ka minamina, a me nā pāʻani pathological i hoʻokahi haki (ʻike i ke kiʻi. ʻOKiX3).3). I ka mua, ʻo nā pāʻani ke hana i kahi hana e noho ai i nā poʻe ʻōpio me nā pilikia olakino (Lemmens et al., ). Hiki i ka pāʻani ke hoʻolako i kahi hoʻomaha koke o kahi kūlana leʻaleʻa, e like me ka laʻana o ka ʻeha ma muli o ke kaumaha a / a i ʻole ka minamina (ka hoʻoikaika kino ʻana o ka pāʻani) pū me nā ʻike pūnaewele maikaʻi (ʻo ka hoʻoikaika maikaʻi o ka pāʻani). Hiki i nā ʻōhumu o nā pāʻani pathological i hāpai ʻia a hāpai ʻia e, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoi ʻana o ke ʻano o nā ʻōpio, a lilo i kumu hoʻolālā nui no ka hoʻololi kino ʻana. E hoʻomaka paha kēia ma ka nalowale o nā ʻike ola maoli a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā hana ʻē aʻe (Gentile et al., ) a pane hou aku i kahi pilikia olakino. Hoʻohālikelike, e wehewehe pono kēia pehea e hiki i nā poʻe ʻōpio me nā pāʻani pathological ke hakakā i ka holo ʻana i kēia alualu kūlohelohe kūʻokoʻa. Ke maopopo, ʻike ka kumu hoʻohālike e wehewehe i nā mākaʻikaʻi e hana ana ma waena o nā pilikia kū i ke pāʻani a me ka pāʻani o nā pathological i ʻike ʻia i kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole ka nui o ka kaumaha. ʻAʻole hōʻike ke kumu hoʻohālike i ke pāʻani ʻana i ka nui ma ke ʻano i ke kaumaha a i ʻole ka minamina, akā e wehewehe i ka pilina i ke pāʻani patological i ʻike ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa.

ʻO kahi faila i waho e paʻa ana i kahi kiʻi, kiʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he fpsyg-09-02239-g0003.jpg

ʻO ka hōʻike hoʻohālike e hōʻike ana i nā hana ʻano i hāpai ʻia ma waena o ke kaumaha, ka minamina, a me nā pāʻani patological.

Hōʻike ka ʻike i ka noiʻi ʻo 3 ka ʻoi aku i nā mea pāʻani i hana ʻia ma mua o nā mea maʻamau ʻē aʻe e hoʻolilo i ka hui hoʻohālikelike, ʻoiai nā mea pāʻani addicted ke liʻiliʻi loa e hoʻoiho i ka hui hoʻohālikelike. Eia nō naʻe, aia he mau hoʻohiki ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā "mea pāʻani pāʻani" a me "nā mea pāʻani no ke kahalaha." Hoʻolaha kēia ʻōlelo e pili ana ka hemahema ma muli o ka pāʻani pili ʻana he liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā ʻike ma ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 2 e hōʻike nei i nā mea pāʻani ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana liʻiliʻi me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma mua o nā mea maʻamau. Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka wā e nānā ana i nā ʻike kumu a nā poʻe hana pāʻani (e ʻike i ka Lāpihi F) ka mea ko lākou e like me ka loaʻa o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma luna o nā hopena hopena a hoʻohālikelike i nā mea aʻoaʻo makaʻala like. E hōʻike paha kēia i nā mea ʻakaʻalike mea hoʻohālikelike paha i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ke ʻano pōkole i manaʻo ʻia, e ʻike ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kā lākou pāʻani pāʻani a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia e pakele ai ma mua o nā mea pāʻani e pili ana.

ʻO ka nīnau no ke kumu e hoʻomohala ai i kahi pāʻani pāʻani i ke ʻano o nā mea pāʻani kino e ʻoi aku ana (ka pilikia a i ʻole ke pāʻani ʻana) e lilo ana i mea no ka noiʻi hou ʻana. E like me ka noiʻi ma mua (Lemmens et al., ), ke noi nei ʻo 1 ua loaʻa ka loulou i kahi antecedent no ka pāʻani pili pathological. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ke aʻo ʻana 2 ʻaʻole i kūpono ka hui ʻana me ke aloha wale nō i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pāʻani pili ʻana i ke pāʻani, akā ua pili pū ʻia i ka pilikia a me ka pāʻani pū pū kekahi. Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ka hana kūlohelohe kino i ke ʻano he antecedent o nā ʻano āpau āpau, e hōʻike ana i kēia mau ʻano e like me ka wānana ʻana i ke ʻano pāʻani ma ka laulā. ʻIke pū kekahi i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā typologies i ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 2, ke hōʻike nei i ke kaumaha wānana i wānana i ka pāʻani ʻana a me ka pilikia pilikia, akā ʻaʻole ke ʻakehewa i ke pāʻani, a me ka nui o ka inu ʻawaʻawa i wānana ai i ka pāʻani addicted, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ka wai ʻemi me ka wai wī. ʻO ka huli ʻana i ka wā e pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa a me nā kūlike ma waena o nā palalāʻau e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pae ʻoi loa o ka pololei i nā ʻenehana pili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano pāʻani like ʻole.

Nā ikaika a me nā palena

ʻO kahi ikaika nui o ka aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa ka ākea ākea ākea e hāʻawi i ka ʻike i nā trajectories ma waena o nā loli ola o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka pāʻani o ka pathological, a me nā mea like, e hiki ai ke nānā aku i nā mea aʻoaʻo ʻekolu ma mua o ka manawa. ʻO nā ikaika ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka nui lahilahi nui, kahi hōʻike pilikino mai ka National Population Registry, a me nā helu pane pane kiʻekiʻe. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina lōʻihi lōʻihi e ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i ka pae o ka nui o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia (Scharkow et al., ), akā, ma kēia noiʻi ua kāohi ʻia nā loiloi mua o nā ʻano mua o nā ʻano like ʻole, a me nā kāne.

ʻO ke kaupalena hoʻokahi o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo ia ka mea e pili ana i ka mana o ka maʻamau. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, ka poʻe ʻōpio ma waena o nā makahiki o 17.5-19.5 mau makahiki, ʻo ia ka poʻe i nui loa ka hapanui o nā makahiki heʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻia, a no laila ʻaʻole i hopena ka hopena i nā pae ʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ka loiloi huakaʻi he nui nā mea wānana no ka hiliki ʻana i ka T2 a me T3 (ka wahine, ka inu ʻana i ka ʻona, a me nā pāʻani ʻokoʻa), e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau koho koho. Ua pili paha kēia i ka mana statistic o kā mākou noi ʻana, a no laila ua pono ia he mea nui ka loaʻa o kahi nui. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hopena hopena o ka moekolohe, a ma mua o ka pae o nā ʻano like ʻole e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka huakaʻi.

ʻO kekahi palena ʻē aʻe ua kūpono kēlā hoʻohālike i ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 1, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike pono ana i nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 1 me kahi akahele. ʻO ka wehewehe hoʻokahi no ka hakakā like ʻole o ka manaʻo kuhi i hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka wahine, a he kūlike ʻole ka manawa like ʻole ma ka hoʻohālikelike paʻa ʻole. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia e nā hopena o ka hōʻike Satorra Bentler. Kahiʻu liʻiliʻi o ka maluhia e hoʻopulupulu i ka RMSEA, a me ka hōʻole ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona me ka ʻona maikaʻi, ʻaʻole pono ke koi ʻia (Kenny et al., ).

ʻO kekahi palena ʻē aʻe e kau ai no ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kūloko haʻahaʻa (Nunnally, ) ma ka inu ʻona (nā mea ma 3) ma Wave 3, a i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo (3 mau mea). Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa alpha ma lalo o ka ʻoki ʻana a 0.70, ʻaʻole ia e kuhikuhi i ka hilinaʻi haʻahaʻa (Cho and Kim, ), a me kahi alpha o 0.60 hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka wā e hoʻohana ana i ka paina pōkole (Loewenthal, ) nona nā mea 10.

Panina

Hōʻike ka haʻawina o kēia manawa i ka pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo olakino e pili pono ana me ka pili ʻana i nā papa kuhikuhi ke pāʻani, i like me nā antecedents a me nā hopena ma luna o ka manawa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea like ʻole ma waena o nā mea pāʻani e pili ana i nā mea pāʻani, nā mea pāʻani pilikia a me nā mea pāʻani addicted, a ʻike ʻia he hoʻololi koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā typologies, akā ʻaʻole ma waena o nā mea pāʻani addict a me nā mea pāʻani. Ua pili pū ʻia ka mea pāʻani "hoʻopili" me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena i ka hopena maikaʻi, ʻoiai he mea pili pū kekahi me ka psychopathology koʻikoʻi. Ma ke nānā ʻana i nā pilikia pili i ke pāʻani mai ka nānā ʻana o ka mana ʻōiwi e pono paha i ka loiloi hou ʻana a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pono pili wikiō, ma ka ʻimi noiʻi a i nā ʻōlapa maʻi. Eia kekahi, ke hōʻike nei nā hopena i loaʻa i ka maʻi pāʻani ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pāʻani, e hōʻike ana no ka nui o nā mea pāʻani addicted, ʻaʻole like i ko lākou mau hōʻailona i ke kūleʻa i ka wā maʻamau, e hōʻike ana i ka pono no ka wawa a me ka hoʻokele lapaʻau.

Ka mea kākau

Ua kū ʻo SP, RM, TT, HM a me DK no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hana. Ua pili nā mea kākau a pau i ka loaʻa, hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a me ka hoʻākāka ʻana o nā ʻike. Ua hoʻolālā ʻo EK i ka hana. Ua hoʻoponopono hou nā mea kākau a pau i ka hana me ka ʻike o nā ʻikepili koʻikoʻi. Nāpono ʻia e nā mea kākau a pau ka hopena hope loa a mālama ʻia i nā ʻano āpau o ka hana i ka ʻōlelo no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka nīnau e pili ana i ka pololei a i ʻole ka kūpaʻa o kekahi ʻāpana o ka hana i hana kūpono ʻia a hoʻoholo ʻia.

Kōkua hoʻopiʻi kālā

Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.

Nāʻaoʻao hemahema

Kākoʻo kālā. Ua kakoo ʻia ka papahana e ka ʻukela noiʻi Norwegian (ʻaʻohe 173551, 240053).

Nā mea'ē aʻe

Hiki ke loaʻa nā mea kōkua hou no kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele ma: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02239/full#supplementary-material

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