ʻO ka manaʻo lapaʻau. 2015 Jul 8; 6: 69. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2015.00069. eCollection 2015.
Geisel O1, Panneck P1, Kapau A1, Schneider M1, Müller CA1.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
ʻO ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hana maʻa Pūnaewele (IA) i hōʻike i ke kaulike a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe prevalence o IA a me nā maʻi psychoratrical comorbid i nā mea hoʻohana o nā pūnaewele pūnaewele (SNS) a me nā pāʻani pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana e hōʻike i nā mea hoʻohana mākua o kahi pāʻani hoʻolālā multiplayer pūnaewele ma waena o kahi SNS. No laila, ua alakaʻi mākou i kahi noiʻi noiʻi e hoʻohana ana i kahi noiʻi pūnaewele e loiloi i nā loli sociodemographic, psychopathology, a me ka helu o IA i kahi laʻana o nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele pāpili e Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), ka Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) ka Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), ka papa inoa hōʻailona hōʻailona-90-R (SCL-90-R), a me ka maikaʻi o ka Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). Ua helu ʻia nā mea pāʻani āpau i nā mea pāʻani o "Combat Zone" ma ka SNS "Facebook." I kēia hāpana, 16.2% o ka poʻe komo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumuhana me IA a 19.5% i hoʻokō i nā pae hoʻohālikelike no alexithymia Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā haumāna e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ana me a me ka ʻole o IA, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumuhana o ka hui IA me alexithymia, hōʻike i nā ʻōuli depressive, a hōʻike i ka maikaʻi o ke ola maikaʻi ʻole. Hōʻike kēia mau manaʻo i ka pili pili pūnaewele pūnaewele paha me nā ʻano maladaptive o ka hoʻohana Pūnaewele. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa kahi pilina ma waena o IA, alexithymia, a me nā ʻōuli depressive e pono ai e wehewehe ʻia e nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana.
Introduction
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana mai ka pūnaewele mai ka honua 12.3 / 100 i 32.8 (1). Pēlā nō, hoʻonui mau ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pūnaewele i kapa ʻia kaiaulu (SNS) i nā makahiki i hala. Loaʻa i loko o SNS nā ʻikepili hoʻohana pilikino e pili ana i kēlā me nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe me ka uila. I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka SNS "Facebook" i kekahi o nā pūnaewele i hoʻohana nui ʻia me> 1 biliona mau mea hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia mahina a me> 600 miliona o nā mea hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā (2). ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o SNS kekahi o ka hana i kēia lā i kēlā me kēia lā no ka poʻe he nui o ka honua a hiki i nā pono no nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka kamaʻilio ʻana, ʻike ʻia a i ʻole nā loea loea.)3), he mea hoʻokahi paha me ke ʻano o ka prevalence prevalence kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻano hana addictive, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohui pūnaewele (IA) (4-6).
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "Internet addiction" e pili ana i ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia e ka hiki ʻole ke kāohi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele.7). I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe ʻae o ka pehea e wehewehe ʻia ai nā hōʻike diagnostic o IA a ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia ʻo IA i loko o ka ICD-10 (8). I 2013, i loko o ka American Psychiatric Association (APA) i loko o ka "Hale pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele" (IGD) ma ka māhele III o DSM-V (9), kahi ʻāpana i hoʻokaʻawale i nā kūlana e koi ai i ka ʻimi hou aku. Eia nō naʻe, he pūʻulu pilikia heterogeneous me nā subtypes he ʻokoʻa ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele (e laʻa, ka paepae pūnaewele ʻana, nā leka uila, ka hana mua ma mua o ka hana) (7, 10) a me nā pono hana diagnostic e hōʻoia pololei ai i ka nele ʻo IA.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā nīnau nīnau he nui ponoʻī e wehewehe i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilikia o ka Pūnaewele - no ka laʻana, ʻo ka Young Internet Addiction Test (IAT) (7). No ka loiloi i nā ʻano ʻatikala o IA, ua ulu ʻia nā nīnau no nā ʻano kikoʻī o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.11).
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā noi palapala pāʻani pūnaewele i hoʻolālā ʻia no ke hoʻohana ʻana i loko o kahi SNS. I kā mākou ʻike, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike noiʻi e pili ana i ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i kēlā mau pāʻani me ka ʻike ʻole. ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana SNS a me nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele i hāʻawi ʻia i nā helu ākea o IA. Ua hōʻike ʻo Smahel a me nā limahana e pili ana i ka 40% o ka nui o ka pāʻani ma ke ʻano he pāʻani pāʻani (MMORPGs) i kā lākou hoʻohālike e kāwīwī iā lākou iho he "i hoʻohui ʻia ka pāʻani" (12). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia, kahi hōʻike ma nā haumāna haumāna kulanui e hoʻohana ana iā SNS i loaʻa i kekahi ma ʻeono o nā mea noiʻi ua hōʻike i nā pilikia pinepine o ke ola ma muli o ka "Facebook" hoʻohana (6).
Ua hōʻike pū ʻia aku ʻo IA, i hele pū ʻia e nā maʻi psychiatric a me nā pilikia i ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā.7). Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā hōʻailona kaumaha i nā kumuhana me IA (13-15), ʻoiai hiki i nā hui noiʻi ʻē aʻe ke loaʻa i kahi pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia a me ke kaumaha (16).
Ma kahi o ke kaumaha, hiki i ka manaʻo o alexithymia ke kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala a me ka mālama o IA. Wahi a Nemiah et al., He paʻakikī nā mea alexithymic e wehewehe a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ko lākou mau naʻau, hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo o ke kino e hoʻonāukiuki i ka manaʻo, a e hōʻike i nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo waho.17). Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Alexithymia i mea maʻamau i waena o nā poʻe me ka hoʻohana kino ʻana i nā hana (18) a hoʻonui i ka loli no ka IA (19). ʻIke ʻo De Berardis a me nā limahana hana i loaʻa ka poʻe alexithymic i loko o kahi hoʻohālike non-clinical of undergraduate haumāna haumāna i hōʻike ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele a hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka IAT. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā poʻe non-alexithymic, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka alexithymics i hoʻokō i ka MA i kā lākou aʻo ʻana (24.2% alexithymics vs 3.2% non-alexithymics). Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa i kahi noiʻi hope loa i ke koʻikoʻi o IA me ka maikaʻi o ka alexithymia i loko o kahi hoʻohālike o nā haumāna haumana kula Turkey (20). Eia nō hoʻi, Scimeca et al. ʻike ua loaʻa i kahi correlation ma waena o nā pae o ka alexithymia a IA, a he mea pono ke alexithymia a ʻoiai he mea wānela o nā helu IA (21). I ka laina me kēlā mau ʻike, Kandri et al. ((22), ka mea nāna i lawe i ka sociodemographic a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele, i ʻike e pili pū ana ka alexithymia a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka pūnaewele.
Ke makemake nei kā mākou aʻo ʻana i ka mana o ka hui o nā mea pāʻani o ka launa pūnaewele e pili ana i nā ʻano sosiodemographic variable, psychopathology, a me ka helu o IA. Maikaʻi mākou i nā mea hoʻohana o ka pāʻani "Combat Zone" i hoʻolako ʻia e ka pūnaewele pūnaewele "Facebook."
Nā Pono a me nā Una
Ua hoʻopili mākou i kahi mea pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele "Facebook" e hoʻopili ai i nā pākeke no kahi noiʻi pūnaewele. ʻO nā mea hoʻohana a pau o kēia noiʻi ua kau inoa ʻia nā mea pāʻani o "Combat Zone" ma "Facebook" a loaʻa iā lākou kahi kono e komo ai i kā mākou papa noi ʻana ma "Facebook." "Combat Zone" he ʻano hana hoʻohiwahiwa nui i hiki ke pāʻani wale ia akā i loko o ka "Facebook. . ”Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili moʻolelo o ka mea e komo ai i kahi avatar e hiki ai i ka pā kaua. Ke kūʻai a kūʻai aku paha nā mea pāʻani i kahi o nā wahi, hana i nā mea āpau, a i ʻole hakakā ʻana i nā ʻenemi ma ke koho ʻana i nā koho i manaʻo ʻia e ka mea hāʻawi aku. ʻAʻole i hoʻohana ʻia nā hopena ʻike kūikawā a ke ʻano lohi ʻia ka pāʻani, ʻoiai ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana me nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe ma "Facebook" (23).
I ka manawa e pili ana i nā mea i komo i kā mākou pūnaewele, ua loaʻa i ka ʻike i ka poʻe noiʻi, ʻōlelo no ka noiʻi ʻana a me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi i nā nīnau nīnau nīnau a me kā lākou kuleana e haʻalele i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma kēlā me kēia manawa. Ua noi ʻia nā poʻe e komo e noi i ka kono e hoʻokō ai i kahi hōʻike pūnaewele. Ma hope o ka ʻae ʻana i kēia ʻae hoʻomaopopo i ka pūnaewele, hiki i nā poʻe komo ke hoʻopau i ka loiloi i kēlā me kēia manawa a haʻalele paha i ka noiʻi ʻana i kēlā me kēia timepoint. Ua hoʻopili hewa ʻole nā nīnau nīnau a ʻaʻohe ʻikepili e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā mea i komo. Loaʻa nā mea i hoʻopau i ka hoʻokele waiwai kālā ma ke ʻano o ka pāʻani boni mai ka mea hāʻawi. No ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kēia noiʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻe o nā lālā ma mua o ko 18 mau makahiki a hoʻohana iā lākou i kā lākou SNS account (ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana no kēlā me kēia lā ma kahi o 1 h i nā mahina 3 hope loa). Ua ʻae ʻia ka haʻawina e ke komite ʻenehana kūloko a pili i nā kuono o ka ʻĀina o ka Helsinki. Loaʻa ʻia ka ʻae i nā poʻe a pau e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei.
ʻO kā mākou mau hana i ka IAT, he mea hōʻoia no ka nānā ʻana no ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana o ka Pūnaewele (7, 24). ʻO kona nīnau a 20 ka nānā ʻana i ka pae e pili ai ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i nā hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā, ka nohona pili pilikino, ka noho ʻana, ka hiamoe, a me ka noʻonoʻo a ua helu ʻia lākou ma kahi unahi mākaʻikaʻi a 6 a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia. Wahi a nā haʻawina mua (15, 25, 26), kahi hōʻailona IAT o ≥50 i wehewehe ʻia ʻo IA.
Eia kekahi, hoʻohana mākou i ka Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) (27), i hoʻomohala ʻia e like me ka nīnau nīnau no ka hōʻike ponoʻenehana ponoʻī e ana i ka alexithymia. Loaʻa ia i nā huahana 26 ka mea i helu ʻia ma kahi pāʻina Likert 5-point Likert a hopena ma ʻekolu mau unahi: (1) paʻakikī i ka ʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo, (2) paʻakikī i ka weheweheʻana i nā manaʻo, a (3) noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau unahi i kahi kikoʻī. ʻO ke kumuhana hoʻomaʻamaʻa Beck-II (BDI-II) (28) a me ka papa inoa hōʻailona o SCL-90-R (29) i hoʻohana i ka huli ʻana i nā mea kaumaha a me nā hōʻailona psychiatric ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka BDI-II kahi nīnau pilikino 21 a hoʻohana ʻia i mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka nui o nā hōʻailona kaumaha. ʻO nā hōʻailona noʻonoʻo a me ka physiological o ke kaumaha ua helu ʻia ma kahi kākala 0 – 3 a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia. Aia ʻo SCL-90-R i nā huahana 90 i helu ʻia ma kahi kiko 5 kahi e kī ʻia nei mai ka "ʻaʻole loa" a "nui" , ka huhū, nā hopohopo phobic, hapai ka paranoid, a me ka noʻonoʻo psychotic), a me kahi hōʻeha maʻamau (GSI), e hōʻike ana i ka hopohopo noʻonoʻo. Hāʻawi ʻia nā hopena o ka SCL-90-R T nā manaʻo, nā waiwai o ≥60 i manaʻo ʻia ma mua o ka palena (ʻoi aku = 50, SD = 10).
Ma ka hope loa, loiloi ka ʻike o ke ola o nā mea e hoʻohana nei me ka hoʻohana pōkole o ka World Health Organization Quality of Life Measurement (WHOQOL-BREF) (30). He iwakāluakumamaono mau helu i helu ʻia ma 1 a me 5. Hiki i ka ʻehā nā hoʻoili kino, ke noʻonoʻo, a me ka ʻona a me ke kaiapuni ke kiʻi a hōʻike i nā ʻano like like ʻole o ke ʻano o ke ola. Hoʻololi ʻia nā māka ma ke kiko mai 0 a 100 me nā helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke ola.
NāʻIke Heluhelu
Hōʻike ʻia nā hualoa e like me ± SD. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hōʻike Kolmogorov – Smirnov e nānā i ka hoʻoili maʻamau. Ma muli o ka ke kaʻina ʻole-maʻamau wale nō i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā helu non-parametric; ua wehe ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea i komo me ka ʻole o IA me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Mann-Whitney U hoʻāʻo. Ko nā pono hoʻokūkū pae pae (Spearman's ρ) i helu ʻia no nā ʻano kīwīwī a me nā loli like ʻole o ka maʻi. ʻO ke pae pae i koho ʻia p <0.05. Ua hana ʻia nā anamanaʻo helu helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā IBM SPSS Statistics mana 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Nā Kaupapa
Elima mau haneli he iwakāluakūwalu e pili ana i kā mākou pūnaewele. Eia nō naʻe, ua haʻalele ʻia nā kumuhana 158 mai ka hoʻopaʻa noi ʻana ma muli o ka nalowale a / a i ʻole a i ʻole data inconsistent data. No laila, ʻo 356 kāne a me 14 mau kumuhana wahine i hoʻohui ʻia i ka loiloi hope (n = 370, 70.1%). Palapala ʻia nā ʻano kuʻuna sociodemographic o ka nui o ka haʻawina ma Nā Papa 1 a 2.
I ka hōʻike ʻike IAT data, 16.2% o nā mea komo (n = 60) i koho ʻia i nā kumuhana me IA (helu piha total50). Eia kekahi, 13.3% o kēia mau poʻe (n = 8) loaʻa nā pilikia koʻikoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele e like me Young (ka nui helu ≥80) (31). ʻAʻole kekahi o nā kumuhana 60 me IA.
Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi helu ʻokiʻoki o 54 i ka TAS-26 (27), 19.5% (n = 72) o nā mea komo i kā mākou aʻo ʻana i hoʻokō i nā pono no ka alexithymia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike kikoʻī ʻana o BDI-II he 76.5% (n = 283) o ka poʻe komo ʻaʻohe o lākou a ʻoi aku paha nā hōʻailona depressive (helu <14), 10% (n = 37) hōʻike i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā (ka helu o 14 – 19), 7.0% (n = 26) i hōʻike ʻia nā maʻi loli (pae o 20 – 28), a me 6.5% (n = 24) hōʻike i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi o ke kaumaha (ka helu o 29-63).
ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻo SCL-90 GSI i nā kiʻekiʻe o nā hōʻailona psychiatric i ke kālai ʻana o nā kumumanaʻo a pau (mean = 52.0, SD = 19.1). ʻO ka WHOQOL-BREF no nā kumuhana āpau (n = 370) ʻaʻole i hōʻike i kahi hōʻemi o ke ola (ke olakino kino: mean = 69.3, SD = 19.7; ʻXlelo: ʻĀina = 70.1, SD = 20.8; pili kaiāulu: mean = 62.8, SD = 23.8; kaiāulu: mean = 67.0, SD = 19.7).
I hōʻeha maikaʻi ʻia ʻo IA me nā helu SCL-90-R GSI (r = 0.136, p = 0.009). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ʻo IA me nā helu BDI-II.r = 0.210, p = 0.000). Aia ma kahi kikoʻī hewa ma waena o ka paʻakikī o nā helu IA a me WHOQOL-BREF (olakino olakino: r = -0.277, p = 0.000; noʻonoʻo: r = -0.329, p = 0.000; nā pilina kaiāulu: r = -0.257, p = 0.000, kaiāulu: r = -0.198, p = 0.000).
Ua loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi no ka subscale TAS-26 "ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo ma waho" a me ka koʻikoʻi o IA (r = 0.114, p = 0.028).
ʻO ka manaʻo BMI ma kā mākou hoʻohālike he 28.7 kg / m2 (SD = 7.2). Kanakolukumamāono pāono o nā poʻe hui (n = 133) ua hōʻike ʻia he nui loa (BMI 25-29.99 kg / m2), 23% (n = 85) he hapoe papa I (BMI 30-34.99 kg / m2), a me 13% (n = 47) obese papa II a i III (BMI ≥35 kg / m2) (32).). I iwakāluakūmāono pākēneka o nā poʻe komo (n = 98) hōʻike kaupaona maʻamau i ka nane ʻilihune (BMI 17-24.99 kg / m2), a me 2% (n = 6) hōʻike i kahi BMI <17 kg / m2, e hōʻike ana i ka maʻalahi a me ka haʻahaʻa kaumaha. Ua hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia ʻo BMI me ka nui o nā makahiki o nā mea komo (r = 0.328, p = 0.000), akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono me kekahi ʻano loiloi.
Ka hoʻohālikelike o nā kumuhana me a ʻole IA
Nā hōʻailona nui i ka TAS-26, BDI-II, a me nā nīnau nīnau WHOQOL-BREF i loaʻa ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻana i nā kumuhana me IA (n = 60) a me nā poʻe hui aku ʻole me IA (n = 310, e ʻike i ka Papa 3).). Ua nui nā kumuhana o ka pūʻulu IA me nā alexithymia (Z = -2.606, p = 0.009), hōʻike aku i nā mea kaumaha hou aku (Z = -2.438, p = 0.015), a hōʻike i ka maikaʻi o ke ola (kino olakino: Z = -4.455, p = 0.000; noʻonoʻo: Z = -5.139, p = 0.000, pilina pili: Z = -3.679, p = 0.000, kaiāulu: Z = -2.561, p = 0.010). ʻAʻohe ʻano nui i waena o nā hiʻohiʻona sociodemographic a i ʻole nā kūmole SCL-90-R ma waena o nā hui ʻelua.
kūkākūkā
Ua noiʻi kēia haʻawina i nā ʻano o nā mea pāʻani SNS e nā nīnau nīnau hōʻike ponoʻī, e nānā ana i ka helu o IA, alexithymia, a me nā hōʻailona hou o ka psychiatric. Ma kēia huaʻōlelo, ua loaʻa ka 16% o nā mea e komo i ka ʻoki hōʻoki o 50 i ka IAT, e hōʻike ana i nā poʻe hui i ʻike i nā pilikia a i ʻole nā manawa maʻamau no ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.31).). Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, ʻike nui ʻia kahi loiloi pūnaeweleʻAmelika nui me 17,251 poʻe komo i hōʻike i kahi maʻa mau o ka IA o ka nui o 6% (33).). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o nā hua hoʻohālike a me nā hoʻolālā aʻo ʻana he nui ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, he palena iki wale nō ka palena iki. Eia nō naʻe, e like me kā mākou ʻike, kahi noiʻi noiʻi o nā haumāna o ke kula haʻani Turkey e hoʻohana ana iā SNS i hōʻike ʻia ua 12.2% o nā mea i hui ʻia me ka "Addicted Internet" a i ʻole "high risk for addiction" e like me ka Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) ((IAS)20).). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ma ka hoʻonui ʻia o IA ma MMORPGs i nā helu kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka pūnaewele pilikia i loko o kēia heluna. Ma kahi noiʻi hou, 44.2 a me 32.6% o kahi hoʻohālike o nā mea hoʻohana MMROPG i kālai ʻia i mau kumuhana me IA me ka loiloi ʻia e ke kāʻei ʻo Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder (GIAD) a me ka Orman Internet Stress Scale (ISS), i kēlā me kēia (34).). Kahi ʻia, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā helu prevalence i kēia mau noiʻi i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā makahiki, nā ʻenehana hoʻohana pūnaewele a me nā pono diagnostic ʻē aʻe e loiloi i IA.
ʻO ka hapa liʻiliʻi o nā wahine o 3.8% i loko o kā mākou hoʻohālike e hiki paha mai ka noi i koho ʻia. Wahi a ka mea hāʻawi aku i ka "Combat Zone," ʻo ia hoʻi ka hapa o ka poʻe wahine wahine e puni ana iā 4% i nā makahiki 2 i hala. ʻO ka manaʻo ʻole o nā mea pāʻani wahine i kahakaha ʻia e like me kumuhana me IA he ʻano ʻano, he mea i ʻike mua ʻia i nā haʻawina mua; ʻoi paha, hiki i nā mea pāʻani kāne ke maʻalahi i ka male mua o IA (35).
Ke kūlike nā hopena o kā mākou hopena ma nā hōʻike i hala aku nei i ka pilina ma waena o alexithymia a IA (18, 19), akā ua kuhi mākou i kahi pūʻulu kikoʻī o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. Aia i nā kiʻekiʻe nui o ka alexithymia i nā kumuhana me IA i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēlā mau mea i ʻole me ko IA (31.7 vs 17.1%). ʻO ka koʻikoʻi o IA i hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia me ka “manaʻo maʻa i waho” i noʻonoʻo ai ʻo TAS-26. Eia naʻe, e kūleʻa ana paha inā he alexithymia mua no IA. Hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo e ʻoi aku ka poʻe alexithymic e hoʻohana i ka nui loa o ka pūnaewele ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (36) a i ka hopena e pale aku i ka "kamaʻilio" pili ʻana i ke kanaka, e like me ka manaʻo o mua (19).
Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena o nā noiʻi ma mua e hoʻopili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilikia pilikia o ka pūnaewele i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha (14, 15, 20, 37).). ʻO kekahi manaʻo paha, ʻo ka mea maʻi me ke kaumaha paha e hoʻāʻo e hōʻoluʻolu i nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe e ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki paha i nā mea hoʻomohala ke hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele ke hoʻōla i nā maʻi kaumaha (38).). No laila, pono nā noiʻi e hiki mai i ka elucidate i ka pilina pololei ma waena o IA a me ke kaumaha.
He mea kupaianaha ia e ʻike ana ma kahi o ʻekolu o nā poʻe ʻehā he nui i kaupaona a peʻe paha. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe pili nui o ka momona loa a me ke koʻikoʻi ma luna o kēia ʻano loiloi. No laila, pono e ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻike i nā noiʻi hou aku.
Hōʻike nā hopena i nā maʻi me IA e nānā pono ʻia nā comorbidities pono e like me nā maʻi kaumaha, alexithymia, a me nā mea ʻai ʻai. E pili ana i ka mālama ʻana o IA, ka nui o ka maʻi cognitive-behavorial therapy e hōʻike i kahi ʻano hana hoʻohiki hoʻohiki (36).
Nui nā palena o kēia noiʻi e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hōʻemi ʻole ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wahine i kēia aʻo ʻana aku. ʻO ka lua, ua kāhi ʻia kā mākou hiʻohiʻona mai ka noi ʻana o "Facebook" a no laila ʻaʻole maopopo ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole me nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele pūnaewele, e hōʻemi ana i ka mana o nā hopena waho. Eia kekahi, liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka pākuhi o kēia noiʻi e hōʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā loiloi hōʻike pono i hiki ke hōʻino ʻia e like me ke ʻano, e like me ka ʻike ʻana ma ka helu o ka ʻokoʻa i ka ʻikepili. ʻO kahi nīnau ninaninau me nā ʻikepili hou mai nā mea hōʻike ʻokoʻa e like me nā lālā o ka ʻohana ua hoʻolako i nā ʻikepili hilinaʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka hemahema o nā mea lapaʻau maʻi maʻamau e loiloi i ka IA paha i hoʻokaʻawale i ka hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.
Panina
ʻIke mākou he aneane hoʻokahi i loko o nā mea pāʻani eono SNS i hālāwai me nā koina o ka IA i kā mākou hoʻohālike. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā poʻe ʻikepili me a me ʻole o ka IA, ua loaʻa i ka hui o IA he mau kumuhana he nui me ka alexithymia, ua hōʻike i nā hōʻailona kaumaha loa, a hōʻike i ka maikaʻi o ka nohona maikaʻi. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike e pili ana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele i ka pili ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. Eia kekahi, kahi pilina ma waena o IA, alexithymia, a me nā hōʻailona kaumaha e ʻike ʻia e pono e haʻalele ʻia e nā haʻawina ma hope.
Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana
Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.
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Huaʻōlelo: hoʻomākeʻikepili pūnaewele, hoʻohana pono pūnaewele, hana hoʻoweliweli, pili pūnaewele Pūnaewele, pāʻani pūnaewele pāʻani, alexithymia
He Citation: Geisel O, Panneck P, Stickel A, Schneider M a me Müller CA (2015) Kēia hiʻohiʻona o nā mea hana pūnaewele ʻona pūnaewele: nā hopena o kahi hoʻokele pūnaewele. ʻO mua. ʻO ka hauā 6: 69. hana: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2015.00069
Loaa: 30 Ianuali 2015; ʻAe ʻia: 27 ʻApelila 2015;
Kuhiʻia: 08 Iulai 2015
Hoʻoponoponoʻia e:
ʻO Rajshekhar Bipeta, Kauka Kauka ʻo Gandhi a me ka haukapila, Inia
Nānā ':
ʻO Aviv M. Weinstein, Kulanui o Ariel, ʻIseraʻela
Alka Anand Subramanyam, Ke Kula Nui Lapaʻau ʻo Topiwala & BYL Nair Charity Hospital, India
Kuleana kope: © 2015 Geisel, Panneck, Stickel, Schneider a me Müller. He kumuhana kahi i wehe ʻia ma lalo o nā huaʻōlelo o ka Lulā Lahui Creative Commons (CC BY). Hāʻawiʻia ka hoʻohana, ka hāʻawiʻana a iʻole kopeʻiaʻana ma nā hui'ē aʻe, inā hoʻolakoʻia ka mea kākau a mea laikini paha a ua kākauʻia ka puke ma mua ma ka puke pai, e like me ka hana hoʻonaʻauao kūpono. ʻAʻole hoʻohanaʻia, hoʻolaha a hoʻoponopono paha iʻole e mālama i kēia mau hua'ōlelo.
* Palapala: Olga Geisel, Keʻena o Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Kelemānia, [pale ʻia ka leka uila]